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Li L, Fan S, Zhang W, Li D, Yang Z, Zhuang P, Han J, Guo H, Zhang Y. Duzhong Fang Attenuates the POMC-Derived Neuroinflammation in Parkinsonian Mice. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3261-3276. [PMID: 34326654 PMCID: PMC8315774 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s316314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and microglia reactivity are now recognized to be features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, microglia phenotype is a potential new target for developing treatments against PD. Duzhong Fang (DZF) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription. The theory of TCM argues that Duzhong Fang, nourishing yin and tonifying yang, may treat PD. However, its modern pharmacological studies and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS First, MPTP was used to establish a parkinsonian mouse model, and behavioral testing was used to evaluate the locomotor dysfunction. Then, HPLC, immunohistochemical staining, and Western blot assays were performed to evaluate the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Molecular biological and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the neuroinflammation and microglial activation. In addition, RNA-seq transcriptomics was used to analyze differentially expressed genes and verify by RT-PCR. RESULTS In the present study, we first confirmed that DZF can alleviate neuroinflammation and ameliorate dyskinesia in parkinsonian mice. Then, further studies found that DZF can regulate microglial morphology and reactivity and act on the POMC gene. POMC is an upstream target for regulating inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines, and DZF can directly inhibit the POMC level and restore the homeostatic signature of microglia in parkinsonian mice. CONCLUSION This study found that POMC may have a potential role as a therapeutic target for PD. DZF may inhibit neuroinflammation and play an anti-PD effect by down-regulating the expression of POMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
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52
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Emile JF, Cohen-Aubart F, Collin M, Fraitag S, Idbaih A, Abdel-Wahab O, Rollins BJ, Donadieu J, Haroche J. Histiocytosis. Lancet 2021; 398:157-170. [PMID: 33901419 PMCID: PMC9364113 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histiocytoses constitute a heterogeneous group of rare disorders, characterised by infiltration of almost any organ by myeloid cells with diverse macrophage or dendritic cell phenotypes. Histiocytoses can start at any age. Diagnosis is based on histology in combination with appropriate clinical and radiological findings. The low incidence and broad spectrum of clinical manifestations often leads to diagnostic delay, especially for adults. In most cases, biopsy specimens infiltrated by histiocytes have somatic mutations in genes activating the MAP kinase cell-signalling pathway. These mutations might also be present in blood cells and haematopoietic progenitors of patients with multisystem disease. A comprehensive range of investigations and molecular typing are essential to accurately predict prognosis, which can vary from spontaneous resolution to life-threatening disseminated disease. Targeted therapies with BRAF or MEK inhibitors have revolutionised salvage treatment. However, the type and duration of treatment are still debated, and the prevention of neurological sequelae remains a crucial issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Emile
- EA4340 BECCOH, Université de Versailles SQY, Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, Boulogne, France.
