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Whole Exome Screening Identifies Novel and Recurrent WISP3 Mutations Causing Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Dysplasia in Jammu and Kashmir-India. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27684. [PMID: 27291587 PMCID: PMC4904372 DOI: 10.1038/srep27684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report identification and genetic characterization of a rare skeletal disorder that remained unidentified for decades in a village of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The population residing in this region is highly consanguineous and a lack of understanding of the disorder has hindered clinical management and genetic counseling for the many affected individuals in the region. We collected familial information and identified two large extended multiplex pedigrees displaying apparent autosomal recessive inheritance of an uncharacterized skeletal dysplasia. Whole exome sequencing (WES) in members of one pedigree revealed a rare mutation in WISP3:c.156C > A (NP_003871.1:p.Cys52Ter), that perfectly segregated with the disease in the family. To our surprise, Sanger sequencing the WISP3 gene in the second family identified a distinct, novel splice site mutation c.643 + 1G > A, that perfectly segregated with the disease. Combining our next generation sequencing data with careful clinical documentation (familial histories, genetic data, clinical and radiological findings), we have diagnosed the families with Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Dysplasia (PPD). Our results underscore the utility of WES in arriving at definitive diagnoses for rare skeletal dysplasias. This genetic characterization will aid in genetic counseling and management, critically required to curb this rare disorder in the families.
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52
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Patra M, Mahata SK, Padhan DK, Sen M. CCN6 regulates mitochondrial function. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2841-51. [PMID: 27252383 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite established links of CCN6, or Wnt induced signaling protein-3 (WISP3), with progressive pseudo rheumatoid dysplasia, functional characterization of CCN6 remains incomplete. In light of the documented negative correlation between accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and CCN6 expression, we investigated whether CCN6 regulates ROS accumulation through its influence on mitochondrial function. We found that CCN6 localizes to mitochondria, and depletion of CCN6 in the chondrocyte cell line C-28/I2 by using siRNA results in altered mitochondrial electron transport and respiration. Enhanced electron transport chain (ETC) activity of CCN6-depleted cells was reflected by increased mitochondrial ROS levels in association with augmented mitochondrial ATP synthesis, mitochondrial membrane potential and Ca(2+) Additionally, CCN6-depleted cells display ROS-dependent PGC1α (also known as PPARGC1A) induction, which correlates with increased mitochondrial mass and volume density, together with altered mitochondrial morphology. Interestingly, transcription factor Nrf2 (also known as NFE2L2) repressed CCN6 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that CCN6 acts as a molecular brake, which is appropriately balanced by Nrf2, in regulating mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Patra
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Metabolic Physiology and Ultrastructure Biology Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0732, USA Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Deepesh K Padhan
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Malini Sen
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Hara C, Kubota S, Nishida T, Hiasa M, Hattori T, Aoyama E, Moriyama Y, Kamioka H, Takigawa M. Involvement of multiple CCN family members in platelets that support regeneration of joint tissues. Mod Rheumatol 2016; 26:940-949. [PMID: 26915735 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2016.1155255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been widely used to enhance the regeneration of damaged joint tissues, such as osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic cartilage. The aim of this study is to clarify the involvement of all of the CCN family proteins that are crucially associated with joint tissue regeneration. METHODS Cyr61-CTGF-NOV (CCN) family proteins in human platelets and megakaryocytic cells were comprehensively analyzed by Western blotting analysis. Production of CCN family proteins in megakaryocytes in vivo was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis of mouse bone marrow cells. Effects of CCN family proteins found in platelets on chondrocytes were evaluated by using human chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells. RESULTS Inclusion of CCN2, a mesenchymal tissue regenerator, was confirmed. Of note, CCN3, which counteracts CCN2, was newly found to be encapsulated in platelets. Interestingly, these two family members were not detectable in megakaryocytic cells, but their external origins were suggested. Furthermore, we found for the first time CCN5 and CCN1 that inhibits ADAMTS4 in both platelets and megakaryocytes. Finally, application of a CCN family cocktail mimicking platelets onto HCS-2/8 cells enhanced their chondrocytic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Multiple inclusion of CCN1, 2 and 3 in platelets was clarified, which supports the harmonized regenerative potential of PRP in joint therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Hara
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry , and.,b Department of Orthodontics , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry , and.,c Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan , and
| | | | - Miki Hiasa
- d Department of Membrane Biochemistry , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry , and
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- c Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan , and
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- d Department of Membrane Biochemistry , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- b Department of Orthodontics , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry , and.,c Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan , and
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54
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Montané LS, Marín OR, Rivera-Pedroza CI, Vallespín E, del Pozo Á, Heath KE. Early severe scoliosis in a patient with atypical progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD): Identification of twoWISP3mutations, one previously unreported. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:1595-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sentchordi Montané
- Department of Pediatrics; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor; Madrid Spain
- Multidisciplinary Unit for Skeletal dysplasias (UMDE); Hospital Universitario La Paz; Madrid Spain
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - Oliver R. Marín
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics; Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor; Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos I. Rivera-Pedroza
- Multidisciplinary Unit for Skeletal dysplasias (UMDE); Hospital Universitario La Paz; Madrid Spain
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Vallespín
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Ángela del Pozo
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Karen E. Heath
- Multidisciplinary Unit for Skeletal dysplasias (UMDE); Hospital Universitario La Paz; Madrid Spain
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto Carlos III; Madrid Spain
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55
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Cassa CA, Smith SE, Docken W, Hoffman E, McLaughlin H, Chun S, Leshchiner I, Miraoui H, Raychaudhuri S, Frank NY, Wilson BJ, Sunyaev SR, Maas RL, Vuzman D. An argument for early genomic sequencing in atypical cases: a WISP3 variant leads to diagnosis of progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy of childhood. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:586-9. [PMID: 26493744 PMCID: PMC5009447 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Cassa
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Stacy E. Smith
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School
| | - William Docken
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston
| | - Erin Hoffman
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Heather McLaughlin
- Partners Healthcare Center for Personalized Medicine, Cambridge
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sung Chun
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Ignaty Leshchiner
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Hichem Miraoui
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Natasha Y. Frank
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Shamil R. Sunyaev
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Richard L. Maas
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - the Brigham Genomic Medicine
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston
- Partners Healthcare Center for Personalized Medicine, Cambridge
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dana Vuzman
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
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56
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Association of Wnt signaling pathway genetic variants in gallbladder cancer susceptibility and survival. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:8083-95. [PMID: 26715268 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract with adverse prognosis and poor survival. Wnt signaling plays an important role in embryonic development and regeneration of tissues in all the species. Deregulation of expression and mutations in this pathway may lead to disease state such as cancer. In this study, we assessed the association of common germline variants of Wnt pathway genes (SFRP2, SFRP4, DKK2, DKK3, WISP3, APC, β-catenin, AXIN-2, GLI-1) to evaluate their contribution in predisposition to GBC and treatment outcomes. The study included 564 GBC patients and 250 controls. Out of 564, 200 patients were followed up for treatment response and survival. Tumor response (RECIST 1.1) was recorded in 116 patients undergoing non-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox-proportional hazard regression. Single locus analysis showed significant association of SFRP4 rs1802073G > T [p value = 0.0001], DKK2 rs17037102C > T [p value = 0.0001], DKK3 rs3206824C > T [p value = 0.012], APC rs4595552 A/T [p value = 0.021], APC rs11954856G > T [p value = 0.047], AXIN-2 rs4791171C > T [p value = 0.001], β-catenin rs4135385A > G [p value = 0.031], and GLI-1 rs222826C > G [p value = 0.001] with increased risk of GBC. Gene-gene interaction using GMDR analysis predicted APC rs11954856 and AXIN2 rs4791171 as significant in conferring GBC susceptibility. Cox-proportional hazard model showed GLI-1 rs2228226 CG/GG and AXIN-2 rs4791171 TT genotype higher hazard ratio. In recursive partitioning, AXIN-2 rs4791171 TT genotype showed higher mortality and hazard. Most of studied genetic variants influence GBC susceptibility. APC rs11954856, GLI-1 rs2228226, and AXIN-2 rs4791171 were found to be associated with poor survival in advanced GBC patients.
