51
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Sun H, Yin B, Ma H, Yuan H, Fu B, Liu L. Synthesis of a Novel Quinoline Skeleton Introduced Cationic Polyfluorene Derivative for Multimodal Antimicrobial Application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25390-25395. [PMID: 26492936 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new functional polyfluorene derivative containing quinoline skeleton and quarternary ammonium group (QAG) modified side chains (PFPQ) was synthesized and characterized. The multimodal antimicrobial effect toward Gram-negative E. coli was achieved by the dark toxicity resulting from the quinoline skeleton, QAG, and light toxicity resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the main backbone of PFPQ under white light. The mechanism of interaction between PFPQ and bacteria was also demonstrated. PFPQ bound to E. coli mainly through electrostatic interactions causing nearly 50% bacterial death in the absence of light irradiation, and the huge capability of PFPQ to generate ROS under white light opened another bactericidal mode. The killing efficiency was more than 99% upon relatively mild irradiation under white light (400-800 nm) with a light dose of 18 J·cm(-2). PFPQ with the incorporation of quinoline into the backbones will provide a new versatile strategy to achieve the multimodal antimicrobial effect to fight against resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University , Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Bohan Yin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University , Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University , Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Huanxiang Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University , Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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52
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Darwish GH, Karam P. Nanohybrid conjugated polyelectrolytes: highly photostable and ultrabright nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15149-15158. [PMID: 26255590 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a general and straightforward one-step approach to enhance the photophysical properties of conjugated polyelectrolytes. Upon complexation with an amphiphilic polymer (polyvinylpyrrolidone), an anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte (poly[5-methoxy-2-(3-sulfopropoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) was prepared into small nanoparticles with exceptional photostability and brightness. The polymer fluorescence intensity was enhanced by 23 -fold and could be easily tuned by changing the order of addition. Single molecule experiments revealed a complete suppression of blinking. In addition, after only losing 18% of the original intensity, a remarkable amount of photons were emitted per particle (∼10(9), on average). This number is many folds greater than popular organic fluorescent dyes. We believe that an intimate contact between the two polymers is shielding the conjugated polyelectrolyte from the destructive photooxidation. The prepared nanohybrid particles will prove instrumental in single particle based fluorescent assays and can serve as a probe for the current state-of-the-art bioimaging fluorescence techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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53
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Bai H, Yuan H, Nie C, Wang B, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. A Supramolecular Antibiotic Switch for Antibacterial Regulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13208-13. [PMID: 26307170 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular antibiotic switch is described that can reversibly "turn-on" and "turn-off" its antibacterial activity on demand, providing a proof-of-concept for a way to regulate antibacterial activity of biotics. The switch relies on supramolecular assembly and disassembly of cationic poly(phenylene vinylene) derivative (PPV) with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) to regulate their different interactions with bacteria. This simple but efficient strategy does not require any chemical modification on the active sites of the antibacterial agent, and could also regulate the antibacterial activity of classical antibiotics or photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. This supramolecular antibiotic switch may be a successful strategy to fight bacterial infections and decrease the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics from a long-term point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Huanxiang Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Chenyao Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Bing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China).
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China).
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54
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Bai H, Yuan H, Nie C, Wang B, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. A Supramolecular Antibiotic Switch for Antibacterial Regulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Huanxiang Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Chenyao Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Bing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
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55
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Yuan H, Bai H, Liu L, Lv F, Wang S. A glucose-powered antimicrobial system using organic-inorganic assembled network materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:722-4. [PMID: 25418364 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new glucose-driven photodynamic antimicrobial system was developed to efficiently kill bacteria and fungi, taking advantage of organic-inorganic network materials encapsulating glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxiang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
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56
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Yan H, Catania C, Bazan GC. Membrane-intercalating conjugated oligoelectrolytes: impact on bioelectrochemical systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2958-2973. [PMID: 25846107 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs), molecules that are defined by a π-delocalized backbone and terminal ionic pendant groups, have been previously demonstrated to effectively reduce charge-injection/extraction barriers at metal/organic interfaces in thin-film organic-electronic devices. Recent studies demonstrate a spontaneous affinity of certain COEs to intercalate into, and align within, lipid bilayers in an ordered orientation, thereby allowing modification of membrane properties and the functions of microbes in bioelectrochemical and photosynthetic systems. Several reports have provided evidence of enhanced current generation and bioproduction. Mechanistic approaches suggest that COEs influence microbial extracellular electron transport to abiotic electrode surfaces via more than one proposed pathway, including direct electron transfer and meditated electron transfer. Molecular dynamics simulations as a function of molecular structure suggest that insertion of cationic COEs results in membrane thinning as the lipid phosphate head groups are drawn toward the center of the bilayer. Since variations in molecular structures, especially the length of the conjugated backbone, distribution of ionic groups, and hydrophobic substitutions, show an effect on their antimicrobial properties, preferential cell localization, and microbial selection, it is promising to further design novel membrane-intercalating molecules based on COEs for practical applications, including energy generation, environmental remediation, and antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Chelsea Catania
