51
|
Lue HW, Podolak J, Kolahi K, Cheng L, Rao S, Garg D, Xue CH, Rantala JK, Tyner JW, Thornburg KL, Martinez-Acevedo A, Liu JJ, Amling CL, Truillet C, Louie SM, Anderson KE, Evans MJ, O'Donnell VB, Nomura DK, Drake JM, Ritz A, Thomas GV. Metabolic reprogramming ensures cancer cell survival despite oncogenic signaling blockade. Genes Dev 2017; 31:2067-2084. [PMID: 29138276 PMCID: PMC5733498 DOI: 10.1101/gad.305292.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lue et al. show that although inhibition of PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling markedly decreased glycolysis and restrained tumor growth, these signaling and metabolic restrictions triggered autophagy. Survival of cancer cells was critically dependent on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to mobilize lysophospholipids and free fatty acids to sustain fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. There is limited knowledge about the metabolic reprogramming induced by cancer therapies and how this contributes to therapeutic resistance. Here we show that although inhibition of PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling markedly decreased glycolysis and restrained tumor growth, these signaling and metabolic restrictions triggered autophagy, which supplied the metabolites required for the maintenance of mitochondrial respiration and redox homeostasis. Specifically, we found that survival of cancer cells was critically dependent on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to mobilize lysophospholipids and free fatty acids to sustain fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Consistent with this, we observed significantly increased lipid droplets, with subsequent mobilization to mitochondria. These changes were abrogated in cells deficient for the essential autophagy gene ATG5. Accordingly, inhibition of PLA2 significantly decreased lipid droplets, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and increased apoptosis. Together, these results describe how treatment-induced autophagy provides nutrients for cancer cell survival and identifies novel cotreatment strategies to override this survival advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Lue
- Knight Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer Podolak
- Knight Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Kevin Kolahi
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Larry Cheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Soumya Rao
- Knight Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Devin Garg
- Knight Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Chang-Hui Xue
- Knight Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Juha K Rantala
- Knight Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Knight Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Kent L Thornburg
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Ann Martinez-Acevedo
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Jen-Jane Liu
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Christopher L Amling
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Charles Truillet
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
| | - Sharon M Louie
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Justin M Drake
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Anna Ritz
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA
| | - George V Thomas
- Knight Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Fakhimahmadi A, Nazmi F, Rahmati M, Bonab NM, Hashemi M, Moosavi MA. Nucleostemin silencing induces differentiation and potentiates all-trans-retinoic acid effects in human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells via autophagy. Leuk Res 2017; 63:15-21. [PMID: 29096331 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report that targeting Nucleostemin (NS), a recently discovered stem cells-enriched gene, by a specific small interference RNA (siNS), decreases the rate of proliferation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells and induces differentiation and autophagy. In addition, NS silencing promotes the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-based differentiation therapy in NB4 cells. Autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin block the effect of NS targeting on differentiation, indicating a new functional link between NS and autophagy as an important regulator of differentiation in NB4 cells. The capability of NS in modulating autophagy and differentiation, alone or in combination with ATRA, may help to broaden the range of treatment options available to treat leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aila Fakhimahmadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran; Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nazmi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Moghtaran Bonab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
A novel acridine derivative, LS-1-10 inhibits autophagic degradation and triggers apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3086. [PMID: 28981103 PMCID: PMC5682664 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy promotes cancer cell survival and drug resistance by degrading harmful cellular components and maintaining cellular energy levels. Disruption of autophagy may be a promising approach to sensitize cancer cells to anticancer drugs. The combination of autophagic inhibitors, such as chloroquine (CQ) and lucanthone with conventional cancer therapeutics has been investigated in clinical trials, but adverse drug-drug interactions are a high possibility. Here we designed and synthesized a novel, small-molecule library based on an acridine skeleton and the CQ structure with various modifications and substitutions and screened the compounds for effective autophagy inhibition. We found that 9-chloro-2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)pyrrolo[2,3,4-kl]acridin-1(2H)-one (LS-1-10) was the most effective from our library at inhibiting autophagic-mediated degradation and could decrease the viability of multiple colon cancer cells. In addition, LS-1-10 induced DNA damage and caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. Overall, this small molecule was more efficient at reducing the viability of cancer cells than other conventional chemotherapeutic agents, such as CQ and amsacrine. The anticancer and autophagy-inhibiting activities of LS-1-10 were confirmed in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. Collectively, this study has identified a new and efficient single compound with both autophagy-inhibiting and anticancer activity, which may provide a novel approach for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