| | - Fleur Cohen-Aubart
- Internal Medicine Department 2, French National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Diseases and Histiocytoses, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Matthew Collin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sylvie Fraitag
- Pathology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- UMR S 1127, CNRS/Inserm, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barrett J Rollins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean Donadieu
- EA4340 BECCOH, Université de Versailles SQY, Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, Boulogne, France; Service d'Hématologie Oncologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Histiocytoses, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Julien Haroche
- Internal Medicine Department 2, French National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Diseases and Histiocytoses, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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53
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Abstract
Somatic mutations arise postzygotically, producing genetic differences between cells in an organism. Well established as a driver of cancer, somatic mutations also exist in nonneoplastic cells, including in the brain. Technological advances in nucleic acid sequencing have enabled recent break-throughs that illuminate the roles of somatic mutations in aging and degenerative diseases of the brain. Somatic mutations accumulate during aging in human neurons, a process termed genosenium. A number of recent studies have examined somatic mutations in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), primarily from the perspective of genes causing familial AD. We have also gained new information on genome-wide mutations, providing insights into the cellular events driving somatic mutation and cellular dysfunction. This review highlights recent concepts, methods, and findings in the progress to understand the role of brain somatic mutation in aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Miller
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Hannah C Reed
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, USA;
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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54
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Ten Bosch GJA, Bolk J, 't Hart BA, Laman JD. Multiple sclerosis is linked to MAPK ERK overactivity in microglia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1033-1042. [PMID: 33948692 PMCID: PMC8313465 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reassessment of published observations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests a microglial malfunction due to inappropriate (over)activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway ERK (MAPKERK). These observations regard biochemistry as well as epigenetics, and all indicate involvement of this pathway. Recent preclinical research on neurodegeneration already pointed towards a role of MAPK pathways, in particular MAPKERK. This is important as microglia with overactive MAPK have been identified to disturb local oligodendrocytes which can lead to locoregional demyelination, hallmark of MS. This constitutes a new concept on pathophysiology of MS, besides the prevailing view, i.e., autoimmunity. Acknowledged risk factors for MS, such as EBV infection, hypovitaminosis D, and smoking, all downregulate MAPKERK negative feedback phosphatases that normally regulate MAPKERK activity. Consequently, these factors may contribute to inappropriate MAPKERK overactivity, and thereby to neurodegeneration. Also, MAPKERK overactivity in microglia, as a factor in the pathophysiology of MS, could explain ongoing neurodegeneration in MS patients despite optimized immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory treatment. Currently, for these patients with progressive disease, no effective treatment exists. In such refractory MS, targeting the cause of overactive MAPKERK in microglia merits further investigation as this phenomenon may imply a novel treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J A Ten Bosch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolande Bolk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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55
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Chakraborty R, Abdel-Wahab O, Durham BH. MAP-Kinase-Driven Hematopoietic Neoplasms: A Decade of Progress in the Molecular Age. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a034892. [PMID: 32601132 PMCID: PMC7770072 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway are extensively studied in epithelial malignancies, with BRAF mutations being one of the most common alterations activating this pathway. However, BRAF mutations are overall quite rare in hematological malignancies. Studies over the past decade have identified high-frequency BRAF V600E, MAP2K1, and other kinase alterations in two groups of MAPK-driven hematopoietic neoplasms: hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and the systemic histiocytoses. Despite HCL and histiocytoses sharing common molecular alterations, these are phenotypically distinct malignancies that differ in respect to clinical presentation and suspected cell of origin. The purpose of this review is to highlight the molecular advancements over the last decade in the histiocytic neoplasms and HCL and discuss the impact these insights have had on our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology, cellular origins, and therapy of these enigmatic diseases as well as perspectives for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikhia Chakraborty
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin H Durham
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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56
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Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are present in most tissues with developmental, self-renewal, or functional attributes that do not easily fit into a textbook picture of a plastic and multifunctional macrophage originating from hematopoietic stem cells; nor does it fit a pro- versus anti-inflammatory paradigm. This review presents and discusses current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages from an evolutionary perspective focused on the function of macrophages, which may aid in study of developmental, inflammatory, tumoral, and degenerative diseases. We also propose a framework to investigate the functions of macrophages in vivo and discuss how inherited germline and somatic mutations may contribute to the roles of macrophages in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Maria Pokrovskii
