51
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Wang Z, Xu Q, Zhang N, Du X, Xu G, Yan X. CD146, from a melanoma cell adhesion molecule to a signaling receptor. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:148. [PMID: 32782280 PMCID: PMC7421905 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD146 was originally identified as a melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) and highly expressed in many tumors and endothelial cells. However, the evidence that CD146 acts as an adhesion molecule to mediate a homophilic adhesion through the direct interactions between CD146 and itself is still lacking. Recent evidence revealed that CD146 is not merely an adhesion molecule, but also a cellular surface receptor of miscellaneous ligands, including some growth factors and extracellular matrixes. Through the bidirectional interactions with its ligands, CD146 is actively involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes of cells. Overexpression of CD146 can be observed in most of malignancies and is implicated in nearly every step of the development and progression of cancers, especially vascular and lymphatic metastasis. Thus, immunotherapy against CD146 would provide a promising strategy to inhibit metastasis, which accounts for the majority of cancer-associated deaths. Therefore, to deepen the understanding of CD146, we review the reports describing the newly identified ligands of CD146 and discuss the implications of these findings in establishing novel strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingji Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Nengwei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Tumor Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Du
- Departments of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhong Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Tumor Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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52
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Relevance of CTC Clusters in Breast Cancer Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1220:93-115. [PMID: 32304082 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in patients with breast cancer; however, the mechanisms of tumor cell dissemination and metastasis formation are not well established yet. The study of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), the metastatic precursors of distant disease, may help in this search. CTCs can be found in the blood of cancer patients as single cells or as tumor cell aggregates, known as CTC clusters. CTC clusters have differential biological features such as an enhanced survival and metastatic potential, and they hold great promises for the evaluation of prognosis, diagnosis and therapy of the metastatic cancer. The analysis of CTC clusters offers new insights into the mechanism of metastasis and can guide towards the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to suppress cancer metastasis. This has become possible thanks to the development of improved technologies for detection of CTCs and CTC clusters. However, more efficient methods are needed in order to address important questions regarding the metastatic potential of CTC and future clinical applications. In this chapter, we explore the current knowledge on the role of CTC clusters in breast cancer metastasis, their origin, metastatic advantages and clinical importance.
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53
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Doolin MT, Moriarty RA, Stroka KM. Mechanosensing of Mechanical Confinement by Mesenchymal-Like Cells. Front Physiol 2020; 11:365. [PMID: 32390868 PMCID: PMC7193100 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and tumor cells have the unique capability to migrate out of their native environment and either home or metastasize, respectively, through extremely heterogeneous environments to a distant location. Once there, they can either aid in tissue regrowth or impart an immunomodulatory effect in the case of MSCs, or form secondary tumors in the case of tumor cells. During these journeys, cells experience physically confining forces that impinge on the cell body and the nucleus, ultimately causing a multitude of cellular changes. Most drastically, confining individual MSCs within hydrogels or confining monolayers of MSCs within agarose wells can sway MSC lineage commitment, while applying a confining compressive stress to metastatic tumor cells can increase their invasiveness. In this review, we seek to understand the signaling cascades that occur as cells sense confining forces and how that translates to behavioral changes, including elongated and multinucleated cell morphologies, novel migrational mechanisms, and altered gene expression, leading to a unique MSC secretome that could hold great promise for anti-inflammatory treatments. Through comparison of these altered behaviors, we aim to discern how MSCs alter their lineage selection, while tumor cells may become more aggressive and invasive. Synthesizing this information can be useful for employing MSCs for therapeutic approaches through systemic injections or tissue engineered grafts, and developing improved strategies for metastatic cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T. Doolin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Maryland Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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54
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El-Kenawi A, Hänggi K, Ruffell B. The Immune Microenvironment and Cancer Metastasis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a037424. [PMID: 31501262 PMCID: PMC7117953 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic interplay between neoplastic cells and the immune microenvironment regulates every step of the metastatic process. Immune cells contribute to invasion by secreting a cornucopia of inflammatory factors that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and remodeling of the stroma. Cancer cells then intravasate to the circulatory system assisted by macrophages and use several pathways to avoid recognition by cytotoxtic lymphocytes and phagocytes. Circulating tumor cells that manage to adhere to the vasculature and encounter premetastic niches are able to use the associated myeloid cells to extravasate into ectopic organs and establish a dormant microscopic colony. If successful at avoiding repetitive immune attack, dormant cells can subsequently grow into overt, clinically detectable metastatic lesions, which ultimately account to most cancer-related deaths. Understanding how disseminated tumor cells evade and corrupt the immune system during the final stages of metastasis will be pivotal in developing new therapeutic modalities that combat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa El-Kenawi
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Kay Hänggi
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Brian Ruffell
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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55
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Jing B, Wang ZA, Zhang C, Deng Q, Wei J, Luo Y, Zhang X, Li J, Du Y. Establishment and Application of Peristaltic Human Gut-Vessel Microsystem for Studying Host-Microbial Interaction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:272. [PMID: 32296697 PMCID: PMC7137556 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal floras influence a lot of biological functions of the organism. Although animal model are strong tools for researches on the relationship between host and microbe, a physiologically relevant in vitro human gut model was still required. Here, a novel human gut-vessel microfluidic system was established to study the host–microbial interaction. Peristaltic motion of the cells on the chip was driven by a pneumatic pump. When intestinal epithelial cells (Caco2) were co-cultured with vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) on the peristaltic microfluidic chip, Caco2 showed normal barrier and absorption functions after 5 days cultivation, which generally took 21 days in static Transwell models. Intestinal microvilli and glycocalyx layer were seen after 4 days cultivation, and Lactobacillus casei was successfully co-cultured for a week in the intestinal cavity. A model for intestinal damage and inflammatory responses caused by E. coli was set up on this chip, which were successfully suppressed by Lactobacillus casei or antibiotic. In summary, this human gut-vessel microfluidic system showed a good potential for investigating the host–microbial interaction and the effect and mechanism of microbiome on intestinal diseases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo A Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanfeng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jinhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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56
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The Cancer Stem Cell in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030684. [PMID: 32183251 PMCID: PMC7140091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of intra-tumoral cellular heterogeneity has given way to the concept of the cancer stem cell (CSC). According to this concept, CSCs are able to self-renew and differentiate into all of the cancer cell lineages present within the tumor, placing the CSC at the top of a hierarchical tree. The observation that these cells—in contrast to bulk tumor cells—are able to exclusively initiate new tumors, initiate metastatic spread and resist chemotherapy implies that CSCs are solely responsible for tumor recurrence and should be therapeutically targeted. Toward this end, dissecting and understanding the biology of CSCs should translate into new clinical therapeutic approaches. In this article, we review the CSC concept in cancer, with a special focus on hepatocellular carcinoma.