54
|
Lysine-specific demethylase LSD1 regulates autophagy in neuroblastoma through SESN2-dependent pathway. Oncogene 2017; 36:6701-6711. [PMID: 28783174 PMCID: PMC5717079 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological process, important for recycling of macromolecules and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Defective autophagy is associated with tumorigenesis and has a causative role in chemotherapy resistance in leukemia and in solid cancers. Here, we report that autophagy is regulated by the lysine-specific demethylase LSD1/KDM1A, an epigenetic marker whose overexpression is a feature of malignant neoplasia with an instrumental role in cancer development. In the present study, we determine that two different LSD1 inhibitors (TCP and SP2509) as well as selective ablation of LSD1 expression promote autophagy in neuroblastoma cells. At a mechanistic level, we show that LSD1 binds to the promoter region of Sestrin2 (SESN2), a critical regulator of mTORC1 activity. Pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 triggers SESN2 expression that hampers mTORC1 activity, leading to enhanced autophagy. SESN2 overexpression suffices to promote autophagy in neuroblastoma cells, while loss of SESN2 expression reduces autophagy induced by LSD1 inhibition. Our findings elucidate a mechanism whereby LSD1 controls autophagy in neuroblastoma cells through SESN2 transcription regulation, and we suggest that pharmacological targeting of LSD1 may have effective therapeutic relevance in the control of autophagy in neuroblastoma.
Collapse
|
55
|
Folkerts H, Hilgendorf S, Wierenga ATJ, Jaques J, Mulder AB, Coffer PJ, Schuringa JJ, Vellenga E. Inhibition of autophagy as a treatment strategy for p53 wild-type acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2927. [PMID: 28703806 PMCID: PMC5550863 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we have explored whether inhibition of autophagy can be used as a treatment strategy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Steady-state autophagy was measured in leukemic cell lines and primary human CD34+ AML cells with a large variability in basal autophagy between AMLs observed. The autophagy flux was higher in AMLs classified as poor risk, which are frequently associated with TP53 mutations (TP53mut), compared with favorable- and intermediate-risk AMLs. In addition, the higher flux was associated with a higher expression level of several autophagy genes, but was not affected by alterations in p53 expression by knocking down p53 or overexpression of wild-type p53 or p53R273H. AML CD34+ cells were more sensitive to the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) than normal bone marrow CD34+ cells. Similar, inhibition of autophagy by knockdown of ATG5 or ATG7 triggered apoptosis, which coincided with increased expression of p53. In contrast to wild-type p53 AML (TP53wt), HCQ treatment did not trigger a BAX and PUMA-dependent apoptotic response in AMLs harboring TP53mut. To further characterize autophagy in the leukemic stem cell-enriched cell fraction AML CD34+ cells were separated into ROSlow and ROShigh subfractions. The immature AML CD34+-enriched ROSlow cells maintained higher basal autophagy and showed reduced survival upon HCQ treatment compared with ROShigh cells. Finally, knockdown of ATG5 inhibits in vivo maintenance of AML CD34+ cells in NSG mice. These results indicate that targeting autophagy might provide new therapeutic options for treatment of AML since it affects the immature AML subfraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Folkerts
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Hilgendorf
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus T J Wierenga
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Jaques
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André B Mulder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Coffer
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Vellenga
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Zou Q, Tan S, Yang Z, Zhan Q, Jin H, Xian J, Zhang S, Yang L, Wang L, Zhang L. NPM1 Mutant Mediated PML Delocalization and Stabilization Enhances Autophagy and Cell Survival in Leukemic Cells. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2289-2304. [PMID: 28740552 PMCID: PMC5505061 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has defined nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutation as a driver genetic event in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), whereas the pathogenesis of NPM1-mutated AML remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we showed that mutant NPM1 elevated autophagic activity and autophagic activation contributed to leukemic cell survival in vitro. Meanwhile, we also found high expression of promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) and its cytoplasmic dislocation in primary NPM1-mutated AML blasts and NPM1-mA positive OCI-AML3 cells. Mechanically, mutant NPM1 interacted with PML and mediated it delocalization as well as stabilization. Notably, NPM1-mA knockdown impaired autophagic activity, while induced expression of PML reversed this effect. Finally, we confirmed that PML modulated autophagic activity via AKT signal. These findings suggest that aberrant PML expression and autophagy are beneficial to the leukemic transformation driven by NPM1 mutations. This indicates an attractive therapeutic avenue for PML targeting and/or autophagy inhibition in the treatment of NPM1-mutated AML.
