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Cohn MA, Pietrucha ME, Saslow LR, Hult JR, Moskowitz JT. An online positive affect skills intervention reduces depression in adults with type 2 diabetes. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 9:523-534. [PMID: 25214877 DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2014.920410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Positive affect predicts improved glycemic control and longevity in adults with type 2 diabetes. We tested DAHLIA, a self-paced online intervention for type 2 diabetes that teaches positive affect skills such as savoring, gratitude, and acts of kindness. Participants (n=49) were randomized to the 5-week DAHLIA course or an emotion-reporting waitlist control. DAHLIA was understood and accepted by participants and showed good retention (78%). At post-intervention, DAHLIA participants showed a significantly greater decrease in depression than controls (-4.3 vs. +0.6 points on the CES-D, p =.05). Secondary analyses found that this effect was considerably stronger in intervention recipients recruited online than those recruited in person. Intervention recipients recruited online also showed significantly increased positive affect, reduced negative affect, and reduced perceived stress. There were no effects on measures of diabetes-specific efficacy or sense of burden, or preliminary measures of health behaviors. This successful feasibility and efficacy trial provides support for a larger trial focusing more specifically on health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cohn
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martha E Pietrucha
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura R Saslow
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jen R Hult
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judith T Moskowitz
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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52
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Rivera LM, Paredez SM. Stereotypes Can "Get Under the Skin": Testing a Self-Stereotyping and Psychological Resource Model of Overweight and Obesity. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2014; 70:226-240. [PMID: 25221353 PMCID: PMC4160906 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The authors draw upon social, personality, and health psychology to propose and test a self-stereotyping and psychological resource model of overweight and obesity. The model contends that self-stereotyping depletes psychological resources, namely self-esteem, that help to prevent overweight and obesity. In support of the model, mediation analysis demonstrates that adult Hispanics who highly self-stereotype had lower levels of self-esteem than those who self-stereotype less, which in turn predicted higher levels of body mass index (overweight and obesity levels). Furthermore, the model did not hold for the referent sample, White participants, and an alternative mediation model was not supported. These data are the first to theoretically and empirically link self-stereotyping and self-esteem (a psychological resource) with a strong physiological risk factor for morbidity and short life expectancy in stigmatized individuals. Thus, this research contributes to understanding ethnic-racial health disparities in the United States and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Rivera
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark
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53
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Abstract
Three studies support the contention that self-enhancement motivation distorts self-reports of subjective well-being (SWB). Both individual differences in self-enhancement (Studies 1 and 2) and experimental manipulations of self-enhancement motivation (Study 2) predicted an increased likelihood of reporting SWB at unrealistically favorable levels relative to others—a “happier-than-average effect.” Study 3a and 3b showed that both trait self-enhancement and experimentally manipulated differences in self-enhancement motivation also affected self-reports on established measures of SWB. Specifically, individuals prone to self-enhancement were more affected than low self-enhancers by the desirability of happiness when reporting SWB. The current studies suggest that reports of SWB are susceptible to the same self-enhancement biases that influence self-reports of other positively valued traits. Implications and recommendations for the measurement of SWB and the use of well-being data in policy decision-making are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Wojcik
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peter H. Ditto
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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55
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The role of vertical conflict in the relationship between leader self-enhancement and leader performance. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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56
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Bekenkamp J, Groothof HAK, Bloemers W, Tomic W. The Relationship Between Physical Health and Meaning in Life Among Parents of Special Needs Children. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v10i1.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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57