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57
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Chao CC, Lee CW, Chang TM, Chen PC, Liu JF. CXCL1/CXCR2 Paracrine Axis Contributes to Lung Metastasis in Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020459. [PMID: 32079335 PMCID: PMC7072404 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common of all bone malignancies, has a high likelihood of lung metastasis. Up until now, the molecular mechanisms involved in osteosarcomas with lung metastases are not clearly understood. Recent observations have shown that the chemokine CXCL1 and its receptor CXCR2 assist with the homing of neutrophils into the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that the CXCL1/CXCR2 paracrine axis is crucial for lung metastasis in osteosarcoma. In an in vivo lung metastasis model of osteosarcoma, lung blood vessels expressed CXCL1 and osteosarcoma cells expressed the CXCR2 receptor. CXCR2 expression was higher in osteosarcoma cell lines than in normal osteoblast cells. Immunohistochemistry staining of clinical osteosarcoma specimens revealed positive correlations between CXCR2 expression and pathology stage and also vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression. High levels of CXCL1 secreted by human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) promoted osteosarcoma cell mobility, which was mediated by the upregulation of VCAM-1 expression. When HPAECs-conditioned media was incubated in osteosarcoma cells, we observed that the CXCR2 receptor and FAK/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling cascade were required for VCAM-1 expression. Our findings illustrate a molecular mechanism of lung metastasis in osteosarcoma and indicate that CXCL1/CXCR2 is worth targeting in treatment schemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chia Chao
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan;
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Chang
- School of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Translational medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 11101, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- Translational medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 11101, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +(886)-2-2833-2211 (ext. 9420)
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58
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Sobierajska K, Ciszewski WM, Sacewicz-Hofman I, Niewiarowska J. Endothelial Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1234:71-86. [PMID: 32040856 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37184-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical process required for tumor progression. Newly formed blood vessels provide nutrition and oxygen to the tumor contributing to its growth and development. However, endothelium also plays other functions that promote tumor metastasis. It is involved in intravasation, which allows invasive cancer cells to translocate into the blood vessel lumen. This phenomenon is an important stage for cancer metastasis. Besides direct association with cancer development, endothelial cells are one of the main sources of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The heterogeneous group of CAFs is the main inductor of migration and invasion abilities of cancer cells. Therefore, the endothelium is also indirectly responsible for metastasis. Considering the above, the endothelium is one of the important targets of anticancer therapy. In the chapter, we will present mechanisms regulating endothelial function, dependent on cancer and cancer niche cells. We will focus on possibilities of suppressing pro-metastatic endothelial functions, applied in anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jolanta Niewiarowska
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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59
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Chen X, Cates JMM, Du YC, Jain A, Jung SY, Li XN, Hicks JM, Man TK. Mislocalized cytoplasmic p27 activates PAK1-mediated metastasis and is a prognostic factor in osteosarcoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:846-864. [PMID: 31872963 PMCID: PMC7138393 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of pulmonary metastasis is the leading cause of death in osteosarcoma (OS), which is the most common malignant bone tumor in children. We have previously reported that the tumor suppressor p27 (KIP1, CDKN1B) is frequently mislocalized to the cytoplasm of OS. However, its prognostic significance and metastatic mechanism are still elusive. Here, we show that cytoplasmic p27 significantly correlated with a higher metastatic status and poorer survival of OS patients (n = 136, P < 0.05), highlighting the clinical significance of p27 mislocalization in OS. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic p27 is co‐immunoprecipitated with p21‐activated kinase 1 (PAK1), which resulted in higher PAK1 phosphorylations, actin polymerization, and cell motility in p27‐mislocalized OS cells. Silencing PAK1 expression in different p27‐mislocalized OS cell lines decreased the migratory and adhesion abilities in vitro, as well as the development of pulmonary metastases in vivo. Similar PAK1‐dependent motility was also observed in other p27‐mislocalized cancer cell lines. In summary, our study suggests that cytoplasmic p27‐mediated PAK1 activation is crucial for OS metastasis. A biomarker‐guided targeted therapeutic approach for metastatic OS and other cancers harboring p27 mislocalization can be developed, where cytoplasmic p27 is used for risk stratification and PAK1 can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin M M Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antrix Jain
- Advanced Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John M Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tsz-Kwong Man
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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60
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Follain G, Herrmann D, Harlepp S, Hyenne V, Osmani N, Warren SC, Timpson P, Goetz JG. Fluids and their mechanics in tumour transit: shaping metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:107-124. [PMID: 31780785 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a dynamic succession of events involving the dissemination of tumour cells to distant sites within the body, ultimately reducing the survival of patients with cancer. To colonize distant organs and, therefore, systemically disseminate within the organism, cancer cells and associated factors exploit several bodily fluid systems, which provide a natural transportation route. Indeed, the flow mechanics of the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems can be co-opted to improve the efficiency of cancer cell transit from the primary tumour, extravasation and metastatic seeding. Flow rates, vessel size and shear stress can all influence the survival of cancer cells in the circulation and control organotropic seeding patterns. Thus, in addition to using these fluids as a means to travel throughout the body, cancer cells exploit the underlying physical forces within these fluids to successfully seed distant metastases. In this Review, we describe how circulating tumour cells and tumour-associated factors leverage bodily fluids, their underlying forces and imposed stresses during metastasis. As the contribution of bodily fluids and their mechanics raises interesting questions about the biology of the metastatic cascade, an improved understanding of this process might provide a new avenue for targeting cancer cells in transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Follain
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sébastien Harlepp
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Hyenne
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- CNRS SNC 505, Strasbourg, France
| | - Naël Osmani
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.
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61
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Steinbichler TB, Savic D, Dudás J, Kvitsaridze I, Skvortsov S, Riechelmann H, Skvortsova II. Cancer stem cells and their unique role in metastatic spread. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60:148-156. [PMID: 31521746 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) possess abilities generally associated with embryonic or adult stem cells, especially self-renewal and differentiation, but also dormancy and cellular plasticity that allow adaption to new environmental circumstances. These abilities are ideal prerequisites for the successful establishment of metastasis. This review highlights the role of CSCs in every step of the metastatic cascade from cancer cell invasion into blood vessels, survival in the blood stream, attachment and extravasation as well as colonization of the host organ and subsequent establishment of distant macrometastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragana Savic
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - József Dudás
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Irma Kvitsaridze
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sergej Skvortsov
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira-Ida Skvortsova
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.
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62
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The contribution of platelets to intravascular arrest, extravasation, and outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:47-67. [PMID: 31758288 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-10009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are primarily known for their contribution to hemostasis and subsequent wound healing. In addition to these functions, platelets play a role in the process of metastasis. Since the first study that suggested a metastasis-promoting function for platelets was published in 1968, various mechanisms have been proposed to explain how platelets contribute to the metastatic process. These include roles in the intravascular arrest of tumor cells, in tumor cell transendothelial migration, in the degradation of basement membrane barriers, in migration and invasion at the metastatic site, and in the proliferation of disseminated tumor cells. Nevertheless, conflicting observations about the role of platelets in these processes have also been reported. Here, we review the in vivo evidence that supports a role for platelets in metastasis formation, propose several scenarios for the contribution of platelets to tumor cell arrest and transendothelial migration, and discuss the evidence that platelets contribute to metastatic invasion and outgrowth.