- Department of Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Department of Materials, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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57
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Pappas HC, Lovchik JA, Whitten DG. Assessing the Sporicidal Activity of Oligo-p-phenylene Ethynylenes and Their Role as Bacillus Germinants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4481-4489. [PMID: 25822668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of oligo-p-phenylene ethynylenes has been shown to exhibit good biocidal activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. While cell death may occur in the dark, these biocidal compounds are far more effective in the light as a result of their ability to sensitize the production of cell-damaging reactive oxygen species. In these studies, the interactions of a specific cationic oligo-p-phenylene ethynylene with spore-forming Bacillus atrophaeus and Bacillus anthracis Sterne have been investigated. Flow cytometry assays are used to rapidly monitor cell death as well as spore germination. This compound effectively killed Bacillus anthracis Sterne vegetative cells (over 4 log reduction), presumably by severe perturbations of the bacterial cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, while also acting as an effective spore germinant in the dark. While 2 log reduction of B. anthracis Sterne spores was observed, it is hypothesized that further killing could be achieved through enhanced germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Pappas
- †The Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering Program, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
- ‡Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
| | - Julie A Lovchik
- §Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
| | - David G Whitten
- ‡Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
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58
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Zhao E, Chen Y, Wang H, Chen S, Lam JWY, Leung CWT, Hong Y, Tang BZ. Light-enhanced bacterial killing and wash-free imaging based on AIE fluorogen. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7180-8. [PMID: 25789982 DOI: 10.1021/am509142k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid acquisition of antibiotic resistance poses difficulties in the development of effective methods to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. New bactericides, especially those do not induce the emergence of resistance, are thus in great demand. In this work, we report an aggregation-induced emission fluorogen, TPE-Bac, for bacterial imaging and elimination. TPE-Bac can be readily dissolved in aqueous solution with weak emission. The presence of bacteria can turn on its emission, and thus no washing step is required in the imaging process. Meanwhile, TPE-Bac can be applied as a bactericide for elimination of bacteria. The amphiphilic TPE-Bac bearing two long alkyl chains and two positively charged amines can intercalate into the membrane of bacteria, increase membrane permeability and lead to dark toxicity. The efficiency of bacteria killing is greatly enhanced under light irradiation. TPE-Bac can serve as a photosensitizer to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which ensures the efficient killing of bacteria. The TPE-Bac-containing agar plates can be continuously used for bacteria killing by applying light to induce ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engui Zhao
- †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yilong Chen
- †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Wang
- †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris W T Leung
- †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuning Hong
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- ⊥Guangdong Innovative Research Team, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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59
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Feng G, Mai CK, Zhan R, Bazan GC, Liu B. Narrow band gap conjugated polyelectrolytes for photothermal killing of bacteria. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7340-7346. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the demonstration of antimicrobial conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with high NIR absorbance for selective and efficient photothermal killing of bacteria over mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Environmental Research Institute
- National University of Singapore
| | - Cheng-Kang Mai
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Ruoyu Zhan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
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60
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Xu X, Liu R, Li L. Nanoparticles made of π-conjugated compounds targeted for chemical and biological applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16733-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This feature article summarizes the recent applications of nanoparticles made of π-conjugated compounds in bio/chemo-sensing, disease therapy, and photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Lidong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
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61
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Jain A, Duvvuri LS, Farah S, Beyth N, Domb AJ, Khan W. Antimicrobial polymers. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1969-85. [PMID: 25408272 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Better health is basic requirement of human being, but the rapid growth of harmful pathogens and their serious health effects pose a significant challenge to modern science. Infections by pathogenic microorganisms are of great concern in many fields such as medical devices, drugs, hospital surfaces/furniture, dental restoration, surgery equipment, health care products, and hygienic applications (e.g., water purification systems, textiles, food packaging and storage, major or domestic appliances etc.) Antimicrobial polymers are the materials having the capability to kill/inhibit the growth of microbes on their surface or surrounding environment. Recently, they gained considerable interest for both academic research and industry and were found to be better than their small molecular counterparts in terms of enhanced efficacy, reduced toxicity, minimized environmental problems, resistance, and prolonged lifetime. Hence, efforts have focused on the development of antimicrobial polymers with all desired characters for optimum activity. In this Review, an overview of different antimicrobial polymers, their mechanism of action, factors affecting antimicrobial activity, and application in various fields are given. Recent advances and the current clinical status of these polymers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - L. Sailaja Duvvuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Shady Farah
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Jerusalem College of Engineering (JCE); Jerusalem 91120 Israel
| | - Nurit Beyth