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57
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Li J, Ye L, Owen S, Weeks HP, Zhang Z, Jiang WG. Emerging role of CCN family proteins in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1451-63. [PMID: 26498181 PMCID: PMC4678164 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins comprises the members CCN1, CCN2, CCN3, CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6. They share four evolutionarily conserved functional domains, and usually interact with various cytokines to elicit different biological functions including cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, migration, embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis and inflammation through a variety of signalling pathways. In the past two decades, emerging functions for the CCN proteins (CCNs) have been identified in various types of cancer. Perturbed expression of CCNs has been observed in a variety of malignancies. The aberrant expression of certain CCNs is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Insight into the detailed mechanisms involved in CCN-mediated regulation may be useful in understanding their roles and functions in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we briefly introduced the functions of CCNs, especially in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sioned Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Weeks
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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58
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Jurgens J, Sobreira N, Modaff P, Reiser CA, Seo SH, Seong MW, Park SS, Kim OH, Cho TJ, Pauli RM. Novel COL2A1 variant (c.619G>A, p.Gly207Arg) manifesting as a phenotype similar to progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Stanescu type. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:1004-8. [PMID: 26183434 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD) is a rare, autosomal-recessive condition characterized by mild spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED) and severe, progressive, early-onset arthritis due to WISP3 mutations. SED, Stanescu type, is a vaguely delineated autosomal-dominant dysplasia of unknown genetic etiology. Here, we report three individuals from two unrelated families with radiological features similar to PPRD and SED, Stanescu type who share the same novel COL2A1 variant and were matched following discussion at an academic conference. In the first family, we performed whole-exome sequencing on three family members, two of whom have a PPRD-like phenotype, and identified a heterozygous variant (c.619G>A, p.Gly207Arg) in both affected individuals. Independently, targeted sequencing of the COL2A1 gene in an unrelated proband with a similar phenotype identified the same heterozygous variant. We suggest that the p.Gly207Arg variant causes a distinct type II collagenopathy with features of PPRD and SED, Stanescu type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jurgens
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205.,Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Nara Sobreira
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Peggy Modaff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
| | - Catherine A Reiser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
| | - Soo Hyun Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sup Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, Woorisoa Children's Hospital, Seoul, 152-862, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard M Pauli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
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59
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Komatsu M, Nakamura Y, Maruyama M, Abe K, Watanapokasin R, Kato H. Expression profiles of human CCN genes in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. J Orthop Sci 2015; 20:708-16. [PMID: 25986313 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-015-0727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are widespread disabling joint disorders that are considered to be polygenic in nature. This study investigated the spatial expression patterns of all six known human CCN genes using end-stage OA and RA joint samples. DESIGN We performed in situ hybridization and histological analysis to investigate the spatial expression patterns of human CCN genes using joint tissues obtained during total knee and hip joint replacement procedures on patients with advanced OA or RA. Normal joint tissues taken while performing bipolar hip replacement surgeries were used as controls. RESULTS All CCN genes were expressed at higher levels in OA and RA synovial samples as compared with normal controls. Whereas CCN3 and CCN6 were undetectable in control, OA, and RA cartilage, CCN1, CCN2, CCN4, and CCN5 were expressed to a greater extent in OA and RA knee cartilage. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate an involvement of several CCN genes in the pathophysiology of OA and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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60
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Malik AR, Liszewska E, Jaworski J. Matricellular proteins of the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) family and the nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:237. [PMID: 26157362 PMCID: PMC4478388 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins are secreted proteins that exist at the border of cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, instead of playing a role in structural integrity of the ECM, these proteins, that act as modulators of various surface receptors, have a regulatory function and instruct a multitude of cellular responses. Among matricellular proteins are members of the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) protein family. These proteins exert their activity by binding directly to integrins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans and activating multiple intracellular signaling pathways. CCN proteins also influence the activity of growth factors and cytokines and integrate their activity with integrin signaling. At the cellular level, CCN proteins regulate gene expression and cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, senescence, adhesion, and migration. To date, CCN proteins have been extensively studied in the context of osteo- and chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis, but the expression of these proteins is also observed in a variety of tissues. The role of CCN proteins in the nervous system has not been systematically studied or described. Thus, the major aim of this review is to introduce the CCN protein family to the neuroscience community. We first discuss the structure, interactions, and cellular functions of CCN proteins and then provide a detailed review of the available data on the neuronal expression and contribution of CCN proteins to nervous system development, function, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Malik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Liszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Warsaw, Poland
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61
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A novel compound WISP3 mutation in a Chinese family with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia. Gene 2015; 564:35-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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62
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Bhavani GS, Shah H, Dalal AB, Shukla A, Danda S, Aggarwal S, Phadke SR, Gupta N, Kabra M, Gowrishankar K, Gupta A, Bhat M, Puri RD, Bijarnia-Mahay S, Nampoothiri S, Mohanasundaram KM, Rajeswari S, Kulkarni AM, Kulkarni ML, Ranganath P, Ramadevi AR, Hariharan SV, Girisha KM. Novel and recurrent mutations in WISP3 and an atypical phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2481-4. [PMID: 25988854 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitesh Shah
- Department of Orthopedics, Pediatric Orthopedics Services, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Ashwin B Dalal
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Shagun Aggarwal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Gowrishankar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Ratna D Puri
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | | | - S Rajeswari
- Department of Rheumatology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - Akhil M Kulkarni
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, SS Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Davangere, India
| | - Muralidhar L Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatrics, Jagadguru Jayadeva Murugarajendra Medical College, Davangere, India
| | - Prajnya Ranganath
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Radha Ramadevi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genetics Unit, Rainbow Children Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sankar V Hariharan
- Department of Pediatrics, Sree Avittom Thirunal Hospital, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Katta Mohan Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
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63
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Roddy K, Boulter C. Targeted mutation of NOV/CCN3 in mice disrupts joint homeostasis and causes osteoarthritis-like disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:607-15. [PMID: 25541297 PMCID: PMC4373756 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The matricellular protein NOV/CCN3, is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA) and targeted mutation of NOV in mice (Nov(del3)) leads to joint abnormalities. This investigation tested whether NOV is required for joint homeostasis and if its disruption causes joint degeneration. METHOD NOV expression in the adult mouse joint was characterized by immunohistochemistry. A detailed comparison of the joints of Nov(del3)-/- and Nov(del3)+/+ (wild-type) males and females at 2, 6 and 12 months of age was determined by X-ray, histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS NOV protein was found in specific cells in articular cartilage, meniscus, synovium and ligament attachment sites in adult knees. Nov(del3)-/- males exhibited severe OA-like pathology at 12 months (OARSI score 5.0 ± 0.5, P < 0.001), affecting all tissues of the joint: erosion of the articular cartilage, meniscal enlargement, osteophytic outgrowths, ligament degeneration and expansion of fibrocartilage. Subchondral sclerosis and changes in extracellular matrix composition consistent with OA, were also seen. The density of articular cartilage cells in Nov(del3)+/+ knee joints is maintained at a constant level from 2 to 12 months of age whereas this is not the case in Nov(del3)-/- mice. Compared with age and sex-matched Nov(del3)+/+ mice, a significant increase in articular cartilage density was seen in Nov(del3)-/- males at 2 months, whereas a significant decrease was seen at 6 and 12 months in both Nov(del3)-/- males and females. CONCLUSION NOV is required for the maintenance of articular cartilage and for joint homeostasis, with disruption of NOV in ageing Nov(del3)-/- male mice causing OA-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C.A. Boulter
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C.A. Boulter, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK. Tel: 44-2920874311; Fax: 44-2920874116.