Collapse
|
57
|
Owen HC, Appiah S, Hasan N, Ghali L, Elayat G, Bell C. Phytochemical Modulation of Apoptosis and Autophagy: Strategies to Overcome Chemoresistance in Leukemic Stem Cells in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 135:249-278. [PMID: 28807161 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in scientific research and targeted treatment regimes have improved survival rates for many cancers over the past few decades. However, for some types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia, mortality rates have continued to rise, with chemoresistance in leukemic stem cells (LSCs) being a major contributing factor. Most cancer drug therapies act by inducing apoptosis in dividing cells but are ineffective in targeting quiescent LSCs. Niches in the bone marrow, known as leukemic niches, behave as "sanctuaries" where LSCs acquire drug resistance. This review explores the role of the bone marrow environment in the maintenance of LSCs and its contribution to chemoresistance and considers current research on the potential use of phytochemicals to overcome chemoresistance through the modulation of signaling pathways involved in the survival and death of leukemic clonal cells and/or leukemic stem cells. Phytochemicals from traditional Chinese medicine, namely baicalein, chrysin, wogonin (constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis; huáng qín; ), curcumin (a constituent of Curcuma longa, jiāng huáng, ), and resveratrol (a constituent of Polygonum cuspidatum; hŭ zhàng, ) have been shown to induce apoptosis in leukemic cell lines, with curcumin and resveratrol also causing cell death via the induction of autophagy (a nonapoptotic pathway). In order to be effective in eliminating LSCs, it is important to target signaling pathways (such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Hedgehog). Resveratrol has been reported to induce apoptosis in leukemic cells through the inhibition of the Notch and Sonic hedgehog signaling pathways, therefore showing potential to affect LSCs. While these findings are of interest, there is a lack of reported research on the modulatory effect of phytochemicals on the autophagic cell death pathway in leukemia, and on the signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of LSCs, highlighting the need for further work in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Owen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sandra Appiah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Noor Hasan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ghali
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ghada Elayat
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celia Bell
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Chen X, Clark J, Wunderlich M, Fan C, Davis A, Chen S, Guan JL, Mulloy JC, Kumar A, Zheng Y. Autophagy is dispensable for Kmt2a/Mll-Mllt3/Af9 AML maintenance and anti-leukemic effect of chloroquine. Autophagy 2017; 13:955-966. [PMID: 28282266 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1287652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, macroautophagy/autophagy has emerged as a promising target in various types of solid tumor treatment. However, the impact of autophagy on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) maintenance and the validity of autophagy as a viable target in AML therapy remain unclear. Here we show that Kmt2a/Mll-Mllt3/Af9 AML (MA9-AML) cells have high autophagy flux compared with normal bone marrow cells, but autophagy-specific targeting, either through Rb1cc1-disruption to abolish autophagy initiation, or via Atg5-disruption to prevent phagophore (the autophagosome precursor) membrane elongation, does not affect the growth or survival of MA9-AML cells, either in vitro or in vivo. Mechanistically, neither Atg5 nor Rb1cc1 disruption impairs endolysosome formation or survival signaling pathways. The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine shows autophagy-independent anti-leukemic effects in vitro but has no efficacy in vivo likely due to limited achievable drug efficacy in blood. Further, vesicular exocytosis appears to mediate chloroquine resistance in AML cells, and exocytotic inhibition significantly enhances the anti-leukemic effect of chloroquine. Thus, chloroquine can induce leukemia cell death in vitro in an autophagy-independent manner but with inadequate efficacy in vivo, and vesicular exocytosis is a possible mechanism of chloroquine resistance in MA9-AML. This study also reveals that autophagy-specific targeting is unlikely to benefit MA9-AML therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Chen
- a Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Jason Clark
- a Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- a Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Cuiqing Fan
- a Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,c Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ashley Davis
- a Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Song Chen