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63
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Fan TM, Roberts RD, Lizardo MM. Understanding and Modeling Metastasis Biology to Improve Therapeutic Strategies for Combating Osteosarcoma Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32082995 PMCID: PMC7006476 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary tumor of bone, arising from transformed progenitor cells with osteoblastic differentiation and osteoid production. While categorized as a rare tumor, most patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma are adolescents in their second decade of life and underscores the potential for life changing consequences in this vulnerable population. In the setting of localized disease, conventional treatment for osteosarcoma affords a cure rate approaching 70%; however, survival for patients suffering from metastatic disease remain disappointing with only 20% of individuals being alive past 5 years post-diagnosis. In patients with incurable disease, pulmonary metastases remain the leading cause for osteosarcoma-associated mortality; yet identifying new strategies for combating metastatic progression remains at a scientific and clinical impasse, with no significant advancements for the past four decades. While there is resonating clinical urgency for newer and more effective treatment options for managing osteosarcoma metastases, the discovery of druggable targets and development of innovative therapies for inhibiting metastatic progression will require a deeper and more detailed understanding of osteosarcoma metastasis biology. Toward the goal of illuminating the processes involved in cancer metastasis, a convergent science approach inclusive of diverse disciplines spanning the biology and physical science domains can offer novel and synergistic perspectives, inventive, and sophisticated model systems, and disruptive experimental approaches that can accelerate the discovery and characterization of key processes operative during metastatic progression. Through the lens of trans-disciplinary research, the field of comparative oncology is uniquely positioned to advance new discoveries in metastasis biology toward impactful clinical translation through the inclusion of pet dogs diagnosed with metastatic osteosarcoma. Given the spontaneous course of osteosarcoma development in the context of real-time tumor microenvironmental cues and immune mechanisms, pet dogs are distinctively valuable in translational modeling given their faithful recapitulation of metastatic disease progression as occurs in humans. Pet dogs can be leveraged for the exploration of novel therapies that exploit tumor cell vulnerabilities, perturb local microenvironmental cues, and amplify immunologic recognition. In this capacity, pet dogs can serve as valuable corroborative models for realizing the science and best clinical practices necessary for understanding and combating osteosarcoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Fan
- Comparative Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Poul Sorensen Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Part of the Provincial Health Services Authority in British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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64
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Feng Z, Yu Q, Zhang T, Tie W, Li J, Zhou X. Updates on mechanistic insights and targeting of tumour metastasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2076-2086. [PMID: 31957271 PMCID: PMC7011147 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumours are one of the major diseases that seriously endanger human health. The characteristics of their invasion and metastasis are one of the main causes of death in cancer patients, and these features cannot be separated from the participation of various molecules-related cells living in the tumour microenvironment and specific structures. Tumour invasion can approximately be divided into several specific steps according to the movement of tumour cells. In each step, there are different actions in the tumour microenvironment that mediate the interactions among substances. Researchers are attempting to clarify every mechanism of the tumour dissemination. However, there is still a long way to the final determination. Here, we review these interactions in tumour invasion and metastasis at the structural, molecular and cellular levels. We also discuss the ongoing studies and the promise of targeting metastasis in tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanpeng Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xikun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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65
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Tracking Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Lungs Induced by Breast Cancer Metastasis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010236. [PMID: 31935974 PMCID: PMC6982691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focused on a detailed assessment of lung tissue affected by metastasis of breast cancer. We used large-area chemical scanning implemented in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging supported with classical histological and morphological characterization. For the first time, we differentiated and defined biochemical changes due to metastasis observed in the lung parenchyma, atelectasis, fibrous, and muscle cells, as well as bronchi ciliate cells, in a qualitative and semi-quantitative manner based on spectral features. The results suggested that systematic extracellular matrix remodeling with the progress of the metastasis process evoked a decrease in the fraction of the total protein in atelectasis, fibrous, and muscle cells, as well as an increase of fibrillar proteins in the parenchyma. We also detected alterations in the secondary conformations of proteins in parenchyma and atelectasis and changes in the level of hydroxyproline residues and carbohydrate moieties in the parenchyma. The results indicate the usability of FTIR spectroscopy as a tool for the detection of extracellular matrix remodeling, thereby enabling the prediction of pre-metastatic niche formation.
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66
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Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are responsible for the metastatic spread of cancer and therefore are extremely valuable not only for basic research on cancer metastasis but also as potential biomarkers in diagnosing and managing cancer in the clinic. While relatively non-invasive access to the blood tissue presents an opportunity, CTCs are mixed with approximately billion-times more-populated blood cells in circulation. Therefore, the accuracy of technologies for reliable enrichment of the rare CTC population from blood samples is critical to the success of downstream analyses. The focus of this chapter is to provide the reader an overview of significant advances made in the development of diverse CTC enrichment technologies by presenting the strengths of individual techniques in addition to specific challenges remaining to be addressed.
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67
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Tang Y, Lu Y, Chen Y, Luo L, Cai L, Peng B, Huang W, Liao H, Zhao L, Pan M. Pre-metastatic niche triggers SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and promotes organ colonisation by hepatocellular circulating tumour cells via downregulation of Prrx1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:473. [PMID: 31752959 PMCID: PMC6873584 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Circulating tumour cells (CTCs), especially mesenchymal CTCs, are important determinants of metastasis, which leads to most recurrence and mortality in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of CTC colonisation in pre-metastatic niches. Methods Detection and classification of CTCs in patients were performed using the CanPatrol™ system. A lentiviral vector expressing Prrx1-targeting shRNA was constructed to generate a stable HCC cell line with low expression of Prrx1. The effect of Prrx1 knockdown on stemness, migration, and drug resistance of the cell line was assessed, including involvement of SDF-1/CXCR4 signalling. Promising clinical applications of an inhibitor of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, C188–9, and specific blockade with CXCR4 antibody were explored. Results The number of mesenchymal CTCs in blood was closely associated with tumour recurrence or metastasis. Pre-metastatic niche-derived SDF-1 could downregulate Prrx1, which induced the stemness, drug resistance, and increased expression of CXCR4 in HCC cells through the STAT3 pathway in vitro. In vivo, mice bearing tumours of Prrx1 low-expressing cells had significantly shorter survival. In xenograft tumours and clinical samples, loss of Prrx1 was negatively correlated with increased expression of CXCR4 in lung metastatic sites compared with that in the primary foci. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that decreased expression of Prrx1 stimulates SDF-1/CXCR4 signalling and contributes to organ colonisation with blood CTCs in HCC. STAT3 inhibition and specific blockade of CXCR4 have clinical potential as therapeutics for eliminating organ metastasis in advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Tang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yishi Lu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bangjian Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hangyu Liao
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mingxin Pan
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Cooperative and Escaping Mechanisms between Circulating Tumor Cells and Blood Constituents. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111382. [PMID: 31684193 PMCID: PMC6912439 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and despite measurable progress in the field, underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) disseminate within the bloodstream, where most of them die due to the attack of the immune system. On the other hand, recent evidence shows active interactions between CTCs and platelets, myeloid cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and other hematopoietic cells that secrete immunosuppressive cytokines, which aid CTCs to evade the immune system and enable metastasis. Platelets, for instance, regulate inflammation, recruit neutrophils, and cause fibrin clots, which may protect CTCs from the attack of Natural Killer cells or macrophages and facilitate extravasation. Recently, a correlation between the commensal microbiota and the inflammatory/immune tone of the organism has been stablished. Thus, the microbiota may affect the development of cancer-promoting conditions. Furthermore, CTCs may suffer phenotypic changes, as those caused by the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, that also contribute to the immune escape and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the findings regarding the collaborative biological events among CTCs, immune cells, and microbiome associated to immune escape and metastatic progression.
