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Xiao F, Bedane AH, Zhao JX, Mann MD, Pignatello JJ. Thermal air oxidation changes surface and adsorptive properties of black carbon (char/biochar). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:276-283. [PMID: 29131995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of thermal air oxidation on the properties of biomass-derived black carbon (BC) made at carbonization temperatures (HTTs) of 300-700°C. BC produced by including air in the carbonization step was found to have a low surface area and underdeveloped pore structure. Substantial changes of BC were observed after post-pyrolysis thermal air oxidation (PPAO). Well-carbonized BC samples made anoxically at relatively high HTTs (600 and 700°C) showed, after PPAO, significant increases in N2 BET surface area (SA) (up to 700 times), porosity (<60Å) (up to 95 times), and adsorptivity (up to 120 times) of neutral organic species including two triazine herbicides and one natural estrogen. Partially carbonized BC made at a lower HTT (300 or 400°C) showed moderate increases in these properties after PPAO, but a large increase in the intensity of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy bands corresponding to various oxygen-containing functional groups. Well-carbonized BC samples, on the other hand, were deficient in surface oxygen functionality even after the PPAO treatment. Adsorption of the test organic compounds on BC generally trended with BET SA when it was less than 300m2/g, but BET SA was poorly predictive of adsorption when it was greater than 300m2/g. Overall, our results suggest that thermal reactions between molecular oxygen and BC 1) increase surface oxygen functionality more effectively for low-HTT than for high-HTT BC samples; 2) increase SA and porosity (<60Å) especially for high-HTT BC samples; and 3) create new adsorption sites and/or relieve steric restriction of organic molecules to micropores, thereby enhancing the adsorptivity of BC. These results will prove useful not only for understanding the fate of environmental BC but also in devising strategies for improving the practical performance of the engineered form of BC (i.e., biochar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8115, United States.
| | - Alemayehu H Bedane
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8115, United States
| | - Julia Xiaojun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9024, United States
| | - Michael D Mann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7101, United States
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504-1106, United States
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Qi F, Yan Y, Lamb D, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Liu Y, Ok YS, Donne SW, Semple KT. Thermal stability of biochar and its effects on cadmium sorption capacity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 246:48-56. [PMID: 28756990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the thermal stability of a wood shaving biochar (WS, 650°C), a chicken litter biochar (CL, 550°C) and an activated carbon (AC, 1100°C) were evaluated by combustion at 375°C for 24h to remove the labile non-carbonized organic matter. Results showed that WS and CL biochars were not thermally stable and can lose most of the organic C during combustion. The combusted WS and CL biochars retained considerable amounts of negative charge and displayed higher sorption for Cd (from 5.46 to 68.9mg/g for WS and from 48.5 to 60.9mg/g for CL). The AC retained 76.5% of its original C and became more negatively chargely after combustion, but its sorption for Cd slightly decreased (from 18.5 to 14.9mg/g). This study indicated that after potential burning in wildfires (200-500°C), biochars could have higher sorption capacity for metals by remaining minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yubo Yan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Dane Lamb
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott W Donne
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Qian L, Chen B, Han L, Yan J, Zhang W, Su A, Chen M. Effect of culturing temperatures on cadmium phytotoxicity alleviation by biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23843-23849. [PMID: 28868590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biochar produced from rice straw at 400 °C (RS400) was prepared to determine its alleviating effect on Cd phytotoxicity to wheat seedlings under different cultivation temperatures and pH. A hydroponic system (pH 4.3) and a loam soil slurry system were designed to respectively simulate acidic and neutral soil condition, and cultivation at increasing temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) were performed to evaluate the greenhouse effect. The root and shoot elongation and the Cd concentration in root and solution were measured; furthermore, batch experiments for Cd adsorption were undertaken. An increasing inhibition of the root by Cd addition was observed at increasing temperatures. The inhibition rate was 50.50 and 20.80% in hydroponic system and slurry system at 25 °C, respectively; however, the corresponding inhibition rates of root were significantly decreased to 25.5 and 3.5% with addition of RS400. This is mainly attributed to the reduction of Cd migration into the roots by RS400, which decreased Cd bioavailability. The mechanism behind the reduced Cd bioavailability is attributed to the Cd adsorption and the strong buffering capacity of acidity by RS400. Therefore, biochar could be a potential amendment for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil even at increasing culturing temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East, Beijing Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East, Beijing Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, China
| | - Jingchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East, Beijing Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East, Beijing Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, China
| | - Anqi Su
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East, Beijing Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East, Beijing Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210008, China.
