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Fratzke AP, Jan S, Felgner J, Liang L, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Manna S, Nihesh FN, Maiti S, Albin TJ, Esser-Kahn AP, Davies DH, Samuel JE, Felgner PL, Gregory AE. Subunit Vaccines Using TLR Triagonist Combination Adjuvants Provide Protection Against Coxiella burnetii While Minimizing Reactogenic Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653092. [PMID: 33815413 PMCID: PMC8010241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii, a designated potential agent of bioterrorism because of its route of transmission, resistance to disinfectants, and low infectious dose. The only vaccine licensed for human use is Q-VAX® (Seqirus, licensed in Australia), a formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccine, which produces severe local and systemic reactogenic responses in previously sensitized individuals. Accordingly, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory bodies around the world, have been reluctant to approve Q-VAX for widespread use. To obviate these adverse reactions, we prepared recombinant protein subunit vaccine candidates containing purified CBU1910, CBU0307, CBU0545, CBU0612, CBU0891, and CBU1398 proteins and TLR triagonist adjuvants. TLR triagonist adjuvants combine different TLR agonists to enhance immune responses to vaccine antigens. We tested both the protective efficacy and reactogenicity of our vaccine candidates in Hartley guinea pigs using intratracheal infection with live C. burnetii. While all of our candidates showed varying degrees of protection during challenge, local reactogenic responses were significantly reduced for one of our vaccine candidates when compared with a formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccine. Our findings show that subunit vaccines combined with novel TLR triagonist adjuvants can generate protective immunity to C. burnetii infection while reducing reactogenic responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Antigens, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/pharmacology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Coxiella burnetii/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Q Fever/immunology
- Q Fever/microbiology
- Q Fever/prevention & control
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Toll-Like Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Subunit/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia P. Fratzke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Sharon Jan
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Li Liang
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Saikat Manna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Fnu N. Nihesh
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sampa Maiti
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - James E. Samuel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Gregory
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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52
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Khokhani P, Rahmani NR, Kok A, Öner FC, Alblas J, Weinans H, Kruyt MC, Croes M. Use of Therapeutic Pathogen Recognition Receptor Ligands for Osteo-Immunomodulation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051119. [PMID: 33673651 PMCID: PMC7957819 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) ligands are reaching clinical practice following their ability to skew the immune response in a specific direction. We investigated the effects of various therapeutic PRR ligands on bone cell differentiation and inflammation. Following stimulation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (Day 10), osteocalcin, osteonectin expression (Day 14), and calcium deposition (Day 21) were quantified in bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The osteoclastogenic response was determined by measuring tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) activity in human monocytes. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 expressions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as an indicator of the ligands’ inflammatory properties. We found that nucleic acid-based ligands Poly(I:C) and CpG ODN C increased early ALP activity in hMSCs by 4-fold without affecting osteoclast formation. These ligands did not enhance expression of the other, late osteogenic markers. MPLA, Curdlan, and Pam3CSK4 did not affect osteogenic differentiation, but inhibited TRAP activity in monocytes, which was associated with increased expression of all measured cytokines. Nucleic acid-based ligands are identified as the most promising osteo-immunomodulators, as they favor early osteogenic differentiation without inducing an exaggerated immune-cell mediated response or interfering in osteoclastogenesis and thus can be potentially harnessed for multifunctional coatings for bone biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paree Khokhani
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nada R Rahmani
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Kok
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Cumhur Öner
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Moyo C Kruyt
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Croes
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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53
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Balneger N, Kroesen M, Lindau D, Wassink M, Boon L, den Brok MH, Büll C, Adema GJ. Generation of αCD11b-CpG antibody conjugates for the targeted stimulation of myeloid cells. J Control Release 2021; 332:148-159. [PMID: 33609622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligonucleotides are short single-stranded synthetic DNA molecules. Upon binding to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), CpG activates immune cells in humans and mice. This results in robust Th1 type immunity potentially resulting in clearance of pathogens, reduction of allergy and anti-tumor immunity. However, the effectiveness of CpG as an adjuvant depends on its administration route, with only strong effects seen when CpG is administered locally. As local administration is not always feasible, we generated conjugates to specifically deliver CpG to myeloid cells often abundantly present in tumors. For this we coupled CpG (3'-Thiol-modified phosphorothioate (PTO) CpG-ODN1826 type B (5'-tccatgacgttcctgacgtt-3')) to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the myeloid cell marker CD11b using maleimide-thiol coupling. The CD11b-CpG mAb (αCD11b-CpG) conjugates contained about four CpG molecules/conjugate and displayed binding and internalization characteristics similar to unconjugated CD11b mAbs (αCD11b). The αCD11b-CpG conjugates readily induced maturation of murine dendritic cells (DCs) in a TLR9-dependent manner in vitro. Following intravenous injection, αCD11b-CpG conjugates efficiently targeted CD11b+ immune cells in the blood, lymph nodes and spleen. Finally, injection of αCD11b-CpG conjugates, but not untargeted conjugates, induced maturation of CD11b+ cell subsets in vivo. In conclusion, conjugating CpG to αCD11b enabled specific targeting and activation of myeloid cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Balneger
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Kroesen
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Holland Proton Therapy Center, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - D Lindau
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Henkel IP and Holding GmbH, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - M Wassink
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L Boon
- Bioceros BV, Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M H den Brok
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - C Büll
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - G J Adema
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Rahmani A, Baee M, Saleki K, Moradi S, Nouri HR. Applying high throughput and comprehensive immunoinformatics approaches to design a trivalent subunit vaccine for induction of immune response against emerging human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6097-6113. [PMID: 33509045 PMCID: PMC7852294 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1876774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, this study was conducted to combat major CoVs via a trivalent subunit vaccine, which was engineered by implementing sequences of spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), membrane (M) protein, non-structural protein (nsp) 3, and nsp8 antigens. The CTL, HTL, MHC I, and IFN-γ epitopes were predicted via CTLPRED, IEDB, and IFN epitope servers, respectively. Also, to stimulate strong helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) responses, Pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) was used. Also, for boosting the immune response, β-defensin 2 was added to the construct as an adjuvant. Furthermore, TAT was applied to the vaccine to facilitate the intracellular delivery. Finally, TAT, adjuvant, PADRE, and selected epitopes were appropriately assembled. Based on the predicted epitopes, a trivalent multi-epitope vaccine with a molecular weight of 74.8 kDa was constructed. Further analyses predicted the molecule to be a strong antigen, and a non-allergenic and soluble protein. Secondary and tertiary structures were predicted. Additionally, analyses validated the stability of the proposed vaccine. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) showed binding affinity and stability of the vaccine-TLR3 complex was favorable. The predicted epitopes demonstrated a strong potential to stimulate T and B-cell mediated immune responses. Furthermore, codon optimization and in silico cloning guaranteed increased expression. In summary, investigations demonstrated that this next-generation approach might provide a new horizon for the development of a highly immunogenic vaccine against SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Rahmani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Masoud Baee
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Saead Moradi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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55
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Alemnew B, Hoff ST, Abebe T, Abebe M, Aseffa A, Howe R, Wassie L. Ex vivo mRNA expression of toll-like receptors during latent tuberculosis infection. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:9. [PMID: 33509080 PMCID: PMC7842038 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding immune mechanisms, particularly the role of innate immune markers during latent TB infection remains elusive. The main objective of this study was to evaluate mRNA gene expression patterns of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as correlates of immunity during latent TB infection and further infer their roles as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Methods Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analysed in a total of 64 samples collected from apparently healthy children and adolescents latently infected with tuberculosis (n = 32) or non-infected (n = 32). Relative expression in peripheral blood of selected genes encoding TLRs (TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-6 and TLR-9) was determined with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using specific primers and florescent labelled probes and a comparative threshold cycle method to define fold change. Data were analysed using Graph-Pad Prism 7.01 for Windows and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results An increased mean fold change in the relative expression of TLR-2 and TLR-6 mRNA was observed in LTBI groups relative to non-LTBI groups (p < 0.05), whereas a slight fold decrease was observed for TLR-1 gene. Conclusions An increased mRNA expression of TLR-2 and TLR-6 was observed in latently infected individuals relative to those non-infected, possibly indicating the roles these biomarkers play in sustenance of the steady state interaction between the dormant TB bacilli and host immunity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00400-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhan Alemnew
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Liya Wassie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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56
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Luchner M, Reinke S, Milicic A. TLR Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants Targeting Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:142. [PMID: 33499143 PMCID: PMC7911620 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern vaccines have largely shifted from using whole, killed or attenuated pathogens to being based on subunit components. Since this diminishes immunogenicity, vaccine adjuvants that enhance the immune response to purified antigens are critically needed. Further advantages of adjuvants include dose sparing, increased vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised individuals and the potential to protect against highly variable pathogens by broadening the immune response. Due to their ability to link the innate with the adaptive immune response, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are highly promising as adjuvants in vaccines against life-threatening and complex diseases such as cancer, AIDS and malaria. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, which are predominantly expressed by innate immune cells. They can be classified into cell surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) and intracellular TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9), expressed on endosomal membranes. Besides a transmembrane domain, each TLR possesses a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) segment that mediates PAMP/DAMP recognition and a TIR domain that delivers the downstream signal transduction and initiates an inflammatory response. Thus, TLRs are excellent targets for adjuvants to provide a "danger" signal to induce an effective immune response that leads to long-lasting protection. The present review will elaborate on applications of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents, with a focus on clinically relevant adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Luchner