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69
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Eliaz I, Raz A. Pleiotropic Effects of Modified Citrus Pectin. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112619. [PMID: 31683865 PMCID: PMC6893732 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified citrus pectin (MCP) has a low-molecular-weight degree of esterification to allow absorption from the small intestinal epithelium into the circulation. MCP produces pleiotropic effects, including but not limited to its antagonism of galectin-3, which have shown benefit in preclinical and clinical models. Regarding cancer, MCP modulates several rate-limiting steps of the metastatic cascade. MCP can also affect cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Regarding fibrotic diseases, MCP modulates many of the steps involved in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. MCP also reduces fibrosis to the kidney, liver, and adipose tissue. Other benefits of MCP include detoxification and improved immune function. This review summarizes the pleiotropic effects of MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eliaz
- Amitabha Medical Clinic and Healing Center, 398 Tesconi Ct, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA.
| | - Avraham Raz
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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70
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Heikenwalder M, Lorentzen A. The role of polarisation of circulating tumour cells in cancer metastasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3765-3781. [PMID: 31218452 PMCID: PMC6744547 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumour to a distant site of the body. Metastasising tumour cells have to survive and readjust to different environments, such as heterogeneous solid tissues and liquid phase in lymph- or blood circulation, which they achieve through a high degree of plasticity that renders them adaptable to varying conditions. One defining characteristic of the metastatic process is the transition of tumour cells between different polarised phenotypes, ranging from differentiated epithelial polarity to migratory front-rear polarity. Here, we review the polarisation types adopted by tumour cells during the metastatic process and describe the recently discovered single-cell polarity in liquid phase observed in circulating tumour cells. We propose that single-cell polarity constitutes a mode of polarisation of the cell cortex that is uncoupled from the intracellular polarisation machinery, which distinguishes single-cell polarity from other types of polarity identified so far. We discuss how single-cell polarity can contribute to tumour metastasis and the therapeutic potential of this new discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Heikenwalder
- Divison of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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71
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Wettschureck N, Strilic B, Offermanns S. Passing the Vascular Barrier: Endothelial Signaling Processes Controlling Extravasation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1467-1525. [PMID: 31140373 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A central function of the vascular endothelium is to serve as a barrier between the blood and the surrounding tissue of the body. At the same time, solutes and cells have to pass the endothelium to leave or to enter the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, for example, inflammation, permeability for fluid and cells is largely increased in the affected area, thereby facilitating host defense. To appropriately function as a regulated permeability filter, the endothelium uses various mechanisms to allow solutes and cells to pass the endothelial layer. These include transcellular and paracellular pathways of which the latter requires remodeling of intercellular junctions for its regulation. This review provides an overview on endothelial barrier regulation and focuses on the endothelial signaling mechanisms controlling the opening and closing of paracellular pathways for solutes and cells such as leukocytes and metastasizing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Boris Strilic
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
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72
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McDowell SAC, Quail DF. Immunological Regulation of Vascular Inflammation During Cancer Metastasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1984. [PMID: 31497019 PMCID: PMC6712555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the predominant cause of cancer-related mortality, despite being a highly inefficient process overall. The vasculature is the gatekeeper for tumor cell seeding within the secondary tissue microenvironment—the rate limiting step of the metastatic cascade. Therefore, factors that regulate vascular physiology dramatically influence cancer outcomes. There are a myriad of physiologic circumstances that not only influence the intrinsic capacity of tumor cells to cross the endothelial barrier, but also that regulate vascular inflammation and barrier integrity to enable extravasation into the metastatic niche. These processes are highly dependent on inflammatory cues largely initiated by the innate immune compartment, that are meant to help re-establish tissue homeostasis, but instead become hijacked by cancer cells. Here, we discuss the scientific advances in understanding the interactions between innate immune cells and the endothelium, describe their influence on cancer metastasis, and evaluate potential therapeutic interventions for the alleviation of metastatic disease. By triangulating the relationship between immune cells, endothelial cells, and tumor cells, we will gain greater insight into how to impede the metastatic process by focusing on its most vulnerable phases, thereby reducing metastatic spread and cancer-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri A C McDowell
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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73
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Welch DR, Hurst DR. Defining the Hallmarks of Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3011-3027. [PMID: 31053634 PMCID: PMC6571042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The process involves a complex interplay between intrinsic tumor cell properties as well as interactions between cancer cells and multiple microenvironments. The outcome is the development of a nearby or distant discontiguous secondary mass. To successfully disseminate, metastatic cells acquire properties in addition to those necessary to become neoplastic. Heterogeneity in mechanisms involved, routes of dissemination, redundancy of molecular pathways that can be utilized, and the ability to piggyback on the actions of surrounding stromal cells makes defining the hallmarks of metastasis extraordinarily challenging. Nonetheless, this review identifies four distinguishing features that are required: motility and invasion, ability to modulate the secondary site or local microenvironments, plasticity, and ability to colonize secondary tissues. By defining these first principles of metastasis, we provide the means for focusing efforts on the aspects of metastasis that will improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology and The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| | - Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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74
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Mierke CT. The matrix environmental and cell mechanical properties regulate cell migration and contribute to the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064602. [PMID: 30947151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or even structural domains determining the overall properties of a cell such as the mechanical phenotype. The mechanical interaction of these living cells leads to the complex organization such as compartments, tissues and organs of organisms including mammals. In contrast to passive non-living materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their microenvironment during diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. The transformation of single cancer cells in highly aggressive and hence malignant cancer cells during malignant cancer progression encompasses the basement membrane crossing, the invasion of connective tissue, the stroma microenvironments and transbarrier migration, which all require the immediate interaction of the aggressive and invasive cancer cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix environment including normal embedded neighboring cells. All these steps of the metastatic pathway seem to involve mechanical interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The pathology of cancer due to a broad heterogeneity of cancer types is still not fully understood. Hence it is necessary to reveal the signaling pathways such as mechanotransduction pathways that seem to be commonly involved in the development and establishment of the metastatic and mechanical phenotype in several carcinoma cells. We still do not know whether there exist distinct metastatic genes regulating the progression of tumors. These metastatic genes may then be activated either during the progression of cancer by themselves on their migration path or in earlier stages of oncogenesis through activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes, both of which promote the metastatic phenotype. In more detail, the adhesion of cancer cells to their surrounding stroma induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces that deform their microenvironments by alignment of fibers. The amplitude of these forces can adapt to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. Moreover, the adhesion strength of cancer cells seems to determine whether a cancer cell is able to migrate through connective tissue or across barriers such as the basement membrane or endothelial cell linings of blood or lymph vessels in order to metastasize. In turn, exposure of adherent cancer cells to physical forces, such as shear flow in vessels or compression forces around tumors, reinforces cell adhesion, regulates cell contractility and restructures the ordering of the local stroma matrix that leads subsequently to secretion of crosslinking proteins or matrix degrading enzymes. Hence invasive cancer cells alter the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. From a mechanobiological point-of-view, the recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cancer progression after the malignant transition of cancer cells from an epithelial and non-motile phenotype to a mesenchymal and motile (invasive) phenotype providing cellular motility. This transition can also be described as the physical attempt to relate this cancer cell transitional behavior to a T1 phase transition such as the jamming to unjamming transition. During the invasion of cancer cells, cell adaptation occurs to mechanical alterations of the local stroma, such as enhanced stroma upon fibrosis, and therefore we need to uncover underlying mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functional processes that reinforce the invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, these mechanisms may also be responsible for the awakening of dormant residual cancer cells within the microenvironment. Physicists were initially tempted to consider the steps of the cancer metastasis cascade as single events caused by a single mechanical