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Rocio Vicario
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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57
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Bone marrow-derived myeloid progenitors as driver mutation carriers in high- and low-risk Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 2021; 136:2188-2199. [PMID: 32750121 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a myeloid neoplasia, driven by sporadic activating mutations in the MAPK pathway. The misguided myeloid dendritic cell (DC) model proposes that high-risk, multisystem, risk-organ-positive (MS-RO+) LCH results from driver mutation in a bone marrow (BM)-resident multipotent hematopoietic progenitor, while low-risk, MS-RO- and single-system LCH would result from driver mutation in a circulating or tissue-resident, DC-committed precursor. We have examined the CD34+c-Kit+Flt3+ myeloid progenitor population as potential mutation carrier in all LCH disease manifestations. This population contains oligopotent progenitors of monocytes (Mo's)/macrophages (MΦs), osteoclasts (OCs), and DCs. CD34+c-Kit+Flt3+ cells from BM of MS-RO+ LCH patients produced Langerhans cell (LC)-like cells in vitro. Both LC-like and DC offspring from this progenitor carried the BRAF mutation, confirming their common origin. In both high- and low-risk LCH patients, CD34+c-Kit+Flt3+ progenitor frequency in blood was higher than in healthy donors. In one MS-RO+ LCH patient, CD34+c-Kit+Flt3+ cell frequency in blood and its BRAF-mutated offspring reported response to chemotherapy. CD34+c-Kit+Flt3+ progenitors from blood of both high- and low-risk LCH patients gave rise to DCs and LC-like cells in vitro, but the driver mutation was not easily detectable, likely due to low frequency of mutated progenitors. Mutant BRAF alleles were found in Mo's /MΦs, DCs, LC-like cells, and/or OC-like cells in lesions and/or Mo and DCs in blood of multiple low-risk patients. We therefore hypothesize that in both high- and low-risk LCH, the driver mutation is present in a BM-resident myeloid progenitor that can be mobilized to the blood.
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58
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Mass E, Gentek R. Fetal-Derived Immune Cells at the Roots of Lifelong Pathophysiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648313. [PMID: 33708774 PMCID: PMC7940384 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident innate immune cells exert a wide range of functions in both adult homeostasis and pathology. Our understanding of when and how these cellular networks are established has dramatically changed with the recognition that many lineages originate at least in part from fetal sources and self-maintain independently from hematopoietic stem cells. Indeed, fetal-derived immune cells are found in most organs and serous cavities of our body, where they reside throughout the entire lifespan. At the same time, there is a growing appreciation that pathologies manifesting in adulthood may be caused by adverse early life events, a concept known as “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHaD). Yet, whether fetal-derived immune cells are mechanistically involved in DOHaD remains elusive. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of fetal hematopoiesis and its contribution to adult immune compartments, which results in a “layered immune system.” Based on their ontogeny, we argue that fetal-derived immune cells are prime transmitters of long-term consequences of prenatal adversities. In addition to increasing disease susceptibility, these may also directly cause inflammatory, degenerative, and metabolic disorders. We explore this notion for cells generated from erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMP) produced in the extra-embryonic yolk sac. Focusing on macrophages and mast cells, we present emerging evidence implicating them in lifelong disease by either somatic mutations or developmental programming events resulting from maternal and early environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Centre for Inflammation Research & Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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59
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Prinz M, Masuda T, Wheeler MA, Quintana FJ. Microglia and Central Nervous System-Associated Macrophages-From Origin to Disease Modulation. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:251-277. [PMID: 33556248 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate immune cells. These are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma, called microglia, or at the CNS interfaces, such as leptomeningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages. While they were primarily thought of as phagocytes, their function extends well beyond simple removal of cell debris during development and diseases. Brain-resident innate immune cells were found to be plastic, long-lived, and host to an outstanding number of risk genes for multiple pathologies. As a result, they are now considered the most suitable targets for modulating CNS diseases. Additionally, recent single-cell technologies enhanced our molecular understanding of their origins, fates, interactomes, and functional cell statesduring health and perturbation. Here, we review the current state of our understanding and challenges of the myeloid cell biology in the CNS and treatment options for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582 Fukuoka, Japan;
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; , .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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60
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Mass E, Lachmann N. From macrophage biology to macrophage-based cellular immunotherapies. Gene Ther 2021; 28:473-476. [PMID: 33542457 PMCID: PMC8455330 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover, Germany. .,Department for Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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61