- Department of Biochemistry, Magdalen College Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AU, UK;
| | - Sören Reinke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Anita Milicic
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
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57
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Zottig X, Al-Halifa S, Côté-Cyr M, Calzas C, Le Goffic R, Chevalier C, Archambault D, Bourgault S. Self-assembled peptide nanorod vaccine confers protection against influenza A virus. Biomaterials 2021; 269:120672. [PMID: 33476893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteinaceous nanostructures have emerged as a promising strategy to develop safe and efficient subunit vaccines. The ability of synthetic β-sheet self-assembling peptides to stabilize antigenic determinants and to potentiate the epitope-specific immune responses have highlighted their potential as an immunostimulating platform for antigen delivery. Nonetheless, the intrinsic polymorphism of the resulting cross-β fibrils, their length in the microscale and their close structural similarity with pathological amyloids could limit their usage in vaccinology. In this study, we harnessed electrostatic capping motifs to control the self-assembly of a chimeric peptide comprising a 10-mer β-sheet sequence and a highly conserved epitope derived from the influenza A virus (M2e). Self-assembly led to the formation of 100-200 nm long uniform nanorods (NRs) displaying the M2e epitope on their surface. These cross-β assemblies differed from prototypical amyloid fibrils owing to low polydispersity, short length, non-binding to thioflavin T and Congo Red dyes, and incapacity to seed homologous amyloid assembly. M2e-NRs were efficiently uptaken by antigen presenting cells and the cross-β quaternary architecture activated the Toll-like receptor 2 and stimulated dendritic cells. Mice subcutaneous immunization revealed a robust M2e-specific IgG response, which was dependent on self-assembly into NRs. Upon intranasal immunization in combination with the polymeric adjuvant montanide gel, M2e-NRs conferred complete protection with absence of clinical signs against a lethal experimental infection with the H1N1 influenza A virus. These findings indicate that by acting as an immunostimulator and delivery system, synthetic peptide-based NRs constitute a versatile self-adjuvanted nanoplatform for the delivery of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Zottig
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Sainte-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Soultan Al-Halifa
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Sainte-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Mélanie Côté-Cyr
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Sainte-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Cynthia Calzas
- UR892 VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- UR892 VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- UR892 VIM, Equipe Virus Influenza, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Archambault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Sainte-Hyacinthe, Canada.
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, Canada; The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Sainte-Hyacinthe, Canada.
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Mokhtari Y, Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs): An old family of immune receptors with a new face in cancer pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:639-651. [PMID: 33336901 PMCID: PMC7812258 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dark path of tumorigenesis, the more carefully the cancer biology is studied, the more brilliant answers could be given to the countless questions about its orchestrating derivers. The identification of the correlation between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and different processes involved in carcinogenesis was one of the single points of blinding light highlighting the interconnection between the immune system and cancer. TLRs are a wide family of single-pass membrane-spanning receptors that have developed through the evolution to recognize the structurally conserved molecules derived from microorganisms or damaged cells. But this is not everything about these receptors as they could orchestrate several downstream signalling pathways leading to the formation or suppression of cancer cells. The present review is tempted to provide a concise schematic about the biology and the characters of TLRs and also summarize the major findings of the regulatory role of TLRs and their associated signalling in the pathogenesis of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Mokhtari
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
- Student Research CommitteeFaculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterBasic Health Sciences InstituteShahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
| | - Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research CenterShariati HospitalSchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Zhou H, Jiang M, Yuan H, Ni W, Tai G. Dual roles of myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by Toll-like receptor signaling in cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:149. [PMID: 33552267 PMCID: PMC7798029 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are one of the major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and are the main mediators of tumor-induced immunosuppression. Recent studies have reported that the survival, differentiation and immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs are affected by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. However, the regulatory effect of TLR signaling on MDSCs remains controversial. TLR-induced MDSC can acquire different immunosuppressive activities to influence the immune response that can be either beneficial or detrimental to cancer immunotherapy. The present review summarizes the effects of TLR signals on the number, phenotype and inhibitory activity of MDSCs, and their role in cancer immunotherapy, which cannot be ignored if effective cancer immunotherapies are to be developed for the immunosuppression of the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Zhou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Jiang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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60
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Toshchakov VY, Javmen A. Targeting the TLR signalosome with TIR domain-derived cell-permeable decoy peptides: the current state and perspectives. Innate Immun 2020; 26:35-47. [PMID: 31955621 PMCID: PMC6974878 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919844310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to engineer pharmaceuticals that target the signal-dependent
interactions of signaling proteins should revolutionize drug development. One
approach to the rational design of protein interaction inhibitors uses decoy
peptides, i.e. segments of protein primary sequence, which are derived from
interfaces that mediate functional protein interactions. Decoy peptides often
retain the ability of the full-length prototype to bind the docking site of the
folded protein and thereby block the signal transduction. This review summarizes
advances made in the last decade in the development of cell-permeable decoy
peptide (CPDP) inhibitors to target the Toll/IL-1R resistance (TIR)
domain-mediated protein interactions in TLR signaling, in connection with the
recent progress in understanding of the TLR signalosome assembly mechanisms. We
present a large collection of currently available, TIR-targeting CPDPs and
propose their classification based on the types of TIR–TIR interactions they
target. The binding behavior of different CPDP-TIR pairs, studied in cell-based
assays and in binary in vitro systems using recombinant TIR
domains, is also reviewed. The available affinity data provide benchmarks for
rapid preliminary evaluation of future inhibitors. We review literature that
evaluates the in vivo potency of select CPDPs and attempt to
outline the areas of forthcoming progress, towards the development of CPDP-based
TLR inhibitors of pharmaceutical grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Artur Javmen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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61
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Keshavarz A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cancer; with an extensive focus on TLR agonists and antagonists. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:10-25. [PMID: 33217774 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At the forefront of the battle against pathogens or any endogenously released molecules, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role as the most noble pattern recognition receptors. The ability of these receptors in distinguishing "self" and "non-self" antigens is a cornerstone in the innate immunity system; however, misregulation links inflammatory responses to the development of human cancers. It has been known for some time that aberrant expression and regulation of TLRs not only endows cancer cells an opportunity to escape from the immune system but also supports them through enhancing proliferation and angiogenesis. Over the past decades, cancer research studies have witnessed a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR modulators and some of the agents have exceptionally performed well in advanced clinical trials. In the present review, we have provided a comprehensive review of different TLR agonists and antagonists and discuss their limitations, toxicities, and challenges to outline their future incorporation in cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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62
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Pereira B, Xu XN, Akbar AN. Targeting Inflammation and Immunosenescence to Improve Vaccine Responses in the Elderly. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583019. [PMID: 33178213 PMCID: PMC7592394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most appreciated consequences of immunosenescence is an impaired response to vaccines with advanced age. While most studies report impaired antibody responses in older adults as a correlate of vaccine efficacy, it is now widely appreciated that this may fail to identify important changes occurring in the immune system with age that may affect vaccine efficacy. The impact of immunosenescence on vaccination goes beyond the defects on antibody responses as T cell-mediated responses are reshaped during aging and certainly affect vaccination. Likewise, age-related changes in the innate immune system may have important consequences on antigen presentation and priming of adaptive immune responses. Importantly, a low-level chronic inflammatory status known as inflammaging has been shown to inhibit immune responses to vaccination and pharmacological strategies aiming at blocking baseline inflammation can be potentially used to boost vaccine responses. Yet current strategies aiming at improving immunogenicity in the elderly have mainly focused on the use of adjuvants to promote local inflammation. More research is needed to understand the role of inflammation in vaccine responses and to reconcile these seemingly paradoxical observations. Alternative approaches to improve vaccine responses in the elderly include the use of higher vaccine doses or alternative routes of vaccination showing only limited benefits. This review will explore novel targets and potential new strategies for enhancing vaccine responses in older adults, including the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branca Pereira
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Ning Xu
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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63
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Reintjens NRM, Tondini E, de Jong AR, Meeuwenoord NJ, Chiodo F, Peterse E, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, Ossendorp F, Codée JDC. Self-Adjuvanting Cancer Vaccines from Conjugation-Ready Lipid A Analogues and Synthetic Long Peptides. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11691-11706. [PMID: 32960056 PMCID: PMC7586330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Self-adjuvanting
vaccines, wherein an antigenic
peptide is covalently bound to an immunostimulating agent, have been
shown to be promising tools for immunotherapy. Synthetic Toll-like
receptor (TLR) ligands are ideal adjuvants for covalent linking to
peptides or proteins. We here introduce a conjugation-ready TLR4 ligand,
CRX-527, a potent powerful lipid A analogue, in the generation of
novel conjugate-vaccine modalities. Effective chemistry has been developed
for the synthesis of the conjugation-ready ligand as well as the connection
of it to the peptide antigen. Different linker systems and connection
modes to a model peptide were explored, and in vitro evaluation of the conjugates showed them to be powerful immune-activating
agents, significantly more effective than the separate components.
