51
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Abstract
An array of inhibitory and activating receptors initially identified on NK cells are also expressed by conventional CD8+ alphabeta T cells. New evidence strongly implicates these 'NK cell receptors' in modulating NK cell and virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses against a variety of viral infections. Precise regulation of NK cell and T cell responses by these receptors optimizes antiviral immunity while preventing immunological bystander pathology and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Moser
- Department of Pathology, Woodruff Memorial Research Building, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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52
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Shiohara T, Mizukawa Y, Teraki Y. Pathophysiology of fixed drug eruption: the role of skin-resident T cells. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 2:317-23. [PMID: 12130946 DOI: 10.1097/00130832-200208000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fixed drug eruption is a distinct variant of drug-induced dermatoses characterized by their relapse in the same location after the administration of the causative drug. We have recently shown that intraepidermal CD8+ T cells phenotypically resembling effector memory T cells are greatly enriched in the resting lesions of FDE. Although effector memory T cells have been implicated as the mediators of protection in epithelial tissues, our observation raises an alternative possibility that improper, enhanced or uncontrolled activation of intraepidermal T cells could contribute to severe tissue injury. Until recently, however, their detrimental effects on epithelial tissues have rarely been examined. The focus of this review is on how intra-epidermal T cells originally evolved to protect tissue integrity can exert an opposite action that is deleterious to the host. RECENT FINDINGS Because those T cells residing in the lesions, upon activation, can rapidly produce large amounts of IFN-gammaepsilon followed by localized epidermal injury, their activation is probably essential for the initiation of deleterious inflammatory responses in the lesions. The activity of these potent effector T cells is therefore carefully controlled to prevent unwanted tissue injury under physiological conditions. A complex interplay of stop and go signals to the skin-resident T cells provides a delicate balance between cell death and survival, thereby determining the degree and outcome of inflammation generated in response to pathogens or antigens. SUMMARY This consideration may provide important insights into the way in which skin-resident T cells maintain immunological homeostasis in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Shiohara
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
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53
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Abstract
KIR genes have evolved in primates to generate a diverse family of receptors with unique structures that enable them to recognize MHC-class I molecules with locus and allele-specificity. Their combinatorial expression creates a repertoire of NK cells that surveys the expression of almost every MHC molecule independently, thus antagonizing the spread of pathogens and tumors that subvert innate and adaptive defense by selectively downregulating certain MHC class I molecules. The genes encoding KIR that recognize classical MHC molecules have diversified rapidly in human and primates; this contrasts with conservation of immunoglobulin- and lectin-like receptors for nonclassical MHC molecules. As a result of the variable KIR-gene content in the genome and the polymorphism of the HLA system, dissimilar numbers and qualities of KIR:HLA pairs function in different humans. This diversity likely contributes variability to the function of NK cells and T-lymphocytes by modulating innate and adaptive immune responses to specific challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vilches
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Clínica Puerta de Hierro, San Martín de Porres 4, 28035 Madrid, Spain.
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54
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Vivier E, Tomasello E, Paul P. Lymphocyte activation via NKG2D: towards a new paradigm in immune recognition? Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:306-11. [PMID: 11973127 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating cell surface receptor expressed on a wide range of immune effector cells including NK cells, NKT cells, gammadelta T cells as well as CD8(+) alphabeta T cells. Recent data indicate two major features: first, that human (MICA, MICB and ULBP) and mouse (Rae1 and H60) NKG2D ligands can be induced and/or upregulated upon cellular distress; and second, that on T cells NKG2D serves as a co-stimulation molecule for TCR triggering, whereas on NK cells NKG2D may act as a primary recognition structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS-INSERM-Université de la Méditerrannée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 906, 13288, Cedex 09, Marseille, France.