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Yu Y, Hu M, Xing X, Li F, Song Y, Luo Y, Ma H. Identification of a mutation in the WISP3 gene in three unrelated families with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:419-25. [PMID: 25738435 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease, which is caused by the functional loss or abnormality of Wntl-inducible signaling pathway protein 3 [WISP3 protein (also termed CCN6, OMIM #603400)]. WISP3 is a member of the cysteine-rich 61/connective tissue growth factor/nephroblastoma overexpressed protein family. Mutations in WISP3 may result in continuous degeneration and loss of articular cartilage. The present study collected clinical data from three patients with PPD from three unrelated families, and WISP3 mutations were detected by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Overall, five mutations were identified, which consisted of two missense mutations, two nonsense mutations and one duplication mutation, which spanned exons 2, 4 and 5 of WISP3. In family 1, a compound heterozygosity mutation of WISP3 was detected, and the proband was shown to carry a novel missense mutation: c.667T>G (p.Cys223Gly) and a nonsense mutation: c.857C>G (p.Ser286*). The other three mutations: c.342T>G (p.Cys114Trp), c.136C>T (p.Gln46*) and c.866dupA (p.Ser290Glufs*13) had previously been identified. Overall, the three patients had similar clinical phenotypes, and no specific correlation between genotype and phenotype was detected. The results of the present study expand the WISP3 mutation spectrum that is associated with PPD and aid in further elucidating the function of WISP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Yu
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Man Hu
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xuesha Xing
- Department of Medical Genomics, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Medical Genomics, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Liu L, Li N, Zhao Z, Li W, Xia W. Novel WISP3 mutations causing spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda with progressive arthropathy in two unrelated Chinese families. Joint Bone Spine 2015; 82:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A homozygous deletion of exon 1 in WISP3 causes progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia in two siblings. Hum Genome Var 2015; 2:15049. [PMID: 27081554 PMCID: PMC4785582 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that causes progressive joint stiffness and pain. It is associated with loss-of-function mutations in the WISP3 gene. We describe two sisters suffering from PPD in whom molecular genetic analysis revealed a homozygous deletion of exon 1 and of the 5′UTR of the WISP3 gene. This is the first time that a gross deletion has been described as the causal mutation in PPD.
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67
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Communication is the key. : Part 2 : Direct to consumer genetics in our future daily life ? J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:275-87. [PMID: 25408105 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The considerable advances of genome sequencing over the past decades have had a profound impact on our daily life and opened up new avenues for the public to have access to their genetic information and learn more about their ancestry, genealogy and other traits that make each of us unique individuals. A very large number of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated to diseases whereas others have no known phenotype. For example, among the SNPs mapped within ccn1(cyr61), ccn2(ctgf), ccn3(nov), ccn4(wisp-1), ccn5(wisp-2) and ccn6 (wisp-3), only mutations within ccn4 were associated to PPD (the autosomal recessive skeletal disorder Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Dysplasia). On the occasion of this JCCS special issue on the roles of hormetic responses in adaptation, and response of living species to the modifications of their environment, it appeared that it was a good time to briefly review a topic that has been the subject of passionate discussions for the past few years, that is Direct to Consumer genetic tests (DTC GT). Based on the use of DNA analysis and identification of polymorphisms, DTC GT have been developed by several companies in the USA and in countries where there was no legal obstacle for customers to have direct access to their genetic information and manage their healthcare. Problems that arose and decisions that have been taken by regulatory agencies are presented and discussed in this editorial. The « freeze » of health-oriented DTC GT in the USA neither implies the end of DNA analysis nor « fun » applications, which are not aimed at providing risks estimates for particular illnesses. As shown in the example which is discussed in this editorial, DTC GT for cosmetic applications might be considered a fun application of great interest for companies such as L'Oréal, who recently developed the Makeup Genius mobile application. Other fun applications of DTC GT are discussed but there is no doubt that nothing will stop progress and it is most probable than within a few years from now all the tensions raised about these procedures will vanish to the profit and benefit of consumers. In any case, this will only be possible through an intensive communication effort, because …communication is the key !
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Role of cysteine‑rich angiogenic inducer 61 in fibroblast‑like synovial cell proliferation and invasion in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:917-23. [PMID: 25351421 PMCID: PMC4262486 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) is a novel molecule that has been shown to be increased in the synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study was conducted in order to investigate the role of Cyr61 in the pathogenesis of RA. A human genome-wide gene assay was used to screen gene expression in synovial tissues obtained from four patients with RA and three patients with osteoarthritis (OA). To examine the role of Cyr61 in the phenotype of RA-fibroblast-like synovial (FLS) cells, Cyr61 expression in RA-FLS cells was knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Normal FLS cells transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding Cyr61 cDNA were used to further explore the effects of this molecule on FLS cell apoptosis, proliferation and invasion. The study found that the Cyr61 gene was highly expressed in the synovial cells from patients with RA compared with those from patients with OA. Downregulation of Cyr61 by siRNA led to impaired cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, it decreased the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13, and induced apoptosis in RA-FLS cells. Conversely, overexpression of Cyr61 in normal FLS cells led to opposite effects. In conclusion, these results indicate that Cyr61 is capable of promoting RA-FLS cell proliferation and invasion via the suppression of apoptosis and the regulation of MMP expression. Therefore, Cyr61 may be a good target molecule for the treatment and prevention of RA.
