51
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Asada A, Doi T, Tagami T, Takeda A, Sawabe Y. Isomeric discrimination of synthetic cannabinoids by GC-EI-MS: 1-adamantyl and 2-adamantyl isomers of N-adamantyl carboxamides. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:378-388. [PMID: 27770510 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (APINACA) and N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (APICA) are carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids comprising indazole/indole-3-carboxylic acid and adamantan-1-amine moieties. However, in the case of compounds like APINACA or APICA, adamantyl positional isomers exist, wherein either adamantan-1-amine or adamantan-2-amine is present. These adamantyl positional isomers have not been reported in previous studies, and no analytical data are available. To avoid misidentification of adamantyl carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids, it is important to develop methods to discriminate these adamantyl positional isomers. In this study, we report the analytical characterization by gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). For providing analytical standards, we synthesized eight carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids (APINACA 2-adamantyl isomer, APICA 2-adamantyl isomer, 5 F-APINACA 2-adamantyl isomer, 5 F-APICA 2-adamantyl isomer, 5Cl-APINACA, 5Cl-APINACA 2-adamantyl isomer, adamantyl-THPINACA, 2-adamantyl-THPINACA) and purchased four 1-adamantyl derivatives (APINACA, APICA, 5 F-APINACA, 5 F-APICA). Although the retention times of the isomers are similar, 1-adamantyl carboxamides can be clearly discriminated from their 2-adamantyl isomers based on their different fragmentation patterns in the EI-MS spectra. Specifically, EI-MS spectra for adamantylindazole carboxamides showed remarkable differences between the 1-adamantyl and 2-adamantyl isomers. On the other hand, EI-MS spectra for adamantylindole carboxamides were similar, but the diagnostic ions of the 2-adamantyl isomers were observed. The method described herein was applicable to all compounds tested in this study and is expected to be of use for isomeric differentiation between other untested adamantyl carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Asada
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takahiro Doi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takaomi Tagami
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Akihiro Takeda
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sawabe
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
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52
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Banister SD, Longworth M, Kevin R, Sachdev S, Santiago M, Stuart J, Mack JBC, Glass M, McGregor IS, Connor M, Kassiou M. Pharmacology of Valinate and tert-Leucinate Synthetic Cannabinoids 5F-AMBICA, 5F-AMB, 5F-ADB, AMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, and Their Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1241-54. [PMID: 27421060 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole and indazole synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) featuring l-valinate or l-tert-leucinate pendant group have recently emerged as prevalent recreational drugs, and their use has been associated with serious adverse health effects. Due to the limited pharmacological data available for these compounds, 5F-AMBICA, 5F-AMB, 5F-ADB, AMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, and their analogues were synthesized and assessed for cannabimimetic activity in vitro and in vivo. All SCs acted as potent, highly efficacious agonists at CB1 (EC50 = 0.45-36 nM) and CB2 (EC50 = 4.6-128 nM) receptors in a fluorometric assay of membrane potential, with a general preference for CB1 activation. The cannabimimetic properties of two prevalent compounds with confirmed toxicity in humans, 5F-AMB and MDMB-FUBINACA, were demonstrated in vivo using biotelemetry in rats. Bradycardia and hypothermia were induced by 5F-AMB and MDMB-FUBINACA doses of 0.1-1 mg/kg (and 3 mg/kg for 5F-AMB), with MDMB-FUBINACA showing the most dramatic hypothermic response recorded in our laboratory for any SC (>3 °C at 0.3 mg/kg). Reversal of hypothermia by pretreatment with a CB1, but not CB2, antagonist was demonstrated for 5F-AMB and MDMB-FUBINACA, consistent with CB1-mediated effects in vivo. The in vitro and in vivo data indicate that these SCs act as highly efficacious CB receptor agonists with greater potency than Δ(9)-THC and earlier generations of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Banister
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | | - Shivani Sachdev
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - James B. C. Mack
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - Michelle Glass
- School
of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark Connor
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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53
