51
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Asanuma H, Jiang Z, Ikeda K, Uosaki K, Yu HZ. Selective dehybridization of DNA-Au nanoconjugates using laser irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15995-6000. [PMID: 23959057 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic heating to trigger release of oligonucleotides from nanoconjugates is potentially useful for therapeutic purposes and designed assembly of DNA nanostructures. In the past, great controllability has been achieved by introducing distinctive absorption nanoparticle centers, where the anchoring bond (e.g., sulfur-gold bond) has been selectively broken. Instead of releasing the surface-bound duplex DNA via breakage of the gold-sulphur anchor bond, selective and non-destructive dehybridization of DNA under a "mild" condition on different gold nanoconjugates is demonstrated in this work. This finding will permit sequential dehybridization/release of DNA at specific regions of a complex system; thus it can be extended to control gene expression and to manipulate an assembly of highly organized DNA constructs. Particularly we show herein the feasibility of selectively dehybridizing DNA-Au nanoconjugates via localized plasmonic heating, which is accomplished by controlling the laser wavelength, power, and irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Asanuma
- Department of Chemistry and 4D Labs, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
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52
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Osinkina L, Carretero-Palacios S, Stehr J, Lutich AA, Jäckel F, Feldmann J. Tuning DNA binding kinetics in an optical trap by plasmonic nanoparticle heating. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3140-3144. [PMID: 23777471 DOI: 10.1021/nl401101c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the tuning of specific binding of DNA attached to gold nanoparticles at the individual particle pair (dimer) level in an optical trap by means of plasmonic heating. DNA hybridization events are detected optically by the change in the plasmon resonance frequency due to plasmonic coupling of the nanoparticles. We find that at larger trapping powers (i.e., larger temperatures and stiffer traps) the hybridization rates decrease by more than an order of magnitude. This result is explained by higher temperatures preventing the formation of dimers with lower binding energies. Our results demonstrate that plasmonic heating can be used to fine tune the kinetics of biomolecular binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Osinkina
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
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53
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Blankschien MD, Pretzer LA, Huschka R, Halas NJ, Gonzalez R, Wong MS. Light-triggered biocatalysis using thermophilic enzyme-gold nanoparticle complexes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:654-663. [PMID: 23237546 DOI: 10.1021/nn3048445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of plasmonic nanoparticle complexes for biomedical applications such as imaging, gene therapy, and cancer treatment is a rapidly emerging field expected to significantly improve conventional medical practices. In contrast, the use of these types of nanoparticles to noninvasively trigger biochemical pathways has been largely unexplored. Here we report the light-induced activation of the thermophilic enzyme Aeropyrum pernix glucokinase, a key enzyme for the decomposition of glucose via the glycolysis pathway, increasing its rate of reaction 60% with light by conjugating the enzyme onto Au nanorods. The observed increase in enzyme activity corresponded to a local temperature increase within a calcium alginate encapsulate of ~20 °C when compared to the bulk medium maintained at standard, nonthermophilic temperatures. The encapsulated nanocomplexes were reusable and stable for several days, making them potentially useful in industrial applications. This approach could significantly improve how biochemical pathways are controlled for in vitro and, quite possibly, in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Blankschien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
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54
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Dickreuter S, Gleixner J, Kolloch A, Boneberg J, Scheer E, Leiderer P. Mapping of plasmonic resonances in nanotriangles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 4:588-602. [PMID: 24205453 PMCID: PMC3817793 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic resonances in metallic nano-triangles have been investigated by irradiating these structures with short laser pulses and imaging the resulting ablation and melting patterns. The triangular gold structures were prepared on Si substrates and had a thickness of 40 nm and a side length of ca. 500 nm. Irradiation was carried out with single femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses at a wavelength of 800 nm, which excited higher order plasmon modes in these triangles. The ablation distribution as well as the local melting of small parts of the nanostructures reflect the regions of large near-field enhancement. The observed patterns are reproduced in great detail by FDTD simulations with a 3-dimensional model, provided that the calculations are not based on idealized, but on realistic structures. In this realistic model, details like the exact shape of the triangle edges and the dielectric environment of the structures are taken into account. The experimental numbers found for the field enhancement are typically somewhat smaller than the calculated ones. The results demonstrate the caveats for FDTD simulations and the potential and the limitations of "near field photography" by local ablation and melting for the mapping of complex plasmon fields and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dickreuter
- Physics Department, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Gleixner
- Physics Department, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Kolloch
- Physics Department, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Boneberg
- Physics Department, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elke Scheer
- Physics Department, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Paul Leiderer
- Physics Department, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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55