- b Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- b Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- a Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- a Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- a Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Li Y, Li G, Wang K, Xie YY, Zhou RP, Meng Y, Ding R, Ge JF, Chen FH. Autophagy contributes to 4-Amino-2-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl Retinate-induced differentiation in human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 319:1-11. [PMID: 28130038 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a classic differentiation agent, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been widely used in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, clinical application of ATRA has limitations. Our previous studies suggested that 4-Amino-2-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl Retinate (ATPR), a novel all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) derivative designed and synthesized by our team, could induce differentiation of APL cells in vivo and in vitro. To explore the underlying mechanism of ATPR, the effect of ATPR on autophagy of APL cells was observed in the present study. The results showed that the differentiation effect of ATPR on APL cells was accompanied with autophagy induction and PML-RARα degradation via activating Notch1 signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets essential autophagy gene ATG5 abrogated the ATPR-induced cell differentiation. Furthermore, when pretreated with DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor, the Notch1 signaling pathway was blocked in APL cells, followed by the reduction of ATPR-induced autophagy and differentiation. Taken together, these results suggested that autophagy play an important role in ATPR-induced cell differentiation, which may provide a novel approach to cure APL patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Ge Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Ya-Ya Xie
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Ren-Peng Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Fei-Hu Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
de Urbina JJO, San-Miguel B, Vidal-Casariego A, Crespo I, Sánchez DI, Mauriz JL, Culebras JM, González-Gallego J, Tuñón MJ. Effects Of Oral Glutamine on Inflammatory and Autophagy Responses in Cancer Patients Treated With Abdominal Radiotherapy: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:1065-1071. [PMID: 29104459 PMCID: PMC5666536 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.20245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Abdominal radiotherapy (RT) causes harm to the mid gastrointestinal mucosa by release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes autophagic changes in tumor cells. This study was aimed to measure the effect of glutamine administration on markers of inflammation and autophagy in cancer patients treated with RT. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot trial 43 patients under abdominal RT diagnosed of pelvic or abdominal malignancies receiving glutamine (30 g/d) or placebo (casein, 30 g/d). Patient recruitment took place in the Complejo Asistencial Universitario of León (CAULE), Spain. Patient evaluation took place at three different time points during the study: before RT (pre-treatment), in the middle of the RT period (mid-treatment), and after finishing RT (post-treatment). Data were compared by analysis of variance and the Newmann Keuls test. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results Abdominal RT increased whole blood mRNA levels of inflammatory and autophagic markers, but glutamine administration showed significantly lower expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), CD36, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Moreover, glutamine reduced the expression of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Glutamine also inhibited the autophagic response, with changes in expression of beclin-1, UV radiation resistance associated gene (UVRAG), autophagy-related protein-5 (Atg5), protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) and lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1. Conclusions Findings provide evidence that glutamine decreases the inflammatory response and abolishes the changes of the autophagy machinery in patients receiving abdominal RT. The protective effect of glutamine must continue being investigated to disclose further molecular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Ortiz de Urbina
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Pharmacy Service, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Vidal-Casariego
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | - Irene Crespo
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Diana I Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - José L Mauriz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Jesús M Culebras
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - María J Tuñón
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Ferreira BI, Lie MK, Engelsen AST, Machado S, Link W, Lorens JB. Adaptive mechanisms of resistance to anti-neoplastic agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:53-66. [PMID: 30108690 PMCID: PMC6072477 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00394j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired resistance to conventional and targeted therapeutics is a fundamental reason for treatment failure in many cancer patients. Targeted approaches to overcome chemoresistance as well as resistance to targeted approaches require in depth understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. The anti-cancer activity of a drug can be limited by a broad variety of molecular events at different levels of drug action in a cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manner. This review summarizes recent insights into the adaptive mechanisms used by tumours to resist therapy including cellular phenotypic plasticity, dynamic alterations of the tumour microenvironment, activation of redundant signal transduction pathways, modulation of drug target expression levels, and exploitation of pro-survival responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana I Ferreira
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR) , University of Algarve , Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, room 2.22 , 8005-139 Faro , Portugal
- Regenerative Medicine Program , Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine , University of Algarve , Campus de Gambelas , 8005-139 Faro , Portugal .