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry; The Hebrew University-Hadassah Jerusalem; 91120 Israel
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Jerusalem College of Engineering (JCE); Jerusalem 91120 Israel
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad 500037 India
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62
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Yuan H, Wang B, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. Conjugated-polymer-based energy-transfer systems for antimicrobial and anticancer applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6978-6982. [PMID: 24711269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) attract a lot of attention in sensing, imaging, and biomedical applications because of recent achievements that are highlighted in this Research News article. A brief review of recent progress in the application of CP-based energy-transfer systems in antimicrobial and anticancer treatments is provided. The transfer of excitation energy from CPs to photosensitizers leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are able to efficiently kill pathogenic microorganisms and cancer cells in the surroundings. Both fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) modes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxiang Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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63
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Hill EH, Whitten DG, Evans DG. Computational study of bacterial membrane disruption by cationic biocides: structural basis for water pore formation. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9722-32. [PMID: 25011642 DOI: 10.1021/jp504297s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of biocides as disinfectants that do not induce bacterial resistance is crucial to health care since hospital-acquired infections afflict millions of patients every year. Recent experimental studies of a class of cationic biocides based on the phenylene ethynylene backbone, known as OPEs, have revealed that their biocidal activity is accompanied by strong morphology changes to bacterial cell membranes. In vitro studies of bacterial membrane mimics have shown changes to the lipid phase that are dependent on the length and orientation of the cationic moieties on the backbone. This study uses classical molecular dynamics to conduct a comprehensive survey of how oligomers with different chemical structures interact with each other and with a bacterial cell membrane mimic. In particular, the ability of OPEs to disrupt membrane structure is studied as a function of the length of the biocides and the orientation of their cationic moieties along the backbone of the molecule. The simulation results show that the structure of OPEs radically affects their interactions with a lipid bilayer. Biocides with branched cationic groups form trans-membrane water pores regardless of their backbone length, while only 1-1.5 nm of membrane thinning is observed with biocides with cationic groups on their terminal ends. The molecular dynamics simulations provide mechanistic details at the molecular level of the interaction of these biocidal oligomers and the lipid bilayer and corroborate experimental findings regarding observed differences in membrane disruption by OPEs with different chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Hill
- The Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering Program and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and ‡Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
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64
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Hill EH, Pappas HC, Whitten DG. Activating the antimicrobial activity of an anionic singlet-oxygen sensitizer through surfactant complexation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5052-5056. [PMID: 24786342 DOI: 10.1021/la501230m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cationic oligo-p-phenylene ethynylenes have shown much promise as broad-spectrum light-activated antimicrobial compounds against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The anionic varieties, however, have weak biocidal activity. In this study, a complex is formed between a weakly biocidal anionic oligomer and a cationic surfactant, and the effects on their biocidal activity against Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus are explored. The enhancement in biocidal activity that is observed when the complex is irradiated suggests that interfacial surfactant gives the complex a net-positive charge, allowing it to associate strongly with the bacterial membrane. The results of this study demonstrate a method for the enhancement of biocidal activity of singlet-oxygen sensitizers and corroborate the use of surfactants as trans-membrane drug-delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Hill
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering and the Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering Program, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
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65
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Wan Y, Zheng L, Sun Y, Zhang D. Multifunctional semiconducting polymer dots for imaging, detection, and photo-killing of bacteria. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4818-4825. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional semiconducting polymer dots, which can detect bacteria with high sensitivity and selectively kill pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Laibao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Ocean University of China Qingdao
- China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266071, China
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66
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Liu L, Chen J, Wang S. Flexible antibacterial film deposited with polythiophene-porphyrin composite. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:1582-5. [PMID: 23703813 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A flexible and transparent anti-bacterial film is prepared by depositing polyterthiophene incorporating porphyrin onto the poly(ethylene terephthalate) sheet by a simple and rapid oxidation polymerization method. The film can generate singlet oxygen by FRET from polyterthiophene to porphyrin to effectively kill the adsorbed bacteria under white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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67
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Wilde KN, Whitten DG, Canavan HE. In vitro cytotoxicity of antimicrobial conjugated electrolytes: interactions with mammalian cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9305-11. [PMID: 24102342 DOI: 10.1021/am402476g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 19 000 deaths and $3-4 billion in health care costs per year in the United States are attributed to methicillin-resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Certain conjugated phenylene ethynylene (CPE)-based polymers (PPE) and oligomers (OPE) have been demonstrated to exhibit dark and light-activated antimicrobial activity. Until recently, the relative cytotoxicity of these PPEs and OPEs toward mammalian cells haas been unknown, limiting the applications for which they may be used (e.g., reducing and/or preventing the spread of untreatable bacterial strains). In this work, we examine the toxicity of CPEs to mammalian cells using cytotoxicity assays of cellular monolayers. Eight CPEs, two PPEs and six OPEs, were selected for these studies based on their biocidal activity, and diversity of repeat unit number and functional groups. Briefly, two cell types were exposed to CPEs at concentrations ranging from 1-100 ug/mL for 24 h. We find that concentration largely determines the resulting viability of cells, although at intermediate concentrations (5-10 ug/mL), the effect of light on light-activated compounds is very important. Furthermore, we find that the longer-chained compounds are cytotoxic at much higher concentrations, and therefore have the widest range of concentrations available for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Wilde