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Fong WK, Hanley TL, Thierry B, Kirby N, Waddington LJ, Boyd BJ. Controlling the nanostructure of gold nanorod-lyotropic liquid-crystalline hybrid materials using near-infrared laser irradiation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14450-14460. [PMID: 22970861 DOI: 10.1021/la302901q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based liquid-crystalline matrixes provide a unique prospect for stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, attributed to the ability to effect self-assembly of the lipids at the molecular level. Differences in liquid crystal nanostructure have previously been shown to change drug diffusion and hence release, with research progressing toward the use of in situ changes to nanostructure to control drug release. Toward this goal, we have previously communicated the ability to switch between nonlamellar structures using gold nanorod (GNR)-phytantriol-based liquid-crystalline hybrid nanomaterials as near-infrared light responsive systems (Fong et al. Langmuir 2010, 26, 6136-6139). In this study, the effect of laser activation on matrix nanostructure with changes in a number of system variables including lipid composition, GNR aspect ratio, GNR concentration, and laser pulse time were investigated. The nanostructure of the matrix was followed using small-angle X-ray scattering, while both cryoFESEM and cryoTEM were used to visualize the effect of GNR incorporation into the liquid crystal nanostructure. The system response was found to be dependent on all variables, thus demonstrating the potential of these nanocomposite materials as reversible "on-demand" drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wye-Khay Fong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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56
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Do J, Schreiber R, Lutich AA, Liedl T, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Feldmann J. Design and optical trapping of a biocompatible propeller-like nanoscale hybrid. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5008-13. [PMID: 22924473 PMCID: PMC3816274 DOI: 10.1021/nl302775e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Designing nanoscale objects with the potential to perform externally controlled motion in biological environments is one of the most sought-after objectives in nanotechnology. Different types of chemically and physically powered motors have been prepared at the macro- and microscale. However, the preparation of nanoscale objects with a complex morphology, and the potential for light-driven motion has remained elusive to date. Here, we go a step forward by designing a nanoscale hybrid with a propeller-resembling shape, which can be controlled by focused light under biological conditions. Our hybrid, hereafter "Au@DNA-origami", consists of a spherical gold nanoparticle with self-assembled, biocompatible, two-dimensional (2D) DNA sheets on its surface. As a first step toward the potential utilization of these nanoscale objects as light-driven assemblies in biological environments, we show that they can be optically trapped, and hence translated and deposited on-demand, and that under realistic trapping conditions the thermally induced dehybridization of the DNA sheets can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekwon Do
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Schreiber
- Molecular Self-Assembly and Nanoengineering Group and CeNS, Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A. Lutich
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Liedl
- Molecular Self-Assembly and Nanoengineering Group and CeNS, Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Rodríguez-Fernández
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding Author (J.R.F.); (J.F.)
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding Author (J.R.F.); (J.F.)
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57
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Zhu M, Baffou G, Meyerbröker N, Polleux J. Micropatterning thermoplasmonic gold nanoarrays to manipulate cell adhesion. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7227-7233. [PMID: 22808995 DOI: 10.1021/nn302329c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability to reversibly control the interactions between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell surface receptors such as integrins would allow one to investigate reciprocal signaling circuits between cells and their surrounding environment. Engineering microstructured culture substrates functionalized with switchable molecules remains the most adopted strategy to manipulate surface adhesive properties, although these systems exhibit limited reversibility and require sophisticated preparation procedures. Here, we report a straightforward protocol to fabricate biofunctionalized micropatterned gold nanoarrays that favor one-dimensional cell migration and function as plasmonic nanostoves to physically block and orient the formation of new adhesion sites. Being reversible and not restricted spatiotemporally, thermoplasmonic approaches will open new opportunities to further study the complex connections between ECM and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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58
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Bisker G, Yeheskely-Hayon D, Minai L, Yelin D. Controlled release of Rituximab from gold nanoparticles for phototherapy of malignant cells. J Control Release 2012; 162:303-9. [PMID: 22759981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Releasing drug molecules at their targets with high spatial and temporal accuracy could aid numerous clinical applications which require low systemic damage and low side effects. Nano-carriers of drugs are an attractive solution for such task, allowing specific accumulation in tumors and gradual release of their payload. Here, we utilize gold nanospheres conjugated to Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody-based drug, for carrying and releasing the drug upon irradiation of specifically tailored femtosecond laser pulses. The released anti-CD20 molecules retain their functionality and ability of triggering the complement-dependent cytotoxicity. This effect comes in addition to cell necrosis caused by the plasmonic nanometric shock waves emanating from the nanospheres and rupturing the plasma membranes. Main advantages of the presented technique include high spatial and temporal resolution, low toxicity and high repeatability and consistency due to the morphological stability of the nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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59