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Agroskin D, Klackl J, Jonas E. The self-liking brain: a VBM study on the structural substrate of self-esteem. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86430. [PMID: 24489727 PMCID: PMC3906048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence suggests that self-esteem is an important personality resource for emotion regulation in response to stressful experiences. It was thus hypothesized that the relative grey matter volume of brain regions involved in responding to and coping with stress is related to individual differences in trait self-esteem. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging of 48 healthy adults in conjunction with voxel-based morphometry and diffeomorphic anatomical registration using exponentiated lie algebra (VBM-DARTEL), positive associations between self-esteem and regional grey matter volume were indeed found in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), right hippocampus, and left hypothalamus. In addition, self-esteem positively covaried with grey matter volume in the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), which has been implicated in pride and theory of mind. The results suggest that persons with low self-esteem have reduced grey matter volume in brain regions that contribute to emotion/stress regulation, pride, and theory of mind. The findings provide novel neuroanatomical evidence for the view that self-esteem constitutes a vital coping resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij Agroskin
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes Klackl
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Jonas
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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58
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Hostinar CE, Sullivan RM, Gunnar MR. Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: a review of animal models and human studies across development. Psychol Bull 2014; 140:256-282. [PMID: 23607429 PMCID: PMC3844011 DOI: 10.1037/a0032671 10.1037/a0032671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Discovering the stress-buffering effects of social relationships has been one of the major findings in psychobiology in the last century. However, an understanding of the underlying neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of this buffering is only beginning to emerge. An important avenue of this research concerns the neurocircuitry that can regulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. The present review is a translational effort aimed at integrating animal models and human studies of the social regulation of the HPA axis from infancy to adulthood, specifically focusing on the process that has been named social buffering. This process has been noted across species and consists of a dampened HPA axis stress response to threat or challenge that occurs with the presence or assistance of a conspecific. We describe aspects of the relevant underlying neurobiology when enough information exists and expose major gaps in our understanding across all domains of the literatures we aimed to integrate. We provide a working conceptual model focused on the role of oxytocinergic systems and prefrontal neural networks as 2 of the putative biological mediators of this process, and propose that the role of early experiences is critical in shaping later social buffering effects. This synthesis points to both general future directions and specific experiments that need to be conducted to build a more comprehensive model of the HPA social buffering effect across the life span that incorporates multiple levels of analysis: neuroendocrine, behavioral, and social.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center
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59
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Ryff CD. Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2014; 83:10-28. [PMID: 24281296 PMCID: PMC4241300 DOI: 10.1159/000353263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews research and interventions that have grown up around a model of psychological well-being generated more than two decades ago to address neglected aspects of positive functioning such as purposeful engagement in life, realization of personal talents and capacities, and enlightened self-knowledge. The conceptual origins of this formulation are revisited and scientific products emerging from 6 thematic areas are examined: (1) how well-being changes across adult development and later life; (2) what are the personality correlates of well-being; (3) how well-being is linked with experiences in family life; (4) how well-being relates to work and other community activities; (5) what are the connections between well-being and health, including biological risk factors, and (6) via clinical and intervention studies, how psychological well-being can be promoted for ever-greater segments of society. Together, these topics illustrate flourishing interest across diverse scientific disciplines in understanding adults as striving, meaning-making, proactive organisms who are actively negotiating the challenges of life. A take-home message is that increasing evidence supports the health protective features of psychological well-being in reducing risk for disease and promoting length of life. A recurrent and increasingly important theme is resilience - the capacity to maintain or regain well-being in the face of adversity. Implications for future research and practice are considered.
