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Liu G, Qi M, Hutchinson MR, Yang G, Goldys EM. Recent advances in cytokine detection by immunosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:810-21. [PMID: 26774995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cytokines in body fluids, cells, tissues and organisms continues to attract considerable attention due to the importance of these key cell signaling molecules in biology and medicine. In this review, we describe recent advances in cytokine detection in the course of ongoing pursuit of new analytical approaches for these trace analytes with specific focus on immunosensing. We discuss recent elegant designs of sensing interface with improved performance with respect to sensitivity, selectivity, stability, simplicity, and the absence of sample matrix effects. Various immunosensing approaches based on multifunctional nanomaterials open novel opportunities for ultrasensitive detection of cytokines in body fluids in vitro and in vivo. Methodologies such as suspension arrays also known as bead assays together with optical fiber-based sensors, on their own or in combination with microfluidic devices will continue to have an important role to address the grand challenge of real-time in vivo multiplex cytokine detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, North Ryde 2109, Australia
| | - Meng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Guangfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, North Ryde 2109, Australia.
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52
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Zhao X, Wong MMK, Chiu SK, Pang SW. Effects of three-layered nanodisk size on cell detection sensitivity of plasmon resonance biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:799-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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53
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Label-free cytokine micro- and nano-biosensing towards personalized medicine of systemic inflammatory disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 95:90-103. [PMID: 26408791 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory disorders resulting from infection, trauma, surgery, and severe disease conditions pose serious threats to human health leading to organ dysfunction, organ failure, and mortality. The highly complex and dynamic nature of the immune system experiencing acute inflammation makes immunomodulatory therapy blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines very challenging. Successful therapy requires the ability to determine appropriate anti-cytokine drugs to be delivered at a right dose in a timely manner. Label-free micro- and nano-biosensors hold the potential to overcome the current challenges, enabling cytokine-targeted treatments to be tailored according to the immune status of an individual host with their unique cytokine biomarker detection capabilities. This review studies the recent progress in label-free cytokine biosensors, summarizes their performances and potential merits, and discusses future directions for their advancements to meet challenges towards personalized anti-cytokine drug delivery.
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54
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Raghu D, Christodoulides JA, Delehanty JB, Byers JM, Raphael MP. A Label-free Technique for the Spatio-temporal Imaging of Single Cell Secretions. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26650542 PMCID: PMC4692743 DOI: 10.3791/53120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-cellular communication is an integral part of a complex system that helps in maintaining basic cellular activities. As a result, the malfunctioning of such signaling can lead to many disorders. To understand cell-to-cell signaling, it is essential to study the spatial and temporal nature of the secreted molecules from the cell without disturbing the local environment. Various assays have been developed to study protein secretion, however, these methods are typically based on fluorescent probes which disrupt the relevant signaling pathways. To overcome this limitation, a label-free technique is required. In this paper, we describe the fabrication and application of a label-free localized surface plasmon resonance imaging (LSPRi) technology capable of detecting protein secretions from a single cell. The plasmonic nanostructures are lithographically patterned onto a standard glass coverslip and can be excited using visible light on commercially available light microscopes. Only a small fraction of the coverslip is covered by the nanostructures and hence this technique is well suited for combining common techniques such as fluorescence and bright-field imaging. A multidisciplinary approach is used in this protocol which incorporates sensor nanofabrication and subsequent biofunctionalization, binding kinetics characterization of ligand and analyte, the integration of the chip and live cells, and the analysis of the measured signal. As a whole, this technology enables a general label-free approach towards mapping cellular secretions and correlating them with the responses of nearby cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Raghu
- Materials Science and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory
| | | | - James B Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory
| | - Jeff M Byers
- Materials Science and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory
| | - Marc P Raphael
- Materials Science and Technology, Naval Research Laboratory;
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55
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Yoo SM, Lee SY. Optical Biosensors for the Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 34:7-25. [PMID: 26506111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms are causative agents of various infectious diseases that are becoming increasingly serious worldwide. For the successful treatment of pathogenic infection, the rapid and accurate detection of multiple pathogenic microorganisms is of great importance in all areas related to health and safety. Among various sensor systems, optical biosensors allow easy-to-use, rapid, portable, multiplexed, and cost-effective diagnosis. Here, we review current trends and advances in pathogen-diagnostic optical biosensors. The technological and methodological approaches underlying diverse optical-sensing platforms and methods for detecting pathogenic microorganisms are reviewed, together with the strengths and drawbacks of each technique. Finally, challenges in developing efficient optical biosensor systems and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Yoo
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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56