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Costain WJ, Tauskela JS, Rasquinha I, Comas T, Hewitt M, Marleau V, Soo EC. Pharmacological characterization of emerging synthetic cannabinoids in HEK293T cells and hippocampal neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 786:234-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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54
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Cannizzaro C, Malta G, Argo A, Brancato A, Roda G, Casagni E, Fumagalli L, Valoti E, Froldi R, Procaccianti P, Gambaro V. Behavioural and pharmacological characterization of a novel cannabinomimetic adamantane-derived indole, APICA, and considerations on the possible misuse as a psychotropic spice abuse, in C57bl/6J mice. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 265:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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55
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Hess C, Schoeder CT, Pillaiyar T, Madea B, Müller CE. Pharmacological evaluation of synthetic cannabinoids identified as constituents of spice. Forensic Toxicol 2016; 34:329-343. [PMID: 27429655 PMCID: PMC4929166 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many synthetic cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonists have appeared on the market as constituents of herbal incense mixtures known as "spice". Contrary to the declared use, they are perorally consumed as a replacement for marijuana to get "high". In many cases, detailed information on the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the synthetic compounds found in spice preparations is lacking. We have now evaluated a large series of heterocyclic compounds, 1,3-disubstituted indole and 2-azaindole derivatives known or assumed to be CB1 receptor agonists, many of which have previously been identified in forensic samples. The mainly observed structural variations to circumvent restriction by law were bioisosteric exchanges of functional groups in known CB1 agonists. We analyzed the structure-activity relationships of compounds at human CB1 and CB2 receptors based on affinities obtained in radioligand binding studies, and determined their efficacy in cAMP accumulation assays. Moreover, we investigated the activities of the compounds at the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR18 and GPR55 both of which are known to interact with cannabinoids. Most of the investigated compounds behaved as potent full agonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors with affinities in the low nanomolar to subnanomolar concentration range. Some compounds were moderately potent GPR55 antagonists, while none interacted with GPR18. Most derivatives were predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier as determined by bioinformatics tools. These data are useful for assessing synthetic cannabinoids and will be helpful for predicting pharmacological properties of novel compounds that appear on the illicit drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Hess
- Department Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Department Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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56
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Longworth M, Banister SD, Mack JBC, Glass M, Connor M, Kassiou M. The 2-alkyl-2 H-indazole regioisomers of synthetic cannabinoids AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, and 5F-AB-PINACA are possible manufacturing impurities with cannabimimetic activities. Forensic Toxicol 2016; 34:286-303. [PMID: 27547266 PMCID: PMC4971050 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Indazole-derived synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) featuring an alkyl substituent at the 1-position and l-valinamide at the 3-carboxamide position (e.g., AB-CHMINACA) have been identified by forensic chemists around the world, and are associated with serious adverse health effects. Regioisomerism is possible for indazole SCs, with the 2-alkyl-2H-indazole regioisomer of AB-CHMINACA recently identified in SC products in Japan. It is unknown whether this regiosiomer represents a manufacturing impurity arising as a synthetic byproduct, or was intentionally synthesized as a cannabimimetic agent. This study reports the synthesis, analytical characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of commonly encountered indazole SCs AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, 5F-AB-PINACA and their corresponding 2-alkyl-2H-indazole regioisomers. Both regioisomers of each SC were prepared from a common precursor, and the physical properties, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of all SC compounds are described. Additionally, AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, and 5F-AB-PINACA were found to act as high potency agonists at CB1 (EC50 = 2.1-11.6 nM) and CB2 (EC50 = 5.6-21.1 nM) receptors in fluorometric assays, while the corresponding 2-alkyl-2H-indazole regioisomers demonstrated low potency (micromolar) agonist activities at both receptors. Taken together, these data suggest that 2-alkyl-2H-indazole regioisomers of AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, and 5F-AB-PINACA are likely to be encountered by forensic chemists and toxicologists as the result of improper purification during the clandestine synthesis of 1-alkyl-1H-indazole regioisomers, and can be distinguished by differences in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Longworth