Mounting the CRX-527 ligand at the N-terminus of the model peptide
antigen delivered a vaccine modality that proved to be potent in activation
of dendritic cells, in facilitating antigen presentation, and in initiating
specific CD8+ T-cell-mediated killing of antigen-loaded
target cells in vivo. Synthetic TLR4 ligands thus
show great promise in potentiating the conjugate vaccine platform
for application in cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels R M Reintjens
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Tondini
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana R de Jong
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J Meeuwenoord
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Peterse
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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64
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Genetic variability of molecules involved in the disease pathogenesis in Leishmania infection. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:108007. [PMID: 32979344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary host cell for Leishmania parasites, by Toll like receptors (TLR-MyD88) that are central components of the innate and adaptive immunity against leishmania infection. The CD40/CD40L interaction has also been shown to be important in resistance to various protozoa. In this context, one of the most important properties of suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins, especially SOCS1 and SOCS3, is the regulation of macrophages cell for Leishmania parasites. In the present study we evaluated variants of molecules involved in activation and modulation of leishmanicidal signaling cascades and the possible associations between polymorphisms present in the TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, CD40, SOCS1, SOCS3 genes with susceptibility/resistent to Leishmania. The results suggest the absence of any association between TLR2 and TLR4 variants and susceptibility to Leishmaniasis. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence encoding the TIR recognition domain of the MyD88 molecule showed that it is highly conserved when compared to the reference sequences. In contrast, heterozygous rs 12953258, which reflects a decrease in the expression of SOCS3, suggesting that it may be involved in the leishmaniasis susceptibility. This study is a first advance in the analysis of polymorphisms of genes involved in the signaling pathway of the macrophage and their relationship with leishmaniases infection and disease progression.
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65
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The Central Role and Possible Mechanisms of Bacterial DNAs in Sepsis Development. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7418342. [PMID: 32934605 PMCID: PMC7479481 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7418342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological roles of bacterial DNA have been documented many decades ago. Bacterial DNAs are different from mammalian DNAs; the latter are heavily methylated. Mammalian cells have sensors such as TLR-9 to sense the DNAs with nonmethylated CpGs and distinguish them from host DNAs with methylated CpGs. Further investigation has identified many other types of DNA sensors distributed in a variety of cellular compartments. These sensors not only sense foreign DNAs, including bacterial and viral DNAs, but also sense damaged DNAs from the host cells. The major downstream signalling pathways includeTLR-9-MyD88-IKKa-IRF-7/NF-κB pathways to increase IFN/proinflammatory cytokine production, STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway to increase IFN-beta, and AIM2-ASC-caspas-1 pathway to release IL-1beta. The major outcome is to activate host immune response by inducing cytokine production. In this review, we focus on the roles and potential mechanisms of DNA sensors and downstream pathways in sepsis. Although bacterial DNAs play important roles in sepsis development, bacterial DNAs alone are unable to cause severe disease nor lead to death. Priming animals with bacterial DNAs facilitate other pathological factors, such as LPS and other virulent factors, to induce severe disease and lethality. We also discuss compartmental distribution of DNA sensors and pathological significance as well as the transport of extracellular DNAs into cells. Understanding the roles of DNA sensors and signal pathways will pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies in many diseases, particularly in sepsis.
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66
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Huang WC, Deng B, Mabrouk MT, Seffouh A, Ortega J, Long C, Miura K, Wu Y, Lovell JF. Particle-based, Pfs230 and Pfs25 immunization is effective, but not improved by duplexing at fixed total antigen dose. Malar J 2020; 19:309. [PMID: 32859199 PMCID: PMC7453371 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Plasmodium falciparum sexual-stage surface proteins Pfs25 and Pfs230 are antigen candidates for a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV), and have been widely investigated as such. It is not clear whether simultaneously presenting these two antigens in a particulate vaccine would enhance the transmission reducing activity (TRA) of induced antibodies. To assess this, immunization was carried out with liposomes containing synthetic lipid adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), and cobalt-porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP), which rapidly converts recombinant, his-tagged antigens into particles. Methods His-tagged, recombinant Pfs25 and Pfs230C1 were mixed with CoPoP liposomes to form a bivalent vaccine. Antigens were fluorescently labelled to infer duplex particleization serum-stability and binding kinetics using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Mice and rabbits were immunized with individual or duplexed particleized Pfs25 and Pfs230C1, at fixed total antigen doses. The resulting antibody responses were assessed for magnitude and TRA. Results Pfs230C1 and Pfs25 rapidly bound CoPoP liposomes to form a serum-stable, bivalent particle vaccine. In mice, immunization with 5 ng of total antigen (individual antigen or duplexed) elicited functional antibodies against Pfs25 and Pfs230. Compared to immunization with the individual antigen, Pfs25 antibody production was moderately lower for the bivalent CoPoP vaccine, whereas Pfs230C1 antibody production was not impacted. All antibodies demonstrated at least 92% inhibition in oocyst density at 750 μg/mL purified mouse IgG in the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). At lower IgG concentrations, the bivalent vaccine did not improve TRA; antibodies induced by particleized Pfs25 alone showed stronger function in these conditions. In rabbits, immunization with a 20 µg total antigen dose with the duplexed antigens yielded similar antibody production against Pfs25 and Pfs230 compared to immunization with a 20 µg dose of individual antigens. However, no enhanced TRA was observed with duplexing. Conclusions Pfs25, Pfs230 or the duplexed combination can readily be prepared as particulate vaccines by mixing CoPoP liposomes with soluble, recombinant antigens. This approach induces potent transmission-reducing antibodies following immunization in mice and rabbits. Immunization with bivalent, particleized, Pfs230 and Pfs25 did not yield antibodies with superior TRA compared to immunization with particleized Pfs25 as a single antigen. Altogether, duplexing antigens is straightforward and effective using CoPoP liposomes, but is likely to be more useful for targeting distinct parasite life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Bingbing Deng
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Moustafa T Mabrouk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Amal Seffouh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Carole Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Yimin Wu
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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Benjelloun F, Quillay H, Cannou C, Marlin R, Madec Y, Fernandez H, Chrétien F, Le Grand R, Barré-Sinoussi F, Nugeyre MT, Menu E. Activation of Toll-Like Receptors Differentially Modulates Inflammation in the Human Reproductive Tract: Preliminary Findings. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1655. [PMID: 32849571 PMCID: PMC7417306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) is the main site of entry of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize pathogenic motifs are widely expressed in the FRT. TLR stimulation induces immune activation and local production of inflammatory mediators. In the FRT, this response should also be compatible with reproductive functions and symbiosis with host microbiota. With a view to develop efficient mucosal vaccines to prevent STI acquisition, the role of TLR ligands in the FRT needs to be explored. We have therefore investigated the cytokine profiles of the different compartments of the FRT (vagina, endocervix, ectocervix, and uterus) before and after stimulation of mononuclear cells from human tissue specimens. The comparison with PBMCs allowed us to highlight the FRT specificities. We first characterized the main immune cell populations in each compartment and observed that their distribution was different through the compartments. The CD45+ cells represented a maximum of 11% in the FRT in contrast to 96% in PBMCs. We identified two main populations among the CD45+ cells in the four compartments of the FRT: CD3+ T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) and CD14+ APCs. B cell populations (CD19+) were much less frequent than T cells in all the FRT regions and were equally distributed. NK CD56+ cells were detected in all compartments and were more abundant in the uterus. Stimulation of the mononuclear cells was then performed with TLR agonists: R848 for TLR7/8, Poly I:C for TLR3, LPS for TLR4 and ODN CpG for TLR9. Cytokine levels in unstimulated cultures of cells isolated from all FRT compartments were higher than in cultures of unstimulated PBMCs. In contrast, after stimulation with TLR agonists, cytokine responses induced by TLR agonists were moderate in the FRT and significantly lower than in PBMCs. These responses were varied with different TLR ligands and FRT compartments. The cytokine profile induced by TLR activation in the FRT supports the role of these tissues in genital anti-microbial immunity and in the control of inflammation while allowing maintenance of its reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Benjelloun
- MISTIC Team, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1184, CEA, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (ImVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Héloïse Quillay
- MISTIC Team, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claude Cannou
- MISTIC Team, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1184, CEA, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (ImVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Romain Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1184, CEA, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (ImVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Fernandez
- Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Gynecology-Obstetrics Service, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1184, CEA, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (ImVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Marie-Thérèse Nugeyre
- MISTIC Team, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1184, CEA, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (ImVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- MISTIC Team, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1184, CEA, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (ImVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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Xu Z, Rivera-Hernandez T, Moyle PM. Development of an Enzyme-Mediated, Site-Specific Method to Conjugate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonists onto Protein Antigens: Toward a Broadly Protective, Four Component, Group A Streptococcal Self-Adjuvanting Lipoprotein-Fusion Combination Vaccine. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1770-1782. [PMID: 32407620 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines composed of protein antigens covalently attached to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists elicit superior immune responses compared to mixtures of antigens and TLR agonists. Among different conjugation approaches, enzyme-mediated ligation is one of the few that provides an opportunity for the generation of homogeneous, molecularly defined products in which protein antigens are maintained with native structures, which is most critical to elicit protective immune responses upon vaccination. Four highly conserved protein antigens from Group A Streptococcus (GAS) have the potential to be safe and efficacious vaccine candidates. After a TLR2 agonist fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL-1) was successfully attached onto each antigen using sortase A and techniques for their purification were developed, a combination vaccine containing interleukin 8 (IL-8) protease (Streptococcus pyogenes cell envelope proteinase [SpyCEP]), Group A Streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCPA), anchorless virulence factor arginine deiminase (ADI), and trigger factor (TF)-TLR2 conjugates was produced. This combination was assessed for immunity in mice and compared with mixtures of the four antigens with FSL-1 or alum. High titer antigen-specific IgG antibodies were detected from all vaccine groups, with antibodies elicited from FSL-1 conjugates around 10-fold higher compared to the FSL-1 mixture group. Furthermore, the FSL-1 conjugates afforded a more balanced TH1/TH2 immune response than the alum-adjuvanted group, suggesting that this combination vaccine represents a promising candidate for the prevention of GAS diseases. Thus, we established a conjugation platform that allows for the production of defined, site-specific antigen-adjuvant conjugates, which maintain the native three-dimensional structure of antigens and can be potentially applied to a variety of protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Cátedras CONACYT - Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Naz A, Shahid F, Butt TT, Awan FM, Ali A, Malik A. Designing Multi-Epitope Vaccines to Combat Emerging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by Employing Immuno-Informatics Approach. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1663. [PMID: 32754160 PMCID: PMC7365865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent pandemic caused by a single-stranded RNA virus, COVID-19, initially discovered in China, is now spreading globally. This poses a serious threat that needs to be addressed immediately. Genome analysis of SARS-CoV-2 has revealed its close relation to SARS-coronavirus along with few changes in its spike protein. The spike protein aids in receptor binding and viral entry within the host and therefore represents a potential target for vaccine and therapeutic development. In the current study, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was explored for potential immunogenic epitopes to design multi-epitope vaccine constructs. The S1 and S2 domains of spike proteins were analyzed, and two vaccine constructs were prioritized with T-cell and B-cell epitopes. We adapted a comprehensive predictive framework to provide novel insights into immunogenic epitopes of spike proteins, which can further be evaluated as potential vaccine candidates against COVID-19. Prioritized epitopes were then modeled using linkers and adjuvants, and respective 3D models were constructed to evaluate their physiochemical properties and their possible interactions with ACE2, HLA Superfamily alleles, TLR2, and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Shahid
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Tahir Butt
- Department of Biochemistry, Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Mehwish Awan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
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70
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Fukuyama H, Shinnakasu R, Kurosaki T. Influenza vaccination strategies targeting the hemagglutinin stem region. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:132-141. [PMID: 32542739 PMCID: PMC7323124 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is one of the best examples of highly mutable viruses that are able to escape immune surveillance. Indeed, in response to influenza seasonal infection or vaccination, the majority of the induced antibodies are strain‐specific. Current vaccine against the seasonal strains with the strategy of surveillance‐prediction‐vaccine does not cover an unmet virus strain leading to pandemic. Recently, antibodies targeting conserved epitopes on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been identified, albeit rarely, and they often showed broad protection. These antibody discoveries have brought the feasibility to develop a universal vaccine. Most of these antibodies bind the HA stem domain and accumulate in the memory B cell compartment. Broadly reactive stem‐biased memory responses were induced by infection with antigenically divergent influenza strains and were able to eradicate these viruses, together indicating the importance of generating memory B cells expressing high‐quality anti‐stem antibodies. Here, we emphasize recent progress in our understanding of how such memory B cells can be generated and discuss how these advances may be relevant to the quest for a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Fukuyama
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Cellular Systems Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,INSERM EST, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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71
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Innate Immune Response against Hepatitis C Virus: Targets for Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020313. [PMID: 32560440 PMCID: PMC7350220 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite successful treatments, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a significant world health problem. High treatment costs, the high number of undiagnosed individuals, and the difficulty to access to treatment, particularly in marginalized susceptible populations, make it improbable to achieve the global control of the virus in the absence of an effective preventive vaccine. Current vaccine development is mostly focused on weakly immunogenic subunits, such as surface glycoproteins or non-structural proteins, in the case of HCV. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccine formulations that increase immunogenic performance. As we learn more information about how adjuvants work, it is becoming clear that proper stimulation of innate immunity is crucial to achieving a successful immunization. Several hepatic cell types participate in the early innate immune response and the subsequent inflammation and activation of the adaptive response, principally hepatocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (Kupffer cells, and dendritic cells). Innate pattern recognition receptors on these cells, mainly toll-like receptors, are targets for new promising adjuvants. Moreover, complex adjuvants that stimulate different components of the innate immunity are showing encouraging results and are being incorporated in current vaccines. Recent studies on HCV-vaccine adjuvants have shown that the induction of a strong T- and B-cell immune response might be enhanced by choosing the right adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Resino
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
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72
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Kirkland TN, Fierer J. Innate Immune Receptors and Defense Against Primary Pathogenic Fungi. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E303. [PMID: 32545735 PMCID: PMC7350247 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is critical for natural resistance to all pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi. The innate response plays a vital role in resistance to infections before the antigen-specific immune response and also influences antigen-specific adaptive immunity. There are many different receptors for the innate immune response to fungi, and some receptors have been found to play a significant role in the response to human infections with opportunistic fungi. Most human infections are caused by opportunistic fungi, but a small number of organisms are capable of causing infections in normal hosts. The primary pathogenic fungi that cause invasive infections include Blastomyces spp., Cryptococcus gattii, Coccidioides spp., Histoplasma spp., and Paracoccidioides spp. In this review of innate immune receptors that play a role in infections caused by these organisms, we find that innate immunity differs between organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo N. Kirkland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Joshua Fierer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA;
- VA HealthCare San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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73
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Effects of TLR agonists on immune responses in Trichinella spiralis infected mice. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2505-2510. [PMID: 32535733 PMCID: PMC7292931 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is acquired by eating raw or undercooked meats carrying muscle larvae of Trichinella spp. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. However, little is known about the potential application of TLR agonists for immunotherapy against Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection. Here, we evaluated the effects of four TLR agonists (i.e., TLR3, TLR4, TLR8, and TLR9 agonists) on T. spiralis infection in mice. The reduction rate of worm burden showed that TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) significantly reduced T. spiralis infection rather than TLR4, TLR8, and TLR9 agonists (p < 0.05). Moreover, TLR3 showed a continuous high-level of expression during 6–35 days post infection (dpi). The levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-6 increased significantly in mice serum compared with control group after treatment with TLR3 agonist at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, and 35 dpi (p < 0.05). A significant decreasing trend was also detected in levels of IL-10 and IL-4 after treatment with TLR3 agonist compared with control group at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, and 35 dpi (p < 0.05). Overall, this study suggested that TLR3-targeted therapies might be effective on worm burden reduction by regulation of the cytokine levels in the mice infected with T. spiralis.
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74
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Robertson SA, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Chin PY, Moldenhauer LM, Stark MJ, Olson DM, Keelan JA. Targeting Toll-like receptor-4 to tackle preterm birth and fetal inflammatory injury. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1121. [PMID: 32313651 PMCID: PMC7156293 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, 15 million pregnancies end prematurely, resulting in more than 1 million infant deaths and long-term health consequences for many children. The physiological processes of labour and birth involve essential roles for immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in gestational tissues. There is compelling evidence that the mechanisms underlying spontaneous preterm birth are initiated when a premature and excessive inflammatory response is triggered by infection or other causes. Exposure to pro-inflammatory mediators is emerging as a major factor in the 'fetal inflammatory response syndrome' that often accompanies preterm birth, where unscheduled effects in fetal tissues interfere with normal development and predispose to neonatal morbidity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical upstream gatekeepers of inflammatory activation. TLR4 is prominently involved through its ability to sense and integrate signals from a range of microbial and endogenous triggers to provoke and perpetuate inflammation. Preclinical studies have identified TLR4 as an attractive pharmacological target to promote uterine quiescence and protect the fetus from inflammatory injury. Novel small-molecule inhibitors of TLR4 signalling, specifically the non-opioid receptor antagonists (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone, are proving highly effective in animal models for preventing preterm birth induced by bacterial mimetic LPS, heat-killed Escherichia coli, or the TLR4-dependent pro-inflammatory lipid, platelet-activating factor (PAF). Here, we summarise the rationale for targeting TLR4 as a master regulator of inflammation in fetal and gestational tissues, and the potential utility of TLR4 antagonists as candidates for preventative and therapeutic application in preterm delivery and fetal inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia.,ARC Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health Rockville MD USA
| | - Peck-Yin Chin
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Lachlan M Moldenhauer
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Michael J Stark
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Physiology and Pediatrics 220 HMRC University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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75
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Bazin HG, Bess LS, Livesay MT, Li Y, Cybulski V, Miller SM, Johnson DA, Evans JT. Optimization of 8-oxoadenines with toll-like-receptor 7 and 8 activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126984. [PMID: 32001135 PMCID: PMC7050994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) agonists are potent immunostimulants that are attracting considerable interest as vaccine adjuvants. We recently reported the synthesis of a new series of 2-O-butyl-8-oxoadenines substituted at the 9-position with various linkers and N-heterocycles, and showed that TLR7/8 selectivity, potency and cytokine induction could be modulated by varying the alkyl linker length and the N-heterocyclic ring. In the present study, we further optimized the oxoadenine scaffold by investigating the effect of different substituents at the 2-position of the oxoadenine on TLR7/8 potency/selectivity, cytokine induction and DC maturation in human PBMCs. The results show that introducing a 1-(S)-methylbutoxy group at the 2-position of the oxoadenine significantly increased potency for TLR7/8 activity, cytokine induction and DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène G Bazin
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; GSK Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States.