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Xiao K, Li Y, Sun Y, Liu R, Li J, Zhao Y, Xu H. Remediation Performance and Mechanism of Heavy Metals by a Bottom Up Activation and Extraction System Using Multiple Biochemical Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30448-30457. [PMID: 28836755 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with heavy metals has caused serious environmental problems and increased the risks to humans and biota. Herein, we developed an effective bottom up metals removal system based on the synergy between the activation of immobilization metal-resistant bacteria and the extraction of bioaccumulator material (Stropharia rugosoannulata). In this system, the advantages of biochar produced at 400 °C and sodium alginate were integrated to immobilize bacteria. Optimized by response surface methodology, the biochar and bacterial suspension were mixed at a ratio of 1:20 (w:v) for 12 h when 2.5% sodium alginate was added to the mixture. Results demonstrated that the system significantly increased the proportion of acid soluble Cd and Cu and improved the soil microecology (microbial counts, soil respiration, and enzyme activities). The maximum extractions of Cd and Cu were 8.79 and 77.92 mg kg-1, respectively. Moreover, details of the possible mechanistic insight into the metal removal are discussed, which indicate positive correlation with the acetic acid extractable metals and soil microecology. Meanwhile, the "dilution effect" in S. rugosoannulata probably plays an important role in the metal removal process. Furthermore, the metal-resistant bacteria in this system were successfully colonized, and the soil bacteria community were evaluated to understand the microbial diversity in metal-contaminated soil after remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemeng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yunzhen Li
- The Civil Engineering Postdoctoral Research Station, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Ruyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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Häring V, Manka'abusi D, Akoto-Danso EK, Werner S, Atiah K, Steiner C, Lompo DJP, Adiku S, Buerkert A, Marschner B. Effects of biochar, waste water irrigation and fertilization on soil properties in West African urban agriculture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10738. [PMID: 28878251 PMCID: PMC5587607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In large areas of sub-Saharan Africa crop production must cope with low soil fertility. To increase soil fertility, the application of biochar (charred biomass) has been suggested. In urban areas, untreated waste water is widely used for irrigation because it is a nutrient-rich year-round water source. Uncertainty exists regarding the interactions between soil properties, biochar, waste water and fertilization over time. The aims of this study were to determine these interactions in two typical sandy, soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient depleted soils under urban vegetable production in Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) over two years. The addition of biochar at 2 kg m-2 made from rice husks and corn cobs initially doubled SOC stocks but SOC losses of 35% occurred thereafter. Both biochar types had no effect on soil pH, phosphorous availability and effective cation exchange capacity (CEC) but rice husk biochar retained nitrogen (N). Irrigation with domestic waste water increased soil pH and exchangeable sodium over time. Inorganic fertilization alone acidified soils, increased available phosphorous and decreased base saturation. Organic fertilization increased SOC, N and CEC. The results from both locations demonstrate that the effects of biochar and waste water were less pronounced than reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Häring
- Institute of Geography, Department for Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Delphine Manka'abusi
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Universität Kassel, Steinstr. 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Edmund K Akoto-Danso
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Universität Kassel, Steinstr. 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Steffen Werner
- Institute of Geography, Department for Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kofi Atiah
- Institute of Geography, Department for Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Steiner
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Universität Kassel, Steinstr. 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Désiré J P Lompo
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Universität Kassel, Steinstr. 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Samuel Adiku
- Department of Soil Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andreas Buerkert
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Universität Kassel, Steinstr. 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Bernd Marschner
- Institute of Geography, Department for Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
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Qi F, Dong Z, Lamb D, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Ok YS, Liu C, Khan N, Johir MAH, Semple KT. Effects of acidic and neutral biochars on properties and cadmium retention of soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:564-573. [PMID: 28437653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an acidic biochar and a neutral biochar were applied at 5 wt% into two soils for an 11-month incubation experiment. One Ferrosol soil (Ba) was slightly acidic with low organic matter and the other Dermosol soil (Mt) was slightly alkaline with high organic matter. The acidic (pH = 3.25) wood shaving (WS) biochar had no marked impact on nutrient levels, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH and acid neutralization capacity (ANC) of either soil. By contrast, the neutral (pH = 7.00) chicken litter (CL) biochar significantly increased major soluble nutrients, pH, ANC of soil Ba. In terms of C storage, 87.9% and 69.5% WS biochar-C can be sequestrated as TOC by soil Ba and Mt, respectively, whereas only 24.0% of CL biochar-C stored in soil Ba and negligible amount in Mt as TOC. Biochars did not have significant effects on soil sorption capacity and sorption reversibility except that CL biochar increased sorption of soil Ba by around 25.4% and decreased desorption by around 50.0%. Overall, the studied acidic C rich WS biochar held little agricultural or remedial values but was favourable for C sequestration. The neutral mineral rich CL biochar may provide short-term agricultural benefit and certain sorption capacities of lower sorption capacity soils, but may be unlikely to result in heightened C sequestration in soils. This is the first study comprehensively examining functions of acidic and neutral biochars for their benefits as a soil amendment and suggests the importance of pre-testing biochars for target purposes prior to their large scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Dane Lamb
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Cuixia Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Naser Khan
- Natural & Built Environments, School of Natural & Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - M A H Johir
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, 81 Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Zhu X, Chen B, Zhu L, Xing B. Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:98-115. [PMID: 28458251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochars have attracted tremendous attention due to their effects on soil improvement; they enhance carbon storage, soil fertility and quality, and contaminant (organic and heavy metal) immobilization and transformation. These effects could be achieved by modifying soil microbial habitats and (or) directly influencing microbial metabolisms, which together induce changes in microbial activity and microbial community structures. This review links microbial responses, including microbial activity, community structures and soil enzyme activities, with changes in soil properties caused by biochars. In particular, we summarized possible mechanisms that are involved in the effects that biochar-microbe interactions have on soil carbon sequestration and pollution remediation. Special attention has been paid to biochar effects on the formation and protection of soil aggregates, biochar adsorption of contaminants, biochar-mediated transformation of soil contaminants by microorganisms, and biochar-facilitated electron transfer between microbial cells and contaminants and soil organic matter. Certain reactive organic compounds and heavy metals in biochar may induce toxicity to soil microorganisms. Adsorption and hydrolysis of signaling molecules by biochar interrupts microbial interspecific communications, potentially altering soil microbial community structures. Further research is urged to verify the proposed mechanisms involved in biochar-microbiota interactions for soil remediation and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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59