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Abstract
We report results on ultrafast photothermal release of DNA from gold nanoparticles. We show that dehybridization of oligonucleotide duplex anchored on a gold nanoparticle surface occurs during a single laser pulse, leading to the release of single-strand DNA in solution. Breaking of the Au-S bond anchoring the duplex and the release of thiolated DNA are also evidenced. Our findings show that the size distribution of the nanoparticles plays a major role in the control of both phenomena. We establish a criterion regarding the size distribution of nanoparticles that allows full release of DNA without breaking of the anchoring thiol bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Thibaudau
- Aix-Marseille Université, CINaM, 13288, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 7325, 13288, Marseille, France
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60
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Carlson MT, Green AJ, Richardson HH. Superheating water by CW excitation of gold nanodots. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:1534-7. [PMID: 22313363 DOI: 10.1021/nl2043503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A temperature-dependent photoluminescent thin film of Al(0.94)Ga(0.06)N doped with Er(3+) is used to measure the temperature of lithographically prepared gold nanodots. The gold nanodots and thin film are excited simultaneously with a continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG 532 nm laser. The gold nanodot is submersed under water, and the dot is subsequently heated. The water immediately surrounding the nanodot is superheated beyond the boiling point up to the spinodal decomposition temperature at 594 ± 17 K. The spinodal decomposition has been confirmed with the observation of critical opalescence. We characterize the laser scattering that occurs in unison with spinodal decomposition due to an increased coherence length associated with the liquid-liquid transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Carlson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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61
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Garnett EC, Cai W, Cha JJ, Mahmood F, Connor ST, Greyson Christoforo M, Cui Y, McGehee MD, Brongersma ML. Self-limited plasmonic welding of silver nanowire junctions. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:241-9. [PMID: 22306769 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscience provides many strategies to construct high-performance materials and devices, including solar cells, thermoelectrics, sensors, transistors, and transparent electrodes. Bottom-up fabrication facilitates large-scale chemical synthesis without the need for patterning and etching processes that waste material and create surface defects. However, assembly and contacting procedures still require further development. Here, we demonstrate a light-induced plasmonic nanowelding technique to assemble metallic nanowires into large interconnected networks. The small gaps that form naturally at nanowire junctions enable effective light concentration and heating at the point where the wires need to be joined together. The extreme sensitivity of the heating efficiency on the junction geometry causes the welding process to self-limit when a physical connection between the wires is made. The localized nature of the heating prevents damage to low-thermal-budget substrates such as plastics and polymer solar cells. This work opens new avenues to control light, heat and mass transport at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Garnett
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4045, USA
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62
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Lee HC, Chen TH, Tseng WL, Lin CH. Novel core etching technique of gold nanoparticles for colorimetric dopamine detection. Analyst 2012; 137:5352-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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63
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Qin Z, Bischof JC. Thermophysical and biological responses of gold nanoparticle laser heating. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1191-217. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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64
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Hyperthermia Using Inorganic Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415769-9.00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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65
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Rivera-Gil P, Clift MJD, Rutishauser BR, Parak WJ. Methods for understanding the interaction between nanoparticles and cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 926:33-56. [PMID: 22975955 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-002-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A critical view of the current toxicological methods used in nanotechnology and their related techniques. Hereby, toxicological effects derived from the intracellular accumulation and uptake will be examined. Then advantages/disadvantages of these methods will be discussed. Additional analytical techniques necessary to implement the results will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rivera-Gil
- Fachbereich Physik and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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66
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Fedoruk M, Lutich AA, Feldmann J. Subdiffraction-limited milling by an optically driven single gold nanoparticle. ACS NANO 2011; 5:7377-82. [PMID: 21812459 PMCID: PMC3833052 DOI: 10.1021/nn2023045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a hybrid lithographic technique capable of nanopatterning surfaces by optothermal decomposition of a polymeric film induced by a single metal nanoparticle. A tightly focused laser beam exerting a strong optical force onto the nanoparticle is used to move it inside the polymer film. Due to efficient plasmonic absorption of the laser light, the nanoparticle is heated up to temperatures of several hundred degrees, causing melting or even thermal decomposition of the polymer film. By this method, grooves less than 100 nm wide and tens of micrometers long can be directly milled in a polymer layer.