| | - Maria K Lie
- Department of Biomedicine , Centre for Cancer Biomarkers , University of Bergen , Jonas Lies Vei 91 , 5009 Bergen , Norway
- Department of Pathology , Haukeland University Hospital , Jonas Lies vei 65 , 5021 Bergen , Norway
| | - Agnete S T Engelsen
- Department of Biomedicine , Centre for Cancer Biomarkers , University of Bergen , Jonas Lies Vei 91 , 5009 Bergen , Norway
| | - Susana Machado
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR) , University of Algarve , Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, room 2.22 , 8005-139 Faro , Portugal
- Regenerative Medicine Program , Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine , University of Algarve , Campus de Gambelas , 8005-139 Faro , Portugal .
| | - Wolfgang Link
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR) , University of Algarve , Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, room 2.22 , 8005-139 Faro , Portugal
- Regenerative Medicine Program , Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine , University of Algarve , Campus de Gambelas , 8005-139 Faro , Portugal .
| | - James B Lorens
- Department of Biomedicine , Centre for Cancer Biomarkers , University of Bergen , Jonas Lies Vei 91 , 5009 Bergen , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Mouna L, Hernandez E, Bonte D, Brost R, Amazit L, Delgui LR, Brune W, Geballe AP, Beau I, Esclatine A. Analysis of the role of autophagy inhibition by two complementary human cytomegalovirus BECN1/Beclin 1-binding proteins. Autophagy 2016; 12:327-42. [PMID: 26654401 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1125071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is activated early after human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection but, later on, the virus blocks autophagy. Here we characterized 2 HCMV proteins, TRS1 and IRS1, which inhibit autophagy during infection. Expression of either TRS1 or IRS1 was able to block autophagy in different cell lines, independently of the EIF2S1 kinase, EIF2AK2/PKR. Instead, TRS1 and IRS1 interacted with the autophagy protein BECN1/Beclin 1. We mapped the BECN1-binding domain (BBD) of IRS1 and TRS1 and found it to be essential for autophagy inhibition. Mutant viruses that express only IRS1 or TRS1 partially controlled autophagy, whereas a double mutant virus expressing neither protein stimulated autophagy. A mutant virus that did not express IRS1 and expressed a truncated form of TRS1 in which the BBD was deleted, failed to control autophagy. However, this mutant virus had similar replication kinetics as wild-type virus, suggesting that autophagy inhibition is not critical for viral replication. In fact, using pharmacological modulators of autophagy and inhibition of autophagy by shRNA knockdown, we discovered that stimulating autophagy enhanced viral replication. Conversely, inhibiting autophagy decreased HCMV infection. Thus, our results demonstrate a new proviral role of autophagy for a DNA virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Mouna
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif sur Yvette , France
| | - Eva Hernandez
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif sur Yvette , France
| | - Dorine Bonte
- b CNRS UMR8200, Univ Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France
| | - Rebekka Brost
- c Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Larbi Amazit
- d INSERM UMR-S-1185, Faculty of Medicine , Univ Paris-Sud , Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Laura R Delgui
- e Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Wolfram Brune
- c Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Adam P Geballe
- f Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Isabelle Beau
- d INSERM UMR-S-1185, Faculty of Medicine , Univ Paris-Sud , Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- a Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif sur Yvette , France
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Cytoprotective autophagy maintains leukemia-initiating cells in murine myeloid leukemia. Blood 2016; 128:1614-24. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-684696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Autophagy is required for maintenance of AML-initiating cells and peripheral myeloblast survival. Loss of autophagy potentiates the therapeutic effects of AraC in vivo.