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Han L, Qian L, Liu R, Chen M, Yan J, Hu Q. Lead adsorption by biochar under the elevated competition of cadmium and aluminum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2264. [PMID: 28536418 PMCID: PMC5442113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive adsorption studies are important to accurately estimate the lead adsorption capacity on biochar in soil. The structure of biochars was evaluated by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction, and the competitive of Cadmium (Cd) and Aluminum (Al) with Lead (Pb) adsorption were determined by kinetic experiments and pH effects. Adsorption kinetics indicated that the adsorption amount (mg g−1) of Pb by biochar was in the decreasing order of CM400 (90.9) > BB600 (56.5) > CM100 (29.2), the presence of the oxygen-containing functional groups, Si-containing mineral, PO43− and CO32− significantly contributed to Pb adsorption by biochars. With the presence of Cd, Pb adsorption amount was reduced by 42.6%, 23.7% and 19.3% for CM100, CM400 and BB600, respectively. The Si-containing mineral, PO43− and CO32− that were rich in CM400 and BB600 has led to less competition by Cd. In addition, Al showed a strong competition with Pb leading to the adsorption being reduced by 95.8%, 82.3% and 80.6%, respectively for CM100, CM400 and BB600. This was mainly attributed to the additional acidification effect by Al resulting in a counteractive of biochar’s liming effect. Results from this study are important for accurately estimating the heavy metal adsorption by biochar in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Linbo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Rongqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jingchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qinhong Hu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Qian L, Zhang W, Yan J, Han L, Chen Y, Ouyang D, Chen M. Nanoscale zero-valent iron supported by biochars produced at different temperatures: Synthesis mechanism and effect on Cr(VI) removal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:153-160. [PMID: 28110906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) produced under different temperatures was studied to evaluate the effect of the nZVI-biochar composite on the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in solution. The structure of biochar-supported nZVI and its roles in Cr(VI) removal were investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and batch experiments. The XRD revealed that the removal rate of Cr(VI) for the nZVI supported by rice straw pyrolyzed at 400 °C (RS400) was much greater than that for other supporting biochar, and the FTIR further indicated that the carboxyl groups and silicon mineral within the biochar served as dual support sites for nZVI. NZVI-RS400 exhibited the highest removal amount of Cr(VI) at approximately 40.0 mg/g under an initial pH of 4.0, possibly due to both the reduction and adsorption processes. Therefore, the RS400-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron could be a preferable material for Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Da Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Bacterial Community Composition Associated with Pyrogenic Organic Matter (Biochar) Varies with Pyrolysis Temperature and Colonization Environment. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00085-17. [PMID: 28405627 PMCID: PMC5371693 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00085-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) is widely distributed in soil and fluvial ecosystems and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycling. Many studies have reported changes in soil microbial communities stimulated by PyOM, but very little is known about the microbial communities associated with PyOM. The microbes that colonize PyOMs can participate in the mineralization of PyOM, so changing its structure affects the fate of PyOMs and contributes to soil biogeochemical cycling. This study identified the bacterial community composition associated with PyOMs on the basis of high-throughput sequencing and demonstrated that both PyOM pyrolysis temperature and the colonization environment determined the bacterial community composition. Our work increases our understanding of the dominant phylogenetic taxa associated with PyOMs, demonstrates mechanisms mediating microbial metabolism and growth in PyOMs, and expands a new research area for pyrogenic organic matter. This study identified the bacterial community composition associated with PyOM, which is widely distributed in the environment. Most bacterial OTUs preferentially thrived on PyOM pyrolyzed at low temperature, while some specific OTUs thrived on PyOM pyrolyzed at high temperature. Microbes that colonize pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) (also called biochar) play an important role in PyOM mineralization and crucially affect soil biogeochemical cycling, while the microbial community composition associated with PyOM particles is poorly understood. We generated two manure-based PyOMs with different characteristics (PyOM pyrolyzed at the low temperature of 300°C [i.e., PyOM300] and at the high temperature of 700°C [i.e., PyOM700]) and added them to high-carbon (4.15%) and low-C (0.37%) soil for microbial colonization. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that Actinobacteria, particularly Actinomycetales, was the dominant taxon in PyOM, regardless of the PyOM pyrolysis temperature and soil type. Bacterial communities associated with PyOM particles from high-C soils were similar to those in non-PyOM-amended soils. PyOM300 had higher total microbial activity and more differential bacterial communities than PyOM700. More bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) preferentially thrived on the low-pyrolysis-temperature PyOM, while some specific OTUs thrived on high-pyrolysis-temperature PyOM. In particular, Chloroflexi species tended to be more prevalent in high-pyrolysis-temperature PyOM in low-C soils. In conclusion, the differences in colonized bacterial community composition between the different PyOMs were strongly influenced by the pyrolysis temperatures of PyOM, i.e., under conditions of easily mineralizable C or fused aromatic C, and by other properties, e.g., pH, surface area, and nutrient content. IMPORTANCE Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) is widely distributed in soil and fluvial ecosystems and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycling. Many studies have reported changes in soil microbial communities stimulated by PyOM, but very little is known about the microbial communities associated with PyOM. The microbes that colonize PyOMs can participate in the mineralization of PyOM, so changing its structure affects the fate of PyOMs and contributes to soil biogeochemical cycling. This study identified the bacterial community composition associated with PyOMs on the basis of high-throughput sequencing and demonstrated that both PyOM pyrolysis temperature and the colonization environment determined the bacterial community composition. Our work increases our understanding of the dominant phylogenetic taxa associated with PyOMs, demonstrates mechanisms mediating microbial metabolism and growth in PyOMs, and expands a new research area for pyrogenic organic matter. This study identified the bacterial community composition associated with PyOM, which is widely distributed in the environment. Most bacterial OTUs preferentially thrived on PyOM pyrolyzed at low temperature, while some specific OTUs thrived on PyOM pyrolyzed at high temperature.