| | - Laura S Bess
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; GSK Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
| | - Mark T Livesay
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; GSK Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
| | - Yufeng Li
- GSK Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
| | - Van Cybulski
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; GSK Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - David A Johnson
- GSK Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States; GSK Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, United States
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76
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Abstract
Many studies highlighted that a bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) exists. A vigorous immune response to antigens must be avoided, and pathogenic organisms crossing the gut barrier must be detected and killed. For this reason, the immune system developed fine mechanisms able to maintain this delicate balance. The microbiota is beneficial to its host, providing protection against pathogenic bacteria. It is intimately involved in numerous aspects of host physiology, from nutritional status to behavior and stress response. In the last few years, the implication of the gut microbiota and its bioactive microbiota-derived molecules in the progression of multiple diseases, as well as in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, gained increasing attention. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the gut microbiota with particular attention toward neurological disorders and mast cells. Relevant roles are played by the mast cells in neuroimmune communication, such as sensors and effectors of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In this context, the intake of beneficial bacterial strains as probiotics could represent a valuable therapeutic approach to adopt in combination with classical therapies. Further studies need to be performed to understand if the gut bacteria are responsible for neurological disorders or if neurological disorders influence the bacterial profile.
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77
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Duan X, Shen C, Zhang X, Wu L, Chen J, Ma B, Wang Q, Sun P, Lan Y, Su C. Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod prevents the progression of SLE in MRL/lpr mice via inhibiting the differentiation of T follicular helper cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106239. [PMID: 32007709 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has recently indicated that TLR7 is able to induce CD4+T cell anergy, which is the opposite of the role it plays in innate immune cells. Therefore, TLR7 ligands may be used as a manner in which to induce CD4+T cells "tolerance" in autoimmune diseases. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells were demonstrated to be a subset of CD4+T cells that help B cells produce antibodies. The abnormal activity of Tfh cells, though, is their function as a primary pathogenic factor in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the role of TLR7 in Tfh cells is not clear. Our study was aimed at determining the influence of TLR7 on Tfh cells in a murine model of SLE (MRL/lpr mice). We were surprised to find that the frequency of Tfh cells and germinal center (GC) B cells was significantly reduced after treatment with the TLR7 agonist imiquimod. Imiquimod also significantly reduced the expression of inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) and programmed death 1(PD-1) in Tfh cells and decreased IL-21 secretion. Moreover, imiquimod significantly reduced the mRNA expression of several transcription factors, including Bcl-6, c-Maf, Batf3, Nfatc2 and Stat3, and enhanced the expression of Prdm1 and Stat5b in CD4+T cells. Imiquimod also ameliorated the progression of SLE in MRL/lpr mice by inhibiting anti-dsDNA antibodies and antinuclear antibody (ANA) secretion in the serum. Our findings indicated that TLR7 inhibited the development of Tfh cells both in vivo and ex vivo, which depended on many transcription factors aside from Bcl-6. Our results demonstrated that a TLR7 agonist has the potential to be used to inhibit Tfh cell responses during SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China; Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Chunxiu Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Lihua Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- Guolong Hospital, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, 750001 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Yaru Lan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Chunxia Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, PR China.
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78
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Kaur D, Arora C, Raghava GPS. A Hybrid Model for Predicting Pattern Recognition Receptors Using Evolutionary Information. Front Immunol 2020; 11:71. [PMID: 32082326 PMCID: PMC7002473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a method developed for predicting pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are an integral part of the immune system. The models developed here were trained and evaluated on the largest possible non-redundant PRRs, obtained from PRRDB 2.0, and non-pattern recognition receptors (Non-PRRs), obtained from Swiss-Prot. Firstly, a similarity-based approach using BLAST was used to predict PRRs and got limited success due to a large number of no-hits. Secondly, machine learning-based models were developed using sequence composition and achieved a maximum MCC of 0.63. In addition to this, models were developed using evolutionary information in the form of PSSM composition and achieved maximum MCC value of 0.66. Finally, we developed hybrid models that combined a similarity-based approach using BLAST and machine learning-based models. Our best model, which combined BLAST and PSSM based model, achieved a maximum MCC value of 0.82 with an AUROC value of 0.95, utilizing the potential of both similarity-based search and machine learning techniques. In order to facilitate the scientific community, we also developed a web server "PRRpred" based on the best model developed in this study (http://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/prrpred/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilraj Kaur
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Chakit Arora
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gajendra P S Raghava
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
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79
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Vasin MV, Ushakov IB. Potential Ways to Increase Body Resistance to Damaging Action of Ionizing Radiation with Radiomitigators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086419060082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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80
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Xu Z, Moyle PM. A Self‐Adjuvanting Vaccine Platform: Optimization of Site‐Specific Sortase A Mediated Conjugation of Toll‐Like Receptor 2 Ligands onto the Carboxyl or Amino terminus of Recombinant Protein Antigens. Chempluschem 2020; 85:227-236. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence School of Pharmacy The University of Queensland 20 Cornwall St Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence School of Pharmacy The University of Queensland 20 Cornwall St Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
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81
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Beckwith DM, Cudic M. Tumor-associated O-glycans of MUC1: Carriers of the glyco-code and targets for cancer vaccine design. Semin Immunol 2020; 47:101389. [PMID: 31926647 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transformation from normal to malignant phenotype in human cancers is associated with aberrant cell-surface glycosylation. It has frequently been reported that MUC1, the heavily glycosylated cell-surface mucin, is altered in both, expression and glycosylation pattern, in human carcinomas of the epithelium. The presence of incomplete or truncated glycan structures, often capped by sialic acid, commonly known as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), play a key role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that expression of TACAs is associated with tumor escape from immune defenses. In this report, we will give an overview of the oncogenic functions of MUC1 that are exerted through TACA interactions with endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). These interactions often lead to creation of a pro-tumor microenvironment, favoring tumor progression and metastasis, and tumor evasion. In addition, we will describe current efforts in the design of cancer vaccines with special emphasis on synthetic MUC1 glycopeptide vaccines. Analysis of the key factors that govern structure-based design of immunogenic MUC1 glycopeptide epitopes are described. The role of TACA type, position, and density on observed humoral and cellular immune responses is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donella M Beckwith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States.
