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Giddey AD, Ganief TA, Ganief N, Koch A, Warner DF, Soares NC, Blackburn JM. Cell Wall Proteomics Reveal Phenotypic Adaption of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis to Subinhibitory Rifampicin Exposure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:723667. [PMID: 34676224 PMCID: PMC8525676 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.723667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective drug treatment, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB disease, kills ~1. 5 million people annually, and the rising prevalence of drug resistance increasingly threatens to worsen this plight. We previously showed that sublethal exposure to the frontline anti-TB drug, rifampicin, resulted in substantial adaptive remodeling of the proteome of the model organism, Mycobacterium smegmatis, in the drug-sensitive mc2155 strain [wild type (WT)]. In this study, we investigate whether these responses are conserved in an engineered, isogenic mutant harboring the clinically relevant S531L rifampicin resistance-conferring mutation (SL) and distinguish the responses that are specific to RNA polymerase β subunit- (RpoB-) binding activity of rifampicin from those that are dependent on the presence of rifampicin alone. We verified the drug resistance status of this strain and observed no phenotypic indications of rifampicin-induced stress upon treatment with the same concentration as used in WT (2.5 μg/ml). Thereafter, we used a cell wall-enrichment strategy to focus attention on the cell wall proteome and observed 253 proteins to be dysregulated in SL bacteria in comparison with 716 proteins in WT. We observed that decreased abundance of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and increased abundance of ribosomal machinery were conserved in the SL strain, whereas the upregulation of transcriptional machinery and the downregulation of numerous two-component systems were not. We conclude that the drug-resistant M. smegmatis strain displays some of the same proteomic responses observed in WT and suggest that this evidence supports the hypothesis that rifampicin exercises effects beyond RpoB-interaction alone and that mycobacteria recognise rifampicin as a signaling molecule in an RpoB-independent manner at sublethal doses. Taken together, our data indicates mixed RpoB-independent and RpoB-dependent proteomic remodeling in WT mycobacteria, with evidence for RpoB-independent ABC transporter downregulation, but drug activity-based transcriptional upregulation and two-component system downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Giddey
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tariq A Ganief
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Naadir Ganief
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anastasia Koch
- South African Medical Research Council/National Health Laboratory Service/University of Cape Town Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- South African Medical Research Council/National Health Laboratory Service/University of Cape Town Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelson C Soares
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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52
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Shi R, Hou W, Wang ZQ, Xu X. Biogenesis of Iron-Sulfur Clusters and Their Role in DNA Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:735678. [PMID: 34660592 PMCID: PMC8514734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.735678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron–sulfur (Fe/S) clusters (ISCs) are redox-active protein cofactors that their synthesis, transfer, and insertion into target proteins require many components. Mitochondrial ISC assembly is the foundation of all cellular ISCs in eukaryotic cells. The mitochondrial ISC cooperates with the cytosolic Fe/S protein assembly (CIA) systems to accomplish the cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S clusters maturation. ISCs are needed for diverse cellular functions, including nitrogen fixation, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial respiratory pathways, and ribosome assembly. Recent research advances have confirmed the existence of different ISCs in enzymes that regulate DNA metabolism, including helicases, nucleases, primases, DNA polymerases, and glycosylases. Here we outline the synthesis of mitochondrial, cytosolic and nuclear ISCs and highlight their functions in DNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Shi
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenya Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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53
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Mitochondrial iron-sulfur clusters: Structure, function, and an emerging role in vascular biology. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102164. [PMID: 34656823 PMCID: PMC8577454 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential cofactors most commonly known for their role mediating electron transfer within the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The Fe-S cluster pathways that function within the respiratory complexes are highly conserved between bacteria and the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Within the electron transport chain, Fe-S clusters play a critical role in transporting electrons through Complexes I, II and III to cytochrome c, before subsequent transfer to molecular oxygen. Fe-S clusters are also among the binding sites of classical mitochondrial inhibitors, such as rotenone, and play an important role in the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial Fe-S clusters also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of disease. High levels of ROS produced at these sites can cause cell injury or death, however, when produced at low levels can serve as signaling molecules. For example, Ndufs2, a Complex I subunit containing an Fe-S center, N2, has recently been identified as a redox-sensitive oxygen sensor, mediating homeostatic oxygen-sensing in the pulmonary vasculature and carotid body. Fe-S clusters are emerging as transcriptionally-regulated mediators in disease and play a crucial role in normal physiology, offering potential new therapeutic targets for diseases including malaria, diabetes, and cancer.
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54
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Weng C, Shen L, Teo JW, Lim ZC, Loh BS, Ang WH. Targeted Antibacterial Strategy Based on Reactive Oxygen Species Generated from Dioxygen Reduction Using an Organoruthenium Complex. JACS AU 2021; 1:1348-1354. [PMID: 34604844 PMCID: PMC8479771 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms pose a serious threat to global public health due to their persistent adaptation and growing resistance to antibiotics. Alternative therapeutic strategies are required to address this growing threat. Bactericidal antibiotics that are routinely prescribed to treat infections rely on hydroxyl radical formation for their therapeutic efficacies. We developed a redox approach to target bacteria using organotransition metal complexes to mediate the reduction of cellular O2 to H2O2, as a precursor for hydroxyl radicals via Fenton reaction. We prepared a library of 480 unique organoruthenium Schiff-base complexes using a coordination-driven three-component assembly strategy and identified the lead organoruthenium complex Ru1 capable of selectively invoking oxidative stress in Gram-positive bacteria, in particular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, via transfer hydrogenation reaction and/or single electron transfer on O2. This strategy paves the way for a targeted antimicrobial approach leveraging on the redox chemistry of organotransition metal complexes to combat drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Weng
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Linghui Shen
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Jin Wei Teo
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Zhi Chiaw Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Boon Shing Loh
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
- NUS
Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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55
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Kever L, Hünnefeld M, Brehm J, Heermann R, Frunzke J. Identification of Gip as a novel phage-encoded gyrase inhibitor protein of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1268-1280. [PMID: 34536319 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By targeting key regulatory hubs of their host, bacteriophages represent a powerful source for the identification of novel antimicrobial proteins. Here, a screening of small cytoplasmic proteins encoded by the CGP3 prophage of Corynebacterium glutamicum resulted in the identification of the gyrase-inhibiting protein Cg1978, termed Gip. Pull-down assays and surface plasmon resonance revealed a direct interaction of Gip with the gyrase subunit A (GyrA). The inhibitory activity of Gip was shown to be specific to the DNA gyrase of its bacterial host C. glutamicum. Overproduction of Gip in C. glutamicum resulted in a severe growth defect as well as an induction of the SOS response. Furthermore, reporter assays revealed an RecA-independent induction of the cryptic CGP3 prophage, most likely caused by topological alterations. Overexpression of gip was counteracted by an increased expression of gyrAB and a reduction of topA expression at the same time, reflecting the homeostatic control of DNA topology. We postulate that the prophage-encoded Gip protein plays a role in modulating gyrase activity to enable efficient phage DNA replication. A detailed elucidation of the mechanism of action will provide novel directions for the design of drugs targeting DNA gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kever
- Institute of Bio- und Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Max Hünnefeld
- Institute of Bio- und Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jannis Brehm
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Biozentrum II, Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Biozentrum II, Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Institute of Bio- und Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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56
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Quantifying the optimal strategy of population control of quorum sensing network in Escherichia coli. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:35. [PMID: 34475401 PMCID: PMC8413372 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-021-00196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological functions of bacteria can be regulated by monitoring their own population density induced by the quorum sensing system. However, quantitative insight into the system’s dynamics and regulatory mechanism remain challenging. Here, we construct a comprehensive mathematical model of the synthetic quorum sensing circuit that controls population density in Escherichia coli. Simulations agree well with experimental results obtained under different ribosome-binding site (RBS) efficiencies. We present a quantitative description of the component dynamics and show how the components respond to isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction. The optimal IPTG-induction range for efficiently controlling population density is quantified. The controllable area of population density by acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) permeability is quantified as well, indicating that high AHL permeability should be treated with a high dose of IPTG, while low AHL permeability should be induced with low dose for efficiently controlling. Unexpectedly, an oscillatory behavior of the growth curve is observed with proper RBS-binding strengths and the oscillation is greatly restricted by the bacterial death induced by toxic metabolic by-products. Moreover, we identify that the mechanism underlying the emergence of oscillation is determined by the negative feedback loop structure within the signaling. Bifurcation analysis and landscape theory are further employed to study the stochastic dynamic and global stability of the system, revealing two faces of toxic metabolic by-products in controlling oscillatory behavior. Overall, our study presents a quantitative basis for understanding and new insights into the control mechanism of quorum sensing system, providing possible clues to guide the development of more rational control strategy.