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Raphael MP, Christodoulides JA, Byers JM, Anderson GP, Liu JL, Turner KB, Goldman ER, Delehanty JB. Optimizing Nanoplasmonic Biosensor Sensitivity with Orientated Single Domain Antibodies. PLASMONICS (NORWELL, MASS.) 2015; 10:1649-1655. [PMID: 26594135 PMCID: PMC4644190 DOI: 10.1007/s11468-015-9969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy and imaging are emerging biosensor technologies which tout label-free biomolecule detection at the nanoscale and ease of integration with standard microscopy setups. The applicability of these techniques can be limited by the restrictions that surface-conjugated ligands must be both sufficiently small and orientated to meet analyte sensitivity requirements. We demonstrate that orientated single domain antibodies (sdAb) can optimize nanoplasmonic sensitivity by comparing three anti-ricin sdAb constructs to biotin-neutravidin, a model system for small and highly orientated ligand studies. LSPR imaging of electrostatically orientated sdAb exhibited a ricin sensitivity equivalent to that of the biotinylated LSPR biosensors for neutravidin. These results, combined with the facts that sdAb are highly stable and readily produced in bacteria and yeast, build a compelling case for the increased utilization of sdAbs in nanoplasmonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Raphael
- />Bioelectronics and Sensing, Code 6363, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Joseph A. Christodoulides
- />Bioelectronics and Sensing, Code 6363, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Jeff M. Byers
- />Bioelectronics and Sensing, Code 6363, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - George P. Anderson
- />Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Jinny L. Liu
- />Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Kendrick B. Turner
- />Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Ellen R. Goldman
- />Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - James B. Delehanty
- />Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA
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57
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Peng MP, Ma W, Long YT. Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Gold Nanoparticle Seed-Mediated Growth Allows Reliable Detection of Disease Biomarkers with the Naked Eye. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5891-6. [PMID: 25969857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Here, we reported a strategy-based plasmonic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed gold nanoparticle seed-mediated growth to serve as a colorimetric signal generation method for detecting disease biomarkers with the naked eye. This system possesses the advantages of outstanding robustness, sensitivity, and universality. By using this strategy, we investigated the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) with the lowest concentration of naked-eye detection down to 1.0 × 10(-12) g mL(-1). Experiments with real serum samples from HBsAg-infected patients are presented, demonstrating the potential for clinical analysis. Our method eliminates the need for sophisticated instruments and high detection expenses, making it possible to be a reliable alternative in resource-constrained regions.
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58
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Chen P, Chung MT, McHugh W, Nidetz R, Li Y, Fu J, Cornell TT, Shanley TP, Kurabayashi K. Multiplex serum cytokine immunoassay using nanoplasmonic biosensor microarrays. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4173-81. [PMID: 25790830 PMCID: PMC4447431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Precise monitoring of the rapidly changing immune status during the course of a disease requires multiplex analysis of cytokines from frequently sampled human blood. However, the current lack of rapid, multiplex, and low volume assays makes immune monitoring for clinical decision-making (e.g., critically ill patients) impractical. Without such assays, immune monitoring is even virtually impossible for infants and neonates with infectious diseases and/or immune mediated disorders as access to their blood in large quantities is prohibited. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based microfluidic optical biosensing is a promising approach to fill this technical gap as it could potentially permit real-time refractometric detection of biomolecular binding on a metallic nanoparticle surface and sensor miniaturization, both leading to rapid and sample-sparing analyte analysis. Despite this promise, practical implementation of such a microfluidic assay for cytokine biomarker detection in serum samples has not been established primarily due to the limited sensitivity of LSPR biosensing. Here, we developed a high-throughput, label-free, multiarrayed LSPR optical biosensor device with 480 nanoplasmonic sensing spots in microfluidic channel arrays and demonstrated parallel multiplex immunoassays of six cytokines in a complex serum matrix on a single device chip while overcoming technical limitations. The device was fabricated using easy-to-implement, one-step microfluidic patterning and antibody conjugation of gold nanorods (AuNRs). When scanning the scattering light intensity across the microarrays of AuNR ensembles with dark-field imaging optics, our LSPR biosensing technique allowed for high-sensitivity quantitative cytokine measurements at concentrations down to 5-20 pg/mL from a 1 μL serum sample. Using the nanoplasmonic biosensor microarray device, we demonstrated the ability to monitor the inflammatory responses of infants following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery through tracking the time-course variations of their serum cytokines. The whole parallel on-chip assays, which involved the loading, incubation, and washing of samples and reagents, and 10-fold replicated multianalyte detection for each sample using the entire biosensor arrays, were completed within 40 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Meng Ting Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Walker McHugh
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert Nidetz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy T. Cornell
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas P. Shanley
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Address correspondence to
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59
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Stenken JA, Poschenrieder AJ. Bioanalytical chemistry of cytokines--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:95-115. [PMID: 25467452 PMCID: PMC4717841 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are bioactive proteins produced by many different cells of the immune system. Due to their role in different inflammatory disease states and maintaining homeostasis, there is enormous clinical interest in the quantitation of cytokines. The typical standard methods for quantitation of cytokines are immunoassay-based techniques including enzyme-linked immusorbent assays (ELISA) and bead-based immunoassays read by either standard or modified flow cytometers. A review of recent developments in analytical methods for measurements of cytokine proteins is provided. This review briefly covers cytokine biology and the analysis challenges associated with measurement of these biomarker proteins for understanding both health and disease. New techniques applied to immunoassay-based assays are presented along with the uses of aptamers, electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, optical resonator-based methods. Methods used for elucidating the release of cytokines from single cells as well as in vivo collection methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Stenken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Andreas J Poschenrieder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Street 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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60