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82
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Meås HZ, Haug M, Beckwith MS, Louet C, Ryan L, Hu Z, Landskron J, Nordbø SA, Taskén K, Yin H, Damås JK, Flo TH. Sensing of HIV-1 by TLR8 activates human T cells and reverses latency. Nat Commun 2020; 11:147. [PMID: 31919342 PMCID: PMC6952430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, cell-to-cell transmission results in endosomal uptake of the virus by target CD4+ T cells and potential exposure of the viral ssRNA genome to endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are instrumental in activating inflammatory responses in innate immune cells, but their function in adaptive immune cells is less well understood. Here we show that synthetic ligands of TLR8 boosted T cell receptor signaling, resulting in increased cytokine production and upregulation of surface activation markers. Adjuvant TLR8 stimulation, but not TLR7 or TLR9, further promoted T helper cell differentiation towards Th1 and Th17. In addition, we found that endosomal HIV induced cytokine secretion from CD4+ T cells in a TLR8-specific manner. TLR8 engagement also enhanced HIV-1 replication and potentiated the reversal of latency in patient-derived T cells. The adjuvant TLR8 activity in T cells can contribute to viral dissemination in the lymph node and low-grade inflammation in HIV patients. In addition, it can potentially be exploited for therapeutic targeting and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Zekaria Meås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Markus Haug
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Sandvold Beckwith
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claire Louet
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Ryan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhenyi Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100082, Beijing, China.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes Landskron
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100082, Beijing, China
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude Helen Flo
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. .,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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83
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Gilkes AP, Albin TJ, Manna S, Supnet M, Ruiz S, Tom J, Badten AJ, Jain A, Nakajima R, Felgner J, Davies DH, Stetkevich SA, Zlotnik A, Pearlman E, Nalca A, Felgner PL, Esser-Kahn AP, Burkhardt AM. Tuning Subunit Vaccines with Novel TLR Triagonist Adjuvants to Generate Protective Immune Responses against Coxiella burnetii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:611-621. [PMID: 31871024 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of Q fever. C. burnetii is considered a potential bioterrorism agent because of its low infectious dose; resistance to heat, drying, and common disinfectants; and lack of prophylactic therapies. Q-Vax, a formalin-inactivated whole-bacteria vaccine, is currently the only prophylactic measure that is protective against C. burnetii infections but is not U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved. To overcome the safety concerns associated with the whole-bacteria vaccine, we sought to generate and evaluate recombinant protein subunit vaccines against C. burnetii To accomplish this, we formulated C. burnetii Ags with a novel TLR triagonist adjuvant platform, which used combinatorial chemistry to link three different TLR agonists together to form one adjuvanting complex. We evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of a panel of TLR triagonist adjuvants and found that they elicited unique Ag-specific immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated our top candidates in a live C. burnetii aerosol challenge model in C56BL/6 mice and found that several of our novel vaccine formulations conferred varying levels of protection to the challenged animals compared with sham immunized mice, although none of our candidates were as protective as the commercial vaccine across all protection criteria that were analyzed. Our findings characterize a novel adjuvant platform and offer an alternative approach to generating protective and effective vaccines against C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne P Gilkes
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tyler J Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Saikat Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Medalyn Supnet
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sara Ruiz
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Janine Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Alexander J Badten
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Albert Zlotnik
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Amanda M Burkhardt
- Vaccine Research and Design Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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84
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TLR7 Modulated T Cell Response in the Mesenteric Lymph Node of Schistosoma japonicum-Infected C57BL/6 Mice. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2691808. [PMID: 31930147 PMCID: PMC6942828 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2691808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in regulating immune responses during pathogen infection. However, roles of TLRs on T cells reside in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) were not be fully elucidated in the course of S. japonicum infection. In this study, T lymphocytes from the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) of S. japonicum-infected mice were isolated and the expression and roles of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were compared. We found that the expression of TLR7 was increased in the MLN cells of S. japonicum-infected mice, particularly in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05). R848, a TLR7 agonist, could enhance the production of IFN-γ from MLN T cells of infected mice (P < 0.05), especially in CD8+ T cells (P < 0.01). In TLR7 gene knockedout (KO) mice, the S. japonicum infection caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) of the expression of CD25 and CD69, as well as the production of IFN-γ and IL-4 inducted by PMA plus ionomycin on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the decreased level of IFN-γ and IL-4 in the supernatants of SEA- or SWA-stimulated mesenteric lymphocytes was detected (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that S. japonicum infection could induce the TLR7 expression on T cells in the MLN of C57BL/6 mice, and TLR7 mediates T cell response in the early phase of infection.
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85
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Toll-like receptor 4 inhibition prevents autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19350. [PMID: 31852918 PMCID: PMC6920362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR4 is a transmembrane receptor of the innate immune system that recognizes LPS from gram-negative bacteria. Its stimulation induces pro-inflammatory responses and modulates adaptive immunity. Our aim is to determine the role of TLR4 in the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes in the onset of autoimmune diabetes, using the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Antigen-specific activation and proliferation of diabetogenic T cells were assessed in vitro by Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution, in presence of vehicle or CLI-095, a cyclohexene derivative that inhibits TLR4 signaling. NOD mice were treated with vehicle or CLI-095 and sacrificed either before or after the onset of autoimmune diabetes. T lymphocyte activation and proliferation were evaluated in treated and control mice. Insulitis was analyzed by histology and diabetes incidence was determined in treated and control mice. Our results demonstrate that TLR4 blockade decreases CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and auto-antigen-specific proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, decreases the infiltrative insulitis and finally prevents the onset of spontaneous diabetes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TLR4 signaling contributes to the development and maintenance of autoimmune diabetes. The immunomodulatory effect of CLI-095 could be part of a preventive strategy targeting patients at risk for type 1 diabetes.
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86
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Synthesis and immunostimulatory activity of sugar-conjugated TLR7 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126840. [PMID: 31864800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a type of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are activated by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activation of TLRs initiates innate immune responses and subsequently leads to adaptive immune responses. TLR agonists are effective immuomodulators in vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy. In exploring hydrophilic small molecules of TLR7 ligands using the cell-targeted property of a vaccine adjuvant, we conjugated 1V209, a small TLR7 ligand molecule, with various low or middle molecular weight sugar molecules that work as carriers. The sugar-conjugated 1V209 derivatives showed increased water solubility and higher immunostimulatory activity in both mouse and human cells compared to unmodified 1V209. The improved immunostimulatory potency of sugar-conjugates was attenuated by an inhibitor of endocytic process, cytochalasin D, suggesting that conjugation of sugar moieties may enhance the uptake of TLR7 ligand into the endosomal compartment. Collectively our results support that sugar-conjugated TLR7 ligands are applicable to novel drugs for cancer and vaccine therapy.
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87
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Battistella C, Callmann CE, Thompson MP, Yao S, Yeldandi AV, Hayashi T, Carson DA, Gianneschi NC. Delivery of Immunotherapeutic Nanoparticles to Tumors via Enzyme-Directed Assembly. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1901105. [PMID: 31664791 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers are prepared by ring opening metathesis polymerization, with one block containing hydrophobic Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists and one block containing hydrophilic peptides as substrates for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). A fluorescent label is incorporated into the polymer chains for in vivo imaging. Upon dialysis against aqueous solution, polymers form 15 nm spherical micelles. Subsequent exposure to MMP-9 elicits a morphological change to yield immunostimulatory microscale assemblies. The intravenous (IV) administration of the formulation to mice bearing 4T1 breast cancer tumors results in nanoparticle accumulation in tumors, reduction in primary tumor growth, and inhibition of lung metastases, as compared to saline-treated animals. Mice administered the parent immunotherapeutic small molecule (1V209) experience significantly increased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1 at 2 h following IV administration, whereas the nanomaterial shows no increase over saline-treated controls. These data suggest that covalently packaging low molecular weight immunotherapeutics at high weight percent loadings in enzyme-responsive nanoparticles maintains drug efficacy while decreasing immunotoxicity, providing a platform for cancer immunotherapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Battistella
- Departments of ChemistryMaterials Science & EngineeringBiomedical EngineeringInternational Institute for NanotechnologyChemistry of Life Processes InstituteSimpson‐Querrey InstituteLurie Cancer CenterNorthwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Cassandra E. Callmann
- Departments of ChemistryMaterials Science & EngineeringBiomedical EngineeringInternational Institute for NanotechnologyChemistry of Life Processes InstituteSimpson‐Querrey InstituteLurie Cancer CenterNorthwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of California La Jolla San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- Departments of ChemistryMaterials Science & EngineeringBiomedical EngineeringInternational Institute for NanotechnologyChemistry of Life Processes InstituteSimpson‐Querrey InstituteLurie Cancer CenterNorthwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of California La Jolla San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer CenterUniversity of California La Jolla San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Anjana V. Yeldandi
- Department of PathologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer CenterUniversity of California La Jolla San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer CenterUniversity of California La Jolla San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Departments of ChemistryMaterials Science & EngineeringBiomedical EngineeringInternational Institute for NanotechnologyChemistry of Life Processes InstituteSimpson‐Querrey InstituteLurie Cancer CenterNorthwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of California La Jolla San Diego CA 92093 USA
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88
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Rammensee HG, Wiesmüller KH, Chandran PA, Zelba H, Rusch E, Gouttefangeas C, Kowalewski DJ, Di Marco M, Haen SP, Walz JS, Gloria YC, Bödder J, Schertel JM, Tunger A, Müller L, Kießler M, Wehner R, Schmitz M, Jakobi M, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Klein R, Laske K, Artzner K, Backert L, Schuster H, Schwenck J, Weber ANR, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M, la Fougère C, Forchhammer S, Metzler G, Bauer J, Weide B, Schippert W, Stevanović S, Löffler MW. A new synthetic toll-like receptor 1/2 ligand is an efficient adjuvant for peptide vaccination in a human volunteer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:307. [PMID: 31730025 PMCID: PMC6858783 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that the bacterial lipopeptide Pam3Cys-Ser-Ser, meanwhile established as a toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 ligand, acts as a strong adjuvant for the induction of virus specific CD8+ T cells in mice, when covalently coupled to a synthetic peptide. CASE PRESENTATION We now designed a new water-soluble synthetic Pam3Cys-derivative, named XS15 and characterized it in vitro by a TLR2 NF-κB luciferase reporter assay. Further, the capacity of XS15 to activate immune cells and stimulate peptide-specific CD8+ T and NK cells by 6-sulfo LacNAc+ monocytes was assessed by flow cytometry as well as cytokine induction using immunoassays. The induction of a functional immune response after vaccination of a volunteer with viral peptides was assessed by ELISpot assay and flow cytometry in peripheral blood cells and infiltrating cells at the vaccination site, as well as by immunohistochemistry and imaging. XS15 induced strong ex vivo CD8+ and TH1 CD4+ responses in a human volunteer upon a single injection of XS15 mixed to uncoupled peptides in a water-in-oil emulsion (Montanide™ ISA51 VG). A granuloma formed locally at the injection site containing highly activated functional CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells. The total number of vaccine peptide-specific functional T cells was experimentally assessed and estimated to be 3.0 × 105 in the granuloma and 20.5 × 106 in peripheral blood. CONCLUSION Thus, in one volunteer we show a granuloma forming by peptides combined with an efficient adjuvant in a water-in-oil-emulsion, inducing antigen specific T cells detectable in circulation and at the vaccination site, after one single vaccination only. The ex vivo T cell responses in peripheral blood were detectable for more than one year and could be strongly boosted by a second vaccination. Hence, XS15 is a promising adjuvant candidate for peptide vaccination, in particular for tumor peptide vaccines in a personalized setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.