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60
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Robinson JS, Larson CL, Cahill SP. Relations Between Resilience, Positive and Negative Emotionality, and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2013; 6:S92-S98. [PMID: 29854273 DOI: 10.1037/a0033733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although research concerning the effects of traumatic and stressful life events on an individual's mental health has been plentiful in the past several decades, research aimed at understanding the nature of resilience and its role in this process has been less plentiful. The present study examined the relationship between a commonly used measure of resilience, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), facets of personality, and symptoms of psychopathology-specifically, posttraumatic symptomatology-in a sample of college students. We found that the CD-RISC was most strongly linked with the personality facet of positive emotionality rather than the expected facet of negative emotionality. With regard to psychopathology, the CD-RISC displayed the largest relationship to a measure of anhedonic depression rather than a measure of posttraumatic stress. Lastly, the CD-RISC added little in predicting symptoms of posttraumatic stress above and beyond negative emotionality, a personality facet that has previously shown robust relationships with posttraumatic stress. These results suggest that the CD-RISC is most strongly predictive of positive emotionality and thus may be most useful in predicting resilience for disorders characterized by disruptions in positive affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Robinson
- Michael E. Debakey VAMC, Houston, Texas, and Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
| | | | - Shawn P Cahill
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
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61
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Bhullar N, Hine DW, Phillips WJ. Profiles of psychological well-being in a sample of Australian university students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 49:288-94. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Bhullar
- Discipline of Psychology; University of New England; Armidale Australia
| | - Donald W. Hine
- Discipline of Psychology; University of New England; Armidale Australia
| | - Wendy J. Phillips
- Discipline of Psychology; University of New England; Armidale Australia
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62
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Hostinar CE, Sullivan RM, Gunnar MR. Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: a review of animal models and human studies across development. Psychol Bull 2013; 140:256-82. [PMID: 23607429 DOI: 10.1037/a0032671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Discovering the stress-buffering effects of social relationships has been one of the major findings in psychobiology in the last century. However, an understanding of the underlying neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of this buffering is only beginning to emerge. An important avenue of this research concerns the neurocircuitry that can regulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. The present review is a translational effort aimed at integrating animal models and human studies of the social regulation of the HPA axis from infancy to adulthood, specifically focusing on the process that has been named social buffering. This process has been noted across species and consists of a dampened HPA axis stress response to threat or challenge that occurs with the presence or assistance of a conspecific. We describe aspects of the relevant underlying neurobiology when enough information exists and expose major gaps in our understanding across all domains of the literatures we aimed to integrate. We provide a working conceptual model focused on the role of oxytocinergic systems and prefrontal neural networks as 2 of the putative biological mediators of this process, and propose that the role of early experiences is critical in shaping later social buffering effects. This synthesis points to both general future directions and specific experiments that need to be conducted to build a more comprehensive model of the HPA social buffering effect across the life span that incorporates multiple levels of analysis: neuroendocrine, behavioral, and social.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center
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63
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Polivy J, Herman CP, Trottier K, Sidhu R. Who are you trying to fool: does weight underreporting by dieters reflect self-protection or self-presentation? Health Psychol Rev 2013; 8:319-38. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2013.775630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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64
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Blacher J, Begum GF, Marcoulides GA, Baker BL. Longitudinal perspectives of child positive impact on families: relationship to disability and culture. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 118:141-55. [PMID: 23464611 PMCID: PMC7971190 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-118.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined mothers' perceptions of the positive impact of having a child with an intellectual disability. Trajectories of positive impact from 7 time points were developed using latent growth modeling and 2 predictors: culture (Anglo, Latino) and child disability status (intellectual disability, typical development). Data were from 219 mothers of children from age 3 to 9 years. Growth trajectories reflected a general decline in positive impact on Anglo mothers. On average, at age 3, Anglo mothers reported significantly lower initial values on positive impact when their children had an intellectual disability, but Latino mothers did not. Across all time points, Latino mothers had higher scores on the positive impact, regardless of whether they had a child with an intellectual disability or a typically developing child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Blacher
- University of California-Riverside, CA, USA.
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Young
- Lakehead University, Mark C. Young is at, Orillia
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66
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Self-enhancement and cardiovascular reactivity: Limitations of the hemodynamic profile–compensation deficit (HP–CD) model of blood pressure regulation. Biol Psychol 2013; 92:205-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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67
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Ford MB, Collins NL. Self-esteem Moderates the Effects of Daily Rejection on Health and Well-being. SELF AND IDENTITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2011.625647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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68
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69
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Muscatell KA, Eisenberger NI. A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Stress and Health. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2012; 6:890-904. [PMID: 23227112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress is a major risk factor for the development and progression of a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, and major depression. A growing body of research suggests that long-term, stress-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may lead to increases in inflammation, which is known to play a key role in the pathophysiology of a variety of diseases. Furthermore, the burgeoning fields of social neuroscience and health neuroscience have begun to identify the neurocognitive mechanisms by which stress may lead to these physiological changes. Here we review the literature examining the neurocognitive correlates of stress-induced SNS, HPA, and inflammatory responses. Specifically, we summarize the results of neuroimaging studies that have examined the neural correlates of stress-related increases in SNS, HPA, and inflammatory activity. A set of neural systems involved in threat processing, safety processing, and social cognition are suggested as key contributors to stress-related changes in physiology. We conclude by offering suggestions for future research in the exciting new field of health neuroscience.