Collapse
|
64
|
Ye H, Chen M, Cao F, Huang H, Zhan R, Zheng X. Chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, potentiates the radiosensitivity of glioma initiating cells by inhibiting autophagy and activating apoptosis. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:178. [PMID: 27644442 PMCID: PMC5029068 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is refractory to conventional treatment, which is combined of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recent studies have shown that glioma initiating cells (GICs) contribute to tumorigenesis and radioresistance. Recently, other studies showed that the GICs use the autophagy as the major pathway to survive. Chloroquine, an anti-malarial chemical, is an autophagic inhibitor which blocks autophagosome fusion with lysosome and slows down lysosomal acidification. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms of chloroquine on the radiosensitivity of GICs. Methods Human glioblastoma cell lines U87 were investigated. MTT and clonogenic survival assay were used to evaluate the cell viability and survival from radiation. The formation of autophagosomes were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and flow cytometry were used to quantify the apoptotic cells. The expression levels of proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Cell cycle status was analyzed by checking DNA content after staining with PI. A comet assay was used to assess the DNA repair in the cells. Tumorsphere assay was used for evaluating GICs’ renewal ability. Results Treatment of U87 GICs with chloroquine (10–80 nmol/L) alone inhibited the cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. A dose of chloroquine (20 nmol/L) obviously enhanced the radiation sensitivity of U87 GICs., we found more punctate patterns of microtubule-associated protein LC3 immunoreactivity in radiation-treated U87 GICs, and the level of membrane-bound LC3-II was obviously enhanced. A combination of radiation and chloroquine obviously enhanced the U87 GICs’ apoptosis, as demonstrated by the enhanced levels of caspase-3, and reduced level of Bcl-2. In additon, combination of radiation and chloroquine cause G1/G0 cell cycle arrest. what’s more, Chloroquine obviously weakened the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage as reflected by the tail length of the comet. Combination treatment of irradiation and chloroquine has synergistic effects on decreasing the GICs’ tumorsphere number and diameter. Conclusion Chloroquine enhances the radiosensitivity of GICs in vitro, suggesting the feasibility of joint treatment with chloroquine with radiation for GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mantao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiujue Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Atg5-dependent autophagy contributes to the development of acute myeloid leukemia in an MLL-AF9-driven mouse model. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2361. [PMID: 27607576 PMCID: PMC5059867 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hierarchical hematopoietic malignancy originating from leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is hypothesized to be important for the maintenance of AML as well as contribute to chemotherapy response. Here we employ a mouse model of AML expressing the fusion oncogene MLL-AF9 and explore the effects of Atg5 deletion, a key autophagy protein, on the malignant transformation and progression of AML. Consistent with a transient decrease in colony-forming potential in vitro, the in vivo deletion of Atg5 in MLL-AF9-transduced bone marrow cells during primary transplantation prolonged the survival of recipient mice, suggesting that autophagy has a role in MLL-AF9-driven leukemia initiation. In contrast, deletion of Atg5 in malignant AML cells during secondary transplantation did not influence the survival or chemotherapeutic response of leukemic mice. Interestingly, autophagy was found to be involved in the survival of differentiated myeloid cells originating from MLL-AF9-driven LSCs. Taken together, our data suggest that Atg5-dependent autophagy may contribute to the development but not chemotherapy sensitivity of murine AML induced by MLL-AF9.
