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Ríos Martínez CH, Lagartera L, Kaiser M, Dardonville C. Antiprotozoal activity and DNA binding of N-substituted N-phenylbenzamide and 1,3-diphenylurea bisguanidines. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:481-91. [PMID: 24865793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two series of N-alkyl, N-alkoxy, and N-hydroxy bisguanidines derived from the N-phenylbenzamide and 1,3-diphenylurea scaffolds were synthesised in three steps from the corresponding 4-amino-N-(4-aminophenyl)benzamide and 1,3-bis(4-aminophenyl)urea, respectively. All of the new compounds were evaluated in vitro against T. b. rhodesiense (STIB900) trypomastigotes and Plasmodium falciparum NF54 parasites (erythrocytic stage). N-alkoxy and N-hydroxy derivatives showed weak micromolar range IC50 values against T. b. rhodesiense and P. falciparum whereas the N-alkyl analogues displayed submicromolar and low nanomolar IC50 values against P. falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively. Two compounds, 4-(2-ethylguanidino)-N-(4-(2-ethylguanidino)phenyl)benzamide dihydrochloride (7b) and 4-(2-isopropylguanidino)-N-(4-(2-isopropylguanidino)phenyl)benzamide dihydrochloride (7c), which showed favourable drug-like properties and in vivo efficacy (100% cures) in the STIB900 mouse model of acute human African trypanosomiasis represent interesting leads for further in vivo studies. The binding of these compounds to AT-rich DNA was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Lagartera
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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52
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Shaw JW, Grayson DH, Rozas I. Cleavage of 2-(Arylamino)-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidines To Yield Arylguanidines. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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53
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Blanco F, Kelly B, Sánchez-Sanz G, Trujillo C, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Rozas I. Non-Covalent Interactions: Complexes of Guanidinium with DNA and RNA Nucleobases. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11608-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407339v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Blanco
- Molecular Design
Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences
Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Trinity College, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Kelly
- School of Chemistry,
Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Trinity College, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Goar Sánchez-Sanz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center & IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Cristina Trujillo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gilead Sciences Research Center & IOCB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química
Médica, IQM-CSIC, Juan de la
Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Elguero
- Instituto de Química
Médica, IQM-CSIC, Juan de la
Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Rozas
- School of Chemistry,
Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Trinity College, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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54
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Antiprotozoal activity of bicyclic diamines with a N-methylpiperazinyl group at the bridgehead atom. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4988-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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55
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Srivastava A, Loganathan D. Synthesis of guanidino sugar conjugates as GlcβArg analogs. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:769-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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56
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Sączewski F, Balewski Ł. Biological activities of guanidine compounds, 2008 - 2012 update. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:965-95. [PMID: 23617396 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.788645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compounds incorporating guanidine moiety have found many practical applications in diverse areas of chemistry, such as nucleophilic organocatalysis, anion recognition and coordination chemistry. Moreover, guanidine functional group is found in natural products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients produced by synthetic methods. Thus, knowledge of their biological activities and therapeutic uses is of utmost importance for researchers involved in drug discovery processes. AREAS COVERED In this review the authors highlight the continued development and therapeutic applications of newly synthesized guanidine-containing compounds including small peptides and peptidomimetics incorporating arginine. The review presents patents and patent applications filed in the years 2008 - 2012 with emphasis placed on new mechanisms of pharmacological action of guanidine derivatives. EXPERT OPINION While guanidines are often thought of as strong organic bases and compounds hydrophilic in nature, over the last 4 years there has been an enormous increase in discovery of new promising lead structures with guanidine core, suitable for development of potential drugs acting at central nervous system, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-diabetic and chemotherapeutic agents as well as cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek Sączewski