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55
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Dulphy N, Rabian C, Douay C, Flinois O, Laoussadi S, Kuipers J, Tamouza R, Charron D, Toubert A. Functional modulation of expanded CD8+ synovial fluid T cells by NK cell receptor expression in HLA-B27-associated reactive arthritis. Int Immunol 2002; 14:471-9. [PMID: 11978777 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/14.5.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether NK cell receptor (NKR) expression could modulate cytotoxicity of oligoclonal CD8+ T cells present in the synovial fluid (SF) of HLA-B27-reactive arthritis (ReA) patients, especially in a TCRBV1 population shared among different patients and cytotoxic toward HLA-B27. A CD8+ T cell line, two TCRBV1 lines and clones were isolated from the SF of an HLA-B27+ ReA patient, and tested with mAb specific for Ig-like (KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2, KIR3DL1 and ILT2) and CD94 C-type lectin NKR. Transcripts for NKG2 subunits (NKG2A-2E) associated with CD94 were also evaluated. Function was tested in a 51Cr-release cytotoxic assay. We found stable but distinct levels of CD94/NKG2 complexes at the surface of T cell lines and clones. Different NKG2 members could be associated with CD94, either inhibitory (NKG2A/B) or activating (NKG2C). The inhibitory ILT2 receptor could also be differently expressed, but other Ig-like NKR were negative. Functionally, one TCRBV1 line and clones with a high CD94/NKG2A expression did not lyse B27+ targets. Another TCRBV1 line with the same TCRBV1 rearrangement had a low expression of CD94/NKG2A, but expressed NKG2C transcripts and was cytotoxic toward HLA-B27. HLA-B27 is a ligand for ILT2 and we observed an inhibitory effect of ILT2 engagement on B*2705 targets in blockade experiments. Altogether, these data indicate a high degree of heterogeneity in the expression of NKR by intrasynovial CD8+ T cells which could modulate their cytotoxicity and play a role in the control of this HLA class I-associated autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Arthritis, Reactive/immunology
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- HLA-B27 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Prohibitins
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL1
- Receptors, KIR2DL2
- Receptors, KIR3DL1
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- Synovial Fluid/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dulphy
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Histocompatibilité, INSERM U396, Centre G. Hayem, Université Paris VII, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Avenue C. Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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56
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Abstract
Because oncogenic DNA viruses establish persistent infections in humans, continuous immunosurveillance for neoplastic cells is required to prevent virus-induced tumors. Antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes are critical in vivo effectors for eliminating virus-infected and virus-transformed cells. Investigation into the induction, regulation, and maintenance of CD8+ T cells specific for these viruses is hindered by the lack of tractable animal models that mimic natural infection. Resistance to tumors induced by polyoma virus, a persistent natural mouse DNA virus, is mediated by polyoma-specific CD8+ T cells. Mice susceptible to polyoma virus tumorigenesis mount a smaller, albeit still considerable, expansion of anti-polyoma CD8+ T cells; importantly, these antiviral CD8+ T cells lack cytotoxic activity while retaining the phenotype of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effectors. In this review, we will discuss potential in vivo mechanisms that regulate the functional competence of anti-polyoma CD8+ T cells, particularly in the context of chronic antigenic stimulation provided by persistent viral infections and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Moser
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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57
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Young NT, Uhrberg M. KIR expression shapes cytotoxic repertoires: a developmental program of survival. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:71-5. [PMID: 11929129 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize a sequential program of expression of the leukocyte-receptor complex (LRC) in CD8+T cells, associated with cellular activation and the subsequent establishment of immune homeostasis through resistance to apoptosis. This program, which is consistent with the linear development of memory CD8+ T cells, represents an ordered expression of genes during differentiation, analogous to expression of the homeobox- or globin-gene clusters. Our model not only has implications for the development and maintenance of T-cell memory but also, relates to the formation of LRC repertoires in other cell types, particularly, the development of killer-cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) repertoires in natural-killer-cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil T Young
- Nuffield Dept of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK.
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58
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Abstract
Human peripheral blood CD8+ T cells comprise cells that are in different states of differentiation and under the control of complex homeostatic processes. In a number of situations ranging from chronic inflammatory conditions and infectious diseases to ageing, immunodeficiency, iron overload and heavy alcohol intake, major phenotypic changes, usually associated with an increase in CD8+ T cells lacking CD28 expression, take place. CD8+CD28- T cells are characterized by a low proliferative capacity to conventional stimulation in vitro and by morphological and functional features of activated/memory T cells. Although the nature of the signals that give origin to this T-cell subset is uncertain, growing evidence argues for the existence of an interplay between epithelial cells, molecules with the MHC-class I fold and CD8+ T cells. The possibility that the generation of CD8+CD28- T cells is the combination of TCR/CD3zeta- and regulatory factor-mediated signals as a result of the sensing of modifications of the internal environment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Arosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) and Molecular Immunology and Pathology, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences(ICBAS), Porto, Portugal.