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67
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Barnard ES, Pala RA, Brongersma ML. Photocurrent mapping of near-field optical antenna resonances. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:588-593. [PMID: 21857687 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of photonics applications make use of nanoscale optical antennas that exhibit a strong, resonant interaction with photons of a specific frequency. The resonant properties of such antennas are conventionally characterized by far-field light-scattering techniques. However, many applications require quantitative knowledge of the near-field behaviour, and existing local field measurement techniques provide only relative, rather than absolute, data. Here, we demonstrate a photodetector platform that uses a silicon-on-insulator substrate to spectrally and spatially map the absolute values of enhanced fields near any type of optical antenna by transducing local electric fields into photocurrent. We are able to quantify the resonant optical and materials properties of nanoscale (∼50 nm) and wavelength-scale (∼1 µm) metallic antennas as well as high-refractive-index semiconductor antennas. The data agree well with light-scattering measurements, full-field simulations and intuitive resonator models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Barnard
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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68
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Witten KG, Rech C, Eckert T, Charrak S, Richtering W, Elling L, Simon U. Glyco-DNA-gold nanoparticles: lectin-mediated assembly and dual-stimuli response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1954-1960. [PMID: 21656675 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin G Witten
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and JARA-FIT (Future Information, Technology), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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69
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Ploschner M, Mazilu M, Cižmár T, Dholakia K. Numerical investigation of passive optical sorting of plasmon nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:13922-13933. [PMID: 21934752 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.013922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We explore the passive optical sorting of plasmon nanoparticles and investigate the optimal wavelength and optimal beam shape of incident field. The condition for optimal wavelength is found by maximising the nanoparticle separation whilst minimising the temperature increase in the system. We then use the force optical eigenmode (FOEi) method to find the beam shape of incident electromagnetic field, maximising the force difference between plasmon nanoparticles. The maximum force difference is found with respect to the whole sorting region. The combination of wavelength and beam shape study is demonstrated for a specific case of gold nanoparticles of radius 40 nm and 50 nm respectively. The optimum wavelength for this particular situation is found to be above 700 nm. The optimum beam shape depends upon the size of sorting region and ranges from plane-wave illumination for infinite sorting region to a field maximising gradient force difference in a single point.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ploschner
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK.
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70
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Rodríguez-Fernández J, Fedoruk M, Hrelescu C, Lutich AA, Feldmann J. Triggering the volume phase transition of core-shell Au nanorod-microgel nanocomposites with light. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:245708. [PMID: 21543835 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/24/245708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have coated gold nanorods (NRs) with thermoresponsive microgel shells based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM). We demonstrate by simultaneous laser-heating and optical extinction measurements that the Au NR cores can be simultaneously used as fast optothermal manipulators (switchers) and sensitive optical reporters of the microgel state in a fully externally controlled and reversible manner. We support our results with optical modeling based on the boundary element method and 3D numerical analysis on the temperature distribution. Briefly, we show that due to the sharp increase in refractive index resulting from the optothermally triggered microgel collapse, the longitudinal plasmon band of the coated Au NRs is significantly red-shifted. The optothermal control over the pNIPAM shell, and thereby over the optical response of the nanocomposite, is fully reversible and can be simply controlled by switching on and off a NIR heating laser. In contrast to bulk solution heating, we demonstrate that light-triggering does not compromise colloidal stability, which is of primary importance for the ultimate utilization of these types of nanocomposites as remotely controlled optomechanical actuators, for applications spanning from drug delivery to photonic crystals and nanoscale motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodríguez-Fernández
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group and CeNS, Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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71
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Buchkremer A, Linn MJ, Reismann M, Eckert T, Witten KG, Richtering W, von Plessen G, Simon U. Stepwise thermal and photothermal dissociation of a hierarchical superaggregate of DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1397-1402. [PMID: 21495186 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Buchkremer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, and JARA-Future Information Technology, Landoltweg 1, Aachen, Germany
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72
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Ohlinger A, Nedev S, Lutich AA, Feldmann J. Optothermal escape of plasmonically coupled silver nanoparticles from a three-dimensional optical trap. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:1770-4. [PMID: 21410159 PMCID: PMC3839263 DOI: 10.1021/nl2003544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that optical trapping of multiple silver nanoparticles is strongly influenced by plasmonic coupling of the nanoparticles. Employing dark-field Rayleigh scattering imaging and spectroscopy on multiple silver nanoparticles optically trapped in three dimensions, we experimentally investigate the time-evolution of the coupled plasmon resonance and its influence on the trapping stability. With time the coupling strengthens, which is observed as a gradual red shift of the coupled plasmon scattering. When the coupled plasmon becomes resonant with the trapping laser wavelength, the trap is destabilized and nanoparticles are released from the trap. Modeling of the trapping potential and its comparison to the plasmonic heating efficiency at various nanoparticle separation distances suggests a thermal mechanism of the trap destabilization. Our findings provide insight into the specificity of three-dimensional optical manipulation of plasmonic nanostructures suitable for field enhancement, for example for surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ohlinger