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Dai Z, Zhang X, Tang C, Muhammad N, Wu J, Brookes PC, Xu J. Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification - A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:601-611. [PMID: 28063658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A large number of soils, worldwide, are acid (normally pH<5.5) and suffering from on-going soil acidification. Acid soils or soils undergoing acidification generally have low fertility and low crop productivity. Biochars have been reported to be of potential value in agriculture for improving soil properties and in reducing the hazards caused by soil acidification and in naturally acidic soils. However, the ameliorant effects of biochars on acid soils and the mechanisms involved have not previously been critically reviewed. Here we summarize the phenomena, and mechanisms involved in the improvement of soil acidity by biochars, the alleviation of aluminum toxicity, the enhancement of nutrient availability, and changes in nitrification by collating data in the literature. In addition, the agronomic effectiveness and environmental concerns in the incorporation of biochar and other soil additives (i.e. lime, industrial by-products, organic wastes and plant residues) to acid soils are systemically compared. We conclude that biochar is a potentially effective amendment to reverse or to prevent acidification in acid soils. Finally, perspectives for further research in terms of soil acidification are presented to address some issues that are still poorly understood and/or highly controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Dai
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - C Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Niaz Muhammad
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Philip C Brookes
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Wisawapipat W, Charoensri K, Runglerttrakoolchai J. Solid-Phase Speciation and Solubility of Phosphorus in an Acid Sulfate Paddy Soil during Soil Reduction and Reoxidation as Affected by Oil Palm Ash and Biochar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:704-710. [PMID: 28060497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding phosphorus (P) speciation and how redox conditions control P solubility in acid sulfate paddy soils with limited P availability is crucial for improving soil P availability. We examined P speciation and extractability in an acid sulfate paddy soil incorporated with oil palm ash (OPA) and biochar (OPB) during soil reduction and subsequent oxidation. Phosphorus K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of the soil samples revealed that P in the soil mainly occurred as P adsorbed to ferrihydrite and P adsorbed to gibbsite. During soil reduction, gibbsite-bound P was transformed into variscite, which was back-transformed to gibbsite-bound P during soil reoxidation. Sequential extraction results confirmed the dominance of Fe/Al (hydr)oxides-bound P (average 72%) in the soils. The OPA incorporation increased the exchangeable P pool concurring with the decrease in gibbsite-bound P. The OPB incorporation enhanced the dissolved P from the residual pool presumably due to electron shuttling of biochar with Fe(III) minerals during soil reduction. Our results highlight P dynamics in paddy soils, which are of immense importance for effective P-management strategies in rice cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worachart Wisawapipat
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University , Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kamolchanok Charoensri
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University , Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Dang T, Mosley LM, Fitzpatrick R, Marschner P. Organic materials retain high proportion of protons, iron and aluminium from acid sulphate soil drainage water with little subsequent release. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23582-23592. [PMID: 27614646 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When previously oxidised acid sulphate soils are leached, they can release large amounts of protons and metals, which threaten the surrounding environment. To minimise the impact of the acidic leachate, protons and metals have to be retained before the drainage water reaches surrounding waterways. One possible amelioration strategy is to pass drainage water through permeable reactive barriers. The suitability of organic materials for such barriers was tested. Eight organic materials including two plant residues, compost and five biochars differing in feedstock and production temperature were finely ground and filled into PVC cores at 3.5 g dry wt/core. Field-collected acidic drainage water (pH 3, Al 22 mg L-1 and Fe 48 mg L-1) was applied in six leaching events followed by six leaching events with reverse osmosis (RO) water (45 mL/event). Compost and biochars increased the leachate pH by up to 4.5 units and had a high retention capacity for metals. The metal and proton release during subsequent leaching with RO water was very small, cumulatively only 0.05-0.8 % of retained metals and protons. Retention was lower in the two plant residues, particularly wheat straw, which raised leachate pH by 2 units only in the first leaching event with drainage water, but had little effect on leachate pH in the following leaching events. It can be concluded that organic materials and particularly biochars and compost have the potential to be used in acid drainage treatment to remove and retain protons and metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Dang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Luke M Mosley
- Acid Sulfate Soils Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Rob Fitzpatrick
- Acid Sulfate Soils Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Petra Marschner
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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65
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Qian L, Chen B, Chen M. Novel Alleviation Mechanisms of Aluminum Phytotoxicity via Released Biosilicon from Rice Straw-Derived Biochars. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29346. [PMID: 27385598 PMCID: PMC4935849 DOI: 10.1038/srep29346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacing biosilicon and biocarbon in soil via biochar amendment is a novel approach for soil amelioration and pollution remediation. The unique roles of silicon (Si)-rich biochar in aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity alleviation have not been discovered. In this study, the alleviation of Al phytotoxicity to wheat plants (root tips cell death) by biochars fabricated from rice straw pyrolyzed at 400 and 700 °C (RS400 and RS700) and the feedstock (RS100) were studied using a slurry system containing typical acidic soils for a 15-day exposure experiment. The distributions of Al and Si in the slurry solution, soil and plant root tissue were monitored by staining methods, chemical extractions and SEM-EDS observations. We found that the biological sourced silicon in biochars served dual roles in Al phytotoxicity alleviation in acidic soil slurry. On one hand, the Si particles reduced the amount of soil exchangeable Al and prevented the migration of Al to the plant. More importantly, the Si released from biochars synchronously absorbed by the plants and coordinated with Al to form Al-Si compounds in the epidermis of wheat roots, which is a new mechanism for Al phytotoxicity alleviation in acidic soil slurry by biochar amendment. In addition, the steady release of Si from the rice straw-derived biochars was a sustainable Si source for aluminosilicate reconstruction in acidic soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Qian
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
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66