- Medical University of Gdańsk, Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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57
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McKeever C, Kaiser M, Rozas I. Aminoalkyl derivatives of guanidine diaromatic minor groove binders with antiprotozoal activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:700-11. [PMID: 23301592 DOI: 10.1021/jm301614w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considering the strong DNA minor groove binding observed for our previous series of diaromatic symmetric and asymmetric guanidinium and 2-aminoimidazolinium derivatives, we report now the synthesis of new aminoalkyl derivatives of diaromatic guanidines with potential as DNA minor groove binders and antiprotozoal activity. The preparation of these aminoalkyl derivatives (12a-e, 13a-e, 14a-c,e, 15a-e, 16a-e) is presented as well as their affinity for DNA which was evaluated by means of DNA thermal denaturation experiments. Finally, the antiprotozoal activity of most of these aminoalkyl minor groove binders was evaluated in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (8 compounds) and Plasmodium falciparum (18 compounds). The O-linked derivatives 13c and 14c showed 100 nM activities against P. falciparum, whereas for T. b. rhodesiense all compounds tested showed micromolar activity. Some of the derivatives prepared seem to exert the antimalarial activity by binding to the DNA minor groove whereas other sets of compounds could exert this antimalarial activity by inhibiting the parasite dihydrofolate reductase, for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona McKeever
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, 152-160 Pearse St., Dublin 2, Ireland
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58
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Kahvedžić A, Nathwani SM, Zisterer DM, Rozas I. Aromatic Bis-N-hydroxyguanidinium Derivatives: Synthesis, Biophysical, and Biochemical Evaluations. J Med Chem 2013; 56:451-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301358s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amila Kahvedžić
- School of
Chemistry, Trinity
Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 154-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seema-Maria Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology,
Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 154-160 Pearse St., Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela M. Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology,
Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 154-160 Pearse St., Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Isabel Rozas
- School of
Chemistry, Trinity
Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 154-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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59
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Martínez CHR, Dardonville C. Rapid Determination of Ionization Constants (pK a) by UV Spectroscopy Using 96-Well Microtiter Plates. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:142-5. [PMID: 24900577 DOI: 10.1021/ml300326v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a methodology that enables for the rapid measurement of ionization constants (pK a) of series of compounds by UV spectrophotometry. This protocol, which is straightforward to set up, takes advantage of the sensitivity of UV spectroscopy and the throughput enabled by the 96-well microplate (as opposed to the use of 1 cm quartz cuvette). The compounds, in stock solutions in DMSO, are dissolved in several aqueous buffer solutions directly in the microtiter plate, allowing the simultaneous determination of the UV spectra as a function of pH. Further treatment of the data provides the pK a values in a medium-throughput manner. The pK a values of 11 new antitrypanosomal dibasic compounds were determined using this methodology.
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60
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From multiply active natural product to candidate drug? Antibacterial (and other) minor groove binders for DNA. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:971-89. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products that bind to DNA in the minor groove are valuable templates for drug design. Examples include distamycin, netropsin, duocarmycin and anthramycin. Anticancer and anti-infective drugs feature strongly amongst their derivatives. The structures and activities of chemotypes with various therapeutic actions are discussed in the context of the broader field of therapeutically active minor groove binders. The evolution of a series of exceptionally potent and nontoxic antibacterial compounds is discussed using the general design principle of introducing additional hydrophobicity into the distamycin template to increase the strength of binding to DNA. As well as potent antibacterial compounds, antifungal and antiparasitic compounds with exceptional cellular activity against trypanosomes have been identified. Possible mechanisms of action including gene regulation and topoisomerase inhibition are discussed with the need in mind to understand selective toxicity in the series to support future drug discovery.