alteration of the overall properties of the cancer cell. However, this general and simple view has been challenged by the finding that several mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment influence each other and continuously contribute to tumor growth and cancer progression. In addition, basement membrane crossing, cell invasion and transbarrier migration during cancer progression is explained in physical terms by applying physical principles on living cells regardless of their complexity and individual differences of cancer types. As a novel approach, the impact of the individual microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is also included. Moreover, new theories and models are still needed to understand why certain cancers are malignant and aggressive, while others stay still benign. However, due to the broad variety of cancer types, there may be various pathways solely suitable for specific cancer types and distinct steps in the process of cancer progression. In this review, physical concepts and hypotheses of cancer initiation and progression including cancer cell basement membrane crossing, invasion and transbarrier migration are presented and discussed from a biophysical point-of-view. In addition, the crosstalk between cancer cells and a chronically altered microenvironment, such as fibrosis, is discussed including the basic physical concepts of fibrosis and the cellular responses to mechanical stress caused by the mechanically altered microenvironment. Here, is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have an impact on classical hallmarks of cancer and fibrosis and how they contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer and its progression by sensing and responding to the physical environmental properties through mechanotransduction processes. Finally, this review discusses various physical models of cell migration such as blebbing, nuclear piston, protrusive force and unjamming transition migration modes and how they contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, these cellular migration modes are influenced by microenvironmental perturbances such as fibrosis that can induce mechanical alterations in cancer cells, which in turn may impact the environment. Hence, the classical hallmarks of cancer need to be refined by including biomechanical properties of cells, cell clusters and tissues and their microenvironment to understand mechano-regulatory processes within cancer cells and the entire organism.
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75
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Jing B, Luo Y, Lin B, Li J, Wang ZA, Du Y. Establishment and application of a dynamic tumor-vessel microsystem for studying different stages of tumor metastasis and evaluating anti-tumor drugs. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17137-17147. [PMID: 35519877 PMCID: PMC9064461 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is one of the main causes of cancer-related death, and it is difficult to study the whole process of tumor metastasis in vivo due to the complex physiological environment in the body. Therefore, it's crucial to develop simple and physiologically relevant in vitro cancer models to study the metastasis process, especially different phases of tumor metastasis. A novel microfluidic tumor-vessel co-culture system was established to reproduce the different phases of cancer metastasis (proliferation, migration, intravasation and adherence) individually in vitro for the first time. It was observed that blood vessels with fluid flow had big impact on metastasis of liver cancer cells HepG2 and breast ones MDA-MB-231. In particular, it was found that both HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cells migrated in the direction of “blood flow”. Furthermore, MDA-MB-231 cells invaded through paracellular mode disrupting the intercellular endothelial junctions, whereas HepG2 cells engaged in transcellular intravasation through transcellular process. Compared with traditional assays, much more potent inhibition of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) on different phases of tumor metastasis was observed on the microsystem. In summary, the microfluidic device yielded abundant information about each phase of tumor metastasis, and would provide a powerful platform for use in drug screening, toxicology studies, and personalized medicine in future. The different stages of the cancer metastasis were reproduced individually on a novel tumor-vessel co-culture microsystem.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China +86-10-8254-5070.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China +86-10-8254-5070
| | - Zhuo A Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China +86-10-8254-5070
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China +86-10-8254-5070
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76
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Salmaninejad A, Valilou SF, Soltani A, Ahmadi S, Abarghan YJ, Rosengren RJ, Sahebkar A. Tumor-associated macrophages: role in cancer development and therapeutic implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:591-608. [PMID: 31144271 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known to play important roles in the initiation and progression of human cancers, as well as in angiogenesis. TAMs are considered as main components of the tumor microenvironment. Targeting TAMs may serve as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. In this review, the signaling pathways, origin, function, polarization and clinical application of TAMs are discussed. The role of TAMs in tumor initiation, progression, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis are also emphasized. In addition, a variety of clinical and pre-clinical approaches to target TAMs are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Clinical therapeutic approaches that show most promise include blocking the extravasation of TAMs along with using TAMs as diagnostic biomarkers for cancer progression. The targeting of TAMs in a variety of clinical settings appears to be a promising strategy for decreasing metastasis formation and for improving patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salmaninejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Farajzadeh Valilou
- Medical Genetics Network (MeGeNe), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Jafari Abarghan
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rhonda J Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. box: 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.
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77
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Liu M, Song W, Huang L. Drug delivery systems targeting tumor-associated fibroblasts for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:31-39. [PMID: 30731107 PMCID: PMC10859225 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors especially desmoplastic tumors are complex organ-like structures. Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs), one type of the stromal cells, support the initiation, progression, and metastasis of carcinomas. TAFs also contribute to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and hinder T lymphocytes in killing tumors. Here, the role of TAFs in TME is discussed. In specific, TAFs form barriers for the penetration of T lymphocytes. TAFs also act as negative regulators for T lymphocytes. These findings suggest that targeting TAFs is a promising strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy. Our previous studies have indicated the ability of therapeutic nanoparticles to distribute into, and deplete or inactivate TAFs. This approach is discussed in the context of developing specific and effective immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Liu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Collage of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA.
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78
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Carvalho TM, Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. The peculiarities of cancer cell metabolism: A route to metastasization and a target for therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:343-363. [PMID: 30928707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the peculiarities of metabolic reprogramming in tumour onset and progression, and their relevance in cancer therapy. Also, it has been indicated that the metastatic process may depend on the metabolic rewiring and adaptation of cancer cells to the pressure of tumour microenvironment and limiting nutrient availability. The present review gatherers the existent knowledge on the influence of tumour microenvironment and metabolic routes driving metastasis. A focus will be given to glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, glutaminolysis, and amino acid handling. In addition, the role of metabolic waste driving metastasization will be explored. Finally, we discuss the status of cancer treatment approaches targeting metabolism. This knowledge revision will highlight the critical metabolic targets in metastasis and the chemicals already used in preclinical studies and clinical trials, providing clues that would be further exploited in medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ma Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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79
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Cam A, Oyirifi AB, Liu Y, Haschek WM, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT, Engeseth NJ, Helferich WG. Thermally Abused Frying Oil Potentiates Metastasis to Lung in a Murine Model of Late-Stage Breast Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:201-210. [PMID: 30885926 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deep-frying is a popular form of food preparation used globally and throughout in the United States. Each time dietary oils are heated to deep-frying temperatures, they undergo chemical alterations that result in a new matrix of lipid structures. These lipid products include triglyceride dimers, polymers, oxidized triglycerides, and cyclic monomers, which raises nutritional concerns about associations between these lipid products and heightened health risks. Reports of associations between thermally abused frying oil and deleterious health outcomes currently exist, yet there is little information concerning the effects of thermally abused frying oil consumption and the progression of breast cancer. This study used a late-stage breast cancer murine model and in vivo bioluminescent imaging to monitor progression of metastasis of 4T1 tumor cells in animals consuming fresh soybean oil (SBO) and a thermally abused frying oil (TAFO). Bioluminescent and histologic examinations demonstrated that TAFO consumption resulted in a marked increase of metastatic lung tumor formation compared to SBO consumption. Further, in animals consuming the TAFO treatment diet, metastatic tumors in the lung displayed a 1.4-fold increase in the Ki-67 marker of cellular proliferation and RNA-sequencing analysis of the hepatic tissue revealed a dietary-induced modulation of gene expression in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cam
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Ashley B Oyirifi
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Yunxian Liu
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Wanda M Haschek
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Nicki J Engeseth
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - William G Helferich
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.