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Xiao F, Pignatello JJ. Effects of Post-Pyrolysis Air Oxidation of Biomass Chars on Adsorption of Neutral and Ionizable Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6276-6283. [PMID: 27152745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to understand the effects of thermal air oxidation of biomass chars experienced during formation or production on their adsorptive properties toward various compounds, including five neutral nonpolar and polar compounds and seven weak acids and bases (pKa = 3-5.2) selected from among industrial chemicals and the triazine and phenoxyacetic acid herbicide classes. Post-pyrolysis air oxidation (PPAO) at 400 °C of anoxically prepared wood and pecan shell chars for up to 40 min enhanced the mass-normalized adsorption at pH ∼ 7.4 of all test compounds, especially the weak acids and bases, by up to 100-fold. Both general and specific effects were identified. The general effect results from "reaming" of pores by the oxidative removal of pore wall matter and/or tarry deposits generated during the pyrolysis step. Reaming creates new surface area and enlarges nanopores, which helps relieve steric hindrance to adsorption. The specific effect results from creation of new acidic functionality that provides sites for the formation of very strong, charge-assisted hydrogen bonds (CAHB) with solutes having comparable pKa. The CAHB hypothesis was supported by competition experiments and the finding that weak acid anion adsorption increased with surface carboxyl content, despite electrostatic repulsion from the growing negative charge. The results provide insight into the effects of air oxidation on pollutant retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-8115, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station , New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106, United States
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station , New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106, United States
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Yang Z, Koh SK, Ng WC, Lim RCJ, Tan HTW, Tong YW, Dai Y, Chong C, Wang CH. Potential application of gasification to recycle food waste and rehabilitate acidic soil from secondary forests on degraded land in Southeast Asia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 172:40-48. [PMID: 26921564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gasification is recognized as a green technology as it can harness energy from biomass in the form of syngas without causing severe environmental impacts, yet producing valuable solid residues that can be utilized in other applications. In this study, the feasibility of co-gasification of woody biomass and food waste in different proportions was investigated using a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier. Subsequently, the capability of biochar derived from gasification of woody biomass in the rehabilitation of soil from tropical secondary forests on degraded land (adinandra belukar) was also explored through a water spinach cultivation study using soil-biochar mixtures of different ratios. Gasification of a 60:40 wood waste-food waste mixture (w/w) produced syngas with the highest lower heating value (LHV) 5.29 MJ/m(3)-approximately 0.4-4.0% higher than gasification of 70:30 or 80:20 mixtures, or pure wood waste. Meanwhile, water spinach cultivated in a 2:1 soil-biochar mixture exhibited the best growth performance in terms of height (a 4-fold increment), weight (a 10-fold increment) and leaf surface area (a 5-fold increment) after 8 weeks of cultivation, owing to the high porosity, surface area, nutrient content and alkalinity of biochar. It is concluded that gasification may be an alternative technology to food waste disposal through co-gasification with woody biomass, and that gasification derived biochar is suitable for use as an amendment for the nutrient-poor, acidic soil of adinandra belukar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyu Yang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Shun Kai Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Wei Cheng Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, 138602, Singapore
| | - Reuben C J Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hugh T W Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yanjun Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, #800 Dongchuan Rood, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Clive Chong
- Bioplas Energy (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd, 9 Tuas South Street 15, 637077, Singapore
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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Qian L, Zhang W, Yan J, Han L, Gao W, Liu R, Chen M. Effective removal of heavy metal by biochar colloids under different pyrolysis temperatures. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 206:217-224. [PMID: 26859330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biochar colloids' association with heavy metal needs be studied to precisely evaluate the effectiveness of biochar as sorbents. The structure of biochar colloids and their roles in heavy metal removal were investigated by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction and batch adsorption experiments, respectively. Due to the numerous oxygen function groups and mineral matters contained in biochar colloids, the removal capacity of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) to biochar colloids was much greater than that of biochar residues. The highest adsorption capacities of Cr(III) and Cd(II) under initial pH 3.5 were obtained by RS400, which were mainly attributed to the presence of oxygen function groups and mineral matters simultaneously. The highest removal capacity of Cr(VI) was observed by RS300 due to the additional reduction by phenolic functional groups of RS300C. Therefore, the functions of biochar colloids for heavy metal removal should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiguo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rongqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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H/C atomic ratio as a smart linkage between pyrolytic temperatures, aromatic clusters and sorption properties of biochars derived from diverse precursory materials. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22644. [PMID: 26940984 PMCID: PMC4778134 DOI: 10.1038/srep22644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar is increasingly gaining attention due to multifunctional roles in soil amelioration, pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration. It is a significant challenge to compare the reported results from world-wide labs regarding the structure and sorption of biochars derived from various precursors under different pyrolytic conditions due to a lack of a simple linkage. By combining the published works on various biochars, we established a quantitative relationship between H/C atomic ratio and pyrolytic temperature (T), aromatic structure, and sorption properties for naphthalene and phenanthrene. A reverse sigmoid shape between T and the H/C ratio was observed, which was independent of the precursors of biochars, including the ash contents. Linear correlations of Freundlich parameters (N, log Kf) and sorption amount (log Qe, log QA) with H/C ratios were found. A rectangle-like model was proposed to predict the aromatic cluster sizes of biochars from their H/C ratios, and then a good structure-sorption relationship was derived. These quantitative relationships indicate that the H/C atomic ratio is a universal linkage to predict pyrolytic temperatures, aromatic cluster sizes, and sorption characteristics. This study would guide the global study of biochars toward being comparable, and then the development of the structure-sorption relationships will benefit the structural design and environmental application of biochars.