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - James B C Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Michelle Glass
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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57
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Shevyrin V, Melkozerov V, Eltsov O, Shafran Y, Morzherin Y. Synthetic cannabinoid 3-benzyl-5-[1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole. The first detection in illicit market of new psychoactive substances. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 259:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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58
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McIlroy G, Ford L, Khan JM. Acute myocardial infarction, associated with the use of a synthetic adamantyl-cannabinoid: a case report. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:2. [PMID: 26772803 PMCID: PMC4715335 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Legal highs” are novel psychoactive substances that have evaded statutory control. Synthetic cannabinoid compounds with adamantane moieties have recently been identified, which have high potency at target receptors and are undetectable on conventional toxicology testing. However, little is known about any harmful effects, and their potential to cause serious ill health. We describe a case of myocardial infarction following the use of this class of drug. Case presentation We report the case of a 39-year-old man admitted after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, in whom ECG and elevated cardiac enzymes confirmed ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Normal coronary perfusion was restored after thrombectomy and coronary artery stenting. In the hours preceding his admission, the patient is known to have consumed the legal high product “Black Mamba”. Subsequent urine testing confirmed the presence of an adamantyl-group synthetic cannabinoid, whilst cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines and other drugs of abuse were not detected. Conclusion The use of legal highs is being increasingly recognised, but the chemical compositions and physiological effects of these drugs are poorly characterised and are continually changing. Synthetic cannabinoids, rarely identified on toxicological testing, can be linked to serious adverse cardiovascular events. This case highlights the importance of testing for novel psychoactive compounds, and recognising their potential to cause life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham McIlroy
- Department of Cardiology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Dudley Road, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK.
| | - Loretta Ford
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Dudley Road, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK.
| | - Jawad M Khan
- Department of Cardiology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Dudley Road, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK.
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59
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Redmond WJ, Cawston EE, Grimsey NL, Stuart J, Edington AR, Glass M, Connor M. Identification of N-arachidonoyl dopamine as a highly biased ligand at cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:115-27. [PMID: 26398720 PMCID: PMC4813372 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE N-arachidonyl dopamine (NADA) has been identified as a putative endocannabinoid, but there is little information about which signalling pathways it activates. The purpose of this study was to identify the signalling pathways activated by NADA in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human or rat cannabinoid CB1 receptors were expressed in AtT20, CHO or HEK 293 cells. NADA displacement of radiolabelled cannabinoids, and CB1 receptor mediated activation of K channels or ERK phosphorylation, release of intracellular calcium ([Ca]i ) and modulation of adenylyl cyclase were measured in addition to NADA effects on CB1 receptor trafficking. KEY RESULTS At concentrations up to 30 μM, NADA failed to activate any signalling pathways via CB1 receptors, with the exception of mobilization of [Ca]i . The elevations of [Ca]i were insensitive to pertussis toxin, and reduced or abolished by blockers of Gq /11 -dependent processes including U73122, thapsigargin and a peptide antagonist of Gq /11 activation. Prolonged NADA incubation produced modest loss of cell surface CB1 receptors. The prototypical cannabinoid agonist CP55940 signalled as expected in all assays. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS NADA is an ineffective agonist at most canonical cannabinoid receptor signalling pathways, but did promote mobilization of [Ca]i via Gq -dependent processes and some CB1 receptor trafficking. This signalling profile is distinct from that of any known cannabinoid, and suggests that NADA may have a unique spectrum of effects in vivo. Our results also indicate that it may be possible to identify highly biased CB1 receptor ligands displaying a subset of the pharmacological or therapeutic effects usually attributed to CB1 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Redmond