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59
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Borrego F, Kabat J, Kim DK, Lieto L, Maasho K, Peña J, Solana R, Coligan JE. Structure and function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I specific receptors expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells. Mol Immunol 2002; 38:637-60. [PMID: 11858820 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express receptors that are specific for MHC class I molecules. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating the lytic and cytokine expression capabilities of NK cells. In humans, three distinct families of genes have been defined that encode for receptors of HLA class I molecules. The first family identified consists of type I transmembrane molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and are called killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). A second group of receptors belonging to the Ig superfamily, named ILT (for immunoglobulin like transcripts), has more recently been described. ILTs are expressed mainly on B, T and myeloid cells, but some members of this group are also expressed on NK cells. They are also referred to as LIRs (for leukocyte Ig-like receptor) and MIRs (for macrophage Ig-like receptor). The ligands for the KIR and some of the ILT receptors include classical (class Ia) HLA class I molecules, as well as the nonclassical (class Ib) HLA-G molecule. The third family of HLA class I receptors are C-type lectin family members and are composed of heterodimers of CD94 covalently associated with a member of the NKG2 family of molecules. The ligand for most members is the nonclassical class I molecule HLA-E. NKG2D, a member of the NKG2 family, is expressed as a homodimer, along with the adaptor molecule DAP10. The ligands of NKG2D include the human class I like molecules MICA and MICB, and the recently described ULBPs. Each of these three families of receptors has individual members that can recognize identical or similar ligands yet signal for activation or inhibition of cellular functions. This dichotomy correlates with particular structural features present in the transmembrane and intracytoplasmic portions of these molecules. In this review we will discuss the molecular structure, specificity, cellular expression patterns, and function of these HLA class I receptors, as well as the chromosomal location and genetic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Borrego
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook II, Room 205, 12441 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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60
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Ojcius DM, Delarbre C, Kourilsky P, Gachelin G. MHC and MHC-related proteins as pleiotropic signal molecules. FASEB J 2002; 16:202-6. [PMID: 11818368 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0758com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been studied primarily for their role in presenting peptide antigens to conventional T lymphocytes. An increasing body of evidence suggests that MHC and newly characterized MHC-related molecules have a much more varied function in the body. Many of these molecules are involved in pleiotropic interactions with other proteins, which initiate signal transduction cascades and contribute to cellular and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ojcius
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène de l'Institut Pasteur, Université Paris 7, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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61
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Billadeau DD, Leibson PJ. ITAMs versus ITIMs: striking a balance during cell regulation. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0214843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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62
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Falk CS, Schendel DJ. Allogeneic MHC class I ligands and their role in positive and negative regulation of human cytotoxic effector cells. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:8-19. [PMID: 11916173 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) has served as an important experimental system for elucidating the cellular and molecular basis of human lymphocyte responses. Complex mixtures of lymphocytes are stimulated by disparate alloantigens, inducing cellular activation and generating a cytokine milieu that is an excellent breeding ground for the proliferation and differentiation of many distinct lymphocyte subsets. Cloning of individual lymphocytes following alloactivation has allowed various cytotoxic lymphocytes to be isolated and characterized with respect to phenotype and specificity. These analyses have revealed that all types of cytotoxic effector cells are regulated by interactions with MHC-peptide ligands, however, the consequences of these interactions can result in opposite functional outcomes. In this review we summarize how allogeneic MHC class I-peptide ligands positively or negatively regulate the activities of four distinct groups of cytotoxic lymphocytes and how this information might be transferred into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Falk
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, GSF National Research Center for the Environment and Health, Munich, Germany.