Collapse
|
66
|
Missiroli S, Bonora M, Patergnani S, Poletti F, Perrone M, Gafà R, Magri E, Raimondi A, Lanza G, Tacchetti C, Kroemer G, Pandolfi PP, Pinton P, Giorgi C. PML at Mitochondria-Associated Membranes Is Critical for the Repression of Autophagy and Cancer Development. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2415-27. [PMID: 27545895 PMCID: PMC5011426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise molecular mechanisms that coordinate apoptosis and autophagy in cancer remain to be determined. Here, we provide evidence that the tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) controls autophagosome formation at mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and, thus, autophagy induction. Our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate how PML functions as a repressor of autophagy. PML loss promotes tumor development, providing a growth advantage to tumor cells that use autophagy as a cell survival strategy during stress conditions. These findings demonstrate that autophagy inhibition could be paired with a chemotherapeutic agent to develop anticancer strategies for tumors that present PML downregulation. PML regulates autophagic processes from ER/MAM domains in a Ca2+-dependent manner Localization of PML away from the MAMs is dependent on p53 Activation of autophagy by PML depletion promotes survival under stress conditions Block of autophagy restores the activity of chemotherapy in PML-downregulated tumors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Missiroli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Federica Poletti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Mariasole Perrone
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Eros Magri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif 94800, France; INSERM, U1138, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris 75006, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris 75015, France; Karolinska Institute and Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Parks A, Marceau F. Lysosomotropic cationic drugs induce cytostatic and cytotoxic effects: Role of liposolubility and autophagic flux and antagonism by cholesterol ablation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
68
|
Macrolide antibiotics exert antileukemic effects by modulating the autophagic flux through inhibition of hERG1 potassium channels. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e423. [PMID: 27176799 PMCID: PMC4916301 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
69
|
Zhang Z, Wu B, Chai W, Cao L, Wang Y, Yu Y, Yang L. Knockdown of WAVE1 enhances apoptosis of leukemia cells by downregulating autophagy. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2647-56. [PMID: 27035872 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance of leukemia constitutes a great challenge for successful treatment of leukemia. Autophagy has recently attracted increasing attention for its role in conferring resistance to various conventional anti-neoplastic regiments. In the present study, the authors showed that WAVE1, a member of WASP family verprolin-homologous proteins, is a critical regulator of chemoresistance during autophagy. It is positively correlated with clinical status in pediatric acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and leukemia cell lines. The knockdown of WAVE1 expression decreased autophagy was accompanied by an upregulation of autophagic marker microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-Ⅱ, a degradation of SQSTM1/sequestosome 1 (p62) and the formation of autophagosomes. Moreover, a suppression of WAVE1 expression increased the sensitivity of leukemia cells to chemotherapy and apoptosis, and depletion of WAVE1 expression promoted the translocation of Bcl-2 from mitochondria into the cytoplasm. In addition, a knockdown of PI3K-Ⅲ expression significantly inhibited WAVE1-mediated autophagy. Furthermore, suppression of WAVE1 expression blocked the interactions between Beclin1 and PI3K-Ⅲ and the disassociation of Beclin1-Bcl-2 during enhanced autophagy. The above results suggested that WAVE1 is a critical pro-autophagic protein capable of enhancing cell survival and regulating chemoresistance in leukemia cells potentially through the Beclin1/Bcl-2 and Beclin1/PI3K-Ⅲ complex-dependent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Benqing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Chai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hu Nan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yangping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Liangchun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Huang J, Liu K, Song D, Ding M, Wang J, Jin Q, Ni J. Krüppel-like factor 4 promotes high-mobility group box 1-induced chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:242-9. [PMID: 26676883 PMCID: PMC4814257 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, and the frequent acquisition of chemoresistance is often an obstacle to achieving favorable outcomes during chemotherapy. Recently, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) has been shown to be associated with chemotherapy resistance in a few tumors; however, the involvement of KLF4 in chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma cells remains unknown. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis revealed that KLF4 expression was significantly increased in response to cisplatin, methotrexate and doxorubicin treatment in osteosarcoma cells, and knockdown of KLF4 increased sensitivity to these anticancer drugs by decreasing cellular clonogenic ability and increasing apoptosis. Moreover, our data suggest that KLF4-regulated drug resistance might, at least partially, positively regulate high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which was found to be a significant contributor to chemoresistance in osteosarcoma cells in our previous study. In summary, this study highlights the significance of KLF4/HMGB1 interaction in regulating chemotherapy resistance, and suggests that targeting KLF4/high-mobility group box 1 may be a therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Deye Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muliang Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingping Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan, China