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Spas Nedev
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A. Lutich
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
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73
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Lee K, Drachev VP, Irudayaraj J. DNA-gold nanoparticle reversible networks grown on cell surface marker sites: application in diagnostics. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2109-17. [PMID: 21314177 DOI: 10.1021/nn1030862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Effective identification of breast cancer stem cells (CSC) benefits from a multiplexed approach to detect cell surface markers that can distinguish this subpopulation, which can invade and proliferate at sites of metastasis. We present a new approach for dual-mode sensing based on targeting using pointer and signal enhancement using enhancer particle networks for detection by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We demonstrate our concept to detect cell surface markers, CD44 and CD24, in three breast cancer cell lines to identify a CD44+/CD24- subpopulation of CSCs. The designed network structure can be well-controlled and has improved sensitivity compared to conventional approaches with ability to detect a single target on the membrane of a living cell. We have also developed a fractal approach to model the dimension of the network structure and developed an empirical relationship to estimate the number of particles in the network and its size. The empirical equation was validated with experiments and finite-difference time-domain simulations, and the cell phenotyping results were found to be in good agreement with published data from conventional sorting by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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74
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Gaiduk A, Ruijgrok PV, Yorulmaz M, Orrit M. Making gold nanoparticles fluorescent for simultaneous absorption and fluorescence detection on the single particle level. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:149-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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75
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Poon L, Zandberg W, Hsiao D, Erno Z, Sen D, Gates BD, Branda NR. Photothermal release of single-stranded DNA from the surface of gold nanoparticles through controlled denaturating and Au-S bond breaking. ACS NANO 2010; 4:6395-6403. [PMID: 20958080 DOI: 10.1021/nn1016346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal release of DNA from gold nanoparticles either by thermolysis of the Au-S bonds used to anchor the oligonucleotides to the nanoparticle or by thermal denaturation has great therapeutic potential, however, both processes have limitations (a decreased particle stability for the former process and a prohibitively slow rate of release for the latter). Here we show that these two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and can be controlled by adjusting laser power and ionic strength. We show this using two different double-stranded (ds)DNA-nanoparticle conjugates, in which either the anchored sense strand or the complementary antisense strand was labeled with a fluorescent marker. The amounts of release due to the two mechanisms were evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis, which showed that irradiation of the decorated particles in 200 mM NaOAc containing 10 mM Mg(OAc)(2) with a pulsed 532 nm laser operating at 100 mW favors denaturation over Au-S cleavage to an extent of more than six-to-one. Due to the use of a pulsed laser, the process occurs on the order of minutes rather than hours, which is typical for continuous wave lasers. These findings encourage continued research toward developing photothermal gene therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Poon
- 4D LABS, Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5A 1S6
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76
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Krpetić Z, Nativo P, Sée V, Prior IA, Brust M, Volk M. Inflicting controlled nonthermal damage to subcellular structures by laser-activated gold nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:4549-54. [PMID: 20923168 DOI: 10.1021/nl103142t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We show that low-intensity laser irradiation of cancer cells containing endosomal gold nanoparticles leads to endosome rupture and escape of the nanoparticles into the cytosol without affecting the cells' viability. The low light intensity of our experiments allows us to rule out photothermal effects as the underlying mechanism, and we present results that suggest photoinduced radicals as the photogenerated active species. This nonthermal mechanism may also be important in the context of cell death at higher laser intensities, which had been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Krpetić
- Centre for Nanoscale Science, Department of Chemistry, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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77
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Sau TK, Rogach AL, Jäckel F, Klar TA, Feldmann J. Properties and applications of colloidal nonspherical noble metal nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1805-25. [PMID: 20512954 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of noble metals belong to the most extensively studied colloidal systems in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Due to continuing progress in the synthesis of nanoparticles with controlled morphologies, the exploration of unique morphology-dependent properties has gained momentum. Anisotropic features in nonspherical nanoparticles make them ideal candidates for enhanced chemical, catalytic, and local field related applications. Nonspherical plasmon resonant nanoparticles offer favorable properties for their use as analytical tools, or as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. This Review highlights morphology-dependent properties of nonspherical noble metal nanoparticles with a focus on localized surface plasmon resonance and local field enhancement, as well as their applications in various fields including Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence enhancement, analytics and sensing, photothermal therapy, (bio-)diagnostics, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Sau
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799 Munich, Germany.