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80
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Lu Y, Lian S, Cheng Y, Ye Y, Xie X, Fu C, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Iqbal Parker M, Jia L. Circulation patterns and seed-soil compatibility factors cooperate to cause cancer organ-specific metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2019; 375:62-72. [PMID: 30578764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recognition of the lethality of cancer metastasis and the importance of developing specific anti-metastasis therapies directed at the cancer metastatic cascade, the dynamics of cancer metastasis remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the dynamics of circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival in the bloodstream using experimental mouse models. CTCs were arrested in the capillaries by adhesion to vascular endothelium within a few minutes after injection into the bloodstream. The loss of CTCs from the circulation followed a bi-phasic decay pattern, with the number of CTCs in the bloodstream being closely associated with the number of blood circulation cycles. The calculated in vivo Vd (apparent volume of distribution) of the CTC revealed organ specific binding of the CTCs. Moreover, confocal microscopy, in vivo fluorescence imaging in syngeneic mouse metastatic models and analysis of blood circulation patterns support the notion of organ-specific tumor metastasis. The present study suggests that organ-specific tumor metastasis is influenced by cooperation between blood circulation patterns and 'seed-soil' compatibility factors. These new findings provide further insights for optimized cancer metastatic prevention strategies such as by creating a hostile circulation microenvironment and targeting the organ-specific 'seed-soil' compatibility factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Lu
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Shu Lian
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yunlong Cheng
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yuying Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fujian Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chengbin Fu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yewei Zhu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - M Iqbal Parker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute for infectious disease and molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Lee Jia
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Biopharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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81
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Chrabaszcz K, Jasztal A, Smęda M, Zieliński B, Blat A, Diem M, Chlopicki S, Malek K, Marzec KM. Label-free FTIR spectroscopy detects and visualizes the early stage of pulmonary micrometastasis seeded from breast carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3574-3584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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82
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Moriarty RA, Stroka KM. Physical confinement alters sarcoma cell cycle progression and division. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2360-2373. [PMID: 30304981 PMCID: PMC6237433 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1533776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells experience physical confinement on one or multiple axes, both in the primary tumor and at multiple stages during metastasis. Recent work has shown that confinement in a 3D spheroid alters nucleus geometry and delays cell division, and that vertical confinement impairs mitotic spindle rounding, resulting in abnormal division events. Meanwhile, the effects of bi-axial confinement on cell cycle progression has received little attention. Given the critical role of nuclear shape and mechanics in cell division, we hypothesized that bi-axial physical confinement of the cell body and nucleus would alter cell cycle progression. We used sarcoma cells stably expressing the fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI), along with fibronectin-coated microchannel devices, and explored the impact of bi-axial physical confinement on cell cycle progression. Our results demonstrate that bi-axial physical confinement reduces the frequency of cell division, which we found to be attributed to an arrest in the S/G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and increases the frequency of abnormal division events. Cell and nuclear morphology were both altered in confinement, with the most confining channels preventing cells from undergoing the normal increase in size from G1 to S/G2/M during cell cycle progression. Finally, our results suggest that confinement induces a mechanical memory to the cells, given our observation of lasting effects on cell division and morphology, even after cells exited confinement. Together, our results provide new insights into the possible impact of mechanical forces on primary and secondary tumor formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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83
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Looney MR, Headley MB. Live imaging of the pulmonary immune environment. Cell Immunol 2018; 350:103862. [PMID: 30336937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lung represents a unique immune environment. The primary function of the lung is to enable gas exchange by facilitating the transfer of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood. However, as a direct byproduct of this process the lung is also constantly exposed to particles, allergens, and pathogens alongside air itself. Due to this, the pulmonary immune system exists in a fine balance between quiescence and inflammation, deviations from which can lead to a failure in respiratory function. A rich history exists attempting to define the critical features of lung immunity, and most recently advances in intravital microscopy have enabled the visualization of intercellular immune dynamics in both steady-state and a variety of disease conditions. In this review, we will summarize a variety of approaches to intravital lung imaging as well as how its application has advanced our understanding of normal lung function as well as disease states such as pulmonary metastasis, asthma, and lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Looney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark B Headley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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84
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Mierke CT, Sauer F, Grosser S, Puder S, Fischer T, Käs JA. The two faces of enhanced stroma: Stroma acts as a tumor promoter and a steric obstacle. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3831. [PMID: 29215759 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to genetic, morphological and biochemical alterations in cells, a key feature of the malignant progression of cancer is the stroma, including cancer cell motility as well as the emergence of metastases. Our current knowledge with regard to the biophysically driven experimental approaches of cancer progression indicates that mechanical aberrations are major contributors to the malignant progression of cancer. In particular, the mechanical probing of the stroma is of great interest. However, the impact of the tumor stroma on cellular motility, and hence the metastatic cascade leading to the malignant progression of cancer, is controversial as there are two different and opposing effects within the stroma. On the one hand, the stroma can promote and enhance the proliferation, survival and migration of cancer cells through mechanotransduction processes evoked by fiber alignment as a result of increased stroma rigidity. This enables all types of cancer to overcome restrictive biological capabilities. On the other hand, as a result of its structural constraints, the stroma acts as a steric obstacle for cancer cell motility in dense three-dimensional extracellular matrices, when the pore size is smaller than the cell's nucleus. The mechanical properties of the stroma, such as the tissue matrix stiffness and the entire architectural network of the stroma, are the major players in providing the optimal environment for cancer cell migration. Thus, biophysical methods determining the mechanical properties of the stroma, such as magnetic resonance elastography, are critical for the diagnosis and prediction of early cancer stages. Fibrogenesis and cancer are tightly connected, as there is an elevated risk of cancer on cystic fibrosis or, subsequently, cirrhosis. This also applies to the subsequent metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Sauer
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Grosser
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Puder
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Alfons Käs
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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85
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Platelet deficiency in Tpo−/− mice can both promote and suppress the metastasis of experimental breast tumors in an organ-specific manner. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:679-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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86
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Circulating tumor microemboli: Progress in molecular understanding and enrichment technologies. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1367-1389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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87
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Kant Chaudhuri
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Level 9, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Level 9, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138593, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Level 9, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
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88
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Hemodynamic Forces Tune the Arrest, Adhesion, and Extravasation of Circulating Tumor Cells. Dev Cell 2018; 45:33-52.e12. [PMID: 29634935 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic seeding is driven by cell-intrinsic and environmental cues, yet the contribution of biomechanics is poorly known. We aim to elucidate the impact of blood flow on the arrest and the extravasation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in vivo. Using the zebrafish embryo, we show that arrest of CTCs occurs in vessels with favorable flow profiles where flow forces control the adhesion efficacy of CTCs to the endothelium. We biophysically identified the threshold values of flow and adhesion forces allowing successful arrest of CTCs. In addition, flow forces fine-tune tumor cell extravasation by impairing the remodeling properties of the endothelium. Importantly, we also observe endothelial remodeling at arrest sites of CTCs in mouse brain capillaries. Finally, we observed that human supratentorial brain metastases preferably develop in areas with low perfusion. These results demonstrate that hemodynamic profiles at metastatic sites regulate key steps of extravasation preceding metastatic outgrowth.