| | - Jiangdong Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Chen TY, Syu JS, Lin TC, Cheng HL, Lu FL, Wang CY. Chloroquine alleviates etoposide-induced centrosome amplification by inhibiting CDK2 in adrenocortical tumor cells. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e180. [PMID: 26690546 PMCID: PMC4688395 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor drug etoposide (ETO) is widely used in treating several cancers, including adrenocortical tumor (ACT). However, when used at sublethal doses, tumor cells still survive and are more susceptible to the recurring tumor due to centrosome amplification. Here, we checked the effect of sublethal dose of ETO in ACT cells. Sublethal dose of ETO treatment did not induce cell death but arrested the ACT cells in G2/M phase. This resulted in centrosome amplification and aberrant mitotic spindle formation leading to genomic instability and cellular senescence. Under such conditions, Chk2, cyclin A/CDK2 and ERK1/2 were aberrantly activated. Pharmacological inactivation of Chk2, CDK2 or ERK1/2 or depletion of CDK2 or Chk2 inhibited the centrosome amplification in ETO-treated ACT cells. In addition, autophagy was activated by ETO and was required for ACT cell survival. Chloroquine, the autophagy inhibitor, reduced ACT cell growth and inhibited ETO-induced centrosome amplification. Chloroquine alleviated CDK2 and ERK, but not Chk2, activation and thus inhibited centrosome amplification in either ETO- or hydroxyurea-treated ACT cells. In addition, chloroquine also inhibited centrosome amplification in osteosarcoma U2OS cell lines when treated with ETO or hydroxyurea. In summary, we have demonstrated that chloroquine inhibited ACT cell growth and alleviated DNA damage-induced centrosome amplification by inhibiting CDK2 and ERK activity, thus preventing genomic instability and recurrence of ACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T-Y Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - J-S Syu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - T-C Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H-L Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - F-L Lu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Yu Y, Xie Y, Cao L, Yang L, Yang M, Lotze MT, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Tang D. The ferroptosis inducer erastin enhances sensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1054549. [PMID: 27308510 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1054549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. Development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major hurdle in the effective treatment of patients with AML. The quinazolinone derivative erastin was originally identified in a screen for small molecules that exhibit synthetic lethality with expression of the RAS oncogene. This lethality was subsequently shown to occur by induction of a novel form of cell death termed ferroptosis. In this study we demonstrate that erastin enhances the sensitivity of AML cells to chemotherapeutic agents in an RAS-independent manner. Erastin dose-dependently induced mixed types of cell death associated with ferroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy in HL-60 cells (AML, NRAS_Q61L), but not Jurkat (acute T-cell leukemia, RAS wild type), THP-1 (AML, NRAS_G12D), K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia, RAS wild type), or NB-4 (acute promyelocytic leukemia M3, KRAS_A18D) cells. Treatment with ferrostatin-1 (a potent ferroptosis inhibitor) or necrostatin-1 (a potent necroptosis inhibitor), but not with Z-VAD-FMK (a general caspase inhibitor) or chloroquine (a potent autophagy inhibitor), prevented erastin-induced growth inhibition in HL-60 cells. Moreover, inhibition of c-JUN N-terminal kinase and p38, but not of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, induced resistance to erastin in HL-60 cells. Importantly, low-dose erastin significantly enhanced the anticancer activity of 2 first-line chemotherapeutic drugs (cytarabine/ara-C and doxorubicin/adriamycin) in HL-60 cells. Collectively, the induction of ferroptosis and necroptosis contributed to erastin-induced growth inhibition and overcame drug resistance in AML cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Center for DAMP Biology; Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yangchun Xie
- Center for DAMP Biology; Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University ; Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liangchun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University ; Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University ; Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Center for DAMP Biology; Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Center for DAMP Biology; Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Center for DAMP Biology; Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Center for DAMP Biology; Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Carneiro BA, Kaplan JB, Altman JK, Giles FJ, Platanias LC. Targeting mTOR signaling pathways and related negative feedback loops for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:648-56. [PMID: 25801978 PMCID: PMC4622839 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1026510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An accumulating understanding of the complex pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) continues to lead to promising therapeutic approaches. Among the key aberrant intracellular signaling pathways involved in AML, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) axis is of major interest. This axis modulates a wide array of critical cellular functions, including proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Pharmacologic inhibitors of components of this pathway have been developed over the past decade, but none has an established role in the treatment of AML. This review will discuss the preclinical data and clinical results driving ongoing attempts to exploit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in patients with AML and address issues related to negative feedback loops that account for leukemic cell survival. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is of high interest for the treatment of AML, but combination therapies with other targeted agents may be needed to block negative feedback loops in leukemia cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedito A Carneiro
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason B Kaplan
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J Giles
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology; Department of Medicine; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|