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, MSC01-1141, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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68
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Wang Y, Schanze KS, Chi EY, Whitten DG. When worlds collide: interactions at the interface between biological systems and synthetic cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes and oligomers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10635-47. [PMID: 23738803 DOI: 10.1021/la4012263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This Feature Article focuses on recent progress made in elucidating the intermolecular interactions between a novel class of synthetic phenylene ethynylene (PPE)-based conjugated polyelectrolyte polymers (CPEs) and oligomers (OPEs) and multiscale cellular targets that give rise to their remarkable broad spectrum biocidal activity. We first review the interactions and self-assembly behaviors of the CPEs and OPEs with a set of vital biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, that reveal the potential pathways by which synthetic biocidal agents could exert toxicity. An overview of the antimicrobial effects and mechanisms of the CPEs and OPEs on multiple clinically relevant pathogens is then presented, with an emphasis on the morphological damage induced by the biocidal compounds toward the pathogens. Finally, we discuss the cytotoxicity of these materials against mammalian cells and human tissues to explore the potential applications of the CPEs and OPEs as antiseptics. We also pose some unanswered questions about their antimicrobial mechanisms, which provide direction for a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
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69
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Parthasarathy A, Goswami S, Corbitt TS, Ji E, Dascier D, Whitten DG, Schanze KS. Photophysics and light-activated biocidal activity of visible-light-absorbing conjugated oligomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:4516-4520. [PMID: 23446549 DOI: 10.1021/am400282p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of three cationic π-conjugated oligomers were correlated with their visible light activated biocidal activity vs S. aureus. The oligomers contain three arylene units (terthiophene, 4a; thiophene-benzotriazole-thiophene, 4b; thiophene-benzothiadiazole-thiophene, 4c) capped on each end by cationic -(CH2)3NMe3(+) groups. The oligomers absorb in the visible region due to their donor-acceptor-donor electronic structure. Oligomers 4a and 4b have high intersystem crossing and singlet oxygen sensitization efficiency, but 4c has a very low intersystem crossing efficiency and it does not sensitize singlet oxygen. The biocidal activity of the oligomers under visible light varies in the order 4a > 4b ≈ 4c.
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70
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Carmona-Ribeiro AM, de Melo Carrasco LD. Cationic antimicrobial polymers and their assemblies. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9906-46. [PMID: 23665898 PMCID: PMC3676821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic compounds are promising candidates for development of antimicrobial agents. Positive charges attached to surfaces, particles, polymers, peptides or bilayers have been used as antimicrobial agents by themselves or in sophisticated formulations. The main positively charged moieties in these natural or synthetic structures are quaternary ammonium groups, resulting in quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The advantage of amphiphilic cationic polymers when compared to small amphiphilic molecules is their enhanced microbicidal activity. Besides, many of these polymeric structures also show low toxicity to human cells; a major requirement for biomedical applications. Determination of the specific elements in polymers, which affect their antimicrobial activity, has been previously difficult due to broad molecular weight distributions and random sequences characteristic of radical polymerization. With the advances in polymerization control, selection of well defined polymers and structures are allowing greater insight into their structure-antimicrobial activity relationship. On the other hand, antimicrobial polymers grafted or self-assembled to inert or non inert vehicles can yield hybrid antimicrobial nanostructures or films, which can act as antimicrobials by themselves or deliver bioactive molecules for a variety of applications, such as wound dressing, photodynamic antimicrobial therapy, food packing and preservation and antifouling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077-05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Letícia Dias de Melo Carrasco
- Biocolloids Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077-05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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71
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Chong H, Zhu C, Song J, Feng L, Yang Q, Liu L, Lv F, Wang S. Preparation and Optical Property of New Fluorescent Nanoparticles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:736-42. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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72
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Feng L, Zhu C, Yuan H, Liu L, Lv F, Wang S. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles: preparation, properties, functionalization and biological applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6620-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60036j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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73
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Cao A, Tang Y, Liu Y, Yuan H, Liu L. A strategy for antimicrobial regulation based on fluorescent conjugated oligomer–DNA hybrid hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5574-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42397b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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74
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Li Y, Guo H. Atomistic simulations of an antimicrobial molecule interacting with a model bacterial membrane. Theor Chem Acc 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-012-1303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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75