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78
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Homberger M, Simon U. On the application potential of gold nanoparticles in nanoelectronics and biomedicine. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:1405-53. [PMID: 20156830 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are of high interest to research dedicated to future technologies such as nanoelectronics or biomedical applications. This research interest arises from the unique size-dependent properties such as surface plasmon resonance or Coulomb charging effects. It is shown here how the unique properties of individual AuNPs and AuNP assemblies can be used to create new functional materials for applications in a technical or biological environment. While the term technical environment focuses on the potential use of AuNPs as subunits in nanoelectronic devices, the term biological environment addresses issues of toxicity and novel concepts of controlling biomolecular reactions on the surface of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Homberger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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79
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Schuller JA, Barnard ES, Cai W, Jun YC, White JS, Brongersma ML. Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation. NATURE MATERIALS 2010; 9:193-204. [PMID: 20168343 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1552] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented ability of nanometallic (that is, plasmonic) structures to concentrate light into deep-subwavelength volumes has propelled their use in a vast array of nanophotonics technologies and research endeavours. Plasmonic light concentrators can elegantly interface diffraction-limited dielectric optical components with nanophotonic structures. Passive and active plasmonic devices provide new pathways to generate, guide, modulate and detect light with structures that are similar in size to state-of-the-art electronic devices. With the ability to produce highly confined optical fields, the conventional rules for light-matter interactions need to be re-examined, and researchers are venturing into new regimes of optical physics. In this review we will discuss the basic concepts behind plasmonics-enabled light concentration and manipulation, make an attempt to capture the wide range of activities and excitement in this area, and speculate on possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Schuller
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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80
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Zhang Y, Li B, Chen X. Simple and sensitive detection of dopamine in the presence of high concentration of ascorbic acid using gold nanoparticles as colorimetric probes. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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81
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Bretschneider JC, Reismann M, von Plessen G, Simon U. Photothermal control of the activity of HRP-functionalized gold nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2549-2553. [PMID: 19697304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Bretschneider
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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82
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Jones MR, Millstone JE, Giljohann DA, Seferos DS, Young KL, Mirkin CA. Plasmonically controlled nucleic acid dehybridization with gold nanoprisms. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1461-5. [PMID: 19431161 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Remote release: Triangular gold nanoprisms convert 1064 nm laser irradiation into heat selectively to allow the dehybridization of oligonucleotide conjugated to their surface (see scheme). These conjugates show unprecedented morphological stability under hours of irradiation. Released nucleic acids are unharmed by this process and can be repeatedly dehybridized and sequestered under spatiotemporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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83
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Urban AS, Fedoruk M, Horton MR, Rädler JO, Stefani FD, Feldmann J. Controlled nanometric phase transitions of phospholipid membranes by plasmonic heating of single gold nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:2903-2908. [PMID: 19719109 DOI: 10.1021/nl901201h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of remotely controlled nanoscopic sources of heat is essential for investigating and manipulating temperature sensitive processes at the nanoscale. Here, we use single gold nanoparticles to rapidly deposit controlled amounts of heat in nanoscopic regions of defined size. This allows us to induce and control nanoscale reversible gel-fluid phase transitions in phospholipid membranes. We exploit the optical control over the phase transition to determine the velocity of the fluid phase front into the gel phase membrane and to guide the nanoparticles to specific locations. These results illustrate how single gold nanoparticles enable local thermodynamic investigation and manipulation on nanoscale (bio-) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Urban
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Fakultat fur Physik and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
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84
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Boisselier E, Astruc D. Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine: preparations, imaging, diagnostics, therapies and toxicity. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:1759-82. [PMID: 19587967 DOI: 10.1039/b806051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1723] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This critical review provides an overall survey of the basic concepts and up-to-date literature results concerning the very promising use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for medicinal applications. It includes AuNP synthesis, assembly and conjugation with biological and biocompatible ligands, plasmon-based labeling and imaging, optical and electrochemical sensing, diagnostics, therapy (drug vectorization and DNA/gene delivery) for various diseases, in particular cancer (also Alzheimer, HIV, hepatitis, tuberculosis, arthritis, diabetes) and the essential in vitro and in vivo toxicity. It will interest the medicine, chemistry, spectroscopy, biochemistry, biophysics and nanoscience communities (211 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Boisselier