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61
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Nagle PS, Rodriguez F, Nguyen B, Wilson WD, Rozas I. High DNA affinity of a series of peptide linked diaromatic guanidinium-like derivatives. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4397-406. [PMID: 22497334 DOI: 10.1021/jm300296f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report the design and synthesis of a new family of asymmetric peptide linked diaromatic dications as potent DNA minor groove binders. These peptide-linked compounds, with a linear core, displayed a much larger affinity than other guanidinium-like derivatives from the same series with curved cores. As a first screening, the DNA affinity of these structures was evaluated by means of thermal denaturation experiments, finding that the nature of the cation (guanidinium vs 2-aminoimidazolinium) significantly influenced the binding strength. Their binding affinity was assessed by implementing further biophysical measurements such as surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism. In particular, it was observed that compounds 6, 7, and 8 displayed both a strong binding affinity and significant selectivity for AT oligonucleotides. In addition, the thermodynamics of their binding was evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry, indicating that the binding is derived from favorable enthalpic and entropic contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic S Nagle
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Pearse St., Dublin 2, Ireland
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62
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2-Aminopyrimidine based 4-aminoquinoline anti-plasmodial agents. Synthesis, biological activity, structure-activity relationship and mode of action studies. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:82-97. [PMID: 22459876 PMCID: PMC7115513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminopyrimidine based 4-aminoquinolines were synthesized using an efficacious protocol. Some of the compounds showed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against drug-sensitive CQ(S) (3D7) and drug-resistant CQ(R) (K1) strains of Plasmodium falciparum in the nM range. In particular, 5-isopropyloxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino)butylamino] pyrimidine depicted the lowest IC(50) (3.6 nM) value (56-fold less than CQ) against CQ(R) strain. Structure-activity profile and binding with heme, μ-oxo-heme have been studied. Binding assays with DNA revealed better binding with target parasite type AT rich pUC18 DNA. Most compounds were somewhat cytotoxic, but especially cytostatic. Molecular docking analysis with Pf DHFR allowed identification of stabilizing interactions.
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63
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Sánchez MI, Vázquez O, Martínez-Costas J, Vázquez ME, Mascareñas JL. Straightforward access to bisbenzamidine DNA binders and their use as versatile adaptors for DNA-promoted processes. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00027j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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64
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Kelly B, O'Donovan DH, O'Brien J, McCabe T, Blanco F, Rozas I. Pyridin-2-yl guanidine derivatives: conformational control induced by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9216-27. [PMID: 21977964 DOI: 10.1021/jo200954c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and conformational analysis of a series of pyridin-2-yl guanidine derivatives using NMR, X-ray crystallography, and B3LYP/6-31+G** theoretical studies are reported. A remarkable difference was observed in the (1)H NMR spectra of the guanidinium salts as compared with their N,N'-di-Boc protected and neutral analogues. This difference corresponds to a 180° change in the dihedral angle between the guanidine/ium moiety and the pyridine ring in the salts as compared to the Boc-protected derivatives, a conclusion that was supported by theoretical studies, X-ray data, and NMR analysis. Moreover, our data sustain the existence of two intramolecular hydrogen-bonding systems: (i) between the pyridine N1 atom and the guanidinium protons in the salts and (ii) within the tert-butyl carbamate groups of the Boc-protected derivatives. To verify that the observed conformational control arises from these intramolecular interactions, a new series of N-Boc-N'-propyl-substituted pyridin-2-yl guanidines were also prepared and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Kelly
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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65
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Nagle PS, Kahvedžić A, McCabe T, Rozas I. On the protonated state of amidinium-like diaromatic derivatives: X-ray and UV studies. Struct Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-011-9861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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66
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Paliwal SK, Verma AN, Paliwal S. Neglected disease - african sleeping sickness: recent synthetic and modeling advances. Sci Pharm 2011; 79:389-428. [PMID: 21886894 PMCID: PMC3163371 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1012-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) also called sleeping sickness is caused by subspecies of the parasitic hemoflagellate Trypanosoma brucei that mostly occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. The current chemotherapy of the human trypanosomiases relies on only six drugs, five of which have been developed more than 30 years ago, have undesirable toxic side effects and most of them show drug-resistance. Though development of new anti-trypanosomal drugs seems to be a priority area research in this area has lagged far behind. The given review mainly focus upon the recent synthetic and computer based approaches made by various research groups for the development of newer anti-trypanosomal analogues which may have improved efficacy and oral bioavailability than the present ones. The given paper also attempts to investigate the relationship between the various physiochemical parameters and anti-trypanosomal activity that may be helpful in development of potent anti-trypanosomal agents against sleeping sickness.