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Rizwan M, Ali S, Qayyum MF, Ibrahim M, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Abbas T, Ok YS. Mechanisms of biochar-mediated alleviation of toxicity of trace elements in plants: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2230-48. [PMID: 26531712 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements (TEs) contamination is one of the main abiotic stresses which limit plant growth and deteriorate the food quality by their entry into food chain. In recent, biochar (BC) soil amendment has been widely reported for the reduction of TE(s) uptake and toxicity in plants. This review summarizes the role of BC in enhancing TE(s) tolerance in plants. Under TE(s) stress, BC application increased plant growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, grain yield, and quality. The key mechanisms evoked are immobilization of TE(s) in the soil, increase in soil pH, alteration of TE(s) redox state in the soil, and improvement in soil physical and biological properties under TE(s) stress. However, these mechanisms vary with plant species, genotypes, growth conditions, duration of stress imposed, BC type, and preparation methods. This review highlights the potential for improving plant resistance to TE(s) stress by BC application and provides a theoretical basis for application of BC in TE(s) contaminated soils worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Farooq Qayyum
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Abbas
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Centre and Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
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71
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Shim T, Yoo J, Ryu C, Park YK, Jung J. Effect of steam activation of biochar produced from a giant Miscanthus on copper sorption and toxicity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 197:85-90. [PMID: 26318926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the physiochemical properties, sorption characteristics, and toxicity effects of biochar (BC) produced from Miscanthus sacchariflorus via slow pyrolysis at 500°C and its steam activation product (ABC). Although BC has a much lower surface area than ABC (181 and 322m(2)g(-1), respectively), the Cu sorption capacities of BC and ABC are not significantly different (p>0.05). A two-compartment model successfully explains the sorption of BC and ABC as being dominated by fast and slow sorption processes, respectively. In addition, both BC and ABC efficiently eliminate the toxicity of Cu towards Daphnia magna. However, ABC itself induced acute toxicity to D. magna, which is possibly due to increased aromaticity upon steam activation. These findings suggest that activation of BC produced from M. sacchariflorus at a pyrolytic temperature of 500°C may not be appropriate in terms of Cu sorption and toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Shim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkook Ryu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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Shindo H, Nishimura S. Pyrogenic Organic Matter in Japanese Andosols: Occurrence, Transformation, and Function. SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssaspecpub63.2014.0036.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Shindo
- Faculty of Agriculture; Yamaguchi University; 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
| | - Syusaku Nishimura
- Faculty of Agriculture; Yamaguchi University; 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
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Mosley LM, Willson P, Hamilton B, Butler G, Seaman R. The capacity of biochar made from common reeds to neutralise pH and remove dissolved metals in acid drainage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:15113-15122. [PMID: 26004563 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We tested the capacity of biochar (made at 450 °C from a common reed species) to neutralise pH and remove metals in two acid drainage waters (pH 2.6 and 4.6) using column leaching and batch mixing experiments. In the column experiments, the acid drainage water was neutralised upon passage through the biochar with substantial increases (4-5 pH units) in the leachate pH. In the batch experiments, the leachate pH remained above 6.5 when the drainage:biochar ratio was less than approximately 700:1 (L acid drainage:kg biochar) and 20:1 for the pH 4.6 and pH 2.6 drainage waters, respectively. Dissolved metal concentrations were reduced by 89-98 % (Fe ≈ Al > Ni ≈ Zn > Mn) in the leachate from the biochar. A key mechanism of pH neutralisation appears to be solid carbonate dissolution as calcite (CaCO3) was identified (via X-ray diffraction) in the biochar prior to contact with acid drainage, and dissolved alkalinity and Ca was observed in the leachate. Proton and metal removal by cation exchange, direct binding to oxygen-containing functional groups, and metal oxide precipitation also appears important. Further evaluation of the treatment capacity of other biochars and field trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Mosley
- Water Quality Science, PO Box 310, Belair, SA, 5052, Australia.
- Acid Sulfate Soils Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Philip Willson
- Environment Protection Authority (South Australia), GPO Box 2607, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Benjamin Hamilton
- Environment Protection Authority (South Australia), GPO Box 2607, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Greg Butler
- South Australian No Till Farmers Association, PO Box 923, Clare, SA, 5453, Australia
| | - Russell Seaman
- Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, GPO Box 1047, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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74
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Zhao L, Cao X, Zheng W, Wang Q, Yang F. Endogenous minerals have influences on surface electrochemistry and ion exchange properties of biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 136:133-139. [PMID: 25974107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The feedstocks for biochar production are diverse and many of them contain various minerals in addition to being rich in carbon. Twelve types of biomass classified into 2 categories: plant-based and municipal waste, were employed to produce biochars under 350 °C and 500 °C. Their pH, point of zero net charge (PZNC), zeta potential, cation and anion exchange capacity (CEC and AEC) were analyzed. The municipal waste-based biochars (MW-BC) had higher mineral levels than the plant-based biochars (PB-BC). However, the water soluble mineral levels were lower in the MW-BCs due to the dominant presence of less soluble minerals, such as CaCO3 and (Ca,Mg)3(PO4)2. The higher total minerals in MW-BCs accounted for the higher PZNC (5.47-9.95) than in PB-BCs (1.91-8.18), though the PZNCs of the PB-BCs increased more than that of the MW-BCs as the production temperature rose. The minerals had influence on the zeta potentials via affecting the negative charges of biochars and the ionic strength of solution. The organic functional groups in PB-BCs such as -COOH and -OH had a greater effect on the CEC and AEC, while the minerals had a greater effect on that of MW-BCs. The measured CEC and AEC values had a strong positive correlation with the total amount of soluble cations and anions, respectively. Results indicated that biochar surface charges depend not only on the organic functional groups, but also on the minerals present and to some extent, minerals have more influences on the surface electrochemistry and ion exchange properties of biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, University of Illinois, One Hazelwood Dr., Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, University of Illinois, One Hazelwood Dr., Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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75
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Lian F, Sun B, Chen X, Zhu L, Liu Z, Xing B. Effect of humic acid (HA) on sulfonamide sorption by biochars. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:306-12. [PMID: 26057361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effect of quantity and fractionation of loaded humic acid (HA) on biochar sorption for sulfonamides was investigated. The HA was applied in two different modes, i.e. pre-coating and co-introduction with sorbate. In pre-coating mode, the polar fractions of HA tended to interact with low-temperature biochars via H-bonding, while the hydrophobic fractions were likely to be adsorbed by high-temperature biochars through hydrophobic and π-π interactions, leading to different composition and structure of the HA adlayers. The influences of HA fractionation on biochar sorption for sulfonamides varied significantly, depending on the nature of interaction between HA fraction and sorbate. Meanwhile, co-introduction of HA with sulfonamides revealed that the effect of HA on sulfonamide sorption was also dependent on HA concentration. These findings suggest that the amount and fractionation of adsorbed HA are tailored by the surface properties of underlying biochars, which differently affect the sorption for organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Binbin Sun