| | | | - P Anoop Chandran
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henning Zelba
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Rusch
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Kowalewski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Haen
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yamel Cardona Gloria
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Bödder
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jill-Marie Schertel
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Tunger
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Müller
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kießler
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rebekka Wehner
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meike Jakobi
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karoline Laske
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Artzner
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linus Backert
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Schuster
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schwenck
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian la Fougère
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Forchhammer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gisela Metzler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weide
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schippert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Markus W Löffler
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany. .,Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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89
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Leitner GR, Wenzel TJ, Marshall N, Gates EJ, Klegeris A. Targeting toll-like receptor 4 to modulate neuroinflammation in central nervous system disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:865-882. [PMID: 31580163 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1676416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Adverse immune activation contributes to many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. All main CNS cell types express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4). This receptor is critical for a myriad of immune functions such as cytokine secretion and phagocytic activity of microglia; however, imbalances in TLR 4 activation can contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Areas covered: We considered available evidence implicating TLR 4 activation in the following CNS pathologies: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, multiple systems atrophy, and Huntington's disease. We reviewed studies reporting effects of TLR 4-specific antagonists and agonists in models of peripheral and CNS diseases from the perspective of possible future use of TLR 4 ligands in CNS disorders. Expert opinion: TLR 4-specific antagonists could suppress neuroinflammation by reducing overproduction of inflammatory mediators; however, they may interfere with protein clearance mechanisms and myelination. Agonists that specifically activate myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88)-independent pathway of TLR 4 signaling could facilitate beneficial glial phagocytic activity with limited activity as inducers of proinflammatory mediators. Deciphering the disease stage-specific involvement of TLR 4 in CNS pathologies is crucial for the future clinical development of TLR 4 agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar R Leitner
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Tyler J Wenzel
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Nick Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Ellen J Gates
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
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90
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Li Y, Huang L, Cai Z, Deng W, Wang P, Su H, Wu Y, Shen H. A Study of the Immunoregulatory Function of TLR3 and TLR4 on Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1398-1412. [PMID: 31456484 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaopeng Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen University Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen University Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongjun Su
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen University Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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91
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Shinchi H, Yamaguchi T, Moroishi T, Yuki M, Wakao M, Cottam HB, Hayashi T, Carson DA, Suda Y. Gold Nanoparticles Coimmobilized with Small Molecule Toll-Like Receptor 7 Ligand and α-Mannose as Adjuvants. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2811-2821. [PMID: 31560198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance the immune response during vaccination. Among FDA-approved adjuvants, aluminum salts are most commonly used in vaccines. Although aluminum salts enhance humoral immunity, they show a limited effect for cell-mediated immune responses. Thus, further development of adjuvants that induce T-cell-mediated immune response is needed. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate innate immunity, which is crucial to shape adaptive immunity. Using TLR ligands as novel adjuvants in vaccines has therefore attracted substantial attention. Among them a small molecule TLR7 ligand, imiquimod, has been approved for clinical use, but its use is restricted to local administration due to unwanted adverse side effects when used systematically. Since TLR7 is mainly located in the endosomal compartment of immune cells, efficient transport of the ligand into the cells is important for improving the potency of the TLR7 ligand. In this study we examined gold nanoparticles (GNPs) immobilized with α-mannose as carriers for a TLR7 ligand to target immune cells. The small molecule synthetic TLR7 ligand, 2-methoxyethoxy-8-oxo-9-(4-carboxy benzyl)adenine (1V209), and α-mannose were coimmobilized via linker molecules consisting of thioctic acid on the GNP surface (1V209-αMan-GNPs). The in vitro cytokine production activity of 1V209-αMan-GNPs was higher than that of the unconjugated 1V209 derivative in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In the in vivo immunization study, 1V209-αMan-GNPs induced significantly higher titers of IgG2c antibody specific to ovalbumin as an antigen than did unconjugated 1V209, and splenomegaly and weight loss were not observed. These results indicate that 1V209-αMan-GNPs could be useful as safe and effective adjuvants for development of vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shinchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Korimoto , Kagoshima 890-0065 , Japan
| | - Toru Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Korimoto , Kagoshima 890-0065 , Japan
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Faculty of Life Sciences , Kumamoto University , 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku , Kumamoto 860-8556 , Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-8556 , Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Kawaguchi 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Masaharu Yuki
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Korimoto , Kagoshima 890-0065 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Wakao
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Korimoto , Kagoshima 890-0065 , Japan
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Yasuo Suda
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Korimoto , Kagoshima 890-0065 , Japan.,SUDx-Biotec Corporation , 1-42-1 Shiroyama , Kagoshima 890-0013 , Japan
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92
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Critical Role of B Cells in Toll-Like Receptor 7-Mediated Protection against Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00742-19. [PMID: 31591164 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00742-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) trigger the immune system to mount a rapid innate response capable of protecting the host from a wide variety of bacterial and viral pathogens. There is interest in harnessing TLR agonists to reduce the susceptibility of at-risk populations to infection. However, the widespread prophylactic use of TLR agonists has been compromised by the need to administer them by parenteral injection. An exception is the TLR7/8 agonist R848, which can boost gastrointestinal and systemic immunity when administered orally. This work examines the effect of R848 on host susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes in a murine challenge model and describes the underlying mechanisms. Results show that prophylactic administration of R848 significantly reduces susceptibility to infection of BALB/c mice, an effect that lasts 1 week. Oral R848 directly stimulated B cells to produce cytokines and Ig. In the absence of B cells, R848-mediated protection was lost. These findings support the use of oral R848 to reduce the susceptibility of at-risk individuals to infection and identify the critical role of B cells in TLR7-mediated resistance to bacterial infection.
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93
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Preconditioning of Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells with Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7692973. [PMID: 31531025 PMCID: PMC6721436 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7692973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are dynamic cells that can sense the environment, adapting their regulatory functions to different conditions. Accordingly, the therapeutic potential of BM-MSCs can be modulated by preconditioning strategies aimed at modifying their paracrine action. Although rat BM-MSCs (rBM-MSCs) have been widely tested in preclinical research, most preconditioning studies have employed human and mouse BM-MSCs. Herein, we investigated whether rBM-MSCs modify their phenotype and paracrine functions in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The data showed that rBM-MSCs expressed TLR3, TLR4, and MDA5 mRNA and were able to internalize polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), a TLR3/MDA5 agonist. rBM-MSCs were then stimulated with Poly(I:C) or with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a TLR4 agonist) for 1 h and were grown under normal culture conditions. LPS or Poly(I:C) stimulation did not affect the viability or the morphology of rBM-MSCs and did not modify the expression pattern of key cell surface markers. Poly(I:C) did not induce statistically significant changes in the release of several inflammatory mediators and VEGF by rBM-MSCs, although it tended to increase IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion, whereas LPS increased the release of IL-6, MCP-1, and VEGF, three factors that were constitutively secreted by unstimulated cells. The neurotrophic activity of the conditioned medium from unstimulated and LPS-preconditioned rBM-MSCs was investigated using dorsal root ganglion explants, showing that soluble factors produced by unstimulated and LPS-preconditioned rBM-MSCs can stimulate neurite outgrowth similarly, in a VEGF-dependent manner. LPS-preconditioned cells, however, were slightly more efficient in increasing the number of regrowing axons in a model of sciatic nerve transection in rats. In conclusion, LPS preconditioning boosted the production of constitutively secreted factors by rBM-MSCs, without changing their mesenchymal identity, an effect that requires further investigation in exploratory preclinical studies.