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89
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Li W, Ng JMK, Wong CC, Ng EKW, Yu J. Molecular alterations of cancer cell and tumour microenvironment in metastatic gastric cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:4903-4920. [PMID: 29795331 PMCID: PMC6127089 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term metastasis is widely used to describe the endpoint of the process by which tumour cells spread from the primary location to an anatomically distant site. Achieving successful dissemination is dependent not only on the molecular alterations of the cancer cells themselves, but also on the microenvironment through which they encounter. Here, we reviewed the molecular alterations of metastatic gastric cancer (GC) as it reflects a large proportion of GC patients currently seen in clinic. We hope that further exploration and understanding of the multistep metastatic cascade will yield novel therapeutic targets that will lead to better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Li
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jennifer Mun-Kar Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Enders Kwok Wai Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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90
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Keirsse J, Van Damme H, Geeraerts X, Beschin A, Raes G, Van Ginderachter JA. The role of hepatic macrophages in liver metastasis. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:202-215. [PMID: 29661474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a major target organ for metastasis of both gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal cancers. Due to its frequently inoperable nature, liver metastasis represents a leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. In the past years, the pivotal role of the immune system in this process is being increasingly recognised. In particular, the role of the hepatic macrophages, both recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mfs) and tissue-resident Kupffer cells (KCs), has been shown to be more versatile than initially imagined. However, the lack of tools to easily distinguish between these two macrophage populations has hampered the assignment of particular functionalities to specific hepatic macrophage subsets. In this Review, we highlight the most remarkable findings regarding the origin and functions of hepatic macrophage populations, and we provide a detailed description of their distinct roles in the different phases of the liver metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Keirsse
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena Van Damme
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xenia Geeraerts
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain Beschin
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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91
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Huang Y, Pan L, Helou K, Xia Q, Parris TZ, Li H, Xu B, Li H. Mechanical ventilation promotes lung metastasis in experimental 4T1 breast cancer lung-metastasized models. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:545-555. [PMID: 29593433 PMCID: PMC5865578 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s142650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that mechanical ventilation (MV) during cancer surgery induces lung stroma/tissue milieu changes, creating a favorable microenvironment for postoperative lung metastatic tumor establishment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In Protocol A, female BALB/c mice were divided into an MV group and a control (no MV) group, both of which were anesthetized and subjected to intravenous injection of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled mouse mammary carcinoma cell line (4T1) cells. After 24 h, the lung tissue was removed and the number of GFP-labeled 4T1 cells was calculated. In Protocol B, the clinically relevant mouse model of spontaneous breast cancer lung metastasis was used with surgical resection of the primary tumor to investigate the MV event that dictates postoperative lung metastasis. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated in the mammary fat pad with 4T1 cells. After 14-d growth, mice were anesthetized and divided into an MV group and a control (no MV) group during surgical procedures (mastectomy). Metastatic tumor burden was assessed two weeks after mastectomy by both macroscopic metastatic nodule count, hematoxylin-eosin histology, immunohistochemistry for the macrophage marker (CD68), and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). RESULTS MV was associated with a significant increase in the number of circulating breast tumor cells (GFP-labeled 4T1 cells) remaining in the microvasculature of the lung (P<0.01). Immunohistochemical results showed increased infiltration of CD68-positive macrophages within injured lung parenchyma and metastatic tumor as well as increased expression of EpCAM in metastatic nodules. Postoperative metastases were more prevalent in the mechanically ventilated mice group compared to the non-ventilated group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION MV-induced lung metastasis occurs by attracting circulating tumor cells to the site of the lung injury and by accelerating the proliferation of preexisting micro-metastases in the lung. These observations indicate that the metastasis-enhancing effect of MV should be considered in general anesthesia during cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglai Huang
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Borås Hospital, Borås
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qisheng Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Toshima Z Parris
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hon Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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92
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Giuliano M, Shaikh A, Lo HC, Arpino G, De Placido S, Zhang XH, Cristofanilli M, Schiff R, Trivedi MV. Perspective on Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters: Why It Takes a Village to Metastasize. Cancer Res 2018; 78:845-852. [PMID: 29437766 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters may represent one of the key mechanisms initiating the metastasis process. However, the series of pathophysiologic events by which CTC clusters originate, enter the circulation, and reach the distant sites remain to be identified. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that provide survival advantage for CTC clusters during the transit in the blood stream are also still largely unknown. Understanding the biology of CTC clusters is critical to assess this unified scheme employed by cancer and to device strategies to overcome key pathways responsible for their improved metastatic potential. CTC clusters remain an underdeveloped area of research begging the attention of multidisciplinary cancer research teams. Here, we provide insight on existing preclinical evidence on the potential mechanisms leading to CTC cluster formation and dissemination and on processes that may offer survival advantage. We also offer our perspective on future directions to delineate the role of CTC clusters in metastatic cascade and discuss their clinical significance. Cancer Res; 78(4); 845-52. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Giuliano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anum Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas
| | - Hin Ching Lo
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Grazia Arpino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Xiang H Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meghana V Trivedi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas
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93
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Riggi N, Aguet M, Stamenkovic I. Cancer Metastasis: A Reappraisal of Its Underlying Mechanisms and Their Relevance to Treatment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 13:117-140. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-044127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo Riggi
- Experimental Pathology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Aguet
- Experimental Pathology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Stamenkovic
- Experimental Pathology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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94
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Huang X, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Cao D, Ai X, Zeng A, Gou M, Cai L, Yang H, Zhao C. RhoA-stimulated intra-capillary morphology switch facilitates the arrest of individual circulating tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:2094-2105. [PMID: 29277889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of death for most cancer patients. Hematogenous arrest of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is an essential prerequisite for metastases formation. Using transparent transgenic zebrafish (kdrl:eGFP; Casper), together with resonant laser scanning confocal microscopy, we tracked the fate of CTCs in vivo in the blood circulation for days. We found the intra-capillary morphology-switch (ICMS) of individual CTCs from strip to sphere was necessary for their intravascular arrests. Further genetic and pharmacological inhibition experiments indicated that the RhoA signaling was necessary for ICMS and the arrest of CTCs. At last, we demonstrated that early treatment by a clinically approved RhoA/ROCK inhibitor, Fasudil, could efficiently inhibit the initial arrest of individual CTCs and reduce the incidence of tumor metastasis in both zebrafish and mouse models. These results together indicate that RhoA-stimulated ICMS represents a mechanism for the arrest of individual CTCs, providing a potential target for future treatments of hematogenous metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu blood Center, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Maling Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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95
