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Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812774. [PMID: 35309296 PMCID: PMC8927970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host's defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Curson JE, Luo L, Liu L, Burgess BJ, Bokil NJ, Wall AA, Brdicka T, Kapetanovic R, Stow JL, Sweet MJ. An alternative downstream translation start site in the non-TIR adaptor Scimp enables selective amplification of CpG DNA responses in mouse macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:267-284. [PMID: 35201640 PMCID: PMC9544816 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling relies on Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homology (TIR) domain-containing adaptor proteins that recruit downstream signaling molecules to generate tailored immune responses. In addition, the palmitoylated transmembrane adaptor protein family member Scimp acts as a non-TIR-containing adaptor protein in macrophages, scaffolding the Src family kinase Lyn to enable TLR phosphorylation and proinflammatory signaling responses. Here we report the existence of a smaller, naturally occurring translational variant of Scimp (Scimp TV1), which is generated through leaky scanning and translation at a downstream methionine. Scimp TV1 also scaffolds Lyn, but in contrast to full-length Scimp, it is basally rather than lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducibly phosphorylated. Macrophages from mice that selectively express Scimp TV1, but not full-length Scimp, have impaired sustained LPS-inducible cytokine responses. Furthermore, in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-derived myeloid cells that express high levels of Scimp, selective overexpression of Scimp TV1 enhances CpG DNA-inducible cytokine production. Unlike full-length Scimp that localizes to the cell surface and filopodia, Scimp TV1 accumulates in intracellular compartments, particularly the Golgi. Moreover, this variant of Scimp is not inducibly phosphorylated in response to CpG DNA, suggesting that it may act via an indirect mechanism to enhance TLR9 responses. Our findings thus reveal the use of alternative translation start sites as a previously unrecognized mechanism for diversifying TLR responses in the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eb Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Liping Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Belinda J Burgess
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nilesh J Bokil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam A Wall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tomas Brdicka
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Network Pharmacology- and Molecular Docking-Based Identification of Potential Phytocompounds from Argyreia capitiformis in the Treatment of Inflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8037488. [PMID: 35140801 PMCID: PMC8820870 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8037488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The methanolic extract of Argyreia capitiformis stem was examined for anti-inflammatory activities following network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking study. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, 49 compounds were identified from the methanolic extract of A. capitiformis stem. A network pharmacology analysis was conducted against the identified compounds, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and Gene Ontology analysis of biological processes and molecular functions were performed. Six proteins (IL1R1, IRAK4, MYD88, TIRAP, TLR4, and TRAF6) were identified from the KEGG pathway analysis and subjected to molecular docking study. Additionally, six best ligand efficiency compounds and positive control (aspirin) from each protein were evaluated for their stability using the molecular dynamics simulation study. Our study suggested that IL1R1, IRAK4, MYD88, TIRAP, TLR4, and TRAF6 proteins may be targeted by compounds in the methanolic extract of A. capitiformis stem to provide anti-inflammatory effects.
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Ma C, He D, Tian P, Wang Y, He Y, Wu Q, Jia Z, Zhang X, Zhang P, Ying H, Jin ZB, Hu G. miR-182 targeting reprograms tumor-associated macrophages and limits breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114006119. [PMID: 35105806 PMCID: PMC8833194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114006119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protumor roles of alternatively activated (M2) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been well established, and macrophage reprogramming is an important therapeutic goal. However, the mechanisms of TAM polarization remain incompletely understood, and effective strategies for macrophage targeting are lacking. Here, we show that miR-182 in macrophages mediates tumor-induced M2 polarization and can be targeted for therapeutic macrophage reprogramming. Constitutive miR-182 knockout in host mice and conditional knockout in macrophages impair M2-like TAMs and breast tumor development. Targeted depletion of macrophages in mice blocks the effect of miR-182 deficiency in tumor progression while reconstitution of miR-182-expressing macrophages promotes tumor growth. Mechanistically, cancer cells induce miR-182 expression in macrophages by TGFβ signaling, and miR-182 directly suppresses TLR4, leading to NFκb inactivation and M2 polarization of TAMs. Importantly, therapeutic delivery of antagomiR-182 with cationized mannan-modified extracellular vesicles effectively targets macrophages, leading to miR-182 inhibition, macrophage reprogramming, and tumor suppression in multiple breast cancer models of mice. Overall, our findings reveal a crucial TGFβ/miR-182/TLR4 axis for TAM polarization and provide rationale for RNA-based therapeutics of TAM targeting in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dasa He
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pu Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunfei He
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiuyao Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenchang Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
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55
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Houle S, Kokiko-Cochran ON. A Levee to the Flood: Pre-injury Neuroinflammation and Immune Stress Influence Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:788055. [PMID: 35095471 PMCID: PMC8790486 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.788055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that aging influences the brain's response to traumatic brain injury (TBI), setting the stage for neurodegenerative pathology like Alzheimer's disease (AD). This topic is often dominated by discussions of post-injury aging and inflammation, which can diminish the consideration of those same factors before TBI. In fact, pre-TBI aging and inflammation may be just as critical in mediating outcomes. For example, elderly individuals suffer from the highest rates of TBI of all severities. Additionally, pre-injury immune challenges or stressors may alter pathology and outcome independent of age. The inflammatory response to TBI is malleable and influenced by previous, coincident, and subsequent immune insults. Therefore, pre-existing conditions that elicit or include an inflammatory response could substantially influence the brain's ability to respond to traumatic injury and ultimately affect chronic outcome. The purpose of this review is to detail how age-related cellular and molecular changes, as well as genetic risk variants for AD affect the neuroinflammatory response to TBI. First, we will review the sources and pathology of neuroinflammation following TBI. Then, we will highlight the significance of age-related, endogenous sources of inflammation, including changes in cytokine expression, reactive oxygen species processing, and mitochondrial function. Heightened focus is placed on the mitochondria as an integral link between inflammation and various genetic risk factors for AD. Together, this review will compile current clinical and experimental research to highlight how pre-existing inflammatory changes associated with infection and stress, aging, and genetic risk factors can alter response to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Houle
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
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56
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Chen H, Liu C, Xiang M, Yu J, Xia Y, Hu X, Wang D, Tao B, Zhang Y, Cheng L. Contribution of the mutation rs8193069 in TLR4 to mastitis resistance and performance in Holstein cows in southern China. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:357-366. [PMID: 34812595 PMCID: PMC8788991 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis has become increasingly important issues for farmers and consumers, leading to large economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. Because treatment of mastitis is difficult and costly, improved mastitis resistance through selective breeding would be advantageous. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important player in recognising pathogens and activating immune responses. However, its roles in mastitis occurrence and the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In this study, a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs8193069 (T → C) in TLR4 gene was detected in a Holstein cow resource population in southern China. Association analysis with 5-year production traits, haematology, and biochemistry parameters revealed that individuals with genotype CC had significantly lower somatic cell counts (SCC), lower fat percentage, but higher 305-day milk (p < 0.05) and total milk yield (p < 0.01). Both genotypes CC and CT had lower lymphocyte counts (#LYMPH) (p < 0.01) and basophil counts (#BASO) (p < 0.05) than TT. Genotype CC had a less level of triglyceride (p < 0.01) and creatine kinase (p < 0.05) than CT. Further analysis based on the production data revealed significant positive correlations between SCC and #LYMPH. Analysis of TLR4 protein structure and properties suggested that the missense mutation on the 674th amino acid from Thr to Ile reduced the flexibility and hydrophilicity of TIR domain, implying a weakened binding ability of TLR4 to its adaptors. In conclusion, allele C of rs8193069 was the major allele in Holstein cows that indicated a greater genetic potential to mastitis resistance and milk yields, probably via the LPS-TLR4 inflammatory signalling. This study offers a marker to improve mastitis resistance in the dairy cow population in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chen
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Chenhui Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Min Xiang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhong Hu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Dingfa Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Bifei Tao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yongjin Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
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57
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Ge S, Yang W, Chen H, Yuan Q, Liu S, Zhao Y, Zhang J. MyD88 in Macrophages Enhances Liver Fibrosis by Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in HSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212413. [PMID: 34830293 PMCID: PMC8622429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease mediated by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) leads to liver fibrosis. The signal adaptor MyD88 of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is involved during the progression of liver fibrosis. However, the specific role of MyD88 in myeloid cells in liver fibrosis has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we used a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse fibrosis model in which MyD88 was selectively depleted in myeloid cells. MyD88 deficiency in myeloid cells attenuated liver fibrosis in mice and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, deficiency of MyD88 in macrophages inhibits the secretion of CXC motif chemokine 2 (CXCL2), which restrains the activation of HSCs characterized by NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Moreover, targeting CXCL2 by CXCR2 inhibitors attenuated the activation of HSCs and reduced liver fibrosis. Thus, MyD88 may represent a potential candidate target for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ge
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (S.G.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wei Yang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (S.G.); (W.Y.)
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (H.C.); (Q.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Qi Yuan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (H.C.); (Q.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shi Liu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (H.C.); (Q.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (S.G.); (W.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (S.G.); (W.Y.)