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Guthrie HC, Martin KR, Taylor C, Spear AM, Whiting R, Macildowie S, Clasper JC, Watts SA. A pre-clinical evaluation of silver, iodine and Manuka honey based dressings in a model of traumatic extremity wounds contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. Injury 2014; 45:1171-8. [PMID: 24908627 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of extremity war wound infection remains a clinical challenge. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen in delayed infection. We hypothesised that choice of wound dressings may affect bacterial burden over 7 days reflecting the current practice of delayed primary closure of wounds within this timeframe. A randomised controlled trial of 3 commercially available dressings (Inadine(®) (Johnson & Johnson, NJ, USA), Acticoat(®) (Smith & Nephew, Hull, UK), Activon Tulle (Advancis Medical, Nottingham, UK)) was conducted in a rabbit model of contaminated forelimb muscle injury. A positive control group treated with antibiotics was included. Groups were compared to a saline soaked gauze control. The primary outcome was a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in tissue S. aureus at 7 days post-injury. Secondary outcome measurements included bacteraemias, observational data, whole blood determination, ELISA for plasma biomarkers, PCR array analysis of wound healing gene expression and muscle/lymph node histopathology. Antibiotic, Inadine and Acticoat groups had statistically significant lower bacterial counts (mean 7.13 [95% CI 0.00-96.31]×10(2); 1.66 [0.94-2.58]×10(5); 8.86 [0.00-53.35]×10(4)cfu/g, respectively) and Activon Tulle group had significantly higher counts (2.82 [0.98-5.61]×10(6)cfu/g) than saline soaked gauze control (7.58 [1.65-17.83]×10(5)cfu/g). There were no bacteraemias or significant differences in observational data or whole blood determination. There were no significant differences in muscle/loss or pathology and lymph node cross-sectional area or morphology. There were some significant differences between treatment groups in the plasma cytokines IL-4, TNFα and MCP-1 in comparison to the control. PCR array data demonstrated more general changes in gene expression in the muscle tissue from the Activon Tulle group than the Inadine or Acticoat dressings with a limited number of genes showing significantly altered expression compared to control. This study has demonstrated that both Acticoat(®) and Inadine(®) dressings can reduce the bacteria burden in a heavily contaminated soft tissue wound and so they may offer utility in the clinical setting particularly where surgical treatment is delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Guthrie
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom; Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kevin R Martin
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Taylor
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail M Spear
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Whiting
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Macildowie
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C Clasper
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A Watts
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Building 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom.
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Aguiar DP, de Farias GC, de Sousa EB, de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar J, Lobo JC, Casado PL, Duarte MEL, Abreu JGR. New strategy to control cell migration and metastasis regulated by CCN2/CTGF. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:61. [PMID: 25120383 PMCID: PMC4130434 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)/CCN family member 2 (CCN2) is a CCN family member of matricellular signaling modulators. It has been shown that CCN2/CTGF mediates cell adhesion, aggregation and migration in a large variety of cell types, including vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, aortic smooth muscle and also pluripotent stem cells. Others matricellular proteins are capable of interacting with CCN2/CTGF to mediate its function. Cell migration is a key feature for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. CCN2/CTGF seems to be a prognostic marker for cancer. In addition, here we intend to discuss recent discoveries and a new strategy to develop therapies against CCN2/CTGF, in order to treat cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pinheiro Aguiar
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Correa de Farias
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Branco de Sousa
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar
- Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julie Calixto Lobo
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ladeira Casado
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - José Garcia Ribeiro Abreu
- Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
The CCN genes encode secreted signaling proteins that participate in fundamental processes including cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, embryogenesis, tissue remodeling and patterning. Abnormal expression of CCN proteins is associated with several pathological conditions, including vascular diseases, fibrosis and cancer. Understanding the structural and functional basis for the variety of biological properties attributed to CCN proteins is an important challenge. It will help the understanding of their roles in the control of cellular proliferation, differentiation and death, thereby allowing their use for early diagnosis and therapy. In an attempt to evaluate the relevance of CCN3 as a useful tool in modern biomedical technologies, the biological properties of the CCN proteins and the data that established their potential usefulness will briefly be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Perbal
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie, Virale et Moléculaire, UFR de Biochimie, Université Paris 7-D. Diderot, 2 Place Jussieu 75 005, Paris, France.
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Yang X, Song Y, Kong Q. Diagnosis and surgical treatment of progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia in an adult with severe spinal disorders and polyarthropathy. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:650-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hann S, Kvenvold L, Newby BN, Hong M, Warman ML. A Wisp3 Cre-knockin allele produces efficient recombination in spermatocytes during early prophase of meiosis I. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75116. [PMID: 24040393 PMCID: PMC3769254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with the autosomal recessive skeletal disorder Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Dysplasia have loss-of-function mutations in WISP3, and aberrant WISP3 expression has been detected in tumors from patients with colon and breast cancer. In mice however, neither absence nor over-expression of WISP3 was found to cause a phenotype, and endogenous Wisp3 expression has been difficult to detect. To confirm that Wisp3 knockout mice have no phenotype and to identify potential sites of endogenous Wisp3 expression, we generated mice with a knockin allele (Wisp3 (GFP-Cre)) designed to express Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Cre-recombinase instead of WISP3. Heterozygous and homozygous knockin mice were fertile and indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates, confirming that mice lacking Wisp3 have no phenotype. We could not detect GFP-expression from the knockin allele, but we could detect Cre-expression after crossing mice with the knockin allele to Cre-reporter mice; the double heterozygous offspring had evidence of Cre-mediated recombination in several tissues. The only tissue that had high levels of Cre-mediated recombination was the testis, where recombination in spermatocytes occurred by early prophase of meiosis I. As a consequence, males that were double heterozygous for a Wisp3 (GFP-Cre) and a floxed allele only contributed a recombined allele to their offspring. We detected no evidence of Cre-mediated recombination in the female ovary, although when double heterozygous females contributed the reporter allele to their offspring it had recombined ~7% of the time. Wisp3 (GFP-Cre) expression therefore occurs less frequently and most likely at a later stage of oocyte development in female mice compared to male mice. We conclude that although WISP3 is dispensable in mice, male mice with a Wisp3 (GFP-Cre) allele (Jackson Laboratory stock # 017685) will be useful for studying early prophase of meiosis I and for efficiently recombining floxed alleles that are passed to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hann
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Kvenvold
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brittney N. Newby
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Minh Hong
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Warman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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A descriptive analysis of 14 cases of progressive-psuedorheumatoid-arthropathy of childhood from south India: Review of literature in comparison with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 42:582-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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75
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Repudi SR, Patra M, Sen M. WISP3-IGF1 interaction regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1650-8. [PMID: 23424195 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.119859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WISP3 (Wnt induced secreted protein 3) is a multi-domain protein of mesenchymal origin. Mutations in several domains of WISP3 cause PPRD (progressive pseudo rheumatoid dysplasia), which is associated with cartilage loss and restricted skeletal development. Despite several studies focusing on the functional characterization of WISP3, the molecular details underlying the course of PPRD remain unresolved. We are interested in analyzing the function of WISP3 in the context of cartilage integrity. The current study demonstrates that WISP3 binds to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and inhibits IGF1 secretion. Additionally, WISP3 curbs IGF1-mediated collagen X expression, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alkaline phosphatase activity, all of which are associated with the induction of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Interestingly, both IGF1 and ROS in turn trigger an increase in WISP3 expression. Together, our results are indicative of an operational WISP3-IGF1 regulatory loop whereby WISP3 preserves cartilage integrity by restricting IGF1-mediated hypertrophic changes in chondrocytes, at least partly, upon interaction with IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Repudi