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57
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Machine Learning of Bacterial Transcriptomes Reveals Responses Underlying Differential Antibiotic Susceptibility. mSphere 2021; 6:e0044321. [PMID: 34431696 PMCID: PMC8386450 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00443-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing often fails to accurately predict in vivo drug efficacies, in part due to differences in the molecular composition between standardized bacteriologic media and physiological environments within the body. Here, we investigate the interrelationship between antibiotic susceptibility and medium composition in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 as contextualized through machine learning of transcriptomics data. Application of independent component analysis, a signal separation algorithm, shows that complex phenotypic changes induced by environmental conditions or antibiotic treatment are directly traced to the action of a few key transcriptional regulators, including RpoS, Fur, and Fnr. Integrating machine learning results with biochemical knowledge of transcription factor activation reveals medium-dependent shifts in respiration and iron availability that drive differential antibiotic susceptibility. By extension, the data generation and data analytics workflow used here can interrogate the regulatory state of a pathogen under any measured condition and can be applied to any strain or organism for which sufficient transcriptomics data are available. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance is an imminent threat to global health. Patient treatment regimens are often selected based on results from standardized antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) in the clinical microbiology lab, but these in vitro tests frequently misclassify drug effectiveness due to their poor resemblance to actual host conditions. Prior attempts to understand the combined effects of drugs and media on antibiotic efficacy have focused on physiological measurements but have not linked treatment outcomes to transcriptional responses on a systems level. Here, application of machine learning to transcriptomics data identified medium-dependent responses in key regulators of bacterial iron uptake and respiratory activity. The analytical workflow presented here is scalable to additional organisms and conditions and could be used to improve clinical AST by identifying the key regulatory factors dictating antibiotic susceptibility.
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58
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Yang TY, Tseng SP, Dlamini HN, Lu PL, Lin L, Wang LC, Hung WC. In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of AS101 against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080823. [PMID: 34451920 PMCID: PMC8399104 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing trend of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) worldwide has become a concern, limiting therapeutic alternatives and increasing morbidity and mortality rates. The immunomodulation agent ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-O,O′-) tellurate (AS101) was repurposed as an antimicrobial agent against CRAB. Between 2016 and 2018, 27 CRAB clinical isolates were collected in Taiwan. The in vitro antibacterial activities of AS101 were evaluated using broth microdilution, time-kill assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection and electron microscopy. In vivo effectiveness was assessed using a sepsis mouse infection model. The MIC range of AS101 for 27 CRAB isolates was from 0.5 to 32 µg/mL, which is below its 50% cytotoxicity (approximately 150 µg/mL). Bactericidal activity was confirmed using a time-kill assay. The antibacterial mechanism of AS101 was the accumulation of the ROS and the disruption of the cell membrane, which, in turn, results in cell death. The carbapenemase-producing A. baumannii mouse sepsis model showed that AS101 was a better therapeutic effect than colistin. The mice survival rate after 120 h was 33% (4/12) in the colistin-treated group and 58% (7/12) in the high-dose AS101 (3.33 mg/kg/day) group. Furthermore, high-dose AS101 significantly decreased bacterial population in the liver, kidney and spleen (all p < 0.001). These findings support the concept that AS101 is an ideal candidate for further testing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ying Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-Y.Y.); (S.-P.T.); (H.N.D.)
| | - Sung-Pin Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-Y.Y.); (S.-P.T.); (H.N.D.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Heather Nokulunga Dlamini
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (T.-Y.Y.); (S.-P.T.); (H.N.D.)
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Culinary Art, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Chun Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chun Hung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2150-16)
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Rusu A, Lungu IA, Moldovan OL, Tanase C, Hancu G. Structural Characterization of the Millennial Antibacterial (Fluoro)Quinolones-Shaping the Fifth Generation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081289. [PMID: 34452252 PMCID: PMC8399897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the class of antibacterial quinolones includes the introduction in therapy of highly successful compounds. Although many representatives were withdrawn due to severe adverse reactions, a few representatives have proven their therapeutical value over time. The classification of antibacterial quinolones into generations is a valuable tool for physicians, pharmacists, and researchers. In addition, the transition from one generation to another has brought new representatives with improved properties. In the last two decades, several representatives of antibacterial quinolones received approval for therapy. This review sets out to chronologically outline the group of approved antibacterial quinolones since 2000. Special attention is given to eight representatives: besifloxacin, delafoxacin, finafloxacin, lascufloxacin, nadifloxacin and levonadifloxacin, nemonoxacin, and zabofloxacin. These compounds have been characterized regarding physicochemical properties, formulations, antibacterial activity spectrum and advantageous structural characteristics related to antibacterial efficiency. At present these new compounds (with the exception of nadifloxacin) are reported differently, most often in the fourth generation and less frequently in a new generation (the fifth). Although these new compounds' mechanism does not contain essential new elements, the question of shaping a new generation (the fifth) arises, based on higher potency and broad spectrum of activity, including resistant bacterial strains. The functional groups that ensured the biological activity, good pharmacokinetic properties and a safety profile were highlighted. In addition, these new representatives have a low risk of determining bacterial resistance. Several positive aspects are added to the fourth fluoroquinolones generation, characteristics that can be the basis of the fifth generation. Antibacterial quinolones class continues to acquire new compounds with antibacterial potential, among other effects. Numerous derivatives, hybrids or conjugates are currently in various stages of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Rusu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.R.); (G.H.)
| | - Ioana-Andreea Lungu
- The Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.-A.L.); (O.-L.M.)
| | - Octavia-Laura Moldovan
- The Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.-A.L.); (O.-L.M.)
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Pharmaceutical Botany Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-215-543
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.R.); (G.H.)
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Shahimi S, Elias A, Abd Mutalib S, Salami M, Fauzi F, Mohd Zaini NA, Abd Ghani M, Azuhairi A. Antibiotic resistance and determination of resistant genes among cockle (Anadara granosa) isolates of Vibrio alginolyticus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44002-44013. [PMID: 33846919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 24 strains of Vibrio alginolyticus were isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) and identified for VibA and gyrB genes. All V. alginolyticus isolates were then tested against nine different antibiotics. In this study, the highest percentage of antibiotic resistance was obtained against penicillin (37.50%), followed by ampicillin, vancomycin (12.50%) and erythromycin (8.33%). All of V. alginolyticus isolates were susceptible against streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has confirmed the presence of four antibiotic resistance genes of penicillin (pbp2a), ampicillin (blaOXA), erythromycin (ermB) and vancomycin (vanB). Out of 24 V. alginolyticus isolates, 2 isolates possessed the tdh-related hemolysin (trh) (strains VA15 and VA16) and none for the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene. Both strains of the tdh-related hemolysin (trh) were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging between 0.2 and 0.3 with 5 antibiograms (A1-A5) was observed. Combination of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and antibiotic resistance indicated 18 genome types which showed genetic heterogeneity of those V. alginolyticus isolates. The results demonstrated the presence of V. alginolyticus strain found in cockles can be a potential risk to consumers and can contribute to the deterioration of human health in the study area. Thus, it is essential for local authority to provide the preventive measures in ensuring the cockles are safe for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiyyah Shahimi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000, Kuala Pilah, Malaysia
| | - Aishah Elias
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Sahilah Abd Mutalib
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia.
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Mokry Salami
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Fauzi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aqilah Mohd Zaini
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ma'aruf Abd Ghani
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), UKM, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azuhairi
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
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Sharma M, Singh DN, Budhraja R, Sood U, Rawat CD, Adrian L, Richnow HH, Singh Y, Negi RK, Lal R. Comparative proteomics unravelled the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers specific responses in an archetypical HCH degrading bacterium Sphingobium indicum B90A. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41380-41395. [PMID: 33783707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is a persistent organochlorine pesticide that poses threat to different life forms. Sphingobium indicum B90A that belong to sphingomonad is well-known for its ability to degrade HCH isomers (α-, β-, γ-, δ-), but effects of HCH isomers and adaptive mechanisms of strain B90A under HCH load remain obscure. To investigate the responses of strain B90A to HCH isomers, we followed the proteomics approach as this technique is considered as the powerful tool to study the microbial response to environmental stress. Strain B90A culture was exposed to α-, β-, γ-, δ-HCH (5 mgL-1) and control (without HCH) taken for comparison and changes in whole cell proteome were analyzed. In β- and δ-HCH-treated cultures growth decreased significantly when compared to control, α-, and γ-HCH-treated cultures. HCH residue analysis corroborated previous observations depicting the complete depletion of α- and γ-HCH, while only 66% β-HCH and 34% δ-HCH were depleted from culture broth. Comparative proteome analyses showed that β- and δ-HCH induced utmost systemic changes in strain B90A proteome, wherein stress-alleviating proteins such as histidine kinases, molecular chaperons, DNA binding proteins, ABC transporters, TonB proteins, antioxidant enzymes, and transcriptional regulators were significantly affected. Besides study confirmed constitutive expression of linA, linB, and linC genes that are crucial for the initiation of HCH isomers degradation, while increased abundance of LinM and LinN in presence of β- and δ-HCH suggested the important role of ABC transporter in depletion of these isomers. These results will help to understand the HCH-induced damages and adaptive strategies of strain B90A under HCH load which remained unravelled to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | - Rohit Budhraja
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Utkarsh Sood
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Charu Dogra Rawat
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ram Krishan Negi
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Rup Lal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India.