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (H.C.); (Q.Y.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
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58
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Przykaza Ł. Understanding the Connection Between Common Stroke Comorbidities, Their Associated Inflammation, and the Course of the Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Cascade. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782569. [PMID: 34868060 PMCID: PMC8634336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous progress in the understanding of the course of the ischemic stroke over the last few decades, a therapy that effectively protects neurovascular units (NVUs) and significantly improves neurological functions in stroke patients has still not been achieved. The reasons for this state are unclear, but it is obvious that the cerebral ischemia and reperfusion cascade is a highly complex phenomenon, which includes the intense neuroinflammatory processes, and comorbid stroke risk factors strongly worsen stroke outcomes and likely make a substantial contribution to the pathophysiology of the ischemia/reperfusion, enhancing difficulties in searching of successful treatment. Common concomitant stroke risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia) strongly drive inflammatory processes during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion; because these factors are often present for a long time before a stroke, causing low-grade background inflammation in the brain, and already initially disrupting the proper functions of NVUs. Broad consideration of this situation in basic research may prove to be crucial for the success of future clinical trials of neuroprotection, vasculoprotection and immunomodulation in stroke. This review focuses on the mechanism by which coexisting common risk factors for stroke intertwine in cerebral ischemic/reperfusion cascade and the dysfunction and disintegration of NVUs through inflammatory processes, principally activation of pattern recognition receptors, alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules and the subsequent pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Przykaza
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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59
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Jiang N, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Meng Y, Liu W, Li Y, Xue M, Robert J, Zeng L. The Immune System and the Antiviral Responses in Chinese Giant Salamander, Andrias davidianus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718627. [PMID: 34675918 PMCID: PMC8524050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander, belonging to an ancient amphibian lineage, is the largest amphibian existing in the world, and is also an important animal for artificial cultivation in China. However, some aspects of the innate and adaptive immune system of the Chinese giant salamander are still unknown. The Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV), a member of the Ranavirus genus (family Iridoviridae), is a prominent pathogen causing high mortality and severe economic losses in Chinese giant salamander aquaculture. As a serious threat to amphibians worldwide, the etiology of ranaviruses has been mainly studied in model organisms, such as the Ambystoma tigrinum and Xenopus. Nevertheless, the immunity to ranavirus in Chinese giant salamander is distinct from other amphibians and less known. We review the unique immune system and antiviral responses of the Chinese giant salamander, in order to establish effective management of virus disease in Chinese giant salamander artificial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuding Fan
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Basheer AS, Abas F, Othman I, Naidu R. Role of Inflammatory Mediators, Macrophages, and Neutrophils in Glioma Maintenance and Progression: Mechanistic Understanding and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4226. [PMID: 34439380 PMCID: PMC8393628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common, highly malignant, and deadliest forms of brain tumors. These intra-cranial solid tumors are comprised of both cancerous and non-cancerous cells, which contribute to tumor development, progression, and resistance to the therapeutic regimen. A variety of soluble inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and chemotactic factors) are secreted by these cells, which help in creating an inflammatory microenvironment and contribute to the various stages of cancer development, maintenance, and progression. The major tumor infiltrating immune cells of the tumor microenvironment include TAMs and TANs, which are either recruited peripherally or present as brain-resident macrophages (microglia) and support stroma for cancer cell expansion and invasion. These cells are highly plastic in nature and can be polarized into different phenotypes depending upon different types of stimuli. During neuroinflammation, glioma cells interact with TAMs and TANs, facilitating tumor cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Targeting inflammatory mediators along with the reprogramming of TAMs and TANs could be of great importance in glioma treatment and may delay disease progression. In addition, an inhibition of the key signaling pathways such as NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and TLRs, which are activated during neuroinflammation and have an oncogenic role in glioblastoma (GBM), can exert more pronounced anti-glioma effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad Basheer
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 434000, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (A.S.B.); (I.O.)
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Abstract
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) has emerged as a key upstream regulator of cell death and inflammation. RIPK1-mediated signaling governs the outcome of signaling pathways initiated by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR4, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)/melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA-5), and Z-binding protein 1 (ZBP1) by signaling for NF-κB activation, mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) and interferon regulatory factor 3/7 (IRF3/7) phosphorylation, and cell death via apoptosis and necroptosis. Both cell death and inflammatory responses play a major role in controlling virus infections. Therefore, viruses have evolved multifaceted mechanisms to exploit host immune responses by targeting RIPK1. This review focuses on the current understanding of RIPK1-mediated inflammatory and cell death pathways and multiple mechanisms by which viruses manipulate these pathways by targeting RIPK1. We also discuss gaps in our knowledge regarding RIPK1-mediated signaling pathways and highlight potential avenues for future research.
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Saikh KU, Ranji CM. Cells Stimulated with More Than One Toll-Like Receptor-Ligand in the Presence of a MyD88 Inhibitor Augmented Interferon- β via MyD88-Independent Signaling Pathway. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:646-652. [PMID: 34287077 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host exposure to pathogens engage multiple pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) including toll-like receptors (TLRs); recruit intracellular signaling adaptor proteins primarily myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) for activating downstream signaling cascades, which culminate in the production of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines; and impede pathogen replication and dissemination. However, recent studies highlight that absence of MyD88 increased antiviral type I IFN induction, and MyD88-/- mice showed a higher survival rate compared with the low survival rate of the MyD88+/+ mice, implicating MyD88 limits antiviral type I IFN response. As a single infectious agent may harbor multiple PRR agonists, which trigger different sets of TLR-initiated immune signaling, we examined whether MyD88 inhibition during stimulation of cells with more than one TLR-ligand would augment type I IFN. We stimulated human U87- and TLR3-transfected HEK293-TLR7 cells with TLR-ligands, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (TLR4-ligand) plus poly I:C (TLR3-ligand) or imiquimod (R837, TLR7-ligand) plus poly I:C, in the presence of compound 4210, a previously reported MyD88 inhibitor, and measured IFN-β response using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results showed that when U87- or TLR3-transfected HEK293-TLR7 cells were stimulated with TLR-ligands, such as poly I:C plus LPS or poly I:C plus R837, IFN-β production was significantly increased with MyD88 inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results indicate that during more than one TLR-ligand-induced immune signaling event, impairment of antiviral type I IFN response was restored by inhibition of MyD88 through MyD88-independent pathway of type I IFN signaling, thus, offer a MyD88-targeted approach for type I IFN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Bacteriology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Cyra M Ranji
- Department of Bacteriology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Inhibitory feedback control of NF-κB signalling in health and disease. Biochem J 2021; 478:2619-2664. [PMID: 34269817 PMCID: PMC8286839 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells must adapt to changes in their environment to maintain cell, tissue and organismal integrity in the face of mechanical, chemical or microbiological stress. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is one of the most important transcription factors that controls inducible gene expression as cells attempt to restore homeostasis. It plays critical roles in the immune system, from acute inflammation to the development of secondary lymphoid organs, and also has roles in cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Given its role in such critical processes, NF-κB signalling must be subject to strict spatiotemporal control to ensure measured and context-specific cellular responses. Indeed, deregulation of NF-κB signalling can result in debilitating and even lethal inflammation and also underpins some forms of cancer. In this review, we describe the homeostatic feedback mechanisms that limit and ‘re-set’ inducible activation of NF-κB. We first describe the key components of the signalling pathways leading to activation of NF-κB, including the prominent role of protein phosphorylation and protein ubiquitylation, before briefly introducing the key features of feedback control mechanisms. We then describe the array of negative feedback loops targeting different components of the NF-κB signalling cascade including controls at the receptor level, post-receptor signalosome complexes, direct regulation of the critical ‘inhibitor of κB kinases’ (IKKs) and inhibitory feedforward regulation of NF-κB-dependent transcriptional responses. We also review post-transcriptional feedback controls affecting RNA stability and translation. Finally, we describe the deregulation of these feedback controls in human disease and consider how feedback may be a challenge to the efficacy of inhibitors.