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67
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Castagnolo D, Schenone S, Botta M. Guanylated Diamines, Triamines, and Polyamines: Chemistry and Biological Properties. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5247-300. [PMID: 21657224 DOI: 10.1021/cr100423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagnolo
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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68
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Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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69
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Nieto L, Mascaraque A, Miller F, Glacial F, Ríos Martínez C, Kaiser M, Brun R, Dardonville C. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of N-alkoxy analogues of the trypanocidal lead compound 4,4'-bis(imidazolinylamino)diphenylamine with improved human blood-brain barrier permeability. J Med Chem 2010; 54:485-94. [PMID: 21175162 DOI: 10.1021/jm101335q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve the blood-brain barrier permeability of the trypanocidal lead compound 4,4'-bis(imidazolinylamino)diphenylamine (1), five N-alkoxy analogues were synthesized from bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)amine and N-alkoxy-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides following successive chemical reactions in just one reactor ("one-pot procedure"). This involved: (a) formation of a thiourea intermediate, (b) removal of the amine protecting groups, and (c) intramolecular cyclization. The blood-brain barrier permeability of the compounds determined in vitro by transport assays through the hCMEC/D3 human cell line, a well-known and characterized human cellular blood-brain barrier model, showed that the N-hydroxy analogue 16 had enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability compared with the unsubstituted lead compound. Moreover, this compound displayed low micromolar IC(50) against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Plasmodium falciparum and moderate activity by intraperitoneal administration in the STIB900 murine model of acute sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Nieto
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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70
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Nagle PS, Quinn SJ, Kelly JM, O'Donovan DH, Khan AR, Rodriguez F, Nguyen B, Wilson WD, Rozas I. Understanding the DNA binding of novel non-symmetrical guanidinium/2-aminoimidazolinium derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5558-67. [PMID: 20949223 PMCID: PMC3860747 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00428f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical studies have been carried out on a family of asymmetric guanidinium-based diaromatic derivatives to assess their potential as DNA minor groove binding agents. To experimentally assess the binding of these compounds to DNA, solution phase biophysical studies have been performed. Thus, surface plasmon resonance, UV-visible spectroscopy and circular and linear dichroism have been utilized to evaluate binding constants, stoichiometry and mode of binding. In addition, the thermodynamics of the binding process have been determined by using isothermal titration calorimetry. These results show significant DNA binding affinity that correlates with the expected 1 : 1 binding ratio usually observed for minor groove binders. Moreover, a simple computational approach has been devised to assess the potential as DNA binders of this family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic S. Nagle
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan J. Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John M. Kelly
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniel H. O'Donovan
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Amir R. Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Binh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, USA
| | | | - Isabel Rozas
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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71
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Branowska D, Farahat AA, Kumar A, Wenzler T, Brun R, Liu Y, Wilson WD, Boykin DW. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of 2,5-bis[amidinoaryl]thiazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3551-8. [PMID: 20403703 PMCID: PMC2892117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Seven novel diamidino 2,5-bis(aryl)thiazoles (5a-g) were synthesized and evaluated against Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense (T. b. r.) and Plasmodium falciparum (P. f.). The diamidines were obtained directly from the corresponding bis-nitriles (4a-g) by the action of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. The bis-nitriles 4a-f were synthesized in four steps starting with the Stille coupling of 2-tributyltinthiazole with the appropriate cyanoaryl halide. The bis-nitrile 5g was obtained by the palladium facilitated coupling of the mixed