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MacDonald IC, Seamons TR, Emmons JC, Javdan SB, Deans TL. Enhanced regulation of prokaryotic gene expression by a eukaryotic transcriptional activator. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4109. [PMID: 34226549 PMCID: PMC8257575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding the genetic toolbox for prokaryotic synthetic biology is a promising strategy for enhancing the dynamic range of gene expression and enabling new engineered applications for research and biomedicine. Here, we reverse the current trend of moving genetic parts from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and demonstrate that the activating eukaryotic transcription factor QF and its corresponding DNA-binding sequence can be moved to E. coli to introduce transcriptional activation, in addition to tight off states. We further demonstrate that the QF transcription factor can be used in genetic devices that respond to low input levels with robust and sustained output signals. Collectively, we show that eukaryotic gene regulator elements are functional in prokaryotes and establish a versatile and broadly applicable approach for constructing genetic circuits with complex functions. These genetic tools hold the potential to improve biotechnology applications for medical science and research. Expanded toolkits for prokaryotic synthetic biology can enhance the dynamic range of gene expression. Here the authors move the eukaryotic transcription factor QF into E. coli and integrate it into genetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cody MacDonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Travis R Seamons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jonathan C Emmons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shwan B Javdan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tara L Deans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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63
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The Mode of Action of Cyclic Monoterpenes (-)-Limoneneand (+)-α-Pinene on Bacterial Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060806. [PMID: 34072355 PMCID: PMC8227088 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A broad spectrum of volatile organic compounds’ (VOCs’) biological activities has attracted significant scientific interest, but their mechanisms of action remain little understood. The mechanism of action of two VOCs—the cyclic monoterpenes (−)-limonene and (+)-α-pinene—on bacteria was studied in this work. We used genetically engineered Escherichia coli bioluminescent strains harboring stress-responsive promoters (responsive to oxidative stress, DNA damage, SOS response, protein damage, heatshock, membrane damage) fused to the luxCDABE genes of Photorhabdus luminescens. We showed that (−)-limonene induces the PkatG and PsoxS promoters due to the formation of reactive oxygen species and, as a result, causes damage to DNA (SOSresponse), proteins (heat shock), and membrane (increases its permeability). The experimental data indicate that the action of (−)-limonene at high concentrations and prolonged incubation time makes degrading processes in cells irreversible. The effect of (+)-α-pinene is much weaker: it induces only heat shock in the bacteria. Moreover, we showed for the first time that (−)-limonene completely inhibits the DnaKJE–ClpB bichaperone-dependent refolding of heat-inactivated bacterial luciferase in both E. coli wild type and mutant ΔibpB strains. (+)-α-Pinene partially inhibits refolding only in ΔibpB mutant strain.
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Mechanistic insights into synergy between nalidixic acid and tetracycline against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. Commun Biol 2021; 4:542. [PMID: 33972678 PMCID: PMC8110569 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has become a global health problem. Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen due to its capacity to persist in the hospital environment. It has a high mortality rate and few treatment options. Antibiotic combinations can help to fight multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, but they are rarely used in the clinics and mostly unexplored. The interaction between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics are mostly reported as antagonism based on the results obtained in the susceptible model laboratory strain Escherichia coli. However, in the present study, we report a synergistic interaction between nalidixic acid and tetracycline against clinical multi-drug resistant A. baumannii and E. coli. Here we provide mechanistic insight into this dichotomy. The synergistic combination was studied by checkerboard assay and time-kill curve analysis. We also elucidate the mechanism behind this synergy using several techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, morphometric analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nalidixic acid and tetracycline combination displayed synergy against most of the MDR clinical isolates of A. baumannii and E. coli but not against susceptible isolates. Finally, we demonstrate that this combination is also effective in vivo in an A. baumannii/Caenorhabditis elegans infection model (p < 0.001).
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65
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Wong F, Stokes JM, Cervantes B, Penkov S, Friedrichs J, Renner LD, Collins JJ. Cytoplasmic condensation induced by membrane damage is associated with antibiotic lethality. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2321. [PMID: 33875652 PMCID: PMC8055701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria by perturbing various cellular targets and processes. Disruption of the primary antibiotic-binding partner induces a cascade of molecular events, leading to overproduction of reactive metabolic by-products. It remains unclear, however, how these molecular events contribute to bacterial cell death. Here, we take a single-cell physical biology approach to probe antibiotic function. We show that aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones induce cytoplasmic condensation through membrane damage and subsequent outflow of cytoplasmic contents as part of their lethality. A quantitative model of membrane damage and cytoplasmic leakage indicates that a small number of nanometer-scale membrane defects in a single bacterium can give rise to the cellular-scale phenotype of cytoplasmic condensation. Furthermore, cytoplasmic condensation is associated with the accumulation of reactive metabolic by-products and lipid peroxidation, and pretreatment of cells with the antioxidant glutathione attenuates cytoplasmic condensation and cell death. Our work expands our understanding of the downstream molecular events that are associated with antibiotic lethality, revealing cytoplasmic condensation as a phenotypic feature of antibiotic-induced bacterial cell death. The detailed mechanisms of action of bactericidal antibiotics remain unclear. Here, Wong et al. show that these antibiotics induce cytoplasmic condensation through membrane damage and outflow of cytoplasmic contents, as well as accumulation of reactive metabolic by-products and lipid peroxidation, as part of their lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wong
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Stokes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo Cervantes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sider Penkov
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine at the University Clinic and Medical Faculty of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Friedrichs
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research and the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars D Renner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research and the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden, Germany.
| | - James J Collins
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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66
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Biegański P, Szczupak Ł, Arruebo M, Kowalski K. Brief survey on organometalated antibacterial drugs and metal-based materials with antibacterial activity. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:368-386. [PMID: 34458790 PMCID: PMC8341851 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising bacterial antibiotic resistance is a global threat. To deal with it, new antibacterial agents and antiseptic materials need to be developed. One alternative in this quest is the organometallic derivatization of well-established antibacterial drugs and also the fabrication of advanced metal-based materials having antibacterial properties. Metal-based agents and materials often show new modes of antimicrobial action which enable them to overcome drug resistance in pathogenic bacterial strains. This review summarizes recent (2017-2020) progress in the field of organometallic-derived antibacterial drugs and metal-based materials having antibacterial activity. Specifically, it covers organometallic derivatives of antibacterial drugs including β-lactams, ciprofloxacin, isoniazid, trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and ethambutol as well as non-antibacterial drugs like metformin, phenformin and aspirin. Recent advances and reported clinical trials in the use of metal-based nanomaterials as antibiofouling coatings on medical devices, as photocatalytic agents in indoor air pollutant control, and also as photodynamic/photothermal antimicrobial agents are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Biegański
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland +48-42-635-5759
| | - Łukasz Szczupak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland +48-42-635-5759
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro - Edificio I + D, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland +48-42-635-5759
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Wex KW, Saur JS, Handel F, Ortlieb N, Mokeev V, Kulik A, Niedermeyer THJ, Mast Y, Grond S, Berscheid A, Brötz-Oesterhelt H. Bioreporters for direct mode of action-informed screening of antibiotic producer strains. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1242-1252.e4. [PMID: 33761329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A big challenge in natural product research of today is rapid dereplication of already known substances, to free capacities for the exploration of new agents. Prompt information on bioactivities and mode of action (MOA) speeds up the lead discovery process and is required for rational compound optimization. Here, we present a bioreporter approach as a versatile strategy for combined bioactivity- and MOA-informed primary screening for antimicrobials. The approach is suitable for directly probing producer strains grown on agar, without need for initial compound enrichment or purification, and works along the entire purification pipeline with culture supernatants, extracts, fractions, and pure substances. The technology allows for MOA-informed purification to selectively prioritize activities of interest. In combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry, the biosensor panel is an efficient and sensitive tool for compound deconvolution. Concomitant information on the affected metabolic pathway enables the selection of appropriate follow-up assays to elucidate the molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina W Wex
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Julian S Saur
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Franziska Handel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Nico Ortlieb
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Vladislav Mokeev
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 - Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 - Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Timo H J Niedermeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt 06120, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Yvonne Mast
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Department Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Niedersachsen 38124, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grond
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 - Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Anne Berscheid
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 - Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany.