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Yu Z, Jiang N, Su W, Zhuo Y. Necroptosis: A Novel Pathway in Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701564. [PMID: 34322024 PMCID: PMC8311004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex inflammatory process in the nervous system that is expected to play a significant role in neurological diseases. Necroptosis is a kind of necrosis that triggers innate immune responses by rupturing dead cells and releasing intracellular components; it can be caused by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-4 agonists, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), certain microbial infections, and T cell receptors. Necroptosis signaling is modulated by receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1 when the activity of caspase-8 becomes compromised. Activated death receptors (DRs) cause the activation of RIPK1 and the RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent formation of an RIPK1-RIPK3-mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which is complex II. RIPK3 phosphorylates MLKL, ultimately leading to necrosis through plasma membrane disruption and cell lysis. Current studies suggest that necroptosis is associated with the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injury. Inhibitors of necroptosis, such as necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and stable variant of Nec (Nec-1s), have been proven to be effective in many neurological diseases. The purpose of this article is to illuminate the mechanism underlying necroptosis and the important role that necroptosis plays in neuroinflammatory diseases. Overall, this article shows a potential therapeutic strategy in which targeting necroptotic factors may improve the pathological changes and clinical symptoms of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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65
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Rajpoot S, Wary KK, Ibbott R, Liu D, Saqib U, Thurston TLM, Baig MS. TIRAP in the Mechanism of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697588. [PMID: 34305934 PMCID: PMC8297548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) represents a key intracellular signalling molecule regulating diverse immune responses. Its capacity to function as an adaptor molecule has been widely investigated in relation to Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune signalling. Since the discovery of TIRAP in 2001, initial studies were mainly focused on its role as an adaptor protein that couples Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) with TLRs, to activate MyD88-dependent TLRs signalling. Subsequent studies delineated TIRAP’s role as a transducer of signalling events through its interaction with non-TLR signalling mediators. Indeed, the ability of TIRAP to interact with an array of intracellular signalling mediators suggests its central role in various immune responses. Therefore, continued studies that elucidate the molecular basis of various TIRAP-protein interactions and how they affect the signalling magnitude, should provide key information on the inflammatory disease mechanisms. This review summarizes the TIRAP recruitment to activated receptors and discusses the mechanism of interactions in relation to the signalling that precede acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we highlighted the significance of TIRAP-TIR domain containing binding sites for several intracellular inflammatory signalling molecules. Collectively, we discuss the importance of the TIR domain in TIRAP as a key interface involved in protein interactions which could hence serve as a therapeutic target to dampen the extent of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Rajpoot
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Kishore K Wary
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rachel Ibbott
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.,School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States.,Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Uzma Saqib
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Teresa L M Thurston
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
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66
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Yu J, Li S, Wang L, Dong Z, Si L, Bao L, Wu L. Pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis-game of Brucella death. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:96-120. [PMID: 34214000 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1944055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. Human infection often results from direct contact with tissues from infected animals or by consumption of undercooked meat and unpasteurised dairy products, causing serious economic losses and public health problems. The male genitourinary system is a common involved system in patients with brucellosis. Among them, unilateral orchitis and epididymitis are the most common. Although the clinical and imaging aspect of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis have been widely described, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the damage and the immune response in testis and epididymis have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we first summarised the clinical characteristics of Brucella epididymo-orchitis and the composition of testicular and epididymal immune system. Secondly, with regard to the mechanism of Brucella epididymoorchitis, we mainly discussed the process of Brucella invading testis and epididymis in temporal and spatial order, including i) Brucella evades innate immune recognition of testicular PRRs;ii) Brucella overcomes the immune storm triggered by the invasion of testis through bacterial lipoproteins and virulence factors, and changes the secretion mode of cytokines; iii) Brucella breaks through the blood-testis barrier with the help of macrophages, and inflammatory cytokines promote the oxidative stress of Sertoli cells, damaging the integrity of BTB; iv) Brucella inhibits apoptosis of testicular phagocytes. Finally, we revealed the structure and sequence of testis invaded by Brucella at the tissue level. This review will enable us to better understand the pathogenesis of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for the treatment of brucellosis and the prevention of transition to chronic form. Facing the testicle with immunity privilege, Brucella is like Bruce Lee in the movie Game of Death, winning is survival while losing is death.HIGHLIGHTSWe summarized the clinical features and pathological changes of Brucellaepididymoorchitis.Our research reveals the pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis, which mainly includes the subversion of testicular immune privilege by Brucella and a series of destructive reactions derived from it.As a basic framework and valuable resource, this study can promote the exploration of the pathogenesis of Brucella and provide reference for determining new therapeutic targets for brucellosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuwang Yu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lengge Si
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lidao Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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67
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TLR4 biased small molecule modulators. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107918. [PMID: 34171331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biased pharmacological modulators provide potential therapeutic benefits, including greater pharmacodynamic specificity, increased efficiency and reduced adverse effects. Therefore, the identification of such modulators as drug candidates is highly desirable. Currently, attention was mainly paid to biased signaling modulators targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The biased signaling modulation of non-GPCR receptors has yet to be exploited. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one such non-GPCR receptor, which involves MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways. Moreover, the dysregulation of TLR4 contributes to numerous diseases, which highlights the importance of biased modulator development targeting TLR4. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the recent progress in the discovery of biased modulators of TLR4. The challenges and methods for the discovery of TLR4 biased modulators are also outlined. Small molecules biasedly modulating the TLR4 signaling axis not only provide probes to fine-tune receptor conformation and signaling but also provide an opportunity to identify promising drug candidates. The discovery of biased modulators of TLR4 would provide insight for the future development of biased modulators for other non-GPCR receptors.
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Cao W, Guo Y, Cheng Z, Xu G, Zuo Q, Nie L, Huang Y, Liu S, Zhu Y. Inducible ATP1B1 Upregulates Antiviral Innate Immune Responses by the Ubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2668-2681. [PMID: 34011520 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral innate immune responses are crucial steps during host defense and must be strictly regulated, but the molecular mechanisms of control remain unclear. In this study, we report increased expression of human ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit β 1(ATP1B1) after DNA and RNA virus infections. We found that the expression of ATP1B1 can inhibit viral replication and increase the levels of IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes, and inflammatory cytokines. Knockdown of ATP1B1 by specific short hairpin RNA had the opposite effects. Upon viral infection, ATP1B1 was induced, interacted with TRAF3 and TRAF6, and potentiated the ubiquitination of these proteins, leading to increased phosphorylation of downstream molecules, including TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of ATP1B1 in antiviral innate immunity and suggest a novel mechanism for the induction of IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhikui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longyu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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69
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Kwon Y, Park C, Lee J, Park DH, Jeong S, Yun CH, Park OJ, Han SH. Regulation of Bone Cell Differentiation and Activation by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115805. [PMID: 34071605 PMCID: PMC8197933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of bone homeostasis. In particular, the modulation of innate immunity and bone homeostasis is mediated through the interaction between microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the host pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains. Pathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Staphylococcus aureus tend to induce bone destruction and cause various inflammatory bone diseases including periodontal diseases, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. On the other hand, probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species can prevent bone loss. In addition, bacterial metabolites and various secretory molecules such as short chain fatty acids and cyclic nucleotides can also affect bone homeostasis. This review focuses on the regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast by MAMPs including cell wall components and secretory microbial molecules under in vitro and in vivo conditions. MAMPs could be used as potential molecular targets for treating bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Chaeyeon Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Jueun Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Dong Hyun Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: (O.-J.P.); (S.H.H.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2312 (O.-J.P.); +82-2-880-2310 (S.H.H.)
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (C.P.); (J.L.); (D.H.P.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: (O.-J.P.); (S.H.H.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2312 (O.-J.P.); +82-2-880-2310 (S.H.H.)
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70
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Namdev P, Patel S, Sparling B, Garg A. Monocytic-Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells of HIV-Infected Individuals With Viral Suppression Exhibit Suppressed Innate Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647019. [PMID: 33995365 PMCID: PMC8113814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis can occur during any stage of Human Immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV) -infection including times when CD4+ T cell numbers have reconstituted and viral replication suppressed. We have previously shown that CD11b+CD33+CD14+HLA-DR-/lo monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) persist in HIV-infected individuals on combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) and with virologic suppression. The response of MDSC to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is not known. In this study, we compared the anti-mycobacterial activity of MDSC isolated from HIV –infected individuals on cART with virologic suppression (HIV MDSC) and HIV-uninfected healthy controls (HIV (-) MDSC). Compared to HIV (-) MDSC, HIV MDSC produced significantly less quantities of anti-mycobacterial cytokines IL-12p70 and TNFα, and reactive oxygen species when cultured with infectious Mtb or Mtb antigens. Furthermore, HIV MDSC showed changes in the Toll-like receptor and IL-27 signaling, including reduced expression of MyD88 and higher levels of IL-27. Neutralizing IL-27 and overexpression of MyD88 synergistically controlled intracellular replication of Mtb in HIV MDSC. These results demonstrate that MDSC in fully suppressed HIV-infected individuals are permissive to Mtb and exhibit downregulated anti-mycobacterial innate immune activity through mechanisms involving IL-27 and TLR signaling. Our findings suggest MDSC as novel mediators of tuberculosis in HIV-Mtb co-infected individuals with virologic suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Namdev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shiv Patel
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brandi Sparling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ankita Garg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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71