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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85
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Reinscheid UM. Accelerated Hydrolysis of Aspirin Using Alternating Magnetic Fields. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 4:854-857. [PMID: 20596466 PMCID: PMC2893819 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The major problem of current drug-based therapy is selectivity. As in other areas of science, a combined approach might improve the situation decisively. The idea is to use the pro-drug principle together with an alternating magnetic field as physical stimulus, which can be applied in a spatially and temporarily controlled manner. As a proof of principle, the neutral hydrolysis of aspirin in physiological phosphate buffer of pH 7.5 at 40 degrees C was chosen. The sensor and actuator system is a commercially available gold nanoparticle (NP) suspension which is approved for animal usage, stable in high concentrations and reproducibly available. Applying the alternating magnetic field of a conventional NMR magnet system accelerated the hydrolysis of aspirin in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe M Reinscheid
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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86
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Richardson HH, Carlson MT, Tandler PJ, Hernandez P, Govorov AO. Experimental and theoretical studies of light-to-heat conversion and collective heating effects in metal nanoparticle solutions. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:1139-46. [PMID: 19193041 PMCID: PMC2669497 DOI: 10.1021/nl8036905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We perform a set of experiments on photoheating in a water droplet containing gold nanoparticles (NPs). Using photocalorimetric methods, we determine efficiency of light-to-heat conversion (eta) which turns out to be remarkably close to 1, (0.97 < eta < 1.03). Detailed studies reveal a complex character of heat transfer in an optically stimulated droplet. The main mechanism of equilibration is due to convectional flow. Theoretical modeling is performed to describe thermal effects at both nano- and millimeter scales. Theory shows that the collective photoheating is the main mechanism. For a large concentration of NPs and small laser intensity, an averaged temperature increase (at the millimeter scale) is significant (approximately 7 degrees C), whereas on the nanometer scale the temperature increase at the surface of a single NP is small (approximately 0.02 degrees C). In the opposite regime, that is, a small NP concentration and intense laser irradiation, we find an opposite picture: a temperature increase at the millimeter scale is small (0.1 degrees C) but a local, nanoscale temperature has strong local spikes at the surfaces of NPs (approximately 3 degrees C). These studies are crucial for the understanding of photothermal effects in NPs and for their potential and current applications in nano- and biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Michael T. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Peter J. Tandler
- Devision of Math and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio 44720
| | - Pedro Hernandez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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87
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Radünz R, Rings D, Kroy K, Cichos F. Hot Brownian Particles and Photothermal Correlation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1674-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810466y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Radünz
- Molecular Nanophotonics, Institute of Experimental Physics I, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Soft Condensed Matter Theory, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, Vor dem Hospitaltore 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Rings
- Molecular Nanophotonics, Institute of Experimental Physics I, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Soft Condensed Matter Theory, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, Vor dem Hospitaltore 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Kroy
- Molecular Nanophotonics, Institute of Experimental Physics I, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Soft Condensed Matter Theory, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, Vor dem Hospitaltore 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Cichos
- Molecular Nanophotonics, Institute of Experimental Physics I, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Soft Condensed Matter Theory, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, Vor dem Hospitaltore 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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88
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Fischler M, Simon U. Metal nanoparticle–DNA hybrids – from assembly towards functional conjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b812225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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89
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Reismann M, Bretschneider JC, von Plessen G, Simon U. Reversible photothermal melting of DNA in DNA-gold-nanoparticle networks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:607-10. [PMID: 18454511 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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90
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Sperling RA, Rivera Gil P, Zhang F, Zanella M, Parak WJ. Biological applications of gold nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:1896-908. [DOI: 10.1039/b712170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1408] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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