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Ribeiro CA, Rahman LA, Holmes LG, Woody AM, Webster CM, Monaghan TI, Robinson GK, Mühlschlegel FA, Goodhead IB, Shepherd M. Nitric oxide (NO) elicits aminoglycoside tolerance in Escherichia coli but antibiotic resistance gene carriage and NO sensitivity have not co-evolved. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2541-2550. [PMID: 33682076 PMCID: PMC8205896 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The spread of multidrug-resistance in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens presents a major clinical challenge, and new approaches are required to combat these organisms. Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known antimicrobial that is produced by the immune system in response to infection, and numerous studies have demonstrated that NO is a respiratory inhibitor with both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. However, given that loss of aerobic respiratory complexes is known to diminish antibiotic efficacy, it was hypothesised that the potent respiratory inhibitor NO would elicit similar effects. Indeed, the current work demonstrates that pre-exposure to NO-releasers elicits a > tenfold increase in IC50 for gentamicin against pathogenic E. coli (i.e. a huge decrease in lethality). It was therefore hypothesised that hyper-sensitivity to NO may have arisen in bacterial pathogens and that this trait could promote the acquisition of antibiotic-resistance mechanisms through enabling cells to persist in the presence of toxic levels of antibiotic. To test this hypothesis, genomics and microbiological approaches were used to screen a collection of E. coli clinical isolates for antibiotic susceptibility and NO tolerance, although the data did not support a correlation between increased carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and NO tolerance. However, the current work has important implications for how antibiotic susceptibility might be measured in future (i.e. ± NO) and underlines the evolutionary advantage for bacterial pathogens to maintain tolerance to toxic levels of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia A Ribeiro
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Luke A Rahman
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Louis G Holmes
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Ayrianna M Woody
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Calum M Webster
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Taylor I Monaghan
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Gary K Robinson
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Fritz A Mühlschlegel
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
- Clinical Microbiology Service, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, Kent, TN24 0LZ, UK
- Laboratoire National de Santé 1, Rue Louis Rech, L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Ian B Goodhead
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Lancashire, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Mark Shepherd
- School of Biosciences, RAPID Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK.
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69
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Bacterial phenotypic heterogeneity in DNA repair and mutagenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:451-462. [PMID: 32196548 PMCID: PMC7200632 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetically identical cells frequently exhibit striking heterogeneity in various phenotypic traits such as their morphology, growth rate, or gene expression. Such non-genetic diversity can help clonal bacterial populations overcome transient environmental challenges without compromising genome stability, while genetic change is required for long-term heritable adaptation. At the heart of the balance between genome stability and plasticity are the DNA repair pathways that shield DNA from lesions and reverse errors arising from the imperfect DNA replication machinery. In principle, phenotypic heterogeneity in the expression and activity of DNA repair pathways can modulate mutation rates in single cells and thus be a source of heritable genetic diversity, effectively reversing the genotype-to-phenotype dogma. Long-standing evidence for mutation rate heterogeneity comes from genetics experiments on cell populations, which are now complemented by direct measurements on individual living cells. These measurements are increasingly performed using fluorescence microscopy with a temporal and spatial resolution that enables localising, tracking, and counting proteins with single-molecule sensitivity. In this review, we discuss which molecular processes lead to phenotypic heterogeneity in DNA repair and consider the potential consequences on genome stability and dynamics in bacteria. We further inspect these concepts in the context of DNA damage and mutation induced by antibiotics.
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70
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Redox Protein OsaR (PA0056) Regulates dsbM and the Oxidative Stress Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01771-20. [PMID: 33361299 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01771-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved distinct molecular mechanisms as a defense against oxidative stress. The foremost regulator of the oxidative stress response has been found to be OxyR. However, the molecular details of regulation upstream of OxyR remain largely unknown and need further investigation. Here, we characterize an oxidative stress and antibiotic tolerance regulator, OsaR (PA0056), produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Knocking out of osaR increased bacterial tolerance to aminoglycoside and β-lactam antibiotics, as well as to hydrogen peroxide. Expression of the oxyR regulon genes oxyR, katAB, and ahpBCF was increased in the osaR mutant. However, the OsaR protein does not regulate the oxyR regulon genes through direct binding to their promoters. PA0055, osaR, PA0057, and dsbM are in the same gene cluster, and we provide evidence that expression of those genes involved in oxidant tolerance is controlled by the binding of OsaR to the intergenic region between osaR and PA0057, which contain two divergent promoters. The gene cluster is also regulated by PA0055 via an indirect effect. We further discovered that OsaR formed intramolecular disulfide bonds when exposed to oxidative stress, resulting in a change of its DNA binding affinity. Taken together, our results indicate that OsaR is inactivated by oxidative stress and plays a role in the tolerance of P. aeruginosa to aminoglycoside and β-lactam antibiotics.
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71
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Li H, Zhou X, Huang Y, Liao B, Cheng L, Ren B. Reactive Oxygen Species in Pathogen Clearance: The Killing Mechanisms, the Adaption Response, and the Side Effects. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:622534. [PMID: 33613470 PMCID: PMC7889972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.622534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are attractive weapons in both antibiotic-mediated killing and host-mediated killing. However, the involvement of ROS in antibiotic-mediated killing and complexities in host environments challenge the paradigm. In the case of bacterial pathogens, the examples of some certain pathogens thriving under ROS conditions prompt us to focus on the adaption mechanism that pathogens evolve to cope with ROS. Based on these, we here summarized the mechanisms of ROS-mediated killing of either antibiotics or the host, the examples of bacterial adaption that successful pathogens evolved to defend or thrive under ROS conditions, and the potential side effects of ROS in pathogen clearance. A brief section for new antibacterial strategies centered around ROS was also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binyou Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li HB, Hou AM, Chen TJ, Yang D, Chen ZS, Shen ZQ, Qiu ZG, Yin J, Yang ZW, Shi DY, Wang HR, Li JW, Jin M. Decreased Antibiotic Susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Surviving UV Irradition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:604245. [PMID: 33613479 PMCID: PMC7886673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.604245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its excellent performance against the pathogens, UV disinfection has been applied broadly in different fields. However, only limited studies have comprehensively investigated the response of bacteria surviving UV irradiation to the environmental antibiotic stress. Here, we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa suffering from the UV irradiation. Our results revealed that UV exposure may decrease the susceptibility to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and polymyxin B in the survival P. aeruginosa. Mechanistically, UV exposure causes oxidative stress in P. aeruginosa and consequently induces dysregulation of genes contributed to the related antibiotic resistance genes. These results revealed that the insufficient ultraviolet radiation dose may result in the decreased antibiotic susceptibility in the pathogens, thus posing potential threats to the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bei Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Ai-Ming Hou
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Chen
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng-Shan Chen
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Shen
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Qiu
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan-Yang Shi
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua-Ran Wang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun-Wen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, China
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73
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Shin J, Choe D, Ransegnola B, Hong H, Onyekwere I, Cross T, Shi Q, Cho B, Westblade LF, Brito IL, Dörr T. A multifaceted cellular damage repair and prevention pathway promotes high-level tolerance to β-lactam antibiotics. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51790. [PMID: 33463026 PMCID: PMC7857431 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bactericidal antibiotics are powerful agents due to their ability to convert essential bacterial functions into lethal processes. However, many important bacterial pathogens are remarkably tolerant against bactericidal antibiotics due to inducible damage repair responses. The cell wall damage response two-component system VxrAB of the gastrointestinal pathogen Vibrio cholerae promotes high-level β-lactam tolerance and controls a gene network encoding highly diverse functions, including negative control over multiple iron uptake systems. How this system contributes to tolerance is poorly understood. Here, we show that β-lactam antibiotics cause an increase in intracellular free iron levels and collateral oxidative damage, which is exacerbated in the ∆vxrAB mutant. Mutating major iron uptake systems dramatically increases ∆vxrAB tolerance to β-lactams. We propose that VxrAB reduces antibiotic-induced toxic iron and concomitant metabolic perturbations by downregulating iron uptake transporters and show that iron sequestration enhances tolerance against β-lactam therapy in a mouse model of cholera infection. Our results suggest that a microorganism's ability to counteract diverse antibiotic-induced stresses promotes high-level antibiotic tolerance and highlights the complex secondary responses elicited by antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐Ho Shin
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell, UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Donghui Choe
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonKorea
- KI for the BioCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonKorea
| | - Brett Ransegnola
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell, UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Hye‐Rim Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell, UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Ikenna Onyekwere
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell, UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Trevor Cross
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell, UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Qiaojuan Shi
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Byung‐Kwan Cho
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonKorea
- KI for the BioCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonKorea
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology CenterDaejeonKorea
| | - Lars F Westblade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ilana L Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Tobias Dörr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell, UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Cornell Institute of Host‐Microbe Interactions and DiseaseCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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74
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Abstract