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Jost M, Jacobson AN, Hussmann JA, Cirolia G, Fischbach MA, Weissman JS. CRISPR-based functional genomics in human dendritic cells. eLife 2021; 10:e65856. [PMID: 33904395 PMCID: PMC8104964 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) regulate processes ranging from antitumor and antiviral immunity to host-microbe communication at mucosal surfaces. It remains difficult, however, to genetically manipulate human DCs, limiting our ability to probe how DCs elicit specific immune responses. Here, we develop a CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing method for human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) that mediates knockouts with a median efficiency of >94% across >300 genes. Using this method, we perform genetic screens in moDCs, identifying mechanisms by which DCs tune responses to lipopolysaccharides from the human microbiome. In addition, we reveal donor-specific responses to lipopolysaccharides, underscoring the importance of assessing immune phenotypes in donor-derived cells, and identify candidate genes that control this specificity, highlighting the potential of our method to pinpoint determinants of inter-individual variation in immunity. Our work sets the stage for a systematic dissection of the immune signaling at the host-microbiome interface and for targeted engineering of DCs for neoantigen vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Jost
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Amy N Jacobson
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- ChEM-H, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jeffrey A Hussmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- ChEM-H, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
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Huang Q, Liu DH, Chen CF, Han Y, Huang ZQ, Zhang JW, Zeng XM. Pgc-1α Promotes Phosphorylation, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in H9c2 Cells During the Early Stage of Lipopolysaccharide Induction. Inflammation 2021; 44:1771-1781. [PMID: 33847873 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction in severe sepsis is associated with increased mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying septic heart dysfunction remain unclear. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (Pgc-1α), concentrations of inflammatory factors, and activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway were examined in H9c2 cells after a 24-h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation period using qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and western blots (WBs), respectively. Pgc-1α was overexpressed and suppressed in cells using a lentivirus vector and siRNA, respectively. The effects of Pgc-1α dysfunction on the release of inflammatory factors and apoptosis were analyzed. Pgc-1α expression was increased after LPS induction for 0.5 h and returned to the pre-induction level at 2 h. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increase after LPS induction for 0.5 h and accumulated in the culture supernatants over time. The WBs revealed the highest Pgc-1α and phospho (p)-p65 protein levels after LPS induction for 0.5 h, followed by a decrease; moreover, the cleaved-caspase-3 level increased after LPS induction for 0.5 h and increased gradually thereafter. A functional analysis of Pgc-1α revealed that overexpression of this protein enhanced LPS-induced inflammatory factors and p-p65 levels and inhibited apoptosis during the early stage after LPS induction (0.5 and 4 h). In contrast, the inhibition of Pgc-1α expression inhibited the LPS expression-associated increases in inflammatory factors and p-p65 and promoted apoptosis. Pgc-1α promoted LPS-induced p65 phosphorylation and inflammatory factor release while inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Huang
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital, No.3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Hong Liu
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital, No.3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Feng Chen
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital, No.3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Han
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital, No.3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Huang
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital, No.3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Wen Zhang
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital, No.3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zeng
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University First Affiliated Hospital, No.3002 Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Milovic A, Cook VJ, Islam MN, Zhang Y, Kiaris H, Belisle JT, Mortazavi A, Barbour AG. An Infection-Tolerant Mammalian Reservoir for Several Zoonotic Agents Broadly Counters the Inflammatory Effects of Endotoxin. mBio 2021; 12:e00588-21. [PMID: 33849979 PMCID: PMC8092257 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00588-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals that are competent reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens commonly suffer little morbidity from the infections. To investigate mechanisms of this tolerance of infection, we used single-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an experimental model of inflammation and compared the responses of two rodents: Peromyscus leucopus, the white-footed deermouse and reservoir for the agents of Lyme disease and other zoonoses, and the house mouse Mus musculus Four hours after injection with LPS or saline, blood, spleen, and liver samples were collected and subjected to transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), metabolomics, and specific reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Differential expression analysis was at the gene, pathway, and network levels. LPS-treated deermice showed signs of sickness similar to those of exposed mice and had similar increases in corticosterone levels and expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, and C-reactive protein. By network analysis, the M. musculus response to LPS was characterized as cytokine associated, while the P. leucopus response was dominated by neutrophil activity terms. In addition, dichotomies in the expression levels of arginase 1 and nitric oxide synthase 2 and of IL-10 and IL-12 were consistent with type M1 macrophage responses in mice and type M2 responses in deermice. Analysis of metabolites in plasma and RNA in organs revealed species differences in tryptophan metabolism. Two genes in particular signified the different phenotypes of deermice and mice: the Slpi and Ibsp genes. Key RNA-seq findings for P. leucopus were replicated in older animals, in a systemic bacterial infection, and with cultivated fibroblasts. The findings indicate that P. leucopus possesses several adaptive traits to moderate inflammation in its balancing of infection resistance and tolerance.IMPORTANCE Animals that are natural carriers of pathogens that cause human diseases commonly manifest little or no sickness as a consequence of infection. Examples include the deermouse, Peromyscus leucopus, which is a reservoir for Lyme disease and several other disease agents in North America, and some types of bats, which are carriers of viruses with pathogenicity for humans. Mechanisms of this phenomenon of infection tolerance and entailed trade-off costs are poorly understood. Using a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin as a proxy for infection, we found that deermice differed from the mouse (Mus musculus) in responses to LPS in several diverse pathways, including innate immunity, oxidative stress, and metabolism. Features distinguishing the deermice cumulatively would moderate downstream ill effects of LPS. Insights gained from the P. leucopus model in the laboratory have implications for studying infection tolerance in other important reservoir species, including bats and other types of wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Balderrama-Gutierrez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ana Milovic
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Vanessa J Cook
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - M Nurul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Youwen Zhang
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hippokratis Kiaris
- Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - John T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alan G Barbour
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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74
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Membrive Jiménez C, Pérez Ramírez C, Sánchez Martín A, Vieira Maroun S, Arias Santiago SA, Ramírez Tortosa MDC, Jiménez Morales A. Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms on Response to Biologics in Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:293. [PMID: 33921427 PMCID: PMC8069496 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin pathology of autoimmune origin and unknown etiology. There are various therapies for treating it, including a wide range of biopharmaceuticals indicated in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Depending on their therapeutic target, they are classified as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (anti-TNF) or cytokine inhibitors (interleukin-12, 23, and 17 antagonists). Although they have proved effective and safe, in clinical practice, many patients show a short- and long-term suboptimal response and even varying degrees of toxicity. This variability in response may be influenced by genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in the genes involved in the pathological environment, metabolism or mechanism of action of the drug that could affect the effectiveness and toxicity of biological therapies. This review assesses pharmacogenetic studies of the impact of genetic factors on response to biopharmaceuticals and toxicity in patients diagnosed with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The results suggest that polymorphisms detected in the HLA genes, in genes that encode cytokines (TNF, IL genes, TNFAIP3), transporters (PDE3A-SLCO1C1, SLC12A8), receptors (TNFRSF1B, CD84, FCGR2A and FCGR3A, IL17RA, IL23R, TLR genes, PGLYRP4) and associated proteins (TNFAIP3, LY96, TIRAP, FBXL19), as well as other genes implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis (CDKAL1, CARD14, PTTG1, MAP3K1, ZNF816A, GBP6, CTNNA2, HTR2A, CTLA4, TAP1) can be used in the future as predictive markers of treatment response and/or toxicity with biological therapies in patients diagnosed with moderate-to-severe psoriasis, tailoring treatment to the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Membrive Jiménez
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (C.M.J.); (A.S.M.); (S.V.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Cristina Pérez Ramírez
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (C.M.J.); (A.S.M.); (S.V.M.); (A.J.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Almudena Sánchez Martín
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (C.M.J.); (A.S.M.); (S.V.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Sayleth Vieira Maroun
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (C.M.J.); (A.S.M.); (S.V.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | | | | | - Alberto Jiménez Morales
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Pharmacy Service, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (C.M.J.); (A.S.M.); (S.V.M.); (A.J.M.)
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TLRs in Mycobacterial Pathogenesis: Black and White or Shades of Gray. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2183-2193. [PMID: 33844035 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical role in the innate recognition of pathogens besides orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. These receptors exhibit exquisite specificity for different pathogens or their products and, through a complex network of signalling, generate appropriate immune responses. TLRs induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory signals depending on interactions with the adapter molecules thereby impacting the outcome of infection. Hence, TLR signalling ought to be stringently regulated to avoid harmful effects on the host. Mycobacteria express antigens which are sensed by TLRs leading to activation of various signalling molecules important for initiating the death of infected cells and containment of pathogens. Conversely, it also utilizes TLRs for immune evasion and persistence. Due to the enormous diversity in the repertoire of virulence traits expressed by mycobacteria, genetic variations in TLRs often impair the host's ability to respond to mycobacterial-stress, affecting health and disease manifestations. Thus, understanding TLR signalling is of great importance for insights into host-mycobacterial interactions and designing effective measures for controlling the spread and persistence of the bacterium.
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76
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Trung NB, Nan FH, Wang IJ, Wu YC, Wen CM, Lee MC, Hang HT, Lee PT. Expression, signal transduction, and function analysis of TIRAP and TRIF in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:103991. [PMID: 33387560 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and toll/interleukin 1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) are crucial adaptors of signal transduction for the signaling pathways of toll-like receptors (TLRs). TIRAP and TRIF perform an essential function in an antimicrobial immune response; however, their function in Nile tilapia remains unknown. Herein, TIRAP and TRIF from Nile tilapia were identified and functionally characterized. Phylogenetic analysis showed that OnTIRAP and OnTRIF clustered with corresponding homologs from other fish species, with comparable gene structures to those of select vertebrate TIRAP and TRIF genes, respectively. The expression profiles of OnTIRAP and OnTRIF were broadly distributed in the ten tissues investigated, with high transcript levels noticed in immune organs. The transcription levels of OnTIRAP and OnTRIF were upregulated in response to bacterial and poly (I:C) challenges. GFP signals were only detected in the cytoplasmic region of fish cells transfected with OnTIRAP-GFP and OnTRIF-GFP expression plasmids. Moreover, overexpression of OnTIRAP and OnTRIF activated interferon-β (IFN-β) and activator protein 1 (AP1) reporters in HEK 293 cells. Activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) reporter was only observed in OnTRIF-overexpressing HEK 293 cells. Furthermore, the results of the co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that OnTRIF, but not OnTIRAP, was recruited as an adaptor protein by OnTLR25. This study provides the first evidence on the functions of OnTIRAP and OnTRIF in the immune system of Nile tilapia against pathogens and may serve as the basis for further investigations on TLR signaling in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Bao Trung
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, ROC; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Ching Wu
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiu-Ming Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ho Thi Hang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, ROC.