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMacquarie UniversityNSW2109Australia
| | - Erin E. Cawston
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Natasha L. Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMacquarie UniversityNSW2109Australia
| | - Amelia R. Edington
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMacquarie UniversityNSW2109Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, and Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMacquarie UniversityNSW2109Australia
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60
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Carlsson A, Lindberg S, Wu X, Dunne S, Josefsson M, Åstot C, Dahlén J. Prediction of designer drugs: synthesis and spectroscopic analysis of synthetic cannabinoid analogues of 1H-indol-3-yl(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone and 1H-indol-3-yl(adamantan-1-yl)methanone. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:1015-1029. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Carlsson
- Swedish National Forensic Centre - NFC; SE-581 94 Linköping Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency; FOI CBRN Defence and Security; SE-901 82 Umeå Sweden
| | - Xiongyu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Simon Dunne
- Swedish National Forensic Centre - NFC; SE-581 94 Linköping Sweden
| | - Martin Josefsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology; National Board of Forensic Medicine; SE-587 58 Linköping Sweden
| | - Crister Åstot
- Swedish Defence Research Agency; FOI CBRN Defence and Security; SE-901 82 Umeå Sweden
| | - Johan Dahlén
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
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61
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Uruvakili A, Gangadhararao G, Kumara Swamy KC. Gold(I) catalysed sequential dehydrative cyclisation/intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition of alkynyldienols onto activated alkynes/alkenes: a facile route to substituted norbornadienes/norbornenes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10060-71. [PMID: 26335651 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-pot synthesis of highly substituted norbornadienes/norbornenes via gold-catalysed dehydrative cyclisation of alkynyldienols, followed by intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition of in situ generated cyclopentadiene and activated alkynes/alkenes is described. The precursors, alkynyldienols, are obtained via sequential Sonogashira cross-coupling of 3-bromoenals, alkyne addition and reduction. Yields of the enynals and multisubstituted norbornadienes in all the cases are good to excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuyamma Uruvakili
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
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62
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Banister SD, Moir M, Stuart J, Kevin RC, Wood KE, Longworth M, Wilkinson SM, Beinat C, Buchanan AS, Glass M, Connor M, McGregor IS, Kassiou M. Pharmacology of Indole and Indazole Synthetic Cannabinoid Designer Drugs AB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, ADB-PINACA, 5F-AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB-PINACA, ADBICA, and 5F-ADBICA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1546-59. [PMID: 26134475 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) designer drugs based on indole and indazole scaffolds and featuring l-valinamide or l-tert-leucinamide side chains are encountered with increasing frequency by forensic researchers and law enforcement agencies and are associated with serious adverse health effects. However, many of these novel SCs are unprecedented in the scientific literature at the time of their discovery, and little is known of their pharmacology. Here, we report the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of AB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, ADB-PINACA, 5F-AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB-PINACA, ADBICA, 5F-ADBICA, and several analogues. All synthesized SCs acted as high potency agonists of CB1 (EC50 = 0.24-21 nM) and CB2 (EC50 = 0.88-15 nM) receptors in a fluorometric assay of membrane potential, with 5F-ADB-PINACA showing the greatest potency at CB1 receptors. The cannabimimetic activities of AB-FUBINACA and AB-PINACA in vivo were evaluated in rats using biotelemetry. AB-FUBINACA and AB-PINACA dose-dependently induced hypothermia and bradycardia at doses of 0.3-3 mg/kg, and hypothermia was reversed by pretreatment with a CB1 (but not CB2) antagonist, indicating that these SCs are cannabimimetic in vivo, consistent with anecdotal reports of psychoactivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordyn Stuart