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70
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A motivational hierarchy within: Primacy of the individual self, relational self, or collective self? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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71
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Getting used to academic public speaking: global self-esteem predicts habituation in blood pressure response to repeated thesis presentations. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2012; 37:109-20. [PMID: 22392261 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-012-9184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Global self-esteem was tested to predict quicker cardiovascular adaptation during stressful oral thesis presentation and faster habituation from the first to the second and third thesis presentations. Nineteen graduate students initially rated their global self-esteem and afterwards orally presented their theses proposals in 20-min presentations to their thesis supervisor and peers. A second and third presentation of the revised thesis concepts took place at 4-weeks intervals. Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were assessed repeatedly during the presentations. Post-talk self ratings of stressfulness indicated presentations to be a strong public speaking stressor. One hundred and thirty-eight measurements of systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) showed a significant adaptation (decrease) during presentations. There was an overall mean level decrease from the first to the second, and the second to the third presentations in HR, but not in SBP and DBP. However, habituation in SBP and DBP across three presentations was significantly faster (p < .05) in those participants who initially reported higher levels of global self-esteem. Higher global self-esteem did not foster adaptation within the presentations. Self-esteem is discussed as an important individual resource that allows successful coping with recurring evaluative threats.
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72
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LING ILING, CHUANG SHIHCHIEH, HSIAO CHIHHUI. The Effects of Self-Diagnostic Information on Risk Perception of Internet Addiction Disorder: Self-Positivity Bias and Online Social Support1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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73
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Moskowitz JT, Hult JR, Duncan LG, Cohn MA, Maurer S, Bussolari C, Acree M. A positive affect intervention for people experiencing health-related stress: development and non-randomized pilot test. J Health Psychol 2012; 17:676-92. [PMID: 22021272 PMCID: PMC3498769 DOI: 10.1177/1359105311425275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we present background, theoretical rationale, and pilot data on the development of an intervention designed to increase positive affect in people living with serious health-related stress. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that a multiple-component positive affect intervention is feasible and acceptable for people newly diagnosed with HIV. Retention in the intervention and adherence to home practice were high. Participants reported significant increases in positive affect and significant decreases in negative affect. This positive affect intervention can serve as a template for programs to be developed to help people experiencing health-related and other types of life stress.
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74
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Lench HC, Bench SW. Automatic Optimism: Why People Assume Their Futures will be Bright. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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75
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Stepankova H, Lukavsky J, Kopecek M, Steinova D, Ripova D. Modification of Subjective Cognitive Outcomes in Older Persons Through Memory Training. GEROPSYCH-THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY AND GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory training is one way to achieve improvement in the quality of life and to prolong the independence of older people. Our contribution is a trial with one treatment group (N = 152) which concentrated on the effect of a basic memory training course available nationwide in the Czech Republic. The sample included nondemented, community-dwelling senior citizens. An important feature of the study is the inclusion of significant others who reported their observations. Results show that the training had a positive effect on the self-cognitions of the participants (rating of memory in general and ability to learn new things). The positive effect on memory and self-confidence in one’s own abilities was also reported by the significant others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiri Lukavsky
- Prague Psychiatric Center, Czech Republic
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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76
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Brown JD. Understanding the better than average effect: motives (still) matter. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2011; 38:209-19. [PMID: 22205623 DOI: 10.1177/0146167211432763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People evaluate themselves more positively than they evaluate most other people. Although this better than average (BTA) effect was originally thought to represent a motivated bias, several cognitively oriented theorists have questioned whether this is the case. In support of a motivational model, the author reports five studies showing that the BTA effect is stronger for important attributes than unimportant ones (all five studies) and that once attribute importance is taken into account, the effect occurs when self-evaluations are compared with a single peer (Study 2) and when self is specified as the referent rather than the target (Study 4). Finally, Study 5 shows that the BTA effect increases in magnitude after participants experience a threat to their feelings of self-worth. Collectively, these findings establish that motivational processes underlie the BTA effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington,Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.