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Yang G, Lv F, Wang B, Liu L, Yang Q, Wang S. Multifunctional non-viral delivery systems based on conjugated polymers. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1600-14. [PMID: 23161784 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanomaterials with simultaneous therapeutic and imaging functions explore new strategies for the treatment of various diseases. Conjugated polymers (CPs) are considered as novel candidates to serve as multifunctional delivery systems due to their high fluorescence quantum yield, good photostability, and low cytotoxicity. Highly sensitive sensing and imaging properties of CPs are well reviewed, while the applications of CPs as delivery systems are rarely covered. This feature article mainly focuses on CP-based multifunctional non-viral delivery systems for drug, protein, gene, and cell delivery. Promising directions for the further development of CP-based delivery systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaomai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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76
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Zhu C, Liu L, Yang Q, Lv F, Wang S. Water-soluble conjugated polymers for imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4687-735. [PMID: 22670807 DOI: 10.1021/cr200263w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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77
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Yang G, Yuan H, Zhu C, Liu L, Yang Q, Lv F, Wang S. New conjugated polymers for photoinduced unwinding of DNA supercoiling and gene regulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2334-2337. [PMID: 22509773 DOI: 10.1021/am300464m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three cationic polythiophene derivatives (P1, P2, P3) were synthesized and characterized. Under white light irradiation (400-800 nm), they sensitize oxygen molecule in the surrounding to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can efficiently unwind the supercoiled DNA in vitro. Further study shows that this relaxation of the DNA supercoiling results in the decrease of gene (pCX-EGFP plasmid) expression level. The ability of these conjugated polymers for regulating gene expression will add a new dimension to the function of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaomai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, PR China
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78
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Xing C, Yang G, Liu L, Yang Q, Lv F, Wang S. Conjugated polymers for light-activated antifungal activity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:524-529. [PMID: 22223534 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A cationic polythiophene-porphyrin (PTP) dyad is shown to exhibit efficient light-activated antifungal activity. Higher singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation efficiency can be attained from PTP upon photoexcitation due to the light-harvesting properties of the polymer backbone and efficient energy transfer from the polythiophene to the porphyrin units. PTP can be used for treating fungal infections in lower doses of irradiation light and polymer concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfen Xing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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79
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80
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Chong H, Nie C, Zhu C, Yang Q, Liu L, Lv F, Wang S. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles for light-activated anticancer and antibacterial activity with imaging capability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2091-2098. [PMID: 22054172 DOI: 10.1021/la203832h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new water-soluble conjugated polymer containing fluorene and boron-dipyrromethene repeat units in the backbones (PBF) that exhibits red emission was synthesized and characterized. Cationic PBF forms uniform nanoparticles with negatively charged disodium salt 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid (SDPA) in aqueous solution through electrostatic interactions. The nanoparticles display absorption maximum at 550 nm and emission maximum at 590 nm. Upon photoexcitation with white light (400-800 nm) with 90 and 45 mW·cm(-2) for bacteria and cancer cells killing respectively, PBF nanoparticles can sensitize the oxygen molecule to readily produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) for rapidly killing neighboring bacteria and cancer cells. Furthermore, PBF nanoparticles concurrently provide optical imaging capability. PBF nanoparticles are therefore a promising multifunctional material for treating cancers and bacteria infections, while concurrently providing optical monitoring capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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81
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Wang Y, Corbitt TS, Jett SD, Tang Y, Schanze KS, Chi EY, Whitten DG. Direct visualization of bactericidal action of cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes and oligomers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:65-70. [PMID: 22148923 DOI: 10.1021/la2044569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The bactericidal mechanisms of poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPE) and oligo-phenylene ethynylenes (OPE) were investigated using electron/optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The ultrastructural analysis shows that polymeric PPE-Th can significantly remodel the bacterial outer membrane and/or the peptidoglycan layer, followed by the possible collapse of the bacterial cytoplasm membrane. In contrast, oligomeric end-only OPE (EO-OPE) possesses potent bacteriolysis activity, which efficiently disintegrates the bacterial cytoplasm membrane and induces the release of bacterial cell content. Using single giant vesicles and SAXS, we demonstrated that the membrane perturbation mechanism of EO-OPE against model bacterial membranes results from a 3D membrane phase transition or perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
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82
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Zhu C, Yang Q, Liu L, Lv F, Li S, Yang G, Wang S. Multifunctional cationic poly(p-phenylene vinylene) polyelectrolytes for selective recognition, imaging, and killing of bacteria over mammalian cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4805-4810. [PMID: 21935997 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
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83
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Ji E, Parthasarathy A, Corbitt TS, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Antibacterial activity of conjugated polyelectrolytes with variable chain lengths. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10763-10769. [PMID: 21739989 DOI: 10.1021/la2018192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cationic poly(phenylene ethynylene)- (PPE-) based conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with six different chain lengths ranging in degree of polymerization from ∼7 to ∼49 were synthesized from organic-soluble precursor polymers. The molecular weight of the precursor polymers was controlled by the amount of a monofunctional "end-capping" agent added to the polymerization reaction. Cationic CPEs were prepared by quaternization of amine groups to tetraalkylammonium groups. Their structure-property relationships were investigated by observing their photophysical properties and antibacterial activity. The polymers were found to exhibit a chain-length dependence in their photophysical properties. It has also been observed that the polymers exhibit effective antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under UV irradiation, whereas they show little antibacterial activity in the dark. An effect of chain length on the light-activated antibacterial activity was also found: The shortest polymer (n=7) exhibited the most effective antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Ji