tin-silyl reagent 2-trimethylsilyl-5-trimethyltinthiazole with 2-bromo-5-cyanopyridine. The amidoxime potential prodrugs 6a-e, 6g were obtained by the reaction of hydroxylamine with the bis-nitriles. O-Methylation of the amidoximes gave the corresponding N-methoxyamidines 7a-c, 7e, 7g. The diamidines showed strong DNA binding affinity as reflected by DeltaT(m) measurements. Four of the diamidines 5a, 5b, 5d and 5e were highly active in vitro against P. f. giving IC(50) values between 1.1 and 2.5nM. The same four diamidines showed IC(50) values between 4 and 6nM against T. b. r. The selectivity indices ranged from 233 to 9175. One diamidine 5a produced one of four cures at an ip dose of 4x5mg/kg in the STIB900 mouse model for acute African trypanosomiasis. The amidoxime and N-methoxyamidine of 5a were the only produgs to provide cures (1/4 cures) in the same mouse model on oral dosage at 4x25mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Branowska
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
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72
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Luque-Ortega JR, Reuther P, Rivas L, Dardonville C. New benzophenone-derived bisphosphonium salts as leishmanicidal leads targeting mitochondria through inhibition of respiratory complex II. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1788-98. [PMID: 20128602 DOI: 10.1021/jm901677h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A set of benzophenone-derived bisphosphonium salts was synthesized and assayed for lethal activity on the human protozoan parasite Leishmania. A subset of them, mostly characterized by phosphonium substituents with an intermediate hydrophobicity, inhibited parasite proliferation at low micromolar range of concentrations. The best of this subset, 4,4'-bis((tri-n-pentylphosphonium)methyl)benzophenone dibromide, showed a very scarce toxicity on mammalian cells. This compound targets complex II of the respiratory chain of the parasite, based on (i) a dramatically swollen mitochondrion in treated parasites, (ii) fast decrease of cytoplasmic ATP, (iii) a decrease of the electrochemical mitochondrial potential, and (iv) inhibition of the oxygen consumption rate using succinate as substrate. Thus, this type of compounds represents a new lead in the development of leishmanicidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Román Luque-Ortega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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73
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Cortes-Salva M, Nguyen BL, Cuevas J, Pennypacker KR, Antilla JC. Copper-Catalyzed Guanidinylation of Aryl Iodides: The Formation of N,N′-Disubstituted Guanidines. Org Lett 2010; 12:1316-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1002175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cortes-Salva
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue CHE 205A, Tampa, Florida 33620, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Box 8, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Be-Lan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue CHE 205A, Tampa, Florida 33620, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Box 8, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Javier Cuevas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue CHE 205A, Tampa, Florida 33620, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Box 8, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Keith R. Pennypacker
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue CHE 205A, Tampa, Florida 33620, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Box 8, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Jon C. Antilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue CHE 205A, Tampa, Florida 33620, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Box 8, Tampa, Florida 33612
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The guanidine group defines chemical and physicochemical properties of many compounds of medical interest and guanidine-containing derivatives constitute a very important class of therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the most important pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of simple guanidine derivatives, cyclic analogues of guanidines as well as peptides, peptidomimetics and peptoids incorporating arginine. METHODS The review presents both the recent patent literature and original papers dealing with guanidine derivatives that show interesting biological activity and emphasizes the newest developing drugs. CONCLUSION Recent achievements in the synthesis of guanidine-containing molecules with diverse chemical, biochemical and pharmacological properties make them of great importance to the design and development of novel drugs acting at CNS, anti-inflammatory agents, inhibitors of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, inhibitors of NO synthase, antithrombotic, antidiabetic and chemotherapeutic agents as well as guanidinium-based transporters and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek Saczewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdansk, Poland.