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Saikh KU. MyD88 and beyond: a perspective on MyD88-targeted therapeutic approach for modulation of host immunity. Immunol Res 2021; 69:117-128. [PMID: 33834387 PMCID: PMC8031343 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emergence of infectious pathogens along with antimicrobial resistance creates a need for an alternative approach to treat infectious diseases. Targeting host factor(s) which are critically involved in immune signaling pathways for modulation of host immunity offers to treat a broad range of infectious diseases. Upon pathogen-associated ligands binding to the Toll-like/ IL-1R family, and other cellular receptors, followed by recruitment of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins, primarily MyD88, trigger the innate immune responses. But activation of host innate immunity strongly depends on the correct function of MyD88 which is tightly regulated. Dysregulation of MyD88 may cause an imbalance that culminates to a wide range of inflammation-associated syndromes and diseases. Furthermore, recent reports also describe that MyD88 upregulation with many viral infections is linked to decreased antiviral type I IFN response, and MyD88-deficient mice showed an increase in survivability. These reports suggest that MyD88 is also negatively involved via MyD88-independent pathways of immune signaling for antiviral type I IFN response. Because of its expanding role in controlling host immune signaling pathways, MyD88 has been recognized as a potential drug target in a broader drug discovery paradigm. Targeting BB-loop of MyD88, small molecule inhibitors were designed by structure-based approach which by blocking TIR-TIR domain homo-dimerization have shown promising therapeutic efficacy in attenuating MyD88-mediated inflammatory impact, and increased antiviral type I IFN response in experimental mouse model of diseases. In this review, we highlight the reports on MyD88-linked immune response and MyD88-targeted therapeutic approach with underlying mechanisms for controlling inflammation and antiviral type I IFN response. HIGHLIGHTS: • Host innate immunity is activated upon PAMPs binding to PRRs followed by immune signaling through TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins mainly MyD88. • Structure-based approach led to develop small-molecule inhibitors which block TIR domain homodimerization of MyD88 and showed therapeutic efficacy in limiting severe inflammation-associated impact in mice. • Therapeutic intervention of MyD88 also showed an increase in antiviral effect with strong type I IFN signaling linked to increased phosphorylation of IRFs via MyD88-independent pathway. • MyD88 inhibitors might be potentially useful as a small-molecule therapeutics for modulation of host immunity against inflammatory diseases and antiviral therapy. • However, prior clinical use of more in-depth efforts should be focused for suitability of the approach in deploying to complex diseases including COPD and COVID-19 in limiting inflammation-associated syndrome to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Bacterial Immunology, Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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78
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Protein N-myristoylation: functions and mechanisms in control of innate immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:878-888. [PMID: 33731917 PMCID: PMC7966921 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-myristoylation is an important fatty acylation catalyzed by N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs), which are ubiquitous enzymes in eukaryotes. Specifically, attachment of a myristoyl group is vital for proteins participating in various biological functions, including signal transduction, cellular localization, and oncogenesis. Recent studies have revealed unexpected mechanisms indicating that protein N-myristoylation is involved in host defense against microbial and viral infections. In this review, we describe the current understanding of protein N-myristoylation (mainly focusing on myristoyl switches) and summarize its crucial roles in regulating innate immune responses, including TLR4-dependent inflammatory responses and demyristoylation-induced innate immunosuppression during Shigella flexneri infection. Furthermore, we examine the role of myristoylation in viral assembly, intracellular host interactions, and viral spread during human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Deeper insight into the relationship between protein N-myristoylation and innate immunity might enable us to clarify the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases and better harness protein N-myristoylation for new therapeutics.
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79
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Heine H, Adanitsch F, Peternelj TT, Haegman M, Kasper C, Ittig S, Beyaert R, Jerala R, Zamyatina A. Tailored Modulation of Cellular Pro-inflammatory Responses With Disaccharide Lipid A Mimetics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631797. [PMID: 33815382 PMCID: PMC8012497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory signaling mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2) complex plays a crucial role in the instantaneous protection against infectious challenge and largely contributes to recovery from Gram-negative infection. Activation of TLR4 also boosts the adaptive immunity which is implemented in the development of vaccine adjuvants by application of minimally toxic TLR4 activating ligands. The modulation of pro-inflammatory responses via the TLR4 signaling pathway was found beneficial for management of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders including asthma, allergy, arthritis, Alzheimer disease pathology, sepsis, and cancer. The TLR4/MD-2 complex can recognize the terminal motif of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—a glycophospholipid lipid A. Although immense progress in understanding the molecular basis of LPS-induced TLR4-mediated signaling has been achieved, gradual, and predictable TLR4 activation by structurally defined ligands has not yet been attained. We report on controllable modulation of cellular pro-inflammatory responses by application of novel synthetic glycolipids—disaccharide-based lipid A mimetics (DLAMs) having picomolar affinity for TLR4/MD-2. Using crystal structure inspired design we have developed endotoxin mimetics where the inherently flexible β(1 → 6)-linked diglucosamine backbone of lipid A is replaced by a conformationally restricted α,α-(1↔1)-linked disaccharide scaffold. The tertiary structure of the disaccharide skeleton of DLAMs mirrors the 3-dimensional shape of TLR4/MD-2 bound E. coli lipid A. Due to exceptional conformational rigidity of the sugar scaffold, the specific 3D organization of DLAM must be preserved upon interaction with proteins. These structural factors along with specific acylation and phosphorylation pattern can ensure picomolar affinity for TLR4 and permit efficient dimerization of TLR4/MD-2/DLAM complexes. Since the binding pose of lipid A in the binding pocket of MD-2 (±180°) is crucial for the expression of biological activity, the chemical structure of DLAMs was designed to permit a predefined binding orientation in the binding groove of MD-2, which ensured tailored and species-independent (human and mice) TLR4 activation. Manipulating phosphorylation and acylation pattern at the sugar moiety facing the secondary dimerization interface allowed for adjustable modulation of the TLR4-mediated signaling. Tailored modulation of cellular pro-inflammatory responses by distinct modifications of the molecular structure of DLAMs was attained in primary human and mouse immune cells, lung epithelial cells and TLR4 transfected HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Florian Adanitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Tinkara Peternelj
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mira Haegman
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Simon Ittig
- Biozentrum University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Balan I, Aurelian L, Schleicher R, Boero G, O'Buckley T, Morrow AL. Neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3α,5α-THP) inhibits inflammatory signals induced by activated MyD88-dependent toll-like receptors. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:145. [PMID: 33637705 PMCID: PMC7909379 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that endogenous neurosteroids, including pregnenolone and 3α,5α-THP inhibit toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal activation in mouse macrophages and the brain of alcohol-preferring (P) rat, which exhibits innate TLR4 signal activation. The current studies were designed to examine whether other activated TLR signals are similarly inhibited by 3α,5α-THP. We report that 3α,5α-THP inhibits selective agonist-mediated activation of TLR2 and TLR7, but not TLR3 signaling in the RAW246.7 macrophage cell line. The TLR4 and TLR7 signals are innately activated in the amygdala and NAc from P rat brains and inhibited by 3α,5α-THP. The TLR2 and TLR3 signals are not activated in P rat brain and they are not affected by 3α,5α-THP. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicate that 3α,5α-THP inhibits the binding of MyD88 with TLR4 or TLR7 in P rat brain, but the levels of TLR4 co-precipitating with TRIF are not altered by 3α,5α-THP treatment. Collectively, the data indicate that 3α,5α-THP inhibits MyD88- but not TRIF-dependent TLR signal activation and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through its ability to block TLR-MyD88 binding. These results have applicability to many conditions involving pro-inflammatory TLR activation of cytokines, chemokines, and interferons and support the use of 3α,5α-THP as a therapeutic for inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Balan
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Laure Aurelian
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Riana Schleicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Giorgia Boero
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Todd O'Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - A Leslie Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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81
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Agnew A, Nulty C, Creagh EM. Regulation, Activation and Function of Caspase-11 during Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041506. [PMID: 33546173 PMCID: PMC7913190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-11 is a pro-inflammatory enzyme that is stringently regulated during its expression and activation. As caspase-11 is not constitutively expressed in cells, it requires a priming step for its upregulation, which occurs following the stimulation of pathogen and cytokine receptors. Once expressed, caspase-11 activation is triggered by its interaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Being an initiator caspase, activated caspase-11 functions primarily through its cleavage of key substrates. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is the primary substrate of caspase-11, and the GSDMD cleavage fragment generated is responsible for the inflammatory form of cell death, pyroptosis, via its formation of pores in the plasma membrane. Thus, caspase-11 functions as an intracellular sensor for LPS and an immune effector. This review provides an overview of caspase-11—describing its structure and the transcriptional mechanisms that govern its expression, in addition to its activation, which is reported to be regulated by factors such as guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, and oxidized phospholipids. We also discuss the functional outcomes of caspase-11 activation, which include the non-canonical inflammasome, modulation of actin dynamics, and the initiation of blood coagulation, highlighting the importance of inflammatory caspase-11 during infection and disease.