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77
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Bamford C, Lagattuta KH. Looking on the Bright Side: Children’s Knowledge About the Benefits of Positive Versus Negative Thinking. Child Dev 2011; 83:667-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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78
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Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is related to psychological resources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15118-22. [PMID: 21896752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113137108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological resources--optimism, mastery, and self-esteem--buffer the deleterious effects of stress and are predictors of neurophysiological and psychological health-related outcomes. These resources have been shown to be highly heritable, yet the genetic basis for this heritability remains unknown. Here, we report a link between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) SNP rs53576 and psychological resources, such that carriers of the "A" allele have lower levels of optimism, mastery, and self-esteem, relative to G/G homozygotes. OXTR was also associated with depressive symptomatology. Mediation analysis indicates that the effects of OXTR on depressive symptoms may be largely mediated by the influence of OXTR on psychological resources.
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79
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Why YP, Huang RZ. Positive illusions and its association with cardiovascular functions. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 81:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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80
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Thoits PA. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2011; 52:145-61. [PMID: 21673143 DOI: 10.1177/0022146510395592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1668] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years investigators have called repeatedly for research on the mechanisms through which social relationships and social support improve physical and psychological well-being, both directly and as stress buffers. I describe seven possible mechanisms: social influence/social comparison, social control, role-based purpose and meaning (mattering), self-esteem, sense of control, belonging and companionship, and perceived support availability. Stress-buffering processes also involve these mechanisms. I argue that there are two broad types of support, emotional sustenance and active coping assistance, and two broad categories of supporters, significant others and experientially similar others, who specialize in supplying different types of support to distressed individuals. Emotionally sustaining behaviors and instrumental aid from significant others and empathy, active coping assistance, and role modeling from similar others should be most efficacious in alleviating the physical and emotional impacts of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy A Thoits
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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McConnell AR, Dunn EW, Austin SN, Rawn CD. Blind spots in the search for happiness: Implicit attitudes and nonverbal leakage predict affective forecasting errors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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83
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Adolescent sexuality and positive well-being: a group-norms approach. J Youth Adolesc 2011; 40:931-44. [PMID: 21274608 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-011-9629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The link between adolescent sexual activity and psychological well-being is a controversial issue in developmental psychology. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between three aspects of teenage sexuality (genital sexual experience, age of sexual onset, and number of sex partners) and positive well-being (hedonic, eudaimonic, and overall) in a sample of 475 high school seniors (48% female; 89% White) from a single school district in a rural upstate New York community. Based on a group-norms perspective, we expected higher well-being in adolescents whose sexual behaviors followed group-normative patterns. As expected, sexually experienced and on-time (at age 16) students reported higher well-being than sexually inexperienced or late-onset (17 or older) students. Contrary to expectations, a high number of sex partners and an early sexual onset (15 or younger) were not related to lower well-being. Early-onset girls reported higher levels of well-being than normative-onset peers. Findings are discussed in relationship to theoretical perspectives and past empirical findings of teenage sexuality as a developmental asset versus risk.
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84
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Sedikides C, Gaertner L, O’Mara EM. Individual Self, Relational Self, Collective Self: Hierarchical Ordering of the Tripartite Self. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-011-0059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kurman J. Self-enhancement, self-regulation and self-improvement following failures. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 45:339-56. [PMID: 16762105 DOI: 10.1348/014466605x42912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two studies tested the relations between self-enhancement and self-improvement. Within these studies, two self-improvement stages were distinguished: the recognition stage and the action stage. The first study (N=132), conducted in a laboratory setting, investigated self-improvement processes that took place following bogus negative feedback as a function of self-enhancement. The second study (N=72) was conducted in a natural setting that investigated self-improvement processes among students following receipt of unsatisfactory grades in mathematics. Both studies showed that relevant self-enhancement measures were not related to the recognition stage (i.e. the perceived need to change), but were positively related to the action stage, which referred to relevant improvement behaviours. In both studies the improved behaviour was related to improved performance, suggesting that overall self-enhancement is positively related to improved performance. Study 2 also investigated the strength of negative emotional reaction to failures, which was (negatively) related only to the perceived need to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kurman
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Israel.