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Wang M, Man XF, Liu YQ, Liao EY, Shen ZF, Luo XH, Guo LJ, Wu XP, Zhou HD. Dysfunction of collagen synthesis and secretion in chondrocytes induced by wisp3 mutation. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:679763. [PMID: 23573089 PMCID: PMC3614060 DOI: 10.1155/2013/679763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wisp3 gene mutation was shown to cause spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda with progressive arthropathy (SRDT-PA), but the underlying mechanism is not clear. To clarify this mechanism, we constructed the wild and mutated Wisp3 expression vectors and transfected into human chondrocytes lines C-20/A4; Wisp3 proteins subcellular localization, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and Wisp3-mediated gene expression were determined, and dynamic secretion of collagen in transfected chondrocytes was analyzed by (14)C-proline incorporation experiment. Mutated Wisp3 protein increased proliferation activity, decreased apoptosis of C-20/A4 cells, and aggregated abnormally in cytoplasm. Expression of collagen II was also downregulated in C-20/A4 cells transfected with mutated Wisp3. Wild type Wisp3 transfection increased intracellular collagen content and extracellular collagen secretion, but the mutated Wisp3 lost this function, and the peak phase of collagen secretion was delayed in mutated Wisp3 transfected cells. Thus abnormal protein distribution, cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, and secretion in Wisp3 mutated chondrocytes might contribute to the pathogenesis of SEDT-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Man
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ya-Qing Liu
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Er-Yuan Liao
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Shen
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiang-Hang Luo
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Li-Juan Guo
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xian-Ping Wu
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hou-De Zhou
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- *Hou-De Zhou:
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Duarte-Salazar C, Santillán-Chapa CG, Martínez-Coria E, Marin-Arriaga N, Miranda-Duarte A. Pseudorheumatoid dysplasia. A rare genetic disorder simulating juvenile idiopathic arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:316-8. [PMID: 23265789 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of a teenage patient with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia, an autosomal recessive disorder that may be initially misdiagnosed as juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
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78
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Radhakrishnan SS, Blalock TD, Robinson PM, Secker G, Daniels J, Grotendorst GR, Schultz GS. Effect of connective tissue growth factor on protein kinase expression and activity in human corneal fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:8076-85. [PMID: 23139271 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate signal transduction pathways for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in human corneal fibroblasts (HCF). METHODS Expression of 75 kinases in cultures of serum-starved (HCF) were investigated using protein kinase screens, and changes in levels of phosphorylation of 31 different phosphoproteins were determined at 0, 5, and 15 minutes after treatment with CTGF. Levels of phosphorylation of three signal transducing phosphoproteins (extracellular regulated kinase 1 [ERK1], extracellular regulated kinase 2 [ERK2] [MAPKs], and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3]) were measured at nine time points after exposure to CTGF using Western immunoblots. Inhibition of Ras, MEK1/2 (MAPKK), and ERK1/2, on CTGF-stimulated fibroblast proliferation and collagen gel contraction was assessed using selective inhibitors farnesylthiosalicylic acid, PD-98059, and SB203580, respectively. RESULTS Thirty two of the 75 kinases (43%) evaluated by the kinase screen were detected in extracts of quiescent HCF, suggesting these kinases are available to respond acutely to CTGF exposure. Addition of CTGF increased levels of phosphorylation of five phosphoproteins (ERK1 and 2, MEK1/2 [MAPKK], STAT3, and SAPK/JNK), and decreased levels of phosphorylation of 14 phosphoproteins (including protein kinases B and C) after 5 and 15 minutes. Further analysis of ERK1 and 2 and STAT3 phosphorylation showed rapid increases within 1 minute of CTGF exposure that peaked between 5 and 10 minutes then returned to pretreatment levels by 30 minutes. Treatment of HCF with selective inhibitors of Ras, MEK 1/2, and ERK1/2 individually blocked both CTGF induced cell proliferation, and collagen gel contraction. CONCLUSIONS Results from protein kinase screens and selective kinase inhibitors demonstrate Ras/MEK/ERK/STAT3 pathway is required for CTGF signaling in HCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva S Radhakrishnan
- Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0294, USA
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79
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Geetha-Loganathan P, Nimmagadda S, Scaal M. Wnt signaling in limb organogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 4:109-15. [PMID: 19279722 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.2.5857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted signaling molecules of the Wnt family have been found to play a central role in controlling embryonic development of a wide range of taxa from Hydra to humans. The most extensively studied Wnt signaling pathway is the canonical Wnt pathway, which controls gene expression by stabilizing beta-catenin, and regulates a multitude of developmental processes. More recently, noncanonical Wnt pathways, which are beta-catenin-independent, have been found to be important developmental regulators. Understanding the mechanisms of Wnt signaling is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches of human diseases. Limb development is a paradigm to study the principles of Wnt signaling in various developmental contexts. In the developing vertebrate limb, Wnt signaling has been shown to have important functions during limb bud initiation, limb outgrowth, early limb patterning, and later limb morphogenesis events. This review provides a brief overview on the diversity of Wnt-dependent signaling events during embryonic development of the vertebrate limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poongodi Geetha-Loganathan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Department of Molecular Embryology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
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80
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Dalal A, Bhavani G SL, Togarrati PP, Bierhals T, Nandineni MR, Danda S, Danda D, Shah H, Vijayan S, Gowrishankar K, Phadke SR, Bidchol AM, Rao AP, Nampoothiri S, Kutsche K, Girisha K. Analysis of theWISP3gene in Indian families with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2820-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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81
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Baker N, Sharpe P, Culley K, Otero M, Bevan D, Newham P, Barker W, Clements KM, Langham CJ, Goldring MB, Gavrilović J. Dual regulation of metalloproteinase expression in chondrocytes by Wnt-1-inducible signaling pathway protein 3/CCN6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2289-99. [PMID: 22294415 DOI: 10.1002/art.34411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt-1-inducible signaling pathway protein 3 (WISP-3)/CCN6 is mutated in progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia and may have effects on cartilage homeostasis. The aim of this study was to ascertain additional roles for WISP-3/CCN6 by determining its expression in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage and by investigating its effects on cartilage-relevant metalloproteinase expression in immortalized (C-28/I2) and primary chondrocytes. METHODS Cartilage steady-state levels of WISP-3/CCN6 messenger RNA and protein production were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. WISP-3/CCN6 was overexpressed in C-28/I2 cells, and the resultant clones were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The stable clones were analyzed by RT-PCR for metalloproteinase expression, and the signaling pathways involved were investigated using pharmacologic inhibition. The effects of WISP-3/CCN6 on metalloproteinase expression in primary chondrocytes were investigated using a small interfering RNA approach. RESULTS WISP-3/CCN6 was highly expressed in OA cartilage compared with undamaged cartilage, at both the RNA and protein levels. WISP-3/CCN6 overexpression in C-28/I2 cells resulted in unexpected dual regulation of metalloproteinases; expression of the potent aggrecanase ADAMTS-5 was down-regulated 9-fold, while expression of MMP-10 was up-regulated 14-fold, and these responses were accentuated in the WISP-3/CCN6 clones grown in suspension. MMP-10 up-regulation was dependent on several MAPKs, but WISP-3/CCN6-mediated ADAMTS-5 repression was independent of these pathways and was partially relieved by activation of β-catenin signaling. WISP-3/CCN6 also suppressed ADAMTS-5 expression in C-28/I2 cells treated with cytokines. In cytokine-treated primary chondrocytes, gene silencing of WISP-3/CCN6 resulted in enhanced ADAMTS-5 expression, while MMP-10 expression was suppressed. CONCLUSION WISP-3/CCN6 was highly expressed in end-stage OA cartilage, suggesting a role for this growth factor in cartilage homeostasis. WISP-3/CCN6-induced repression of ADAMTS-5 expression and regulation of MMP-10 expression suggest complex and context-dependent roles for WISP-3/CCN6 in cartilage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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82
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Regulation of pancreatic function by connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2). Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:59-68. [PMID: 22884427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a cysteine-rich matricellular secreted protein that regulates diverse cell functions including adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, survival, senescence and apoptosis. In the pancreas, CTGF/CCN2 regulates critical functions including β cell replication during embryogenesis, stimulation of fibrogenic pathways in pancreatic stellate cells during pancreatitis, and regulation of the epithelial and stromal components in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This article reviews the evidence establishing CTGF/CCN2 as an important player in pancreatic physiology and pathology, highlighting the specific cell types that are involved in each process and the importance of CTGF/CCN2 as a component of autocrine or paracrine signaling within or between these various cells. Translational applications, including the potential for CTGF/CCN2-based therapies in diabetes, fibrosis, or cancer, are discussed.