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, USA
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84
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Corbitt TS, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Graves SW, Whitten DG. Rapid evaluation of the antibacterial activity of arylene-ethynylene compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2938-2943. [PMID: 21714540 DOI: 10.1021/am200277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of oligo(arylene-ethynylene) (1-3 repeat units) compounds functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups was screened for their antibacterial activity in the dark and with activation by long-wavelength (365 nm) UV irradiation. Several of these compounds have effective bactericidal activity (>99.9% killing) at concentrations between 0.01 and 10 μg/mL. Our approach uses flow cytometry to rapidly screen and evaluate the susceptibility of bacterial populations. The rapidity, high information content, and accuracy of this approach make it an extremely valuable method for the study of antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Corbitt
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical & Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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85
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Ji E, Corbitt TS, Parthasarathy A, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Light and dark-activated biocidal activity of conjugated polyelectrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2820-2829. [PMID: 21755955 DOI: 10.1021/am200644g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This Spotlight on Applications provides an overview of a research program that has focused on the development and mechanistic study of cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) that function as light- and dark-active biocidal agents. Investigation has centered on poly-(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) type conjugated polymers that are functionalized with cationic quaternary ammonium solubilizing groups. These polymers are found to interact strongly with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and upon illumination with near-UV and visible light act to rapidly kill the bacteria. Mechanistic studies suggest that the cationic PPE-type polymers efficiently sensitize singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), and this cytotoxic agent is responsible for initiating the sequence of events that lead to light-activated bacterial killing. Specific CPEs also exhibit dark-active antimicrobial activity, and this is believed to arise due to interactions between the cationic/lipophilic polymers and the negatively charged outer membrane characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. Specific results are shown where a cationic CPE with a degree of polymerization of 49 exhibits pronounced light-activated killing of E. coli when present in the cell suspension at a concentration of 1 μg mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Ji
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
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86
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Dark Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Cationic Phenylene Ethynylene Polymers and Oligomers against Escherichia coli. Polymers (Basel) 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/polym3031199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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87
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Ko YJ, Mendez E, Moon JH. Controlled aggregation in conjugated polymer nanoparticles via organic acid treatments. Macromolecules 2011; 44:5527-5530. [PMID: 21808426 PMCID: PMC3146301 DOI: 10.1021/ma200661h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling aggregation structures of conjugated polymers (CPs) in aqueous solutions is critical to improving the physical and photophysical properties of CPs for biological applications. Here, we present spectroscopic evidence, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic results, that different organic acid treatment induces different aggregation structures and photophysical properties of CPs in water. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) were fabricated by treating a non-aqueous soluble, primary amine-containing poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE-NH(2)) with organic acids followed by dialysis. CPNs formed by acetic acid (AA) treatment (CPN-AAs) exhibit characteristics of loose aggregation with minimal π-π stacking, while CPNs formed by tartaric acid (TA) treatment (CPN-TAs) exhibit a high degree of π-π stacking among PPE-NH(2) chains. The controlled aggregation for a specific application was demonstrated by comparing the fluorescence quenching abilities of the CPN-AAs and the CPN-TAs. A doubled Stern-Volmer constant was obtained from the densely packed CPN-TAs compared to that of the loosely aggregated CPN-AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Joo Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Eladio Mendez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Joong Ho Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
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88
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Liu Q, Lü X, Geng L, Lü C. A new insight into the mechanism of influence of different inorganic salts on optical properties of water-soluble cationic conjugated polymers. POLYM INT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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89
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Tang Y, Hill EH, Zhou Z, Evans DG, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Synthesis, self-assembly, and photophysical properties of cationic oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4945-55. [PMID: 21405056 DOI: 10.1021/la1050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Three series of cationic oligo p-phenyleneethynylenes (OPEs) have been synthesized to study their structure-property relationships and gain insights into the transition from molecular to macromolecular properties. The absorbance maxima and molar extinction coefficients in all three sets increase with increasing number of repeat units; however, the increase in λ(max) between the oligomers having 2 and 3 repeat units is very small, and the oligomer having 3 repeat units shows virtually the same spectra as a p-phenyleneethynylene polymer having 49 repeat units. A computational study of the oligomers using density functional theory calculations indicates that while the simplest oligomers (OPE-1) are fully conjugated, the larger oligomers are nonplanar and the limiting "segment chromophore" may be confined to a near-planar segment extending over three or four phenyl rings. Several of the OPEs self-assemble on anionic "scaffolds", with pronounced changes in absorption and fluorescence. Both experimental and computational results suggest that the planarization of discrete conjugated segments along the phenylene-ethynylene backbone is predominantly responsible for the photophysical characteristics of the assemblies formed from the larger oligomers. The striking differences in fluorescence between methanol and water are attributed to reversible nucleophilic attack of structured interfacial water on the excited singlet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Tang