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63
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Champagne P, Dumont AR, Sékaly RP. Learning to remember: generation and maintenance of T-cell memory. DNA Cell Biol 2001; 20:745-60. [PMID: 11879568 DOI: 10.1089/104454901753438561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunologic memory results from a carefully coordinated interplay between cells of the immune system. In this review, we explore various aspects of the nature, generation, and maintenance of T lymphocyte-mediated immunologic memory. In light of the demonstrated heterogeneity of the memory T-cell pool, we hypothesize that subsets of memory T cells instructed to mature to distinct differentiation stages may differ, not only in functional and homing properties, but also in the conditions they require for survival, including antigen persistence and cytokine environment. Hence, according to this hypothesis, distinct memory T-cell subsets result from the nature and timing of the signals provided by the immune environment and occupy distinct niches. Intracellular and extracellular molecular mechanisms that underlie and modulate T-cell memory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Champagne
- Laboratory of Immunology, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Canada
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64
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Roberts AI, Lee L, Schwarz E, Groh V, Spies T, Ebert EC, Jabri B. NKG2D receptors induced by IL-15 costimulate CD28-negative effector CTL in the tissue microenvironment. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5527-30. [PMID: 11698420 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unlike primary T cells in lymph nodes, effector CD8(+) CTL in tissues do not express the costimulatory receptor CD28. We report that NKG2D, the receptor for stress-induced MICA and MICB molecules expressed in the intestine, serves as a potent costimulatory receptor for CTL freshly isolated from the human intestinal epithelium. Expression and function of NKG2D are selectively up-regulated by the cytokine IL-15, which is released by the inflamed intestinal epithelium. These findings identify a novel CTL costimulatory pathway regulated by IL-15 and suggest that tissues can fine-tune the activation of effector T cells based on the presence or absence of stress and inflammation. Uncontrolled secretion of IL-15 could lead to excessive induction of NKG2D and thus contribute to the development of autoimmune disease by facilitating the activation of autoreactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- CD28 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunologic Memory
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Models, Immunological
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Roberts
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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65
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Abstract
Several human inherited immune disorders lead to the same fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome, called the hemophagocytic syndrome. Through defective perforin expression or transport, these disorders highlight the determinant role of the secretory cytotoxic pathway in the regulation of the immune response and in lymphocyte homeostasis. In addition, new effectors of this secretory pathway have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Saint Basile
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U429, Hôpital Necker, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France.
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66
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Abstract
HLA class I and NK receptors are encoded within dense clusters of immune loci. The MHC, at 6p21.3, and the complex containing the KIR loci, at 19q13.4, both feature variation in the number of genes, as well as sequence polymorphism. In addition to T cell receptors, several variable class I-related molecules interact with polymorphic NK receptors. Some of the lectin-related NK receptor genes, at 12p13.1, also have ligands belonging to the extended class I family. The expanding clusters of class I-related sequences and their receptors, some of which evolved recently, reveal further complexity in immune recognition of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trowsdale
- Immunology Division, Pathology Department, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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67
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Kim YJ, Broxmeyer HE. Therapeutic potential of 4-1BB (CD137) as a regulator for effector CD8(+) T cells. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2001; 10:441-9. [PMID: 11522228 DOI: 10.1089/15258160152509064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental problem of antitumor immunity is tumor-induced immunosuppression. Tumor cells often down-regulate expression of co-stimulatory molecules, tumor antigens, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on tumor cells, secrete immunosuppressive substance such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or interleukin-4 (IL-4), and induce apoptosis of effector T cells to escape surveillance. A major goal of antitumor or antivirus immunotherapy is to generate long-lived protective T cells that enable killing of target cells. In this review, we discuss the importance of 4-1BB for development or survival of functionally active effector CD8(+) T cells against tumors, virus infection, and allogeneic immune responses and for potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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68
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Abstract
A wide variety of inhibitory and stimulatory NK cell receptors are expressed by some CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice and humans. Recent data address the induction of these receptors on activated or memory CD8+ T cells and have led to hypotheses addressing their function in the CD8+ T cell response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Expression
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Infections/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
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Affiliation(s)
- C W McMahon
- 489 Life Sciences Addition, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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