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82
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Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Trial Watch: Experimental Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:699-716. [PMID: 22934262 PMCID: PMC3429574 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are prototypic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) best known for their ability to activate the innate immune system in response to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA. Accumulating evidence indicates that the function of TLRs is not restricted to the elicitation of innate immune responses against invading pathogens. TLRs have indeed been shown to participate in tissue repair and injury-induced regeneration as well as in adaptive immune responses against cancer. In particular, TLR4 signaling appears to be required for the efficient processing and cross-presentation of cell-associated tumor antigens by dendritic cells, which de facto underlie optimal therapeutic responses to some anticancer drugs. Thus, TLRs constitute prominent therapeutic targets for the activation/intensification of anticancer immune responses. In line with this notion, long-used preparations such as the Coley toxin (a mixture of killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens bacteria) and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis originally developed as a vaccine against tuberculosis), both of which have been associated with consistent anticancer responses, potently activate TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Today, besides BCG, only one TLR agonist is FDA-approved for therapeutic use in cancer patients: imiquimod. In this Trial Watch, we will briefly present the role of TLRs in innate and cognate immunity and discuss the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of experimental TLR agonists as immunostimulatory agents for oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
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Shi M, Zhu Y, Yan J, Rouby J, Summah H, Monsel A, Qu J. Role of miR-466 in mesenchymal stromal cell derived extracellular vesicles treating inoculation pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e287. [PMID: 33463070 PMCID: PMC7805403 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC EVs) on multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA)-induced pneumonia remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS MicroRNA array and RT-PCR were used to select the major microRNA in MSC EVs. Human peripheral blood monocytes were obtained and isolated from qualified patients. The crosstalk between MSCs/MSC EVs and macrophages in vitro was studied. MDR-PA pneumonia models were further established in C57BL/6 mice and MSC EVs or miR-466 overexpressing MSC EVs were intratracheally instilled. RESULTS MiR-466 was highly expressed in MSC EVs. MSCs and miR-466 promoted macrophage polarization toward Type 2 phenotype through TIRAP-MyD88-NFκB axis. Moreover, cocultured macrophages with miR-466 overexpressing MSCs significantly increased the phagocytosis of macrophages. MSC EVs significantly reduced mortality and decreased influx of BALF neutrophils, proinflammatory factor levels, protein, and bacterial load in murine MDR-PA pneumonia. Administration of miR-466 overexpressing MSC EVs further alleviated the inflammatory severity. CONCLUSIONS MSC-derived EVs containing high levels of miR-466 may partly participate in host immune responses to MDR-PA. Both MSCs and MSC EVs have therapeutic effects in treating MDR-PA-induced pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐meng Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying‐gang Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hua‐dong HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jia‐yang Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jean‐Jacques Rouby
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Hanssa Summah
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Antoine Monsel
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology‐Immunopathology‐ Immunotherapy (I3)Sorbonne UniversitéParisF‐75005France
- Biotherapy (CIC‐BTi) and Inflammation‐Immunopathology‐Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B)Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreAP‐HPParisF‐75651France
| | - Jie‐ming Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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Youssef ME, Abdelrazek HM, Moustafa YM. Cardioprotective role of GTS-21 by attenuating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:11-31. [PMID: 32776158 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) was investigated in a variety of inflammatory conditions and constitutes a valuable line in their treatment. In the current study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of GTS-21 (GTS) as a partial selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAchR) agonist in diabetic cardiomyopathy model in rats. This mechanism was elaborated to study whether it could alleviate the electrocardiographic, histopathological, and molecular levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway proteins. Diabetes was induced by the injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated with GTS (1 or 2 mg/kg/day), methyllycaconitine (MLA), a selective α7-nAchR antagonist (2 mg/kg/day) plus GTS (2 mg/kg/day), or the vehicle. All treatments were given by the intraperitoneal route. Ventricular rate and different electrocardiograph (ECG) anomalies were detected. Plasma levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) were measured by ELISA. Additionally, we elucidated the levels of several proteins involved in the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Cardiac levels of TLR4 and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) were detected by ELISA. The cardiac expression of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), NF-κB, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and active caspase-1 were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Finally, the cardiac levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were determined by ELISA. Diabetic rats showed (i) ECG signs of cardiomyopathy such as significant ST segment elevations, prolonged QRS, QT intervals, and ventricular tachycardia; (ii) increased plasma levels of cTnT and CK-MB; (iii) increased expression of cardiac TLR4; (iv) elevated immunohistochemical expression of cardiac, Myd88, TRAF6, and NF-κB; (v) diminution in the cardiac expression of p-Akt; and (vi) adaptive increases in cardiac expression of TNF-α and IL-6. These effects were ameliorated in diabetic rats treated with both doses of GTS. Pretreatment with MLA did not completely reverse the ameliorative effect of GTS on cTnT, TRAF6, TNF-α, and IL-6, thereby reinforcing the presence of possible α7-nAchR-independent mechanisms. The activation of α7-nAchR with GTS offers a promising prophylactic strategy for diabetic cardiomyopathy by attenuating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of pharmacology and biochemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Abdelrazek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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85
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Chen CW, Kuo YC, How CK, Juan CC. Long-term aerobic exercise training-induced anti-inflammatory response and mechanisms: Focusing on the toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 63:250-255. [PMID: 33380609 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_78_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), which regulate inflammatory reactions, has become a popular research topic in recent years. This article reviews the latest scientific evidence on the regulation of TLR-4 by regular aerobic exercise training. The literature shows that long-term regular aerobic exercise training can effectively attenuate the expression of TLR-4 in immune cells and regulate its downstream intracellular cascade, including the p38 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. This further reduces cytokines secretion by inflammatory cells, which enhances immune system. We consider that the scientific evidence that long-term aerobic exercise training improves the inflammatory response provides a reasonable basis for using aerobic exercise training as a treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Chen
- College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Kuo
- College of Human Development and Health; Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chorng-Kuang How
- Department of Emergency, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Kinmen Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kinmen, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Juan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Host cells recognize molecules that signal danger using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied class of PRRs and detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns. Cellular TLR activation and signal transduction can therefore contain, combat, and clear danger by enabling appropriate gene transcription. Here, we review the expression, regulation, and function of different TLRs, with an emphasis on TLR-4, and how TLR adaptor protein binding directs intracellular signaling resulting in activation or termination of an innate immune response. Finally, we highlight the recent progress of research on the involvement of S100 proteins as ligands for TLR-4 in inflammatory disease.
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87
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Moghadam F, Hajian M, Rouhollahi Varnosfaderani S, Jafarpour F, Nasr Esfahani MH. Effect of rosiglitazone on developmental competence of mouse embryos treated with lipopolysaccharide. Theriogenology 2020; 161:57-64. [PMID: 33296744 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly reduces pre- and post-implantation developmental competence of embryos. One of the reason of this effect could be a consequence of TLR4-mediated inflammation. In this study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPAR γ) agonist, rosiglitazone (RGZ), in LPS-treated mouse embryos. Initially, the optimal doses of LPS, RGZ and GW9662 (a potent and selective PPARγ antagonist) were determined by treating the mouse zygotes up to blastocyst stage and assessment of compaction and blastocyst rates. Quantitative PCR was used to assess the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines. Immunostaining was used to study the translocation of PPARγ in blastocysts. Finally, the blastocysts were transferred to surrogate mouse to determine the post-implantation developmental competence. 0.0625 mg/mL of LPS significantly reduced the developmental competency by around 50% compared to control group. 10 μM of RGZ significantly ameliorated the toxic effect of LPS, which was also significantly reversed by 1.25 μM GW9662. Through immunostaining, it was shown that LPS could prevent the translocation of PPARγ to nucleus; and translocation was facilitated by RGZ and this effect was reversed by GW9662. A similar effect was also observed for the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (Il-1β and Il-6). LPS significantly increased the expression of these cytokines, while RGZ significantly reduced their expression, which was also significantly reversed by GW9662. It was also shown that embryos exposed to LPS had significantly reduced post implantation developmental competence which was considerably improved by treatment with RGZ. In conclusion, these data may have clinical implications for ameliorating the adverse effects of LPS in dairy farming and infertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Moghadam
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hajian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Shiva Rouhollahi Varnosfaderani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Jafarpour
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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88
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Zamyatina A, Heine H. Lipopolysaccharide Recognition in the Crossroads of TLR4 and Caspase-4/11 Mediated Inflammatory Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585146. [PMID: 33329561 PMCID: PMC7732686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is expressed on the surface of macrophages, monocytes, dendritic, and epithelial cells senses picomolar concentrations of endotoxic LPS and triggers the production of various pro-inflammatory mediators. In addition, LPS from extracellular bacteria which is either endocytosed or transfected into the cytosol of host cells or cytosolic LPS produced by intracellular bacteria is recognized by cytosolic proteases caspase-4/11 and hosts guanylate binding proteins that are involved in the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. All these events result in the initiation of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades directed at bacterial eradication. However, TLR4-mediated signaling and caspase-4/11-induced pyroptosis are largely involved in the pathogenesis of chronic and acute inflammation. Both extra- and intracellular LPS receptors-TLR4/MD-2 complex and caspase-4/11, respectively-are able to directly bind the lipid A motif of LPS. Whereas the structural basis of lipid A recognition by the TLR4 complex is profoundly studied and well understood, the atomic mechanism of LPS/lipid A interaction with caspase-4/11 is largely unknown. Here we describe the LPS-induced TLR4 and caspase-4/11 mediated signaling pathways and their cross-talk and scrutinize specific structural features of the lipid A motif of diverse LPS variants that have been reported to activate caspase-4/11 or to induce caspase-4/11 mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (either upon transfection of LPS in vitro or upon infection of cell cultures with intracellular bacteria or by LPS as a component of the outer membrane vesicles). Generally, inflammatory caspases show rather similar structural requirements as the TLR4/MD-2 complex, so that a "basic" hexaacylated bisphosphorylated lipid A architecture is sufficient for activation. However, caspase-4/11 can sense and respond to much broader variety of lipid A variants compared to the very "narrow" specificity of TLR4/MD-2 complex as far as the number and the length of lipid chains attached at the diglucosamine backbone of lipid A is concerned. Besides, modification of the lipid A phosphate groups with positively charged appendages such as phosphoethanolamine or aminoarabinose could be essential for the interaction of lipid A/LPS with inflammatory caspases and related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zamyatina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel—Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Disease (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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89
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Figueroa-Hall LK, Paulus MP, Savitz J. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 121:104843. [PMID: 32911436 PMCID: PMC7883590 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent, disabling, and costly mental illnesses currently affecting over 300 million people worldwide. A subset of depressed patients display inflammation as indicated by increased levels of proinflammatory mediators in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Longitudinal and experimental studies suggest that this inflammatory profile may causally contribute to the initiation, maintenance, or recurrence of depressive episodes in the context of major depressive disorder (MDD). While the mechanistic pathways that mediate these depressogenic effects have not yet been fully elucidated, toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is one potential common inflammatory pathway. In this review, we focus on the role that inflammation plays in depression, TLR signaling and its plasticity as a candidate pathway, its regulation by micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs), and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers for identification of inflammatory subtypes of depression. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that TLR expression and TLR signaling regulators are associated with MDD. Further, TLR expression and signaling is in-turn, regulated in part by miRNAs and some TLR-responsive miRNAs indirectly modulate pathways that are implicated in MDD pathophysiology. These data suggest an intersection between TLR signaling regulation and MDD-linked pathways. While these studies suggest that miRNAs play a role in the pathophysiology of MDD via their regulatory effects on TLR pathways, the utility of miRNAs as biomarkers and potential treatment targets remains to be determined. Developing new and innovative techniques or adapting established immunological approaches to mental health, should be at the forefront in moving the field forward, especially in terms of categorization of inflammatory subtypes in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK, 74136, United States; Oxley College of Health Sciences, 1215 S. Boulder Ave W., The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, United States.