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Schmidt H, De Angelis G, Bettendorf O, Eltze E, Semjonow A, Knichwitz G, Brandt B. Frequent Detection and Immunophenotyping of Prostate-Derived Cell Clusters in the Peripheral Blood of Prostate Cancer Patients. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 19:93-9. [PMID: 15255540 DOI: 10.1177/172460080401900202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent scientific studies have failed to determine parameters for the assessment of prostate cancer aggressiveness. The present study deals with the detection of blood-borne cancer cells based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cell enrichment methods. The contradictory results reported in the literature have called into question the clinical usefulness of this diagnostic method in the preoperative staging of clinically localized prostate cancer. Methods We established a combined method of density gradient centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation using epithelium-specific antibodies, i.e. cytokeratins, to isolate prostate-derived circulating cells from the peripheral blood of patients with prostate cancer. Isolated cells were characterized by DNA staining and immunocytochemistry using antibodies for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), proliferation-associated proteins (MIB-1, H1 and H3) and apoptosis-associated proteins (M30, c-FasR). Results We applied these methods to 68 prostate cancer patients and were able to isolate cell clusters in 98%. Immunophenotypic and morphological characterization of PSA-positive prostate-derived cell clusters found in the peripheral blood of prostate cancer patients showed two main populations: 1) in 35% of the investigated prostate cancer patients we detected rounded cell aggregates of probable cancer cells expressing proliferation-associated proteins and lacking apoptosis-associated protein expression; 2) in all cases there was a high frequency of circulating dysmorphic cell clusters positive for apoptosis-associated protein expression. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the existence of at least two different types of blood-borne prostate-derived circulating cell clusters. Of these, only the less frequent, round, small cell clusters harbor features that are probably necessary for the cells to survive for metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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96
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Krog BL, Henry MD. Biomechanics of the Circulating Tumor Cell Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1092:209-233. [PMID: 30368755 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95294-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) exist in a microenvironment quite different from the solid tumor tissue microenvironment. They are detached from matrix and exposed to the immune system and hemodynamic forces leading to the conclusion that life as a CTC is "nasty, brutish, and short." While there is much evidence to support this assertion, the mechanisms underlying this are much less clear. In this chapter we will specifically focus on biomechanical influences on CTCs in the circulation and examine in detail the question of whether CTCs are mechanically fragile, a commonly held idea that is lacking in direct evidence. We will review multiple lines of evidence indicating, perhaps counterintuitively, that viable cancer cells are mechanically robust in the face of exposures to physiologic shear stresses that would be encountered by CTCs during their passage through the circulation. Finally, we present emerging evidence that malignant epithelial cells, as opposed to their benign counterparts, possess specific mechanisms that enable them to endure these mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Krog
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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97
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Fischer T, Wilharm N, Hayn A, Mierke CT. Matrix and cellular mechanical properties are the driving factors for facilitating human cancer cell motility into 3D engineered matrices. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa8bbb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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98
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Conrad C, Götte M, Schlomann U, Roessler M, Pagenstecher A, Anderson P, Preston J, Pruessmeyer J, Ludwig A, Li R, Kamm RD, Ritz R, Carl B, Nimsky C, Bartsch JW. ADAM8 expression in breast cancer derived brain metastases: Functional implications on MMP-9 expression and transendothelial migration in breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:779-791. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Conrad
- Department of Neurosurgery; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg, 35033 Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology; Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1; Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Malena Götte
- Department of Neurosurgery; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg, 35033 Germany
| | - Uwe Schlomann
- Department of Neurosurgery; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg, 35033 Germany
| | - Marion Roessler
- Department of Pathology; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg 35033 Germany
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Department of Neuropathology; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg 35033 Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street; London SE1 9NH United Kingdom
| | - Jane Preston
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street; London SE1 9NH United Kingdom
| | | | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute for Pharmacological Research, Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Ran Li
- MIT Department of Biological Engineering; Cambridge MA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- MIT Department of Biological Engineering; Cambridge MA
| | - Rainer Ritz
- Department of Neurosurgery; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg, 35033 Germany
| | - Barbara Carl
- Department of Neurosurgery; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg, 35033 Germany
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg, 35033 Germany
| | - Jörg W. Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery; Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr; Marburg, 35033 Germany
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99
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Colorectal Cancer Blood-Based Biomarkers. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:2195361. [PMID: 29147109 PMCID: PMC5632863 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2195361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality and morbidity associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) are increasing globally, partly due to lack of early detection of the disease. The screening is usually performed with colonoscopy, which is invasive and unpleasant, discouraging participation in the screening. As a source of noninvasive and easily accessible biomarkers, liquid biopsies are emerging. Blood-based biomarkers have the potential as diagnostic and prognostic tool in CRC. Early stage detection of CRC with high sensitivity and specificity would likely lead to higher participation in the screening test. It would also improve the prognosis of the disease and improve the recurrence risk. In this review, we summarize the potential biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of CRC.
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100
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Benjamin DC, Hynes RO. Intravital imaging of metastasis in adult Zebrafish. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:660. [PMID: 28946867 PMCID: PMC5613480 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis is a major clinical problem whose biology is not yet fully understood. This lack of understanding is especially true for the events at the metastatic site, which include arrest, extravasation, and growth into macrometastases. Intravital imaging is a powerful technique that has shown great promise in increasing our understanding of these events. To date, most intravital imaging studies have been performed in mice, which has limited its adoption. Zebrafish are also a common system for the intravital imaging of metastasis. However, as imaging in embryos is technically simpler, relatively few studies have used adult zebrafish to study metastasis and none have followed individual cells at the metastatic site over time. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that adult casper zebrafish offer a convenient model system for performing intravital imaging of the metastatic site over time with single-cell resolution. Methods ZMEL1 zebrafish melanoma cells were injected into 6 to 10-week-old casper fish using an intravenous injection protocol. Because casper fish are transparent even as adults, they could be imaged without surgical intervention. Individual cells were followed over the course of 2 weeks as they arrested, extravasated, and formed macroscopic metastases. Results Our injection method reliably delivered cells into circulation and led to the formation of tumors in multiple organs. Cells in the skin and sub-dermal muscle could be imaged at high resolution over 2 weeks using confocal microscopy. Arrest was visualized and determined to be primarily due to size restriction. Following arrest, extravasation was seen to occur between 1 and 6 days post-injection. Once outside of the vasculature, cells were observed migrating as well as forming protrusions. Conclusions Casper fish are a useful model for studying the events at the metastatic site using intravital imaging. The protocols described in this study are relatively simple. Combined with the reasonably low cost of zebrafish, they offer to increase access to intravital imaging. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3647-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Benjamin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute For Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,David H. Koch Institute For Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
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