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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76
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Dai Z, Brookes PC, He Y, Xu J. Increased agronomic and environmental value provided by biochars with varied physiochemical properties derived from swine manure blended with rice straw. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10623-10631. [PMID: 25307928 DOI: 10.1021/jf504106v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To compensate for the shortcomings of manure biochar, an lignocellulose-based feedstock (rice straw) was added into manure-based feedstock (swine manure) at 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 (w/w) manure/straw ratios during biochar production within the pyrolysis temperature ranging from 300 to 700 °C. The results showed that the pyrolysis temperatures and the proportions of straw added both influenced the biochar properties. The overall properties of biochars at 300, 400, and 500 °C were thoroughly different from those at 600 and 700 °C by principal components analysis (PCA). The XRD, FTIR, and SEM spectra suggested that the addition of straw considerably changed the mineral crystals, functional groups, and porous structures in manure biochar, respectively. The Zn(II) adsorption batch experiments showed that the biochars with more proportions of manure had the largest Zn(II) adsorption capacity than other biochars at 300 °C, which was attributed to the mineral components, oxygen functional groups, and surface areas. To meet varied agronomic and environmental requirements, the different conditions including pyrolysis temperatures and proportions of straw added should be quantitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Dai
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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77
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Khan S, Reid BJ, Li G, Zhu YG. Application of biochar to soil reduces cancer risk via rice consumption: a case study in Miaoqian village, Longyan, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:154-61. [PMID: 24727070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of rice contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a major pathway for human exposure to PTEs. This is particularly true in China's so called "Cancer Villages". In this study, sewage sludge biochar (SSBC) was applied to soil (at 5% and 10%) to suppress PTE phytoavailability and as a consequence to reduce PTE levels in rice grown in mining impacted paddy soils. Risk assessment indicated that SSBC addition (10%) markedly (P≤0.05) decreased the daily intake, associated with the consumption of rice, of PTEs (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn by: 68, 42, 55, 29, 43, 38 and 22%, respectively). In treatments containing SSBC (10%) the health quotient (HQ) indices for PTEs (except for As, Cu and Mn) were <1, indicating that SSBC suppressed the health risk associated with PTEs in rice. The addition of SSBC (10%) markedly (P≤0.01) reduced AsIII (72%), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) (74%) and AsV (62%) concentrations in rice. Consequentially, following SSBC application (10%), the incremental lifetime cancer (ILTR) value for iAs (AsIII+AsV) associated with the consumption of rice was significantly (P≤0.01) reduced by 66%. These findings suggest that SSBC could be a useful soil amendment to mitigating PTE exposure, through rice consumption, in China's "Cancer Villages".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar Khan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Department of Environmental Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Brian J Reid
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Gang Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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78
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Xiao X, Chen B, Zhu L. Transformation, morphology, and dissolution of silicon and carbon in rice straw-derived biochars under different pyrolytic temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3411-9. [PMID: 24601595 DOI: 10.1021/es405676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are increasingly recognized as environmentally friendly and cheap remediation agents for soil pollution. The roles of silicon in biochars and interactions between silicon and carbon have been neglected in the literature to date, while the transformation, morphology, and dissolution of silicon in Si-rich biochars remain largely unaddressed. In this study, Si-rich biochars derived from rice straw were prepared under 150-700 °C (named RS150-RS700). The transformation and morphology of carbon and silicon in biochar particles were monitored by FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. With increasing pyrolytic temperature, silicon accumulated, and its speciation changed from amorphous to crystalline matter, while the organic matter evolved from aliphatic to aromatic. For rice straw biomass containing amorphous carbon and amorphous silicon, dehydration (<250 °C) made silicic acid polymerize, resulting in a closer integration of carbon and silicon. At medium pyrolysis temperatures (250-350 °C), an intense cracking of carbon components occurred, and, thus, the silicon located in the inside tissue was exposed. At high pyrolysis temperatures (500-700 °C), the biochar became condensed due to the aromatization of carbon and crystallization of silicon. Correspondingly, the carbon release in water significantly decreased, while the silicon release somewhat decreased and then sharply increased with pyrolytic temperature. Along with SEM-EDX images of biochars before and after water washing, we proposed a structural relationship between carbon and silicon in biochars to explain the mutual protection between carbon and silicon under different pyrolysis temperatures, which contribute to the broader understanding of biochar chemistry and structure. The silicon dissolution kinetics suggests that high Si biochars could serve as a novel slow release source of biologically available Si in low Si agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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79
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Wan Q, Yuan JH, Xu RK, Li XH. Pyrolysis temperature influences ameliorating effects of biochars on acidic soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2486-95. [PMID: 24078274 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The biochars were prepared from straws of canola, corn, soybean, and peanut at different temperatures of 300, 500, and 700 °C by means of oxygen-limited pyrolysis.Amelioration effects of these biochars on an acidic Ultisol were investigated with incubation experiments, and application rate of biochars was 10 g/kg. The incorporation of these biochars induced the increase in soil pH, soil exchangeable base cations, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity and the decrease in soil exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al. The ameliorating effects of biochars on acidic soil increased with increase in their pyrolysis temperature. The contribution of oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochars to their ameliorating effects on the acidic soil decreased with the rise in pyrolysis temperature, while the contribution from carbonates in the biochars changed oppositely. The incorporation of the biochars led to the decrease in soil reactive Al extracted by 0.5mol/L CuCl2, and the content of reactive Al was decreased with the increase in pyrolysis temperature of incorporated biochars. The biochars generated at 300 °C increased soil organically complexed Al due to ample quantity of oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxylic and phenolic groups on the biochars, while the biochars generated at 500 and 700 °C accelerated the transformation of soil exchangeable Al to hydroxyl-Al polymers due to hydrolysis of Al at higher pH. Therefore, the crop straw-derived biochars can be used as amendments for acidic soils and the biochars generated at relatively high temperature have great ameliorating effects on the soils.