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK, 74136, United States; Oxley College of Health Sciences, 1215 S. Boulder Ave W., The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, United States.
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90
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Ciesielska A, Matyjek M, Kwiatkowska K. TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1233-1261. [PMID: 33057840 PMCID: PMC7904555 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Gram-negative bacteria and sequentially triggers two signaling cascades: the first one involving TIRAP and MyD88 adaptor proteins is induced in the plasma membrane, whereas the second engaging adaptor proteins TRAM and TRIF begins in early endosomes after endocytosis of the receptor. The LPS-induced internalization of TLR4 and hence also the activation of the TRIF-dependent pathway is governed by a GPI-anchored protein, CD14. The endocytosis of TLR4 terminates the MyD88-dependent signaling, while the following endosome maturation and lysosomal degradation of TLR4 determine the duration and magnitude of the TRIF-dependent one. Alternatively, TLR4 may return to the plasma membrane, which process is still poorly understood. Therefore, the course of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses depends strictly on the rates of TLR4 endocytosis and trafficking through the endo-lysosomal compartment. Notably, prolonged activation of TLR4 is linked with several hereditary human diseases, neurodegeneration and also with autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent studies have provided ample data on the role of diverse proteins regulating the functions of early, late, and recycling endosomes in the TLR4-induced inflammation caused by LPS or phagocytosis of E. coli. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of the internalization and intracellular trafficking of TLR4 and CD14, and also of LPS, in immune cells and discuss how dysregulation of the endo-lysosomal compartment contributes to the development of diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Matyjek
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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91
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Kochumon S, Arefanian H, Azim R, Shenouda S, Jacob T, Abu Khalaf N, Al-Rashed F, Hasan A, Sindhu S, Al-Mulla F, Ahmad R. Stearic Acid and TNF-α Co-Operatively Potentiate MIP-1α Production in Monocytic Cells via MyD88 Independent TLR4/TBK/IRF3 Signaling Pathway. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100403. [PMID: 33050324 PMCID: PMC7600458 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased circulatory and adipose tissue expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (CC motif chemokine ligand-3/CCL3) and its association with inflammation in the state of obesity is well documented. Since obesity is associated with increases in both stearic acid and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in circulation, we investigated whether stearic acid and TNF-α together could regulate MIP-1α/CCL3 expression in human monocytic cells, and if so, which signaling pathways were involved in MIP-1α/CCL3 modulation. Monocytic cells were treated with stearic acid and TNF-α resulted in enhanced production of MIP-1α/CCL3 compared to stearic acid or TNF-α alone. To explore the underlying mechanisms, cooperative effect of stearic acid for MIP-α/CCL3 expression was reduced by TLR4 blocking, and unexpectedly we found that the synergistic production of MIP-α/CCL3 in MyD88 knockout (KO) cells was not suppressed. In contrast, this MIP-α/CCL3 expression was attenuated by inhibiting TBK1/IRF3 activity. Cells deficient in IRF3 did not show cooperative effect of stearate/TNF-α on MIP-1α/CCL3 production. Furthermore, activation of IRF3 by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) produced a cooperative effect with TNF-α for MIP-1α/CCL3 production that was comparable to stearic acid. Individuals with obesity show high IRF3 expression in monocytes as compared to lean individuals. Furthermore, elevated levels of MIP-1α/CCL3 positively correlate with TNF-α and CD163 in fat tissues from individuals with obesity. Taken together, this study provides a novel model for the pathologic role of stearic acid to produce MIP-1α/CCL3 in the presence of TNF-α associated with obesity settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Kochumon
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (S.K.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.S.); (T.J.); (F.A.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Hossein Arefanian
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (S.K.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.S.); (T.J.); (F.A.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Rafaat Azim
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (S.K.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.S.); (T.J.); (F.A.-R.); (A.H.)
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain
| | - Steve Shenouda
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (S.K.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.S.); (T.J.); (F.A.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Texy Jacob
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (S.K.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.S.); (T.J.); (F.A.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Nermeen Abu Khalaf
- Animal & Imaging Core Facility, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (N.A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Fatema Al-Rashed
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (S.K.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.S.); (T.J.); (F.A.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Amal Hasan
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (S.K.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.S.); (T.J.); (F.A.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Animal & Imaging Core Facility, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (N.A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait;
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; (S.K.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.S.); (T.J.); (F.A.-R.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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92
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Kim KI, Lee UH, Cho M, Jung SH, Min EY, Park JW. Transcriptome analysis based on RNA-seq of common innate immune responses of flounder cells to IHNV, VHSV, and HIRRV. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239925. [PMID: 32986779 PMCID: PMC7521715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) belong to the genus Novirhabdovirus and are the causative agents of a serious disease in cultured flounder. However, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a prototype of the genus Novirhabdovirus, does not cause disease in flounder. To determine whether IHNV growth is restricted in flounder cells, we compared the growth of IHNV with that of VHSV and HIRRV in hirame natural embryo (HINAE) cells infected with novirhabdoviruses at 1 multiplicity of infection. Unexpectedly, we found that IHNV grew as well as VHSV and HIRRV. For successful growth in host cells, viruses modulate innate immune responses exerted by virus-infected cells. Our results suggest that IHNV, like VHSV and HIRRV, has evolved the ability to overcome the innate immune response of flounder cells. To determine the innate immune response genes of virus-infected HINAE cells which are commonly modulated by the three novirhabdoviruses, we infected HINAE cells with novirhabdoviruses at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 and performed an RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis at 24 h post-infection. We discovered ~12,500 unigenes altered by novirhabdovirus infection and found that many of these were involved in multiple cellular pathways. After novirhabdovirus infection, 170 genes involved in the innate immune response were differentially expressed compared to uninfected cells. Among them, 9 genes changed expression by more than 2-fold and were commonly modulated by all three novirhabdoviruses. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1), Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein (TIRAP), cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11, duplicate 5 (CXCL11.5), and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) were up-regulated, whereas C-C motif chemokine receptor 6a (CCR6a), interleukin-12a (IL12a), and Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) were down-regulated. These genes have been reported to be involved in antiviral responses and, thus, their modulation may be critical for the growth of novirhabdovirus in flounder cells. This is the first report to identify innate immune response genes in flounder that are commonly modulated by IHNV, VHSV, and HIRRV. These data will provide new insights into how novirhabdoviruses survive the innate immune response of flounder cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Il Kim
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Unn Hwa Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Miyoung Cho
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Jung
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Young Min
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
- * E-mail:
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93
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Genetic variability of molecules involved in the disease pathogenesis in Leishmania infection. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:108007. [PMID: 32979344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary host cell for Leishmania parasites, by Toll like receptors (TLR-MyD88) that are central components of the innate and adaptive immunity against leishmania infection. The CD40/CD40L interaction has also been shown to be important in resistance to various protozoa. In this context, one of the most important properties of suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins, especially SOCS1 and SOCS3, is the regulation of macrophages cell for Leishmania parasites. In the present study we evaluated variants of molecules involved in activation and modulation of leishmanicidal signaling cascades and the possible associations between polymorphisms present in the TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, CD40, SOCS1, SOCS3 genes with susceptibility/resistent to Leishmania. The results suggest the absence of any association between TLR2 and TLR4 variants and susceptibility to Leishmaniasis. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence encoding the TIR recognition domain of the MyD88 molecule showed that it is highly conserved when compared to the reference sequences. In contrast, heterozygous rs 12953258, which reflects a decrease in the expression of SOCS3, suggesting that it may be involved in the leishmaniasis susceptibility. This study is a first advance in the analysis of polymorphisms of genes involved in the signaling pathway of the macrophage and their relationship with leishmaniases infection and disease progression.