During the past 85 years of antibiotic use, we have learned a great deal about how these 'miracle' drugs work. We know the molecular structures and interactions of these drugs and their targets and the effects on the structure, physiology and replication of bacteria. Collectively, we know a great deal about these proximate mechanisms of action for virtually all antibiotics in current use. What we do not know is the ultimate mechanism of action; that is, how these drugs irreversibly terminate the 'individuality' of bacterial cells by removing barriers to the external world (cell envelopes) or by destroying their genetic identity (DNA). Antibiotics have many different 'mechanisms of action' that converge to irreversible lethal effects. In this Perspective, we consider what our knowledge of the proximate mechanisms of action of antibiotics and the pharmacodynamics of their interaction with bacteria tell us about the ultimate mechanisms by which these antibiotics kill bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruce R Levin
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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75
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Hasenoehrl EJ, Wiggins TJ, Berney M. Bioenergetic Inhibitors: Antibiotic Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:611683. [PMID: 33505923 PMCID: PMC7831573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.611683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel anti-tuberculosis combination regimens that increase efficacy and reduce treatment timelines will improve patient compliance, limit side-effects, reduce costs, and enhance cure rates. Such advancements would significantly improve the global TB burden and reduce drug resistance acquisition. Bioenergetics has received considerable attention in recent years as a fertile area for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. Targeting the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation machinery promises not only to kill growing cells but also metabolically dormant bacilli that are inherently more drug tolerant. Over the last two decades, a broad array of drugs targeting various ETC components have been developed. Here, we provide a focused review of the current state of art of bioenergetic inhibitors of Mtb with an in-depth analysis of the metabolic and bioenergetic disruptions caused by specific target inhibition as well as their synergistic and antagonistic interactions with other drugs. This foundation is then used to explore the reigning theories on the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced cell death and we discuss how bioenergetic inhibitors in particular fail to be adequately described by these models. These discussions lead us to develop a clear roadmap for new lines of investigation to better understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs with complex mechanisms as well as how to leverage that knowledge for the development of novel, rationally-designed combination therapies to cure TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Wiggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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76
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Seddek A, Annamalai T, Tse-Dinh YC. Type IA Topoisomerases as Targets for Infectious Disease Treatments. Microorganisms 2021; 9:E86. [PMID: 33401386 PMCID: PMC7823277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are one of the main causes of death all over the world, with antimicrobial resistance presenting a great challenge. New antibiotics need to be developed to provide therapeutic treatment options, requiring novel drug targets to be identified and pursued. DNA topoisomerases control the topology of DNA via DNA cleavage-rejoining coupled to DNA strand passage. The change in DNA topological features must be controlled in vital processes including DNA replication, transcription, and DNA repair. Type IIA topoisomerases are well established targets for antibiotics. In this review, type IA topoisomerases in bacteria are discussed as potential targets for new antibiotics. In certain bacterial pathogens, topoisomerase I is the only type IA topoisomerase present, which makes it a valuable antibiotic target. This review will summarize recent attempts that have been made to identify inhibitors of bacterial topoisomerase I as potential leads for antibiotics and use of these inhibitors as molecular probes in cellular studies. Crystal structures of inhibitor-enzyme complexes and more in-depth knowledge of their mechanisms of actions will help to establish the structure-activity relationship of potential drug leads and develop potent and selective therapeutics that can aid in combating the drug resistant bacterial infections that threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Seddek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.S.); (T.A.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Annamalai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.S.); (T.A.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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77
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Fritsch VN, Loi VV, Busche T, Tung QN, Lill R, Horvatek P, Wolz C, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The alarmone (p)ppGpp confers tolerance to oxidative stress during the stationary phase by maintenance of redox and iron homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:351-364. [PMID: 33144262 PMCID: PMC7754856 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Slow growing stationary phase bacteria are often tolerant to multiple stressors and antimicrobials. Here, we show that the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus develops a non-specific tolerance towards oxidative stress during the stationary phase, which is mediated by the nucleotide second messenger (p)ppGpp. The (p)ppGpp0 mutant was highly susceptible to HOCl stress during the stationary phase. Transcriptome analysis of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant revealed an increased expression of the PerR, SigB, QsrR, CtsR and HrcA regulons during the stationary phase, indicating an oxidative stress response. The (p)ppGpp0 mutant showed a slight oxidative shift in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential (EBSH) and an impaired H2O2 detoxification due to higher endogenous ROS levels. The increased ROS levels in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant were shown to be caused by higher respiratory chain activity and elevated total and free iron levels. Consistent with these results, N-acetyl cysteine and the iron-chelator dipyridyl improved the growth and survival of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant under oxidative stress. Elevated free iron levels caused 8 to 31-fold increased transcription of Fe-storage proteins ferritin (ftnA) and miniferritin (dps) in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant, while Fur-regulated uptake systems for iron, heme or siderophores (efeOBU, isdABCDEFG, sirABC and sstADBCD) were repressed. Finally, the susceptibility of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant towards the bactericidal action of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was abrogated with N-acetyl cysteine and dipyridyl. Taken together, (p)ppGpp confers tolerance to ROS and antibiotics by down-regulation of respiratory chain activity and free iron levels, lowering ROS formation to ensure redox homeostasis in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institute of Cytobiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35037, Marburg, Germany; Research Center for Synthetic Microbiology SynMikro, Hans-Meerwein-Str., D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Horvatek
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
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78
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Bush NG, Diez-Santos I, Abbott LR, Maxwell A. Quinolones: Mechanism, Lethality and Their Contributions to Antibiotic Resistance. Molecules 2020; 25:E5662. [PMID: 33271787 PMCID: PMC7730664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are arguably among the most successful antibiotics of recent times. They have enjoyed over 30 years of clinical usage and become essential tools in the armoury of clinical treatments. FQs target the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV, where they stabilise a covalent enzyme-DNA complex in which the DNA is cleaved in both strands. This leads to cell death and turns out to be a very effective way of killing bacteria. However, resistance to FQs is increasingly problematic, and alternative compounds are urgently needed. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of FQs and discuss the potential pathways leading to cell death. We also discuss quinolone resistance and how quinolone treatment can lead to resistance to non-quinolone antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (N.G.B.); (I.D.-S.); (L.R.A.)
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79
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Wang C, Dong XS, Yang YY, Xu GJ, Wu MM, Yan FJ, Zhang LG, An L, Fu PS, Wang XR, Su YB, Meng QL. Metabolites in the TCA Cycle Promote Resistance to Chloramphenicol of Edwardsiella tarda. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:972-981. [PMID: 33231461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a serious threat to human and animal health. Metabolite-enabled eradication of drug-resistant pathogens is an attractive strategy, and metabolite adjuvants, such as fumarate, are used for restoring the bactericidal ability of antibiotics. However, we show that metabolites in the TCA cycle increase the viability of Edwardsiella tarda against chloramphenicol (CAP), based on the survival assay of differential metabolites identified by LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, NADPH promotes CAP resistance in the CAP-resistant strain, while oxidants restore the bactericidal ability. Finally, we show that the intracellular redox state determines the sensitivity to CAP, and the total antioxidative capacity is decreased significantly in the antibiotic-resistant strain. Considering that the metabolites promote CAP resistance, metabolite adjuvants should be applied very cautiously. Overall, our research expands on the knowledge that the redox state is related to the bactericidal ability of CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Xue-Sa Dong
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Guo-Jing Xu
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wu
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Fa-Jun Yan
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Long-Gang Zhang
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Li An
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Pei-Sheng Fu
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Xi-Rong Wang
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Yu-Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Lei Meng
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan 250013, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan 250013, China
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80
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Maciuca AM, Munteanu AC, Mihaila M, Badea M, Olar R, Nitulescu GM, Munteanu CVA, Bostan M, Uivarosi V. Rare-Earth Metal Complexes of the Antibacterial Drug Oxolinic Acid: Synthesis, Characterization, DNA/Protein Binding and Cytotoxicity Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225418. [PMID: 33228104 PMCID: PMC7699381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
"Drug repositioning" is a current trend which proved useful in the search for new applications for existing, failed, no longer in use or abandoned drugs, particularly when addressing issues such as bacterial or cancer cells resistance to current therapeutic approaches. In this context, six new complexes of the first-generation quinolone oxolinic acid with rare-earth metal cations (Y3+, La3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+) have been synthesized and characterized. The experimental data suggest that the quinolone acts as a bidentate ligand, binding to the metal ion via the keto and carboxylate oxygen atoms; these findings are supported by DFT (density functional theory) calculations for the Sm3+ complex. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes, as well as the ligand, has been studied on MDA-MB 231 (human breast adenocarcinoma), LoVo (human colon adenocarcinoma) and HUVEC (normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells) cell lines. UV-Vis spectroscopy and competitive binding studies show that the complexes display binding affinities (Kb) towards double stranded DNA in the range of 9.33 × 104 - 10.72 × 105. Major and minor groove-binding most likely play a significant role in the interactions of the complexes with DNA. Moreover, the complexes bind human serum albumin more avidly than apo-transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Madalina Maciuca
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.-C.M.); (V.U.); Tel.: +4-021-318-0742 (V.U.); Fax: +4-021-318-0750 (V.U.)
| | - Mirela Mihaila
- Center of Immunology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Ave, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Str, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (M.B.); (R.O.)
| | - Rodica Olar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Str, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (M.B.); (R.O.)
| | - George Mihai Nitulescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristian V. A. Munteanu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy (IBRA), 296 Spl. Independenţei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marinela Bostan
- Center of Immunology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Ave, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.-C.M.); (V.U.); Tel.: +4-021-318-0742 (V.U.); Fax: +4-021-318-0750 (V.U.)