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87
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Profile of Shelley E. Taylor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20153-5. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015740107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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O'Sullivan LF, Udell W, Montrose VA, Antoniello P, Hoffman S. A cognitive analysis of college students' explanations for engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2010; 39:1121-31. [PMID: 19365717 PMCID: PMC3164843 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-009-9493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Young adults, including college students, engage in high levels of unprotected sexual activity despite relatively high rates of HIV/STI and pregnancy-related knowledge. Little is known about the cognitive strategies that young people use to explain this inconsistency. The current study examined young people's explanations for engaging in unprotected sexual activity in their committed relationships. A total of 63 young adults (32 women and 31 men) completed daily diaries over a 3-week period, providing a total of 1,284 daily reports tracking their condom use and non-use during intercourse. Diary collection was followed by in-depth interviews designed to explore participants' decision-making regarding their participation in sexual intercourse unprotected against infection or unwanted pregnancy. Less than a quarter of the sample used condoms or oral contraceptives consistently. Participants primarily viewed condoms as a means of preventing pregnancy; few described disease prevention as a main motivation for their use. Analysis of the cognitions underlying explanations for condom and contraception non-use were classified as (1) general biased risk evaluation, (2) biased evidence evaluation, (3) endorsement of poor alternatives, (4) focus on spurious justifications, (5) dismissing risk, and (6) ignoring risk. Prevention interventions should incorporate methods to challenge young people to acknowledge personal risk and commit themselves to taking steps to reduce this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia F O'Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 3A1, Canada.
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Martens A, Greenberg J, Allen JJ, Hayes J, Schimel J, Johns M. Self-esteem and autonomic physiology: Self-esteem levels predict cardiac vagal tone. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
The study of culture and self casts psychology’s understanding of the self, identity, or agency as central to the analysis and interpretation of behavior and demonstrates that cultures and selves define and build upon each other in an ongoing cycle of mutual constitution. In a selective review of theoretical and empirical work, we define self and what the self does, define culture and how it constitutes the self (and vice versa), define independence and interdependence and determine how they shape psychological functioning, and examine the continuing challenges and controversies in the study of culture and self. We propose that a self is the “me” at the center of experience—a continually developing sense of awareness and agency that guides actions and takes shape as the individual, both brain and body, becomes attuned to various environments. Selves incorporate the patterning of their various environments and thus confer particular and culture-specific form and function to the psychological processes they organize (e.g., attention, perception, cognition, emotion, motivation, interpersonal relationship, group). In turn, as selves engage with their sociocultural contexts, they reinforce and sometimes change the ideas, practices, and institutions of these environments.
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Gallagher MW, Schoemann AM, Pressman SD. Mastery Beliefs and Intraindividual Variability of Anxiety. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-010-9327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mechanisms linking early life stress to adult health outcomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8507-12. [PMID: 20442329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003890107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research relating stress to health has progressed from anecdotal evidence in the 1930s and 1940s to complex multivariate models that identify underlying longitudinal mechanisms. Enduring questions that have guided our research are: How does the early life environment affect health outcomes into adulthood? How is the latent damage stored and what processes are set into motion that link early life stress to health disorders in the later years? An emerging perspective focuses on the accumulation of interacting dysregulations in multiple physiological systems that compromise the systems' abilities to respond flexibly to stressful circumstances. Our research explores: the antecedents of these processes, including genetic predispositions, the harshness of the early environment, and their interaction; the mediating roles of neural regulation in the brain and psychological and social resources; and health-related outcomes, such as metabolic functioning and inflammatory processes.