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83
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Garcia Segarra N, Mittaz L, Campos-Xavier AB, Bartels CF, Tuysuz B, Alanay Y, Cimaz R, Cormier-Daire V, Di Rocco M, Duba HC, Elcioglu NH, Forzano F, Hospach T, Kilic E, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB, Mortier G, Mrusek S, Nampoothiri S, Obersztyn E, Pauli RM, Selicorni A, Tenconi R, Unger S, Utine GE, Wright M, Zabel B, Warman ML, Superti-Furga A, Bonafé L. The diagnostic challenge of progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD): A review of clinical features, radiographic features, and WISP3 mutations in 63 affected individuals. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:217-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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84
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Isidor B, Poignant S, Picherot G, Mégabarné A, Quartier P, Bader-Meunier B, Le Caignec C, Le Merrer M, Baujat G, Cormier-Daire V, David A. Progressive polyepiphyseal dysplasia with arthropathy: a distinct disorder from idiopathic juvenile arthritis and pseudorheumatoid dysplasia? Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1754-8. [PMID: 22678748 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an inflammatory disease with various onset-forms which can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from genetic inflammatory/rheumatoid-like osteoarthropathies. In this report, we describe two boys with severe chronic arthralgia, stiffness and swelling of joints, motor weakness and joints contractures evolving despite immunosuppressive treatments and for whom all biological and molecular exams failed to identify a prompt diagnosis. Some findings also overlap with pseudorheumatoid dysplasia but WISP3 gene molecular analysis failed to identify any mutation for both patients. Therefore, we propose that these boys show a clinical entity distinct from the actually known genetic inflammatory/rheumatoid-like osteoarthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Isidor
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France.
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85
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Sun J, Xia W, He S, Zhao Z, Nie M, Li M, Jiang Y, Xing X, Wang O, Meng X, Zhou X. Novel and recurrent mutations of WISP3 in two Chinese families with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38643. [PMID: 22685593 PMCID: PMC3369844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 3 (WISP3), which belongs to the CCN (cysteine-rich protein 61, connective tissue growth factor, nephroblastoma overexpressed) family, is a secreted cysteine-rich matricellular protein that is involved in chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and tumorigenesis. WISP3 gene mutations are associated with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD, OMIM208230), an autosomal recessive genetic disease that is characterized by the swelling of multiple joints and disproportionate dwarfism. Methodology/Principal Findings Four PPD patients from two unrelated Chinese families were recruited for this study. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by medical history, physical examinations, laboratory results and radiological abnormalities. WISP3 mutations were detected by direct DNA sequence analysis. In total, four different mutations were identified, which consisted of two missense mutations, one deletion and one insertion that spanned exons 3, 5 and 6 of the WISP3 gene. One of the missense mutations (c.342T>G/p.C114W) and a seven-base pair frameshift deletion (c.716_722del/p.E239fs*16) were novel. The other missense mutation (c.1000T>C/p. S334P) and the insertion mutation (c.866_867insA/p.Q289fs*31) had previously been identified in Chinese patients. All four cases had a compound heterozygous status, and their parents were heterozygous carriers of these mutations. Conclusions/Significance The results of our study expand the spectrum of WISP3 mutations that are associated with PPD and further elucidate the function of WISP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weibo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shuli He
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xunwu Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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86
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Blalock TD, Gibson DJ, Duncan MR, Tuli SS, Grotendorst GR, Schultz GS. A connective tissue growth factor signaling receptor in corneal fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:3387-94. [PMID: 22511630 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To biochemically characterize the receptor for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) of human corneal fibroblasts (HCF). METHODS Radiolabeled recombinant human CTGF was used to determine the specificity and time course of binding to low-passage cultures of HCF. The affinity and number of receptors present were calculated by Scatchard and best-fit analyses. In vitro immunoprecipitation assays with radiolabeled CTGF and soluble mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF-2-R) alone, or with CTGF-related growth factors were conducted. Additionally, (125)I-CTGF-binding and CTGF-stimulated proliferation were measured in cultures of M6P/IGF-2-R knockout fibroblasts. RESULTS Binding of (125)I-CTGF to fibroblast cultures was significantly displaced by CTGF, but not by related growth factors. Scatchard plot analysis indicated the presence of both a high-affinity, low-abundance binding site, and a low-affinity, high-abundance binding site; whereas, the best-fit analysis suggests a single high-affinity, low-abundance binding site. A 280 kDa complex containing cross-linked (125)I-CTGF was immunoprecipitated by antibodies to CTGF or M6P/IGF-2-R. M6P/IGF-2-R knockout cells have a reduced proliferative response to TGF-β, and don't proliferate at all in response to CTGF. CONCLUSIONS CTGF binds to the M6P/IGF-2-R with high affinity, and the M6P/IGF-2-R is required for CTGF-stimulated proliferation in fibroblasts. These observations suggest that the M6P/IGF-2-R may be a new antifibrotic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Blalock
- Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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87
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Arthralgia and limb pains: Pseudo-rheumatoid genetic disorders. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0973-3698(12)60030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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88
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Batmunkh R, Nishioka Y, Aono Y, Azuma M, Kinoshita K, Kishi J, Makino H, Kishi M, Takezaki A, Sone S. CCN6 as a profibrotic mediator that stimulates the proliferation of lung fibroblasts via the integrin β1/focal adhesion kinase pathway. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2012; 58:188-96. [PMID: 21921419 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.58.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and lethal disease of the lung that is characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts and increased deposition of the extracellular matrix. The CCN6/WISP-3 is a member of the CCN family of matricellular proteins, which consists of six members that are involved in many vital biological functions. However, the regulation of lung fibroblasts mediated by CCN6 protein has not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that CCN6 induced the proliferation of lung fibroblasts by binding to integrin β1, leading to the phosphorylation of FAK(Y397). Furthermore, CCN6 showed a weak, but significant, ability to stimulate the expression of fibronectin. CCN6 was highly expressed in the lung tissues of mice treated with bleomycin. Our results suggest that CCN6 plays a role in the fibrogenesis of the lungs mainly by stimulating the growth of lung fibroblasts and is a potential target for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentsenkhand Batmunkh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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89