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94
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The role of maternal immune activation in altering the neurodevelopmental trajectories of offspring: A translational review of neuroimaging studies with implications for autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:141-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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95
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Pizzuto M, Lonez C, Baroja-Mazo A, Martínez-Banaclocha H, Tourlomousis P, Gangloff M, Pelegrin P, Ruysschaert JM, Gay NJ, Bryant CE. Saturation of acyl chains converts cardiolipin from an antagonist to an activator of Toll-like receptor-4. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3667-3678. [PMID: 31062071 PMCID: PMC6697720 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipins (CLs) are tetra-acylated diphosphatidylglycerols found in bacteria, yeast, plants, and animals. In healthy mammals, CLs are unsaturated, whereas saturated CLs are found in blood cells from Barth syndrome patients and in some Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we show that unsaturated but not saturated CLs block LPS-induced NF-κB activation, TNF-α and IP-10 secretion in human and murine macrophages, as well as LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β release in human blood mononuclear cells. Using HEK293 cells transfected with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its co-receptor Myeloid Differentiation 2 (MD2), we demonstrate that unsaturated CLs compete with LPS for binding TLR4/MD2 preventing its activation, whereas saturated CLs are TLR4/MD2 agonists. As a consequence, saturated CLs induce a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages characterized by TNF-α and IP-10 secretion, and activate the alternative NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in human blood-derived monocytes. Thus, we identify that double bonds discriminate between anti- and pro-inflammatory properties of tetra-acylated molecules, providing a rationale for the development of TLR4 activators and inhibitors for use as vaccine adjuvants or in the treatment of TLR4-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Pizzuto
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Blvd du Triomphe Access 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Caroline Lonez
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Blvd du Triomphe Access 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Helios Martínez-Banaclocha
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Panagiotis Tourlomousis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jean-Marie Ruysschaert
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Blvd du Triomphe Access 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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96
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Association of Breastfeeding Duration with Susceptibility to Allergy, Influenza, and Methylation Status of TLR1 Gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090535. [PMID: 31454983 PMCID: PMC6780093 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the possible association between exclusive breastfeeding duration during early infancy and susceptibility to allergy and influenza in adulthood. Furthermore, we also investigated the association of breastfeeding duration with DNA methylation at two sites in the promoter of the toll-like receptor-1 (TLR1) gene, as well as the association between DNA methylation of the toll-like receptor-1 (TLR1) gene and susceptibility to different diseases. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 100 adults and classified into two groups according to breastfeeding duration (<6 months and ≥6 months) during infancy. Subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire on their susceptibilities to different diseases and sign a consent form separately. Fifty-three samples underwent DNA extraction, and the DNA samples were divided into two aliquots, one of which was treated with bisulfite reagent. The promoter region of the TLR1 gene was then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Results: We found a significant association between increased breastfeeding duration and a reduction in susceptibility to influenza and allergy, as well asa significant reduction in DNA methylation within the promoter of the TLR1 gene. No association was found between DNA methylation and susceptibility to different diseases. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the significance of increased breastfeeding duration for improved health outcomes at the gene level.
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97
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Gupta A, Deka P, Kumar S. Resiquimod inhibits Newcastle disease virus replication by modulating host cytokines: An understanding towards its possible therapeutics. Cytokine 2019; 125:154811. [PMID: 31446178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects domestic and wild avian species with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although this disease is mainly controlled through NDV vaccines, alternative use of antiviral compounds is increasingly under study. Resiquimod (R-848), an imidazoquinoline compound is a potent synthetic agonist of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Until now reports regarding the adjuvant potential of resiquimod is well established against human viruses but has been less explored against avian viruses. In the present study, we have analysed the anti-NDV effect of resiquimod in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (DF-1) and embryonated chicken eggs. About 70% reduction in NDV replication was observed 48 h and 72 h post-resiquimod treatment in DF-1 cells. Furthermore, differential host genes expression was observed in resiquimod treated DF-1 cells, PBMCs, and tissue sample of chicken embryos at a different time point. Among all the analyzed genes, significant up-regulation of viperin, IFNα, IFNγ, IL-1β, TNFα, IL18 were observed in its transcriptional level. Furthermore, resiquimod treatment showed NDV reduction in two weeks old chickens. About 61% and 38% reduction in NDV replication was observed 72 h post-infection in lungs and spleen, respectively. The study suggests the modulation of host innate immunity regulatory genes by resiquimod, which eventually modulates the NDV replication. The result of the study could be explored further to establish resiquimod as an alternative antiviral compound against NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Pankaj Deka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam 781022, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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98
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Shang L, Deng D, Buskermolen JK, Roffel S, Janus MM, Krom BP, Crielaard W, Gibbs S. Commensal and Pathogenic Biofilms Alter Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Reconstructed Human Gingiva. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:282. [PMID: 31448244 PMCID: PMC6692492 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between the host and microbe is pivotal for oral health. A dysbiotic oral microbiome and the subsequent host inflammatory response are causes for the most common dental problems, such as periodontitis and caries. Classically, toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play important roles in host-microbe interactions by recognizing pathogens and activating innate immunity. However, emerging evidence suggests that commensals may also exploit TLRs to induce tolerance to the benefit of the host, especially in oral mucosa which is heavily colonized by abundant microbes. How TLRs and downstream signaling events are affected by different oral microbial communities to regulate host responses is still unknown. To compare such human host-microbe interactions in vitro, we exposed a reconstructed human gingiva (RHG) to commensal or pathogenic (gingivitis, cariogenic) multi-species oral biofilms cultured from human saliva. These biofilms contain in vivo like phylogenic numbers and typical bacterial genera. After 24 h biofilm exposure, TLR protein and gene expression of 84 TLR pathway related genes were investigated. Commensal and pathogenic biofilms differentially regulated TLR protein expression. Commensal biofilm up-regulated the transcription of a large group of key genes, which are involved in TLR signaling, including TLR7, the MyD88-dependent pathway (CD14, MyD88, TIRAP, TRAF6, IRAKs), MyD88-independent pathway (TAB1, TBK1, IRF3), and their downstream signaling pathways (NF-κB and MAPK pathways). In comparison, gingivitis biofilm activated fewer genes (e.g., TLR4) and cariogenic biofilm suppressed CD14, IRAK4, and IRF3 transcription. Fluorescence in situ hybridization staining showed the rRNA of the topically applied and invaded bacteria, and histology showed that the biofilms had no obvious detrimental effect on RHG morphology. These results show an important role of TLR signaling pathways in regulating host-microbe interactions: when a sterile gingival tissue is exposed to commensals, a strong immune activation occurs which may prime the host against potential challenges in order to maintain oral host-microbe homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic biofilms stimulate a weaker immune response which might facilitate immune evasion thus enabling pathogens to penetrate undetected into the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kees Buskermolen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marleen Marga Janus
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Philip Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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99
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Da Silva CG, Camps MGM, Li TMWY, Chan AB, Ossendorp F, Cruz LJ. Co-delivery of immunomodulators in biodegradable nanoparticles improves therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines. Biomaterials 2019; 220:119417. [PMID: 31419588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines we aimed to modulate the suppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, the potential of intratumoral immune modulation with poly (I:C), Resiquimod (R848) and CCL20 (MIP3α) was explored. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles were used as delivery vehicles for slow and sustained release of these drugs in the tumor area and were combined with specific immunotherapy based on therapeutic peptide vaccination in two aggressive murine carcinoma and lymphoma tumor models. Whereas nanoparticle delivery of poly (I:C) or R848 improved therapeutic efficacy, the combination with MIP3α remarkably potentiated the cancer vaccine antitumor effects. The long-term survival increased to 75-100% and the progression free survival nearly doubled on mice with established large carcinoma tumors. The potent adjuvant effects were associated with lymphoid and myeloid population alterations in the tumor and tumor-draining lymph node. In addition to a significant influx of macrophages into the tumor, the phenotype of the suppressor tumor-associated macrophages shifted towards an acute inflammatory phenotype in the tumor-draining lymph node. Overall, these data show that therapeutic cancer vaccines can be potentiated by the combined nanoparticle mediated co-delivery of poly (I:C), R848 and MIP3α, which indicates that a more favorable milieu for cancer fighting immune cells is created for T cells induced by therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Da Silva
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M G M Camps
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - T M W Y Li
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A B Chan
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands; Percuros B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - F Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L J Cruz
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands.
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100
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Hess KL, Medintz IL, Jewell CM. Designing inorganic nanomaterials for vaccines and immunotherapies. NANO TODAY 2019; 27:73-98. [PMID: 32292488 PMCID: PMC7156029 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines and immunotherapies have changed the face of health care. Biomaterials offer the ability to improve upon these medical technologies through increased control of the types and concentrations of immune signals delivered. Further, these carriers enable targeting, stability, and delivery of poorly soluble cargos. Inorganic nanomaterials possess unique optical, electric, and magnetic properties, as well as defined chemistry, high surface-to-volume- ratio, and high avidity display that make this class of materials particularly advantageous for vaccine design, cancer immunotherapy, and autoimmune treatments. In this review we focus on this understudied area by highlighting recent work with inorganic materials - including gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots. We discuss the intrinsic features of these materials that impact the interactions with immune cells and tissue, as well as recent reports using inorganic materials across a range of emerging immunological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystina L. Hess
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10 North Greene St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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