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Wood AM, Joseph S. The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: a ten year cohort study. J Affect Disord 2010; 122:213-7. [PMID: 19706357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research in psychiatry has focused on how negative personality traits and impaired well-being form risk factors for depression. This study presents the first longitudinal test of whether the absence of positive well-being forms an additional unique risk factor for depression. METHODS A large cohort of 5566 people completed a survey at two time points, aged 51-56 at Time 1 and 63-67 at Time 2. Positive psychological well-being included measures self-acceptance, autonomy, purpose in life, positive relationships with others, environmental mastery, and personal growth. Personality was measured as extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Depression was measured with the CES-D scale. RESULTS People with low positive well-being were 7.16 times more likely to be depressed 10-years later. After controlling for personality, negative functioning, prior depression, demographic, economic, and physical heath variables, people with low positive well-being were still over twice as likely to be depressed. LIMITATIONS All measures were self-report, rather than based on peer-report or physician diagnosis. An aging population was studied; replication is needed in younger populations. CONCLUSIONS The absence of positive well-being forms a substantial risk factor for depression, independent of the presence of negative functioning and impaired physical health. Older people with low PWB are very likely to become depressed over 10 years, and preventative intervention and monitoring of these individuals are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Wood
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
AbstractFrom an evolutionary standpoint, a default presumption is that true beliefs are adaptive and misbeliefs maladaptive. But if humans are biologically engineered to appraise the world accurately and to form true beliefs, how are we to explain the routine exceptions to this rule? How can we account for mistaken beliefs, bizarre delusions, and instances of self-deception? We explore this question in some detail. We begin by articulating a distinction between two general types of misbelief: those resulting from a breakdown in the normal functioning of the belief formation system (e.g., delusions) and those arising in the normal course of that system's operations (e.g., beliefs based on incomplete or inaccurate information). The former are instances of biological dysfunction or pathology, reflecting “culpable” limitations of evolutionary design. Although the latter category includes undesirable (but tolerable) by-products of “forgivably” limited design, our quarry is a contentious subclass of this category: misbeliefs best conceived as design features. Such misbeliefs, unlike occasional lucky falsehoods, would have been systematically adaptive in the evolutionary past. Such misbeliefs, furthermore, would not be reducible to judicious – but doxastically1noncommittal – action policies. Finally, such misbeliefs would have been adaptive in themselves, constituting more than mere by-products of adaptively biased misbelief-producing systems. We explore a range of potential candidates for evolved misbelief, and conclude that, of those surveyed, onlypositive illusionsmeet our criteria.
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Aspinwall LG, Tedeschi RG. The Value of Positive Psychology for Health Psychology: Progress and Pitfalls in Examining the Relation of Positive Phenomena to Health. Ann Behav Med 2010; 39:4-15. [PMID: 20091429 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Brown R. Perceptions of Psychological Adjustment, Achievement Outcomes, and Self-Esteem in Japan and America. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022109349507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence reported in the present article suggests that the widely used Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) does not as unequivocally assess positive self-regard in Japan as it does in America. American ( n = 98) and Japanese ( n = 120) participants assessed high self-esteem (HSE) and low self-esteem (LSE) targets who were depicted endorsing or rejecting RSES items. Results indicate that although both groups of participants had more positive impressions of the HSE relative to the LSE target, the difference was greater for the Japanese. In addition, although the Americans had more positive impressions of the HSE target than the Japanese did, the Japanese had more positive impressions of the LSE target.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Brown
- Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, Japan, , Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Mancini AD, Bonanno GA. Predictors and parameters of resilience to loss: toward an individual differences model. J Pers 2009; 77:1805-32. [PMID: 19807863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although there is marked variation in how people cope with interpersonal loss, there is growing recognition that most people manage this extremely stressful experience with minimal to no impact on their daily functioning (G. A. Bonanno, 2004). What gives rise to this resilient capacity? In this paper, we provide an operational definition of resilience as a specific trajectory of psychological outcome and describe how the resilient trajectory differs from other trajectories of response to loss. We review recent data on individual differences in resilience to loss, including self-enhancing biases, repressive coping, a priori beliefs, identity continuity and complexity, dismissive attachment, positive emotions, and comfort from positive memories. We integrate these individual differences in a hypothesized model of resilience, focusing on their role in appraisal processes and the use of social resources. We conclude by considering potential cultural constraints on resilience and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Mancini
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 102, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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García MF, Triana MDC, Peters AN, Sánchez M. Self-Enhancement in a Job Search Context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2389.2009.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nolan S. In defence of the indefensible: an alternative to John Paley's reductionist, atheistic, psychological alternative to spirituality. Nurs Philos 2009; 10:203-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-769x.2009.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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