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Chen L, Zheng L, Chen P, Liang G. Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Protein 88 (MyD88): The Central Hub of TLR/IL-1R Signaling. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13316-13329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Pengqin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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Hillmer M, Marth CD, Meyerholz MM, Klaus-Halla D, Schoon HA, Weber F, Schuberth HJ, Zerbe H. Gene expression in bovine endometrial cells and blood-derived neutrophils stimulated by uterine secretions. Theriogenology 2020; 157:458-466. [PMID: 32882648 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Uterine epithelial cells (UEC) and migrated polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) play important roles in the uterine defence against microbial infection. The aims of the present study were to investigate i) whether undiluted uterine secretions modulate the expression of genes associated with the innate immune response in UEC and PMN in vitro, ii) whether these changes differ between the two cell populations and iii) whether uterine secretions from cows with subclinical endometritis produce a different response to those from unaffected cows. Therefore, undiluted uterine secretions, cytobrush and biopsy samples were collected from bovine uteri at a local abattoir. All cows had calved at least 3 months prior to sample collection. Subclinical endometritis was diagnosed by cytology (≥5% polymorphonuclear neutrophils) and histology. The uteri were thereby retrospectively categorised as endometritis-positive (E-pos; n = 14), if either the cytology or the histology results were positive, or endometritis-negative (E-neg; n = 17), if both diagnostics were negative. Cultured UEC responded to secretions from E-pos and E-neg cows with an increased gene expression of CXC ligand (CXCL) 8 and interleukin (IL) 6 compared to incubation with control medium alone. PMN expressed significantly higher mRNA levels of CXCL5, CXCL8 and IL1B in response to supernatant from UEC incubated with secretions from both groups (E-pos and E-neg) compared to those incubated with control medium alone. Gene expression of IL10 in uterine epithelial cells remained comparable to the control in cells exposed to E-pos secretions and was 3.6 times lower in those exposed to E-neg secretions. These results demonstrate that the expression of genes associated with the innate immune response in UEC and indirectly also PMN is affected by uterine secretions in vitro. Depending on the target gene, these changes differ between the two cell populations. UEC exposed to uterine secretions from cows without subclinical endometritis produce lower levels of IL10 compared to those exposed to secretions from affected cows or control medium alone. Therefore, the model established in this study can be used as a valuable tool to further understand the contributions of the two cell populations to the coordinated immune response in the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Hillmer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Christina Deborah Marth
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| | - Marie Margarete Meyerholz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Klaus-Halla
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Heinz-Adolf Schoon
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holm Zerbe
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulance and Herd Health Services, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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96
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Fang L, Wang KK, Huang Q, Cheng F, Huang F, Liu WW. Nucleolin Mediates LPS-induced Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Activation of Signaling Pathways. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:646-653. [PMID: 32862374 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of nucleolin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of MAPK and NF-KappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathways and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 in THP-1 monocytes. Immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting were used to identify the nucleolin expression in cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus of THP-1 monocytes. Inactivation of nucleolin was induced by neutralizing antibody against nucleolin. THP-1 monocytes were pretreated with anti-nucleolin antibody for 1 h prior to LPS challenge. The irrelevant IgG group was used as control. Secretion of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1) and activation of MAPK and NF-κB/I-κB signaling pathways were examined to assess the effects of nucleolin on LPS-mediated inflammatory response. Nucleolin existed in cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus of THP-1 monocytes. Pretreatment of anti-nucleolin antibody significantly inhibited the LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1. P38, JNK, ERK and NF-κB subunit p65 inhibitors could significantly inhibit the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α and HMGB1 induced by LPS. Moreover, the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK and p65 (or nuclear translocation of p65) was significantly increased after LPS challenge. In contrast, pretreatment of anti-nucleolin antibody could significantly inhibit the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK and p65 (or nuclear translocation of p65). However, the irrelevant IgG, as a negative control, had no effect on LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β and phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK and p65 (or nuclear translocation of p65). We demonstrated that nucleolin mediated the LPS-induced activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, and regulated the secretion of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Kang-Kai Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wei-Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410008, China
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97
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Shibata S, Arima H, Asayama K, Hoshide S, Ichihara A, Ishimitsu T, Kario K, Kishi T, Mogi M, Nishiyama A, Ohishi M, Ohkubo T, Tamura K, Tanaka M, Yamamoto E, Yamamoto K, Itoh H. Hypertension and related diseases in the era of COVID-19: a report from the Japanese Society of Hypertension Task Force on COVID-19. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:1028-1046. [PMID: 32737423 PMCID: PMC7393334 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected more than seven million people worldwide, contributing to 0.4 million deaths as of June 2020. The fact that the virus uses angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 as the cell entry receptor and that hypertension as well as cardiovascular disorders frequently coexist with COVID-19 have generated considerable discussion on the management of patients with hypertension. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the development of and adaptation to a “New Normal” lifestyle, which will have a profound impact not only on communicable diseases but also on noncommunicable diseases, including hypertension. Summarizing what is known and what requires further investigation in this field may help to address the challenges we face. In the present review, we critically evaluate the existing evidence for the epidemiological association between COVID-19 and hypertension. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection with an emphasis on ACE2, the cardiovascular system, and the kidney. Finally, we review evidence on the use of antihypertensive medication, namely, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hisatomi Arima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Asayama
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hoshide
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ishimitsu
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takuya Kishi
- Department of Graduate School of Medicine (Cardiology), International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masami Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Baek HS, Min HJ, Hong VS, Kwon TK, Park JW, Lee J, Kim S. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Novel PIM Kinase Inhibitor KMU-470 in RAW 264.7 Cells through the TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145138. [PMID: 32698512 PMCID: PMC7403980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PIM kinases, a small family of serine/threonine kinases, are important intermediates in the cytokine signaling pathway of inflammatory disease. In this study, we investigated whether the novel PIM kinase inhibitor KMU-470, a derivative of indolin-2-one, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells. We demonstrated that KMU-470 suppressed the production of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthases that are induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, KMU-470 inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of TLR4 and MyD88, as well as the phosphorylation of IκB kinase and NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, KMU-470 suppressed LPS-induced up-regulation at the transcriptional level of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Notably, KMU-470 inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of a major component of the inflammasome complex, NLRP3, in RAW 264.7 cells. Importantly, PIM-1 siRNA transfection attenuated up-regulation of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that PIM-1 plays a key role in inflammatory signaling and that KMU-470 is a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Baek
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Hyeon Ji Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
| | | | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Jong Wook Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-580-5183 (J.L.); +82-53-258-7359 (S.K.); Fax: +82-050-4154-2213 (J.L.); +82-53-258-7355 (S.K.)
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-580-5183 (J.L.); +82-53-258-7359 (S.K.); Fax: +82-050-4154-2213 (J.L.); +82-53-258-7355 (S.K.)
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99
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Sharma V, Tiwari RK, Shukla SS, Pandey RK. Current and Future molecular mechanism in Inflammation and Arthritis. J Pharmacopuncture 2020; 23:54-61. [PMID: 32685233 PMCID: PMC7338710 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2020.23.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune response of the human body but excessive inflammation is taken as a major factor in the development of many diseases including autoimmune disorders, cancer and nerve disorders etc. In this regards the need is to suppress the inflammatory response. Suppression of extra or imperfect inflammatory response is not a big deal provided there is an exact knowledge of particular target in the body. Recent advancements in Pharmacological aspect made the therapy with improved outcomes in number of patients. Anticytokine therapy might be one of the important and novel approaches for inflammation and Arthritis. This can be achieved only when we go through the pathophysiology of expression and identification of mediators. Let's take an example of cytokine like interleukins (IL), chemokines, interferons (INF), tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α), growth factors, and colony stimulating factors) release pathway which is a major signalling protein in inflammatory response. In the present study we have reviewed the recent pharmacological therapeutic advancement, inflammatory mediators, receptors, and major signalling pathways. Such information will not only provide the idea about the mechanism of action of Pharmaceuticals and molecular targets but also it provides a new aspect for drug designing and new corrective approaches in existing clinical medicines. This study will be a source of good information for the researchers working in the area of drug designing and molecular Pharmacology especially in anti-inflammatory and anti arthritic medicines for target based therapy.
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100
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Anti-Inflammatory and Chondroprotective Effects of Vanillic Acid and Epimedin C in Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060932. [PMID: 32575510 PMCID: PMC7356262 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteoarthritis (OA), inhibition of excessively expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in the OA joint and increasing the anabolism for cartilage regeneration are necessary. In this ex-vivo study, we used an inflammatory model of human OA chondrocytes microtissues, consisting of treatment with cytokines (interleukin 1β (IL-1β)/tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)) with or without supplementation of six herbal compounds with previously identified chondroprotective effect. The compounds were assessed for their capacity to modulate the key catabolic and anabolic factors using several molecular analyses. We selectively investigated the mechanism of action of the two most potent compounds Vanillic acid (VA) and Epimedin C (Epi C). After identification of the anti-inflammatory and anabolic properties of VA and Epi C, the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that in both treatment groups, osteoarthritic signaling pathways were inhibited. In the treatment group with VA, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling was inhibited by attenuation of the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation. Epi C showed a significant anabolic effect by increasing the expression of collagenous and non-collagenous matrix proteins. In conclusion, VA, through inhibition of phosphorylation in NF-κB signaling pathway and Epi C, by increasing the expression of extracellular matrix components, showed significant anti-inflammatory and anabolic properties and might be potentially used in combination to treat or prevent joint OA.
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