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Mosher DF, Adams JC. Adhesion-modulating/matricellular ECM protein families: a structural, functional and evolutionary appraisal. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:155-61. [PMID: 22265890 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The thrombospondins are a family of secreted, oligomeric glycoproteins that interact with cell surfaces, multiple components of the extracellular matrix, growth factors and proteases. These interactions underlie complex roles in cell interactions and tissue homeostasis in animals. Thrombospondins have been grouped functionally with SPARCs, tenascins and CCN proteins as adhesion-modulating or matricellular components of the extracellular milieu. Although all these multi-domain proteins share various commonalities of domains, the grouping is not based on structural homologies. Instead, the terms emphasise the general observations that these proteins do not form large-scale ECM structures, yet act at cell surfaces and function in coordination with the structural ECM and associated extracellular proteins. The designation of adhesion-modulation thus depends on observed tissue and cell culture ECM distributions and on experimentally identified functional properties. To date, the evolutionary relationships of these proteins have not been critically compared: yet, knowledge of their evolutionary histories is clearly relevant to any consideration of functional similarities. In this article, we survey briefly the structural and functional knowledge of these protein families, consider the evolution of each family, and outline a perspective on their functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deane F Mosher
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 57706, USA
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90
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Taking aim at the extracellular matrix: CCN proteins as emerging therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:945-63. [PMID: 22129992 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the CCN family of matricellular proteins are crucial for embryonic development and have important roles in inflammation, wound healing and injury repair in adulthood. Deregulation of CCN protein expression or activities contributes to the pathobiology of various diseases - many of which may arise when inflammation or tissue injury becomes chronic - including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis and cancer, as well as diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Emerging studies indicate that targeting CCN protein expression or signalling pathways holds promise in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for such diseases. This Review summarizes the biology of CCN proteins, their roles in various pathologies and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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91
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Kawaki H, Kubota S, Suzuki A, Suzuki M, Kohsaka K, Hoshi K, Fujii T, Lazar N, Ohgawara T, Maeda T, Perbal B, Takano-Yamamoto T, Takigawa M. Differential roles of CCN family proteins during osteoblast differentiation: Involvement of Smad and MAPK signaling pathways. Bone 2011; 49:975-89. [PMID: 21763478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CCN family proteins play diverse roles in many aspects of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, angiogenesis and survival. In the bone tissue of vertebrate species, the expression of most CCN family members has been observed in osteoblasts. However, their spatial and temporal distributions, as well as their functions, are still only partially understood. In this study, we evaluated the localization of CCN family members in skeletal tissue in vivo and comparatively analyzed the gene expression patterns and functions of the members in murine osteoblasts in primary culture. Immunofluorescent analyses revealed that the CCN family members were differentially produced in osteoblasts and osteocytes. The presence of all Ccn transcripts was confirmed in those osteoblasts. Among the members, CCN1, CCN2, CCN4 and CCN5 were found in osteocytes. CCN4 and CCN5 were distributed in osteocytes located inside of bone matrix as well. Next, we investigated the expression pattern of Ccn family members during osteoblast differentiation. Along with differentiation, most of the members followed proper gene expression patterns; whereas, Ccn4 and Ccn5 showed quite similar patterns. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of CCN family members on the osteoblastic activities by using recombinant CCN proteins and RNA interference method. Five members of this family displayed positive effects on osteoblast proliferation or differentiation. Of note, CCN3 drastically inhibited the osteoblast activities. Each Ccn specific siRNA could modulate osteoblast activities in a manner expected by the observed effect of respective recombinant CCN protein. In addition, we found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways were critically involved in the CCN family member-mediated modification of osteoblast activities. Collectively, all Ccn family members were found to be differentially expressed along with differentiation and therefore could participate in progression of the osteoblast lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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92
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Etiology and pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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93
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Temiz F, Ozbek MN, Kotan D, Sangun O, Mungan NO, Yuksel B, Topaloglu AK. A homozygous recurring mutation in WISP3 causing progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2011; 24:105-8. [PMID: 21528827 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2011.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
WISP3 is a member of the CCN (for CTGF, CYR61, and NOV) gene family, which encodes cysteine-rich secreted proteins with roles in cell growth and differentiation. Mutations in the WISP3 gene are associated with the autosomal recessive skeletal disorder, also known as progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy of childhood (PPAC). We diagnosed three siblings from a non-consanguineous family with PPAC. The patients were asymptomatic in early childhood. Signs and symptoms of disease that include progressive joint stiffness, swelling of the finger joints, and osteopenia, and slow linear growth developed between 2 and 8 years of age. PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the WISP3 gene revealed a homozygous mutation at nucleotide 156 of the WISP3 gene, resulting in a Cys52-to-ter substitution. This mutation has previously been reported in French, Italian, and Arab families. Interestingly, the C52X mutation was found to be associated with a c.248G-->A (G83E) variation, suggesting the existence of a founder effect. By contrast, the presence of the same aberration in three different ethnic groups could imply that this particular site is prone to mutation. Basal fasting concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, as well as glucose and insulin levels revealed no aberrations. In conclusion, consideration of this rare disease that causes significant morbidity with short stature, osteopenia and arthritic complaints would prevent unnecessary examinations and treatment attempts. Testing for this specific mutation in suspected cases could provide a rapid and definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Temiz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Balcali, Adana, Turkey.