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75
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Berlinck RGS, Burtoloso ACB, Trindade-Silva AE, Romminger S, Morais RP, Bandeira K, Mizuno CM. The chemistry and biology of organic guanidine derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1871-907. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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76
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Nagle PS, Rodriguez F, Kahvedzić A, Quinn SJ, Rozas I. Asymmetrical diaromatic guanidinium/2-aminoimidazolinium derivatives: synthesis and DNA affinity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7113-21. [PMID: 19873979 DOI: 10.1021/jm901017t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report the synthesis of three families of new amidine-based aromatic derivatives as potential DNA minor groove binding agents for the treatment of cancer. The preparation of monoguanidine, mono-2-aminoimidazoline, and asymmetric diphenylguanidine/2-aminoimidazoline derivatives (compounds 1a-c to 8a-c) is presented. The affinity of these substrates and of a family of mono- and bis-isoureas (previously prepared in Rozas' laboratory) for DNA was evaluated by means of DNA thermal denaturation measurements. In particular, compounds 2c, 5c, 6c, 7c, and 8c were found to bind strongly both to natural DNA and to adenine-thymine oligonucleotides, showing a preference for the adenine-thymine base pair sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic S Nagle
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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77
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Vázquez O, Sánchez MI, Martínez-Costas J, Vázquez ME, Mascareñas JL. Bis-4-aminobenzamidines: Versatile, Fluorogenic A/T-Selective dsDNA Binders. Org Lett 2009; 12:216-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902501j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mateo I. Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Eugenio Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José L. Mascareñas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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78
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Porwal S, Chauhan SS, Chauhan PMS, Shakya N, Verma A, Gupta S. Discovery of Novel Antileishmanial Agents in an Attempt to Synthesize Pentamidine−Aplysinopsin Hybrid Molecule. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5793-802. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900564x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Porwal
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Shikha S. Chauhan
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Prem M. S. Chauhan
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Nishi Shakya
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Aditya Verma
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Suman Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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79
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Genc M, Servi S. Microwave-Induced Synthesis of 2-Aminoimidazolines Under Neat Conditions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902739896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Genc
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science and Art, University of Adiyaman , Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Servi
- b Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science and Art, University of Firat , Elazig, Turkey
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80
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Glass LS, Nguyen B, Goodwin KD, Dardonville C, Wilson WD, Long EC, Georgiadis MM. Crystal structure of a trypanocidal 4,4'-bis(imidazolinylamino)diphenylamine bound to DNA. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5943-52. [PMID: 19405506 PMCID: PMC2740933 DOI: 10.1021/bi900204w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of small molecules that bind to DNA has led to the discovery of selective and potent antitrypanosomal agents, specifically 4,4'-bis(imidazolinylamino)- and 4,4'-bis(guanidino)diphenylamine compounds, CD27 and CD25, respectively. Although the antitrypanosomal properties of these compounds have been characterized, further development of this series of compounds requires assessment of their DNA site selectivities and affinities. Toward this end, both compounds have been analyzed and found to selectively bind AT sequences. However, CD27 was found to bind with higher affinity to 5'-AATT than 5'-ATAT while CD25 bound more weakly but equally well to either sequence. To detail the nature of its interactions with DNA, the crystal structure of CD27, bound to its preferred DNA-binding site 5'-AATT within a self-complementary oligonucleotide, 5'-d(CTTAATTCGAATTAAG), was determined at 1.75 A using a host-guest approach. Although CD27 is predicted to be highly twisted in its energy-minimized state, it adopts a more planar crescent shape when bound in the minor groove of the DNA. Interactions of CD27 with 5'-AATT include bifurcated hydrogen bonds, providing a basis for selectivity of this site, and favorable van der Waals interactions in a slightly widened minor groove. Thus, an induced fit results from conformational changes in both the ligand and the DNA. Our studies suggest a basis for understanding the mechanism of the antitrypanosomal activity of these symmetric diphenylamine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTeca S. Glass
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Binh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Kristie D. Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | | | - W. David Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Eric C. Long
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: (317) 278-8486. Fax (317) 274-4686. E-mail: (M.M.G) or Telephone (317) 274-6888. Fax (317) 274-4701. E-mail: (E.C.L.)
| | - Millie M. Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: (317) 278-8486. Fax (317) 274-4686. E-mail: (M.M.G) or Telephone (317) 274-6888. Fax (317) 274-4701. E-mail: (E.C.L.)
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81
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Antiprotozoal activity of 1-phenethyl-4-aminopiperidine derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3815-21. [PMID: 19564359 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00124-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 44 4-aminopiperidine derivatives was screened in vitro against four protozoan parasites (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum). This screening identified 29 molecules selectively active against bloodstream-form T. b. rhodesiense trypomastigotes, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 0.12 to 10 microM, and 33 compounds active against the chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant K1 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 range, 0.17 to 5 microM). In addition, seven compounds displayed activity against intracellular T. cruzi amastigotes in the same range as the reference drug benznidazole (IC50, 1.97 microM) but were also cytotoxic to L-6 cells, showing little selectivity for T. cruzi. None of the molecules tested showed interesting antileishmanial activity against axenic amastigotes of L. donovani. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the antitrypanosomal activity of molecules bearing the 4-aminopiperidine skeleton.