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, USA
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90
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Tang Y, Corbitt TS, Parthasarathy A, Zhou Z, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Light-induced antibacterial activity of symmetrical and asymmetrical oligophenylene ethynylenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4956-4962. [PMID: 21405044 DOI: 10.1021/la105018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The light-induced antibacterial activity of symmetric and asymmetric oligophenylene ethynylenes (OPEs) was investigated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. To understand the light-induced biocidal effect better, the transient absorption and triplet lifetime of OPEs were studied in methanol and water. A higher triplet lifetime was observed for OPE samples in water than in methanol. The magnitudes of the changes in optical density (ΔOD) of the S-OPE-n(H) series of symmetric oligomers are much higher than that of the asymmetric OPE-n series in water and are generally correlated with the singlet oxygen yield. It was found that the antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is size-, concentration-, and time-dependent. The light-induced antibacterial activity may result from the coordinated interactions of membrane disruption and interfacial or intracellular singlet oxygen generation, and the dominant factor is most likely the latter. The results obtained in this study will aid in the design of more efficient biocides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Tang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC01 1141, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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91
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Zhu C, Yang Q, Liu L, Wang S. Visual optical discrimination and detection of microbial pathogens based on diverse interactions of conjugated polyelectrolytes with cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04424e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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92
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Melo LD, Mamizuka EM, Carmona-Ribeiro AM. Antimicrobial particles from cationic lipid and polyelectrolytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:12300-12306. [PMID: 20578678 DOI: 10.1021/la101500s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid nanoparticles from cationic lipid and polymers were prepared and characterized regarding physical properties and antimicrobial activity. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) were sequentially added to cationic bilayer fragments (BF) prepared from ultrasonic dispersion in water of the synthetic and cationic lipid dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB). Particles thus obtained were characterized by dynamic light-scattering for determination of z-average diameter (Dz) and zeta-potential (zeta). Antimicrobial activity of the DODAB BF/CMC/PDDA particles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus was determined by plating and CFU counting over a range of particle compositions. DODAB BF/CMC/PDDA particles exhibited sizes and zeta-potentials strictly dependent on DODAB, CMC, and PDDA concentrations. At 0.1 mM DODAB, 0.1 mg/mL CMC, and 0.1 mg/mL PDDA, small cationic particles with Dz = 100 nm and zeta = 30 mV were obtained. At 0.5 mM DODAB, 0.5 mg/mL CMC and 0.5 mg/mL PDDA, large cationic particles with Dz = 470 nm and zeta = 50 mV were obtained. Both particulates were highly reproducible regarding physical properties and yielded 0% of P. aeruginosa viability (10(7) CFU/mL) at 1 or 2 microg/mL PDDA dissolved in solution or in form of particles, respectively. 99% of S. aureus cells died at 10 microg/mL PDDA alone or in small or large DODAB BF/CMC/PDDA particles. The antimicrobial effect was dependent on the amount of positive charge on particles and independent of particle size. A high microbicide potency for PDDA over a range of nanomolar concentrations was disclosed. P. aeruginosa was more sensitive to all cationic assemblies than S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia D Melo
- Biocolloids Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 26077, CEP 05513-970, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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93
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Ding L, Chi EY, Schanze KS, Lopez GP, Whitten DG. Insight into the mechanism of antimicrobial conjugated polyelectrolytes: lipid headgroup charge and membrane fluidity effects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5544-5550. [PMID: 20000327 DOI: 10.1021/la9038045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of antimicrobial cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with two model membranes, liposomes and lipid monolayers at the air-water interface, have been investigated by fluorescence emission, fluorescence quenching, pressure-area isotherm, and dynamic light scattering measurements. This study continues the evaluation of the antimicrobial mechanism of a cationic poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based CPE (polymer 1), which contains a 2,5-thienylene moiety in the repeat unit. To this end, the interactions of polymer 1 with lipids with varying headgroup charge and acyl chain length have been examined. Our results show that the cationic polymer 1 can efficiently associate with and insert into anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) membranes. However, polymer 1 does not exhibit any interactions with zwitterionic lipid membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids. Polymer 1's selective affinity toward anionic lipids over zwitterionic lipids makes it an attractive antimicrobial agent with low toxicity. The interactions of polymer 1 with lipid membranes of different fluidity were studied by varying the surface pressure of lipid monolayers and by adjusting the temperature of liposomes. We observe that increasing membrane fluidity enhances both the conformational changes of polymer 1 upon associating with lipid membranes and the extent of polymer 1 insertion into lipid monolayers. We also find that the thickness of the lipid bilayers, modulated by acyl chain length, affects the extent of polymer 1 incorporation into the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ding
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, USA
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94
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Duan X, Liu L, Feng X, Wang S. Assemblies of conjugated polyelectrolytes with proteins for controlled protein photoinactivation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1602-1606. [PMID: 20496388 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Duan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P R China
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95