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81
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Drlica K, Zhao X. Bacterial death from treatment with fluoroquinolones and other lethal stressors. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:601-618. [PMID: 33081547 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1840353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lethal stressors, including antimicrobials, kill bacteria in part through a metabolic response proposed to involve reactive oxygen species (ROS). The quinolone anti-bacterials have served as key experimental tools in developing this idea. AREAS COVERED Bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of quinolones are distinguished, with emphasis on the contribution of chromosome fragmentation and ROS accumulation to bacterial death. Action of non-quinolone antibacterials and non-antimicrobial stressors is described to provide a general framework for understanding stress-mediated, bacterial death. EXPERT OPINION Quinolones trap topoisomerases on DNA in reversible complexes that block DNA replication and bacterial growth. At elevated drug concentrations, DNA ends are released from topoisomerase-mediated constraint, leading to the idea that death arises from chromosome fragmentation. However, DNA ends also stimulate repair, which is energetically expensive. An incompletely understood metabolic shift occurs, and ROS accumulate. Even after quinolone removal, ROS continue to amplify, generating secondary and tertiary damage that overwhelms repair and causes death. Repair may also contribute to death directly via DNA breaks arising from incomplete base-excision repair of ROS-oxidized nucleotides. Remarkably, perturbations that interfere with ROS accumulation confer tolerance to many diverse lethal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, South Xiang-An Road, Xiang-An District, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
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82
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Bespyatykh J, Bespiatykh D, Malakhova M, Klimina K, Bespyatykh A, Varizhuk A, Tevyashova A, Nikolenko T, Pozmogova G, Ilina E, Shitikov E. Aureolic Acid Group of Agents as Potential Antituberculosis Drugs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E715. [PMID: 33086595 PMCID: PMC7650759 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous pathogens. Bacterial resistance to antituberculosis drugs grows each year, but searching for new drugs is a long process. Testing for available drugs to find active against mycobacteria may be a good alternative. In this work, antibiotics of the aureolic acid group were tested on a model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. We presumed that antibiotics of this group may be potential G4 ligands. However, this was not confirmed in our analyses. We determined the antimicrobial activity of these drugs and revealed morphological changes in the cell structure upon treatment. Transcriptomic analysis documented increased expression of MSMEG_3743/soj and MSMEG_4228/ftsW, involved in cell division. Therefore, drugs may affect cell division, possibly disrupting the function of the Z-ring and the formation of a septum. Additionally, a decrease in the transcription level of several indispensable genes, such as nitrate reductase subunits (MSMEG_5137/narI and MSMEG_5139/narX) and MSMEG_3205/hisD was shown. We concluded that the mechanism of action of aureolic acid and its related compounds may be similar to that bedaquiline and disturb the NAD+/NADH balance in the cell. All of this allowed us to conclude that aureolic acid derivatives can be considered as potential antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bespyatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Dmitry Bespiatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Maja Malakhova
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Ksenia Klimina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Andrey Bespyatykh
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Anna Varizhuk
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Tatiana Nikolenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Pozmogova
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Ilina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Egor Shitikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (M.M.); (K.K.); (A.V.); (T.N.); (G.P.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
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83
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Martins D, McKay GA, English AM, Nguyen D. Sublethal Paraquat Confers Multidrug Tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Inducing Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Lowering Envelope Permeability. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:576708. [PMID: 33101252 PMCID: PMC7546422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.576708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressors and environmental cues shape the physiological state of bacteria, and thus how they subsequently respond to antibiotic toxicity. To understand how superoxide stress can modulate survival to bactericidal antibiotics, we examined the effect of intracellular superoxide generators, paraquat and menadione, on stationary-phase antibiotic tolerance of the opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We tested how pre-challenge with sublethal paraquat and menadione alters the tolerance to ofloxacin and meropenem in wild-type P. aeruginosa and mutants lacking superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (sodAB), the paraquat responsive regulator soxR, (p)ppGpp signaling (relA spoT mutant), or the alternative sigma factor rpoS. We confirmed that loss of SOD activity impairs ofloxacin and meropenem tolerance in stationary phase cells, and found that sublethal superoxide generators induce drug tolerance by stimulating SOD activity. This response is rapid, requires de novo protein synthesis, and is RpoS-dependent but does not require (p)ppGpp signaling nor SoxR. We further showed that pre-challenge with sublethal paraquat induces a SOD-dependent reduction in cell-envelope permeability and ofloxacin penetration. Our results highlight a novel mechanism of hormetic protection by superoxide generators, which may have important implications for stress-induced antibiotic tolerance in P. aeruginosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorival Martins
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A McKay
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ann M English
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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84
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Kawano A, Yamasaki R, Sakakura T, Takatsuji Y, Haruyama T, Yoshioka Y, Ariyoshi W. Reactive Oxygen Species Penetrate Persister Cell Membranes of Escherichia coli for Effective Cell Killing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:496. [PMID: 33042869 PMCID: PMC7530241 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persister cells are difficult to eliminate because they are tolerant to antibiotic stress. In the present study, using artificially induced Escherichia coli persister cells, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) have greater effects on persister cells than on exponential cells. Thus, we examined which types of ROS could effectively eliminate persister cells and determined the mechanisms underlying the effects of these ROS. Ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation can kill persister cells, and bacterial viability is markedly increased under UV shielding. UV induces the production of ROS, which kill bacteria by moving toward the shielded area. Electron spin resonance-based analysis confirmed that hydroxyl radicals are produced by UV irradiation, although singlet oxygen is not produced. These results clearly revealed that ROS sterilizes persister cells more effectively compared to the sterilization of exponential cells (**p < 0.01). These ROS do not injure the bacterial cell wall but rather invade the cell, followed by cell killing. Additionally, the sterilization effect on persister cells was increased by exposure to oxygen plasma during UV irradiation. However, vapor conditions decreased persister cell sterilization by reducing the levels of hydroxyl radicals. We also verified the effect of ROS against bacteria in biofilms that are more resistant than planktonic cells. Although UV alone could not completely sterilize the biofilm bacteria, UV with ROS achieved complete sterilization. Our results demonstrate that persister cells strongly resist the effects of antibiotics and starvation stress but are less able to withstand exposure to ROS. It was shown that ROS does not affect the cell membrane but penetrates it and acts internally to kill persister cells. In particular, it was clarified that the hydroxy radical is an effective sterilizer to kill persister cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kawano
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakakura
- Division of Functional Interface Engineering, Department of Biological Systems and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takatsuji
- Division of Functional Interface Engineering, Department of Biological Systems and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Haruyama
- Division of Functional Interface Engineering, Department of Biological Systems and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshie Yoshioka
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
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85
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Walsh BJC, Giedroc DP. H 2S and reactive sulfur signaling at the host-bacterial pathogen interface. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13150-13168. [PMID: 32699012 PMCID: PMC7504917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens that cause invasive disease in the vertebrate host must adapt to host efforts to cripple their viability. Major host insults are reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species as well as cellular stress induced by antibiotics. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as an important player in cytoprotection against these stressors, which may well be attributed to downstream more oxidized sulfur species termed reactive sulfur species (RSS). In this review, we summarize recent work that suggests that H2S/RSS impacts bacterial survival in infected cells and animals. We discuss the mechanisms of biogenesis and clearance of RSS in the context of a bacterial H2S/RSS homeostasis model and the bacterial transcriptional regulatory proteins that act as "sensors" of cellular RSS that maintain H2S/RSS homeostasis. In addition, we cover fluorescence imaging- and MS-based approaches used to detect and quantify RSS in bacterial cells. Last, we discuss proteome persulfidation (S-sulfuration) as a potential mediator of H2S/RSS signaling in bacteria in the context of the writer-reader-eraser paradigm, and progress toward ascribing regulatory significance to this widespread post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna J C Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
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86
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Martínez SR, Durantini AM, Becerra MC, Cosa G. Real-Time Single-Cell Imaging Reveals Accelerating Lipid Peroxyl Radical Formation in Escherichia coli Triggered by a Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2468-2477. [PMID: 32786297 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by bactericidal antibiotics has been associated with a common, nonspecific mechanism of cellular death. Herein, we report real-time single-cell fluorescence studies on Escherichia coli stained with a fluorogenic probe for lipid peroxyl radicals showing the generation of this form of ROS when exposed to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 10× MIC of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (3 and 30 μM, respectively). Single-cell intensity-time trajectories show an induction period followed by an accelerating phase for cells treated with antibiotic, where initial and maximum intensity achieved following 3.5 h of incubation with antibiotic showed dose-dependent average values. A large fraction of bacteria remains viable after the studies, indicating ROS formation is occurring a priori of cell death. Punctate structures are observed, consistent with membrane blebbing. The addition of a membrane embedding lipid peroxyl radical scavenger, an α-tocopherol analogue, to the media increased the MIC of ciprofloxacin. Lipid peroxyl radical formation precedes E. coli cell death and may be invoked in a cascade event including membrane disruption and consequent cell wall permeabilization. Altogether, our work illustrates that lipid peroxidation is caused by ciprofloxacin in E. coli and suppressed by α-tocopherol analogues. Lipid peroxidation may be invoked in a cascade event including membrane disruption and consequent cell wall permeabilization. Our work provides a methodology to assess antibiotic-induced membrane peroxidation at the single-cell level; this methodology provides opportunities to explore the scope and nature of lipid peroxidation in antibiotic-induced cell lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol R. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- IMBIV-CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre S/N, Córdoba X5000, Argentina
| | - Andrés M. Durantini
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - María C. Becerra
- IMBIV-CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre S/N, Córdoba X5000, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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87