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Abstract
Wnt-induced secreted protein 1 (WISP-1/CCN4) is a member of the CCN family that is highly expressed in skeletal tissue and in osteoprogenitor cells induced to differentiate in vitro. To determine the function of WISP-1 during osteogeneis, osteogenic bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were transduced with WISP-1 adenovirus (adWISP-1) in the presence or absence of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) adenovirus (adBMP-2). WISP-1 overexpression enhanced the ability of BMP-2 to direct BMSCs toward osteogenic differentiation and appeared to work by stimulating Smad-1/5/8 phosphorylation and activation. The ability of WISP-1 to enhance BMP-2 activity also was shown in vivo using an ectopic osteogenesis assay with BMSCs transduced with WISP-1, BMP-2, or both. When BMSCs were infected with lentivirus containing human WISP1 shRNA, they formed less bone in vivo and were less responsive to BMP-2, confirming that WISP-1 and BMP-2 have a functional interaction. Immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blot analysis showed that WISP-1 bound directly to BMP-2 and showed that WISP-1 increased BMP-2 binding to hBMSCs in a dose-dependent fashion. To understand how WISP-1 enhanced BMP-2 signaling, the influence of WISP-1 on integrin expression was analyzed. WISP-1 induced the mRNA and protein levels of α(5)-integrin and, further, was found to bind to it. Antibody-blocking experiments showed that the BMP-2 binding to BMSCs that was enhanced by WISP-1 was completely neutralized by treatment with anti-integrin α(5)β(1) antibody. Pilot studies and the use of transgenic mice that overexpressed human WISP-1 in preosteoblasts had increased bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular thickness, and bone volume (BV/TV) over wild-type controls, supporting observations using human osteoprogenitors that WISP-1 has a positive influence on osteogenesis in vivo. In conclusion, these studies show, for the first time, that WISP-1 has a positive influence on bone cell differentiation and function and may work by enhancing the effects of BMP-2 to increase osteogenesis through a mechanism potentially involving binding to integrin α(5)β(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Ono
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) are small cysteine-rich motifs with three conserved disulfide bonds originally described as modules in the thrombospondins. Since then, TSRs have been found as tandem repeats in a wide variety of secreted and cell-surface proteins of diverse function. TSRs in many contexts are known to bind a variety of receptors and have antiangiogenic capabilities. They can be modified with O-linked fucose on serine/threonine found in the consensus, CX(2-3)(S/T)CX(2)G. Here we review what is known about O-fucosylation of TSRs and describe in detail mass spectral methods to map sites of O-fucosylation on proteins containing TSRs. These methods include techniques to identify glycosylated peptides and the relative amounts of elongated products by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Leonhard-Melief
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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96
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Fernando CA, Conrad PA, Bartels CF, Marques T, To M, Balow SA, Nakamura Y, Warman ML. Temporal and spatial expression of CCN genes in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1755-67. [PMID: 20503371 PMCID: PMC3133677 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The six mammalian CCN genes (Cyr61, CTGF, Nov, WISP1, WISP2, WISP3) encode a family of secreted, cysteine-rich, multimodular proteins having roles in cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and differentiation during embryogenesis, wound healing, and angiogenesis. We used bioinformatics to identify 9 CCN genes in zebrafish (zCCNs), 6 of which have not been previously described. When compared with mammalian CCN family members, 3 were paralogs of Cyr61, 2 of CTGF, 2 of WISP1, 1 of WISP2, and 1 of WISP3. No paralog of Nov was found. In situ hybridization was performed to characterize the sites of expression of the zCCNs during early zebrafish development. zCCNs demonstrated both unique and overlapping patterns of expression, suggesting potential division of labor between orthologous genes and providing an alternate approach to gene function studies that will complement studies in mammalian models. Developmental Dynamics 239:1755–1767, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Fernando
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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97
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Baldridge D, Shchelochkov O, Kelley, B, Lee B. Signaling Pathways in Human Skeletal Dysplasias. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2010; 11:189-217. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082908-150158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Baldridge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , , ,
| | - Oleg Shchelochkov
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , , ,
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Brian Kelley,
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , , ,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, Texas 77009
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , , ,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, Texas 77009
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98
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Du J, Takeuchi H, Leonhard-Melief C, Shroyer KR, Dlugosz M, Haltiwanger RS, Holdener BC. O-fucosylation of thrombospondin type 1 repeats restricts epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and maintains epiblast pluripotency during mouse gastrulation. Dev Biol 2010; 346:25-38. [PMID: 20637190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) superfamily members regulate diverse biological activities ranging from cell motility to inhibition of angiogenesis. In this study, we verified that mouse protein O-fucosyltransferase-2 (POFUT2) specifically adds O-fucose to TSRs. Using two Pofut2 gene-trap lines, we demonstrated that O-fucosylation of TSRs was essential for restricting epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the primitive streak, correct patterning of mesoderm, and localization of the definitive endoderm. Although Pofut2 mutant embryos established anterior/posterior polarity, they underwent extensive mesoderm differentiation at the expense of maintaining epiblast pluripotency. Moreover, mesoderm differentiation was biased towards the vascular endothelial cell lineage. Localization of Foxa2 and Cer1 expressing cells within the interior of Pofut2 mutant embryos suggested that POFUT2 activity was also required for the displacement of the primitive endoderm by definitive endoderm. Notably, Nodal, BMP4, Fgf8, and Wnt3 expression were markedly elevated and expanded in Pofut2 mutants, providing evidence that O-fucose modification of TSRs was essential for modulation of growth factor signaling during gastrulation. The ability of Pofut2 mutant embryos to form teratomas comprised of tissues from all three germ layer origins suggested that defects in Pofut2 mutant embryos resulted from abnormalities in the extracellular environment. This prediction is consistent with the observation that POFUT2 targets are constitutive components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or associate with the ECM. For this reason, the Pofut2 mutants represent a valuable tool for studying the role of O-fucosylation in ECM synthesis and remodeling, and will be a valuable model to study how post-translational modification of ECM components regulates the formation of tissue boundaries, cell movements, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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99
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Zuo GW, Kohls CD, He BC, Chen L, Zhang W, Shi Q, Zhang BQ, Kang Q, Luo J, Luo X, Wagner ER, Kim SH, Restegar F, Haydon RC, Deng ZL, Luu HH, He TC, Luo Q. The CCN proteins: important signaling mediators in stem cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. Histol Histopathol 2010; 25:795-806. [PMID: 20376786 DOI: 10.14670/hh-25.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CCN proteins contain six members, namely CCN1 to CCN6, which are small secreted cysteine-rich proteins. The CCN proteins are modular proteins, containing up to four functional domains. Many of the CCN members are induced by growth factors, cytokines, or cellular stress. The CCNs show a wide and highly variable expression pattern in adult and in embryonic tissues. The CCN proteins can integrate and modulate the signals of integrins, BMPs, VEGF, Wnts, and Notch. The involvement of integrins in mediating CCN signaling may provide diverse context-dependent responses in distinct cell types. CCN1 and CCN2 play an important role in development, angiogenesis and cell adhesion, whereas CCN3 is critical to skeletal and cardiac development. CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6 usually inhibit cell growth. Mutations of Ccn6 are associated with the progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda. In stem cell differentiation, CCN1, CCN2, and CCN3 play a principal role in osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and angiogenesis. Elevated expression of CCN1 is associated with more aggressive phenotypes of human cancer, while the roles of CCN2 and CCN3 in tumorigenesis are tumor type-dependent. CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6 function as tumor suppressors. Although CCN proteins may play important roles in fine-tuning other major signaling pathways, the precise function and mechanism of action of these proteins remain undefined. Understanding of the biological functions of the CCN proteins would not only provide insight into their roles in numerous cellular processes but also offer opportunities for developing therapeutics by targeting CCN functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, and The Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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100
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Marrakchi R, Khadimallah I, Ouerhani S, Gamoudi A, Khomsi F, Bouzaine H, Benamor M, Bougatef K, Mnif S, Zitoun R, Benna F, Boussen H, Rahal K, Elgaaied AB. Expression of WISP3 and RhoC Genes at mRNA and Protein Levels in Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Breast Cancer in Tunisian Patients. Cancer Invest 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900903405926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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