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Xie Y, Yang S, Mao Z, Li P, Zhao C, Cohick Z, Huang PH, Huang TJ. In situ fabrication of 3D Ag@ZnO nanostructures for microfluidic surface-enhanced Raman scattering systems. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12175-84. [PMID: 25402207 PMCID: PMC4278689 DOI: 10.1021/nn503826r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we develop an in situ method to grow highly controllable, sensitive, three-dimensional (3D) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates via an optothermal effect within microfluidic devices. Implementing this approach, we fabricate SERS substrates composed of Ag@ZnO structures at prescribed locations inside microfluidic channels, sites within which current fabrication of SERS structures has been arduous. Conveniently, properties of the 3D Ag@ZnO nanostructures such as length, packing density, and coverage can also be adjusted by tuning laser irradiation parameters. After exploring the fabrication of the 3D nanostructures, we demonstrate a SERS enhancement factor of up to ∼2×10(6) and investigate the optical properties of the 3D Ag@ZnO structures through finite-difference time-domain simulations. To illustrate the potential value of our technique, low concentrations of biomolecules in the liquid state are detected. Moreover, an integrated cell-trapping function of the 3D Ag@ZnO structures records the surface chemical fingerprint of a living cell. Overall, our optothermal-effect-based fabrication technique offers an effective combination of microfluidics with SERS, resolving problems associated with the fabrication of SERS substrates in microfluidic channels. With its advantages in functionality, simplicity, and sensitivity, the microfluidic-SERS platform presented should be valuable in many biological, biochemical, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shikuan Yang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zane Cohick
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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61
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Lu M, Yang S, Ho YP, Grigsby CL, Leong KW, Huang TJ. Shape-controlled synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials via three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10026-34. [PMID: 25268035 PMCID: PMC4212797 DOI: 10.1021/nn502549v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Shape-controlled synthesis of nanomaterials through a simple, continuous, and low-cost method is essential to nanomaterials research toward practical applications. Hydrodynamic focusing, with its advantages of simplicity, low-cost, and precise control over reaction conditions, has been used for nanomaterial synthesis. While most studies have focused on improving the uniformity and size control, few have addressed the potential of tuning the shape of the synthesized nanomaterials. Here we demonstrate a facile method to synthesize hybrid materials by three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing (3D-HF). While keeping the flow rates of the reagents constant and changing only the flow rate of the buffer solution, the molar ratio of two reactants (i.e., tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and HAuCl4) within the reaction zone varies. The synthesized TTF-Au hybrid materials possess very different and predictable morphologies. The reaction conditions at different buffer flow rates are studied through computational simulation, and the formation mechanisms of different structures are discussed. This simple one-step method to achieve continuous shape-tunable synthesis highlights the potential of 3D-HF in nanomaterials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Lu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shikuan Yang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christopher L. Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Li X, Chen W, Li Z, Li L, Gu H, Fu J. Emerging microengineered tools for functional analysis and phenotyping of blood cells. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:586-594. [PMID: 25283971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The available techniques for assessing blood cell functions are limited considering the various types of blood cell and their diverse functions. In the past decade, rapid advances in microengineering have enabled an array of blood cell functional measurements that are difficult or impossible to achieve using conventional bulk platforms. Such miniaturized blood cell assay platforms also provide the attractive capabilities of reducing chemical consumption, cost, and assay time, as well as exciting opportunities for device integration, automation, and assay standardization. This review summarizes these contemporary microengineered tools and discusses their promising potential for constructing accurate in vitro models and rapid clinical diagnosis using minimal amounts of whole-blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zida Li
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongchen Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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63
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Ozcelik A, Ahmed D, Xie Y, Nama N, Qu Z, Nawaz AA, Huang TJ. An acoustofluidic micromixer via bubble inception and cavitation from microchannel sidewalls. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5083-8. [PMID: 24754496 PMCID: PMC4033639 DOI: 10.1021/ac5007798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the deep reactive ion etching process, the sidewalls of a silicon mold feature rough wavy structures, which can be transferred onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel through the soft lithography technique. In this article, we utilized the wavy structures of PDMS microchannel sidewalls to initiate and cavitate bubbles in the presence of acoustic waves. Through bubble cavitation, this acoustofluidic approach demonstrates fast, effective mixing in microfluidics. We characterized its performance by using viscous fluids such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). When two PEG solutions with a resultant viscosity 54.9 times higher than that of water were used, the mixing efficiency was found to be 0.92, indicating excellent, homogeneous mixing. The acoustofluidic micromixer presented here has the advantages of simple fabrication, easy integration, and capability to mix high-viscosity fluids (Reynolds number: ~0.01) in less than 100 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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