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Rodríguez-Rosado AI, Valencia EY, Rodríguez-Rojas A, Costas C, Galhardo RS, Rodríguez-Beltrán J, Blázquez J. N-acetylcysteine blocks SOS induction and mutagenesis produced by fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:2188-2196. [PMID: 31102529 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin induce the mutagenic SOS response and increase the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both the SOS response and ROS increase bacterial mutagenesis, fuelling the emergence of resistant mutants during antibiotic treatment. Recently, there has been growing interest in developing new drugs able to diminish the mutagenic effect of antibiotics by modulating ROS production and the SOS response. OBJECTIVES To test whether physiological concentrations of N-acetylcysteine, a clinically safe antioxidant drug currently used in human therapy, is able to reduce ROS production, SOS induction and mutagenesis in ciprofloxacin-treated bacteria without affecting antibiotic activity. METHODS The Escherichia coli strain IBDS1 and its isogenic mutant deprived of SOS mutagenesis (TLS-) were treated with different concentrations of ciprofloxacin, N-acetylcysteine or both drugs in combination. Relevant parameters such as MICs, growth rates, ROS production, SOS induction, filamentation and antibiotic-induced mutation rates were evaluated. RESULTS Treatment with N-acetylcysteine reduced intracellular ROS levels (by ∼40%), as well as SOS induction (by up to 75%) and bacterial filamentation caused by subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, without affecting ciprofloxacin antibacterial activity. Remarkably, N-acetylcysteine completely abolished SOS-mediated mutagenesis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data strongly support the notion that ROS are a key factor in antibiotic-induced SOS mutagenesis and open the possibility of using N-acetylcysteine in combination with antibiotic therapy to hinder the development of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estela Ynés Valencia
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Coloma Costas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Rodrigo S Galhardo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jesús Blázquez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
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88
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Salcedo-Sora JE, Kell DB. A Quantitative Survey of Bacterial Persistence in the Presence of Antibiotics: Towards Antipersister Antimicrobial Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E508. [PMID: 32823501 PMCID: PMC7460088 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial persistence to antibiotics relates to the phenotypic ability to survive lethal concentrations of otherwise bactericidal antibiotics. The quantitative nature of the time-kill assay, which is the sector's standard for the study of antibiotic bacterial persistence, is an invaluable asset for global, unbiased, and cross-species analyses. Methods: We compiled the results of antibiotic persistence from antibiotic-sensitive bacteria during planktonic growth. The data were extracted from a sample of 187 publications over the last 50 years. The antibiotics used in this compilation were also compared in terms of structural similarity to fluorescent molecules known to accumulate in Escherichia coli. Results: We reviewed in detail data from 54 antibiotics and 36 bacterial species. Persistence varies widely as a function of the type of antibiotic (membrane-active antibiotics admit the fewest), the nature of the growth phase and medium (persistence is less common in exponential phase and rich media), and the Gram staining of the target organism (persistence is more common in Gram positives). Some antibiotics bear strong structural similarity to fluorophores known to be taken up by E. coli, potentially allowing competitive assays. Some antibiotics also, paradoxically, seem to allow more persisters at higher antibiotic concentrations. Conclusions: We consolidated an actionable knowledge base to support a rational development of antipersister antimicrobials. Persistence is seen as a step on the pathway to antimicrobial resistance, and we found no organisms that failed to exhibit it. Novel antibiotics need to have antipersister activity. Discovery strategies should include persister-specific approaches that could find antibiotics that preferably target the membrane structure and permeability of slow-growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Enrique Salcedo-Sora
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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89
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Yang DH, Liu S, Cao L, Zheng YD, Huang JF, Ge R, He QY, Sun X. Quantitative secretome analysis of polymyxin B resistance in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:307-313. [PMID: 32828304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance has become a serious threat to human health. In particular, the gradual development of resistance to polymyxins, the last line of defense for human infections, is a major issue. Secreted proteins contribute to the interactions between bacteria and the environment. In this study, we compared the secretomes of polymyxin B-sensitive and -resistant Escherichia coli strains by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. In total, 87 differentially expressed secreted proteins were identified in polymyxin B-resistant E. coli compared to the sensitive strain. A GO enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed proteins were involved in biological processes, including bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility, ion transport, carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process, cellular response to stimulus, organelle organization, and cell wall organization or biogenesis. The differentially expressed secreted proteins in polymyxin B-resistant bacteria were enriched for multiple pathways, suggesting that the resistance phenotype depends on complex regulatory mechanisms. A potential biomarker or drug target (YebV) was found in polymyxin B-resistant E. coli. This work clarifies the secretome changes associated with the acquisition of polymyxin resistance and may contribute to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shiqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Linlin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yun-Dan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jian-Fang Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ruiguang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Qing-Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xuesong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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90
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Deng R, Gao X, Hou J, Lin D. Multi-omics analyses reveal molecular mechanisms for the antagonistic toxicity of carbon nanotubes and ciprofloxacin to Escherichia coli. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138288. [PMID: 32305750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing production and application, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being discharged into the environment, where they can interact with co-existing contaminants, causing complicated joint toxicity to organisms that needs to be studied. The case study of ENMs-contaminant joint toxicity and the understanding of relative mechanisms are very insufficient, particularly the mechanisms of molecular interactions and governing processes. Herein, a typical ENMs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs, 0-60 mg/L), and a common antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CIP, 0-900 mg/L), were selected as the analytes. Their joint toxicity to a model microbe Escherichia coli was specifically investigated via biochemical, transcriptomics, and metabolomics approaches. The result revealed an antagonistic effect on growth inhibition between CNTs and CIP. Mitigations in cell membrane disruption and oxidative stress were involved in the antagonistic action. CIP (48.8-244 mg/L) decreased the bioaccumulation of CNTs (7.2 mg/L) via reducing cell-surface hydrophobicity and hindering the bio-nano interaction, which could attenuate the toxicity of CNTs to bacteria. CNTs (7.2 and 14.4 mg/L) alleviated the disturbance of CIP (122 and 244 mg/L) to gene expressions especially related to nitrogen compound metabolism, oxidoreductase activity, and iron-sulfur protein maturation, probably through relieving the CIP-induced inhibition of DNA gyrase activity. Further, CNTs (7.2 and 14.4 mg/L) offset the impact of CIP (122 and 244 mg/L) on bacterial metabolome via the regulation of biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and metabolisms of some amino acids and glutathione. The findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms by which ENMs present joint effect on contaminant toxicity, and provide important information for risk assessments of CNTs and fluoroquinolones in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Deng
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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91
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Balaure PC, Grumezescu AM. Recent Advances in Surface Nanoengineering for Biofilm Prevention and Control. Part I: Molecular Basis of Biofilm Recalcitrance. Passive Anti-Biofouling Nanocoatings. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1230. [PMID: 32599948 PMCID: PMC7353097 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Medical device-associated infections are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, prompting researchers to find new, more effective ways to control the bacterial colonisation of surfaces and biofilm development. Bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of "emergent properties", meaning those properties that are not predictable from the study of free-living bacterial cells. The social coordinated behaviour in the biofilm lifestyle involves intricate signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the gain in resistance and tolerance (recalcitrance) towards antimicrobial agents as compared to free-floating bacteria. Nanotechnology provides powerful tools to disrupt the processes responsible for recalcitrance development in all stages of the biofilm life cycle. The present paper is a state-of-the-art review of the surface nanoengineering strategies currently used to design antibiofilm coatings. The review is structurally organised in two parts according to the targeted biofilm life cycle stages and molecular mechanisms intervening in recalcitrance development. Therefore, in the present first part, we begin with a presentation of the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible for increased recalcitrance that have to be disrupted. Further, we deal with passive surface nanoengineering strategies that aim to prevent bacterial cells from settling onto a biotic or abiotic surface. Both "fouling-resistant" and "fouling release" strategies are addressed as well as their synergic combination in a single unique nanoplatform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cătălin Balaure
- “Costin Nenitzescu” Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, G. Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, G. Polizu Street 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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92
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Chen H, Li H, Liu Z, Li J. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of the Polymyxin-Vorinostat Combination Therapy Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1108-1119. [PMID: 32349617 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the stagnancy of antibiotics development, polymyxins have become the last defense for treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, whereas the effect of polymyxin monotherapy is limited by resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of polymyxin B (PMNB)-vorinostat (SAHA) combination therapy against Gram-negative pathogens in vitro and in vivo. The antibacterial activities of PMNB and SAHA were evaluated by susceptibility testing. The synergistic effect was assessed by checkerboard tests and time-killing kinetics experiments. Cellular morphology studies and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay were conducted to explore potential mechanisms. Also, Galleria mellonella models were made to evaluate the antibacterial effects in vivo. PMNB-SAHA had the synergistic effect against all tested isolates, reducing >2 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL at 40 minutes, and showed more powerful antibacterial effects than PMNB alone in the 24-hour window. Cellular morphology study showed the change of membrane and disruption of integrity. ROS assay showed more oxidative stress in combination than PMNB or SAHA monotherapy. In animal models, PMNB-SAHA showed a higher survival rate than that of monotherapy. This study is the first to report the synergistic antibacterial effect of PMNB-SAHA therapy against MDR Gram-negative bacteria. Further clinical research is needed to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Hefei, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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93
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Mechetin GV, Endutkin AV, Diatlova EA, Zharkov DO. Inhibitors of DNA Glycosylases as Prospective Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093118. [PMID: 32354123 PMCID: PMC7247160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA glycosylases are enzymes that initiate the base excision repair pathway, a major biochemical process that protects the genomes of all living organisms from intrinsically and environmentally inflicted damage. Recently, base excision repair inhibition proved to be a viable strategy for the therapy of tumors that have lost alternative repair pathways, such as BRCA-deficient cancers sensitive to poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibition. However, drugs targeting DNA glycosylases are still in development and so far have not advanced to clinical trials. In this review, we cover the attempts to validate DNA glycosylases as suitable targets for inhibition in the pharmacological treatment of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic inflammation, bacterial and viral infections. We discuss the glycosylase inhibitors described so far and survey the advances in the assays for DNA glycosylase reactions that may be used to screen pharmacological libraries for new active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory V. Mechetin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.V.M.); (A.V.E.); (E.A.D.)