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80
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Qian L, Chen B. Interactions of aluminum with biochars and oxidized biochars: implications for the biochar aging process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:373-380. [PMID: 24364719 DOI: 10.1021/jf404624h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of aluminum with primary and oxidized biochars were compared to understand the changes in the adsorption properties of aged biochars. The structural characteristics of rice straw-derived biochars, before and after oxidation by HNO3/H2SO4, were analyzed by element composition, FTIR, and XPS. The adsorption of Al to primary biochars was dominated by binding to inorganic components (such as silicon particles) and surface complexation of oxygen-containing functional groups via esterification reactions. Oxidization (aging) introduced carboxylic functional groups on biochar surfaces, which served as additional binding sites for Al(3+). At pH 2.5-3.5, the Al(3+) binding was significantly greater on oxidized biochars than primary biochars. After loading with Al, the -COOH groups anchored to biochar surfaces were transformed into COO(-) groups, and the negative surface charge diminished, which indicated that Al(3+) coordinated with COO(-). Biochar is suggested as a potential adsorbent for removing Al from acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Qian
- Department of Environmental Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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81
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Fang G, Gao J, Liu C, Dionysiou DD, Wang Y, Zhou D. Key role of persistent free radicals in hydrogen peroxide activation by biochar: implications to organic contaminant degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1902-10. [PMID: 24422431 DOI: 10.1021/es4048126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the activation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by biochars (produced from pine needles, wheat, and maize straw) for 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CB) degradation in the present study. It was found that H2O2 can be effectively activated by biochar, which produces hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) to degrade 2-CB. Furthermore, the activation mechanism was elucidated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and salicylic acid (SA) trapping techniques. The results showed that biochar contains persistent free radicals (PFRs), typically ∼ 10(18) unpaired spins/gram. Higher trapped [(•)OH] concentrations were observed with larger decreases in PFRs concentration, when H2O2 was added to biochar, indicating that PFRs were the main contributor to the formation of (•)OH. This hypothesis was supported by the linear correlations between PFRs concentration and trapped [(•)OH], as well as kobs of 2-CB degradation. The correlation coefficients (R(2)) were 0.723 and 0.668 for PFRs concentration vs trapped [(•)OH], and PFRs concentration vs kobs, respectively, when all biochars pyrolyzed at different temperatures were included. For the same biochar washed by different organic solvents (methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, and toluene), the correlation coefficients markedly increased to 0.818-0.907. Single-electron transfer from PFRs to H2O2 was a possible mechanism for H2O2 activation by biochars, which was supported by free radical quenching studies. The findings of this study provide a new pathway for biochar implication and insight into the mechanism of H2O2 activation by carbonaceous materials (e.g., activated carbon and graphite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
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Qian L, Chen B. Dual role of biochars as adsorbents for aluminum: the effects of oxygen-containing organic components and the scattering of silicate particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8759-68. [PMID: 23826729 DOI: 10.1021/es401756h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of aluminum by biochars produced at different temperatures from rice straw (RS) and cattle manure (CM) was studied to determine the dual roles of biochar for aluminum adsorption. The compositional structures and surface charges of the biochars and ashes with and without Al loading were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ζ-potential, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The Al adsorption isotherms were fit well by the Langmuir model. The adsorption of Al to the biochars produced at 400 and 700 °C was much greater than the adsorption to the precursory materials and ashes. We found that the organic components and silicate particles within the biochars served as dual adsorptive sites for Al. The complexation of Al with organic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups and the surface adsorption and coprecipitation of Al with silicate particles (as KAlSi3O8) both contributed to the Al adsorption of the biochars. After the biochars were loaded with Al, the ζ-potentials of the biochars and ashes increased as a function of pH. The positive charge was maximized at pH 4.5, which is similar to the pH at which the maximum positive charge occurs for silica. The charge reversal was caused by the Stern-layer adsorption of hydrolyzed aluminum species (i.e., Al(OH)(2+) and Al(OH)2(+)) on the silicate surfaces via hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Qian
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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