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Ding L, Chi EY, Chemburu S, Ji E, Schanze KS, Lopez GP, Whitten DG. Insight into the mechanism of antimicrobial poly(phenylene ethynylene) polyelectrolytes: interactions with phosphatidylglycerol lipid membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13742-51. [PMID: 20560549 DOI: 10.1021/la901457t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of antimicrobial poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with lipid membranes were investigated to gain insight into the mechanism of their biocidal activity. Three model membrane systems comprising negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipids were used to mimic the bacterial cell membrane, including unilamellar lipid vesicles in aqueous solution, lipid bilayer coated silica microspheres, and lipid monolayers at the air-water interface. Two PPE CPEs, one containing a thiophene moiety on the PPE repeat unit and the second containing a diazabicyclooctane (DABCO) moiety on the pendant side chain, were chosen, since the former exhibits distinct dark biocidal activity and the latter shows strong light-activated antimicrobial activity but little dark biocidal activity. The interactions of these two PPE polymers with lipid membranes were characterized in detail by CPE fluorescence spectral changes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence quenching, monolayer insertion, and dynamic light scattering assays. Both PPE polymers exhibit affinity for the anionic lipid membrane systems. Their concomitant association and insertion into the membrane leads to conformational changes of the PPE polymer from an aggregated state to a more extended state, as evidenced by the polymer's enhanced fluorescence and FRET between the polymer and rhodamine incorporated in the lipid membrane. In comparison, the thiophene polymer exhibits stronger interactions with PG lipid membranes than the DABCO-containing polymer. The former induces a larger fluorescence enhancement, shows faster transfer across the lipid membrane, and inserts more readily and to a higher extent into lipid monolayers. The observed differences between the two PPE polymers in their interactions with the lipid membrane may stem from their structural differences, as the DABCO-containing polymer has a much bulkier and larger pendant group on its side chain. The higher degree of membrane interaction and insertion, and subsequent membrane disorganization, of the thiophene polymer may account for its dark biocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ding
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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96
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Schanze KS, Shelton AH. Functional polyelectrolytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13698-13702. [PMID: 20560548 DOI: 10.1021/la903785g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This perspective seeks to identify an area of soft materials research focused on the study of functional polyelectrolytes. These materials combine the useful properties intrinsic to polyelectrolyte chains, with added functionality provided by specific molecular (or polymeric) functional groups that are present in the polymer backbone or as a pendant functionality. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the combined functionality can be used to create films and assemblies with interesting and useful optical, electro-optical, and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA.
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97
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Liu Y, Ogawa K, Schanze KS. Conjugated polyelectrolytes as fluorescent sensors. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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98
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Xing C, Xu Q, Tang H, Liu L, Wang S. Conjugated Polymer/Porphyrin Complexes for Efficient Energy Transfer and Improving Light-Activated Antibacterial Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13117-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja904492x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengfen Xing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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99
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Corbitt TS, Ding L, Ji E, Ista LK, Ogawa K, Lopez GP, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Light and dark biocidal activity of cationic poly(arylene ethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolytes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:998-1005. [PMID: 19582276 DOI: 10.1039/b902646k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report a study of cationic poly(arylene ethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolytes. The objective of the study was to compare the behavior of a polymer where a thiophene has replaced a phenyl ring in poly(phenylene ethynylene) polycations (PPE) previously investigated. Properties of solution phase and physisorbed suspensions of the polymer on microspheres were investigated. The photophysical properties of the polymer are evaluated and used to understand the striking differences in biocidal activity compared to the PPE polymers previously examined. The principal findings are that the thiophene polymer has remarkable dark biocidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 but very little light-activated activity. The low light-activated biocidal activity of the thiophene polymer is attributed to a highly aggregated state of the polymer in aqueous solutions and on microspheres as a physisorbed coating. This results in low triplet yields and a very poor sensitization of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen intermediates. The highly effective dark biocidal activity of the thiophene-containing polymers is attributed to its high lipophilicity and the presence of accessible quaternary ammonium groups. The difference in behavior among the polymers compared provides insights into the mechanism of the dark process and indicates that aggregation of polymer can reduce light activated biocidal activity by suppressing singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Corbitt
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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100
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Achyuthan KE, Arango DC, Carles EL, Cutler CE, Meyer LA, Brozik SM. Luminescent investigations of terbium(III) biosorption as a surrogate for heavy metals and radionuclides. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 327:87-92. [PMID: 19224339 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a metal transport system for investigating the interfacial interactions between the anionic surface charge of a gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) and a trivalent cationic metal, Tb3+. We believe this is the first description of the uptake kinetics, sub- and intracellular distribution, and temporal fate of Tb3+ ion in E. coli. We used the luminescence of the terbium-dipicolinic acid chelate to study metal ion transport. The bacteria had a high tolerance for the metal (IC(50) = 4 mM Tb3+). Metal ion transport was passive and metabolism independent. The uptake kinetics rapidly reached a maximum within 15 min, followed by a stasis for 60 min, and declining thereafter between 120 and 240 min, resulting in a biphasic curve. During this period, greater than one-third of the metal ion was sequestered within the cell. Our choice of a safe Biosafety Level I E. coli bacteria and the relatively non-toxic Tb3+ metal represents a model system for luminescent investigations of biosorption, for studying bacterial-water interfacial chemistry and for the bioremediation of heavy metals and radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komandoor E Achyuthan
- Biosensors and Nanomaterials Department, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 1425, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1425, USA.
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