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelle Glass
- School
of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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63
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Banister SD, Stuart J, Kevin RC, Edington A, Longworth M, Wilkinson SM, Beinat C, Buchanan AS, Hibbs DE, Glass M, Connor M, McGregor IS, Kassiou M. Effects of bioisosteric fluorine in synthetic cannabinoid designer drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1445-58. [PMID: 25921407 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) designer drugs featuring bioisosteric fluorine substitution are identified by forensic chemists and toxicologists with increasing frequency. Although terminal fluorination of N-pentyl indole SCs is sometimes known to improve cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor binding affinity, little is known of the effects of fluorination on functional activity of SCs. This study explores the in vitro functional activities of SC designer drugs JWH-018, UR-144, PB-22, and APICA, and their respective terminally fluorinated analogues AM-2201, XLR-11, 5F-PB-22, and STS-135 at human CB1 and CB2 receptors using a FLIPR membrane potential assay. All compounds demonstrated agonist activity at CB1 (EC50 = 2.8-1959 nM) and CB2 (EC50 = 6.5-206 nM) receptors, with the fluorinated analogues generally showing increased CB1 receptor potency (∼2-5 times). Additionally, the cannabimimetic activities and relative potencies of JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135 in vivo were evaluated in rats using biotelemetry. All SCs dose-dependently induced hypothermia and reduced heart rate at doses of 0.3-10 mg/kg. There was no consistent trend for increased potency of fluorinated SCs over the corresponding des-fluoro SCs in vivo. Based on magnitude and duration of hypothermia, the SCs were ranked for potency (PB-22 > 5F-PB-22 = JWH-018 > AM-2201 > APICA = STS-135 = XLR-11 > UR-144).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Banister
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Richard C. Kevin
- School
of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Amelia Edington
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mitchell Longworth
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Shane M. Wilkinson
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Corinne Beinat
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alexandra S. Buchanan
- Center
for Immersive and Simulation-based Learning, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Anaesthesia, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - David E. Hibbs
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- School
of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- School
of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Discipline
of Medical Radiation Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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64
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Structure–activity relationships of synthetic cannabinoid designer drug RCS-4 and its regioisomers and C4 homologues. Forensic Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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65
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Kwon S, Han YT, Jung JW. Studies on the Synthesis of Indothiazinone and Its Derivatives via Direct 3-Acylation of Indole. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sugyeong Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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66
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Wilkinson SM, Banister SD, Kassiou M. Bioisosteric Fluorine in the Clandestine Design of Synthetic Cannabinoids. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, a plethora of indole-based synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have emerged with their structures clearly inspired by scientific literature. Their structures continually evolve to elude detection by law enforcement and circumvent finite scheduling laws. The latest generation of SCs follow patent literature that encompasses a bioisosteric fluorine-for-hydrogen replacement commonly applied in medicinal chemistry. Unlike traditional pharmaceutical development, where rigorous preclinical evaluation is completed before human administration, these SCs are distributed for intended recreational consumption with little-to-no pharmacological data known. This highlight explores the evolution of SCs to this latest generation of fluorinated SCs where accumulating evidence indicates increased health concerns.