| | - Anton V. Endutkin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.V.M.); (A.V.E.); (E.A.D.)
| | - Evgeniia A. Diatlova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.V.M.); (A.V.E.); (E.A.D.)
| | - Dmitry O. Zharkov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.V.M.); (A.V.E.); (E.A.D.)
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-5187
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94
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Mourenza Á, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. Oxidative Stress-Generating Antimicrobials, a Novel Strategy to Overcome Antibacterial Resistance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050361. [PMID: 32357394 PMCID: PMC7278815 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is becoming one of the most important human health issues. Accordingly, the research focused on finding new antibiotherapeutic strategies is again becoming a priority for governments and major funding bodies. The development of treatments based on the generation of oxidative stress with the aim to disrupt the redox defenses of bacterial pathogens is an important strategy that has gained interest in recent years. This approach is allowing the identification of antimicrobials with repurposing potential that could be part of combinatorial chemotherapies designed to treat infections caused by recalcitrant bacterial pathogens. In addition, there have been important advances in the identification of novel plant and bacterial secondary metabolites that may generate oxidative stress as part of their antibacterial mechanism of action. Here, we revised the current status of this emerging field, focusing in particular on novel oxidative stress-generating compounds with the potential to treat infections caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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95
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Interaction of Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata Methanol Extract and First-Line Antibiotics is Synergistic In Vitro through Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:4087394. [PMID: 32328113 PMCID: PMC7168707 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4087394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased incidence of antibacterial resistance in microorganisms, combining natural products from plants with antibiotics may be considered interesting alternatives for synergy to attain multitarget effects. In this study, the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Ziziphus mucronata and its interactions with antibiotics against bacteria of clinical importance were investigated. While its phytochemicals and antioxidant activities were determined by free radical scavenging assays, the antibacterial activities of the extract and its interactions with the antibiotics were determined by macrobroth dilution and the checkerboard methods. From the results, total phenolic content was 29.67 ± 1.90 mg GAE/100 g, total flavonoid content was 8.72 ± 0.08 mg QE/100 g, and total proanthocyanidin content was 1.94 ± 0.00 mg CE/100 g of dry plant material. The inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH, BHT, and ascorbic acid was equal to 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/ml, respectively. Those of the ABTS, BHT, and ascorbic acid were equal to 0.02 ± 0.02, 0.04 ± 0.03, and 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/ml, respectively. The checkerboard assay showed that combining the extract with different antibiotics resulted in synergistic (38.75%), indifferent (30%), additive (28.75%), and antagonistic (2.5%) interactions. The interactions between the extract and antibiotics resulting in enhanced antibacterial activities could have resulted from the antioxidant activities of the extract mopping up the ROS generated by the antibiotics or the ability of both extract and antibiotics simultaneously producing reactive oxygen species with deleterious effects resulting in synergistic antibacterial effects.
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96
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Ouyang Y, Li J, Peng Y, Huang Z, Ren Q, Lu J. The Role and Mechanism of Thiol-Dependent Antioxidant System in Bacterial Drug Susceptibility and Resistance. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1940-1954. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190524125232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics play an irreplaceable role in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infection
diseases. However, because of the improper use of antibiotics, bacterial resistance emerges as a major
challenge of public health all over the world. The small thiol molecules such as glutathione can directly
react and conjugate with some antibiotics, which thus contribute to drug susceptibility and resistance.
Recently, accumulating evidence shows that there is a close link between the antibacterial activities of
some antibiotics and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Thioredoxin and glutathione systems are two
main cellular disulfide reductase systems maintaining cellular ROS level. Therefore, these two thioldependent
antioxidant systems may affect the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance. Microorganisms
are equipped with different thiol-dependent antioxidant systems, which make the role of thioldependent
antioxidant systems in antibiotic susceptibility and resistance is different in various bacteria.
Here we will focus on the review on the advances of the effects of thiol-dependent antioxidant system
in the bacterial antibiotic susceptibility and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education (Southwest University), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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97
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A Novel Screening Strategy Reveals ROS-Generating Antimicrobials That Act Synergistically against the Intracellular Veterinary Pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020114. [PMID: 32012850 PMCID: PMC7070597 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes infections in foals and many other animals such as pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats. Antibiotic resistance is rapidly rising in horse farms, which makes ineffective current antibiotic treatments based on a combination of macrolides and rifampicin. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to treat R. equi infections caused by antimicrobial resistant strains. Here, we employed a R. equi mycoredoxin-null mutant strain highly susceptible to oxidative stress to screen for novel ROS-generating antibiotics. Then, we used the well-characterized Mrx1-roGFP2 biosensor to confirm the redox stress generated by the most promising antimicrobial agents identified in our screening. Our results suggest that different combinations of antibacterial compounds that elicit oxidative stress are promising anti-infective strategies against R. equi. In particular, the combination of macrolides with ROS-generating antimicrobial compounds such as norfloxacin act synergistically to produce a potent antibacterial effect against R. equi. Therefore, our screening approach could be applied to identify novel ROS-inspired therapeutic strategies against intracellular pathogens.
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98
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Shin B, Park C, Park W. Stress responses linked to antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1423-1435. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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99
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Fomenko O, Mikhailov E, Pasko N, Grin S, Koshchaev A, Syromiatnikov M. Studies on genes expression pattern of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes involved into the genetic information implementation in E.coli cells due to the antibiotic resistance against apramycin and cefatoxime. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20201700103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is considered a serious problem. The resistance of bacteria against antimicrobial substances becomes important in the repair systems for damage to DNA and RNA molecules. The role of the antioxidant system in the development of bacterial resistance against antibiotics is not yet practically studied. The article studied the expression regulation of the genes of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes involved in the genetic information in E. coli cells with the antibiotic resistance against apramycin and cefatoxime. The study was conducted on bacterial cells resistant against these two antibiotics. The genes blaOXA-1, blaSHV, blaTEM, mdtK, aadA1, aadA2, sat, strA, blaCTX, blaPER-2, tnpA, tnpR, intC1 and intC1c were identified in bacterial cell case. This indicates the presence of plasmids in bacteria with these genes, which provide bacterial resistance to apramycin and cefatoxime. It was established that during the formation of cefotaxime resistance, there was a sharp increase in the expression of the Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase gene: in comparison with the control group, the representation of its transcripts increased 141.04 times for cefotoxime and 155.42 times for apramycin. It has been established that during the formation of resistance to the studied antibiotics in E. coli, an increase in the expression of the end4 and end3 genes is observed. There is tendency toward an increase in the number of transcripts of the pol3E gene observed in the formation of resistance against cefotaxime and apromycin.
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100
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Szczupak Ł, Kowalczyk A, Trzybiński D, Woźniak K, Mendoza G, Arruebo M, Steverding D, Stączek P, Kowalski K. Organometallic ciprofloxacin conjugates with dual action: synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1403-1415. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic ciprofloxacin conjugates were synthesized and two mechanisms of antimicrobial activity were demonstrated. The first mechanism involves the inhibition of type IIA topoisomerases and the second involves ROS generation in bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Szczupak
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Łódź
- 91-403 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- Department of Microbial Genetics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Łódź
- 90-237 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warszawa
- Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warszawa
- Poland
| | - Gracia Mendoza
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Zaragoza
- 5018 Zaragoza
- Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón)
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Zaragoza
- 5018 Zaragoza
- Spain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón)
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building
- Norwich Medical School
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich NR4 7UQ
- UK
| | - Paweł Stączek
- Department of Microbial Genetics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Łódź
- 90-237 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Łódź
- 91-403 Łódź
- Poland
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