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82
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Spitzer GM, Wellenzohn B, Markt P, Kirchmair J, Langer T, Liedl KR. Hydrogen-bonding patterns of minor groove-binder-DNA complexes reveal criteria for discovery of new scaffolds. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:1063-9. [PMID: 19275189 DOI: 10.1021/ci800455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Minor groove-binding ligands are able to control gene expression and are of great interest for therapeutic applications. We extracted hydrogen-bonding geometries from all available structures of minor groove-binder-DNA complexes of two noncovalent binding modes, namely 1:1 (including hairpin and cyclic ligands) and 2:1 ligand/DNA binding. Positions of the ligand atoms involved in hydrogen bonding deviate from idealized hydrogen bond geometries and do not exploit the possibilities indicated by water molecules. Therefore, we suggest the inclusion of shape-based descriptors rather than hydrogen-bond patterns in virtual screening protocols for the identification of innovative minor groove-binding scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun M Spitzer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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83
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Patrick DA, Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Kumar EVKS, Chen H, Jones SK, Wenzler T, Barzcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activities of dicationic bis(phenoxymethyl)benzenes, bis(phenoxymethyl)naphthalenes, and bis(benzyloxy)naphthalenes. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3543-51. [PMID: 19409677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 37 dicationically substituted bis(phenoxymethyl)benzene bis(phenoxymethyl)naphthalene, and bis(benzyloxy)naphthalene analogues of pentamidine was prepared and evaluated for antiprotozoal activities and cytotoxicity in in vitro. 1,3-Bis(4-amidinophenoxymethyl)benzene (1) was the most active against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC(50)=2.1 nM). 1,3-Bis[4-(N-isopropylamidino)phenoxymethyl]benzene (2) was most active against Plasmodium falciparum (IC(50)=3.6 nM) and displayed a selectivity index more than 50 times greater than that of pentamidine. Several other compounds displayed lower antiplasmodial IC(50) values and higher selectivity indices relative to pentamidine. 1,4-Bis(4-amidinophenoxymethyl)benzene (14) was the most active against Leishmania donovani (IC(50)=1.3 microM). Compound 2 displayed the greatest activity against T. b. rhodesiense in vivo, curing three of four infected mice dosed intraperitoneally at 5 mg/kg x 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Patrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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84
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Spitzer GM, Fuchs JE, Markt P, Kirchmair J, Wellenzohn B, Langer T, Liedl KR. Sequence-Specific Positions of Water Molecules at the Interface between DNA and Minor Groove Binders. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:2766-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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85
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Yan L, Wang Z, Chen MT, Wu N, Lan J, Gao X, You J, Gau HM, Chen CT. Preferential Formation of Homochiral Helical Sandwich-Shaped Architectures through the Metal-Mediated Assembly of Tris(imidazoline) Ligands with a Set of d3-d10 Transition-Metal Ions. Chemistry 2008; 14:11601-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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86
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Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Wenzler T, Barszcz T, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Activity of Cationic 2-Phenylbenzofurans. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6927-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800918v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd Barszcz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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87
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Spychała J. The usefulness of cyclic diamidines with different core-substituents as antitumor agents. Bioorg Chem 2008; 36:183-9. [PMID: 18571215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of related polycationic compounds has been screened for potential antitumor activity by the NCI's in vitro testing (one dose primary anticancer assay and the NCI-60 full panel screening). The GI50 values of triazines 3 and 4 are on average 1.9 microM and 2.4 microM, respectively. Furan 8 deserves mention too (1.9 microM). The biological test results showed that carbazole 10 possessed cytotoxic activity in the nanomolar range, much better than the other compounds tested, only against several cancer cell lines: CCRF-CEM, HL-60(TB), MOLT-4, NCI-H522, COLO 205, SF-268, but the average GI50 value was higher (15 microM). The activity appears closely dependent on the core-shape and length of the bisimidazoline molecules (important for both high cytotoxicity and DNA binding). The mechanism of DNA minor-groove binding of diamidines 1-12, based on the anticancer parameters, is highly probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Spychała
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
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