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67
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Poddar S, De S, Chowdhury R. Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic bio-packaging (jute) waste – kinetics using lumped and DAE (distributed activation energy) models and pyro-oil characterization. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18435e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study concentrates on the catalytic pyrolysis of a waste bio-packaging material, namely, jute, under iso-thermal and non-isothermal conditions using a 50 mm diameter and 164 mm long semi-batch pyrolyzer and a TGA set-up, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Poddar
- Jadavpur University
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - S. De
- Jadavpur University
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - R. Chowdhury
- Jadavpur University
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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68
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Sobolevsky T, Prasolov I, Rodchenkov G. Study on the phase I metabolism of novel synthetic cannabinoids, APICA and its fluorinated analogue. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:131-42. [PMID: 25428705 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The data are reported for an in vitro metabolism study of two novel synthetic cannabinoids, N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (APICA) and its fluorinated analog N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (5F-APICA, STS-135), which are active ingredients of smoking mixtures sold in Russia since 2012. The cannabinoids were isolated from herbal mixtures using preparative liquid chromatography and then incubated with human liver microsomes (HLMs). The formed metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. It was found that HLMs produce mono-, di-, and trihydroxylated metabolites, as well as N-desalkyl metabolites, which can be further hydroxylated; the amide bond resisted the metabolic cleavage. For 5F-APICA, a series of oxidative defluorination products formed as well. For in vivo confirmation of the formed in vitro metabolites, spot urine samples from drug users were analyzed with the created method. It was shown that for the detection of APICA abuse, the preferred metabolites are the di- and tri-hydroxylated species, while in case of 5F-APICA, a monohydroxy metabolite is a better target. The N-despentyl (desfluoropentyl) hydroxyadamantyl metabolite also provides good retrospectivity to confirm the administration of any of these cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- Moscow Antidoping Centre, 105005, Moscow, Elizavetinsky per. 10, Russia
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69
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Castaneto MS, Gorelick DA, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL, Pirard S, Huestis MA. Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 144:12-41. [PMID: 25220897 PMCID: PMC4253059 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of compounds developed to probe the endogenous cannabinoid system or as potential therapeutics. Clandestine laboratories subsequently utilized published data to develop SC variations marketed as abusable designer drugs. In the early 2000s, SC became popular as "legal highs" under brand names such as Spice and K2, in part due to their ability to escape detection by standard cannabinoid screening tests. The majority of SC detected in herbal products have greater binding affinity to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor than does Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in the cannabis plant, and greater affinity at the CB1 than the CB2 receptor. In vitro and animal in vivo studies show SC pharmacological effects 2-100 times more potent than THC, including analgesic, anti-seizure, weight-loss, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer growth effects. SC produce physiological and psychoactive effects similar to THC, but with greater intensity, resulting in medical and psychiatric emergencies. Human adverse effects include nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath or depressed breathing, hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, muscle twitches, acute renal failure, anxiety, agitation, psychosis, suicidal ideation, and cognitive impairment. Long-term or residual effects are unknown. Due to these public health consequences, many SC are classified as controlled substances. However, frequent structural modification by clandestine laboratories results in a stream of novel SC that may not be legally controlled or detectable by routine laboratory tests. METHODS We present here a comprehensive review, based on a systematic electronic literature search, of SC epidemiology and pharmacology and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol S Castaneto
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David A Gorelick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nathalie A Desrosiers
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Hartman
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sandrine Pirard
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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70
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Wang C, Schroeder FA, Wey HY, Borra R, Wagner FF, Reis S, Kim SW, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, Hooker JM. In vivo imaging of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the central nervous system and major peripheral organs. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7999-8009. [PMID: 25203558 PMCID: PMC4191584 DOI: 10.1021/jm500872p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
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Epigenetic
enzymes are now targeted to treat the underlying gene
expression dysregulation that contribute to disease pathogenesis.
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have shown broad potential in treatments
against cancer and emerging data supports their targeting in the context
of cardiovascular disease and central nervous system dysfunction.
Development of a molecular agent for non-invasive imaging to elucidate
the distribution and functional roles of HDACs in humans will accelerate
medical research and drug discovery in this domain. Herein, we describe
the synthesis and validation of an HDAC imaging agent, [11C]6. Our imaging results demonstrate that this probe
has high specificity, good selectivity, and appropriate kinetics and
distribution for imaging HDACs in the brain, heart, kidney, pancreas,
and spleen. Our findings support the translational potential for [11C]6 for human epigenetic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 73 High Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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71
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Singh R, Meena JS, Chang YC, Wu CS, Ko FH. Control of active semiconducting layer packing in organic thin film transistors through synthetic tailoring of dielectric materials. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of dielectric material's property on the solid state structure packing of active semiconducting layer in OTFTs has been carefully studied by employing a whole new family of dielectric materials based on the rigid, tetrahedral bulky moleculei.e.adamantane, a smallest cage structure of diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjodh Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jagan Singh Meena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Electronics Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
| | - Yu-Cheng Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shu Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Hsiang Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, Taiwan
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