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Bennett H, Troutman TD, Sakai M, Glass CK. Epigenetic Regulation of Kupffer Cell Function in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609618. [PMID: 33574817 PMCID: PMC7870864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver, comprise the largest pool of tissue macrophages in the body. Within the liver sinusoids Kupffer cells perform functions common across many tissue macrophages including response to tissue damage and antigen presentation. They also engage in specialized activities including iron scavenging and the uptake of opsonized particles from the portal blood. Here, we review recent studies of the epigenetic pathways that establish Kupffer cell identity and function. We describe a model by which liver-environment specific signals induce lineage determining transcription factors necessary for differentiation of Kupffer cells from bone-marrow derived monocytes. We conclude by discussing how these lineage determining transcription factors (LDTFs) drive Kupffer cell behavior during both homeostasis and disease, with particular focus on the relevance of Kupffer cell LDTF pathways in the setting of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Bennett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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62
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Cazzola A, Cazzaniga G, Biondi A, Meneveri R, Brunelli S, Azzoni E. Prenatal Origin of Pediatric Leukemia: Lessons From Hematopoietic Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618164. [PMID: 33511126 PMCID: PMC7835397 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that childhood leukemia, the most common cancer in young age, originates during in utero development. However, our knowledge of the cellular origin of this large and heterogeneous group of malignancies is still incomplete. The identification and characterization of their cell of origin is of crucial importance in order to define the processes that initiate and sustain disease progression, to refine faithful animal models and to identify novel therapeutic approaches. During embryogenesis, hematopoiesis takes place at different anatomical sites in sequential waves, and occurs in both a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-dependent and a HSC-independent fashion. Despite the recently described relevance and complexity of HSC-independent hematopoiesis, few studies have so far investigated its potential involvement in leukemogenesis. Here, we review the current knowledge on prenatal origin of leukemias in the context of recent insights in developmental hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cazzola
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Pediatrics, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale San Gerardo, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Meneveri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Azzoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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63
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Abstract
A major feature of neurodegeneration is disruption of central nervous system homeostasis, during which microglia play diverse roles. In the central nervous system, microglia serve as the first line of immune defense and function in synapse pruning, injury repair, homeostasis maintenance, and regulation of brain development through scavenging and phagocytosis. Under pathological conditions or various stimulations, microglia proliferate, aggregate, and undergo a variety of changes in cell morphology, immunophenotype, and function. This review presents the features of microglia, especially their diversity and ability to change dynamically, and reinterprets their role as sensors for multiple stimulations and as effectors for brain aging and neurodegeneration. This review also summarizes some therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases that target microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering; National Centers for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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64
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Abstract
Engineered human mini-brains, made possible by knowledge from the convergence of precision microengineering and cell biology, permit systematic studies of complex neurological processes and of pathogenesis beyond what can be done with animal models. By culturing human brain cells with physiological microenvironmental cues, human mini-brain models reconstitute the arrangement of structural tissues and some of the complex biological functions of the human brain. In this Review, we highlight the most significant developments that have led to microphysiological human mini-brain models. We introduce the history of mini-brain development, review methods for creating mini-brain models in static conditions, and discuss relevant state-of-the-art dynamic cell-culture systems. We also review human mini-brain models that reconstruct aspects of major neurological disorders under static or dynamic conditions. Engineered human mini-brains will contribute to advancing the study of the physiology and aetiology of neurological disorders, and to the development of personalized medicines for them.
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65
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Lakey-Beitia J, Burillo AM, Penna GL, Hegde ML, Rao K. Polyphenols as Potential Metal Chelation Compounds Against Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S335-S357. [PMID: 32568200 PMCID: PMC7809605 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 50 million people worldwide. The pathology of this multifactorial disease is primarily characterized by the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates; however, other etiological factors including metal dyshomeostasis, specifically copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), play critical role in disease progression. Because these transition metal ions are important for cellular function, their imbalance can cause oxidative stress that leads to cellular death and eventual cognitive decay. Importantly, these transition metal ions can interact with the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and Aβ42 peptide, affecting Aβ aggregation and increasing its neurotoxicity. Considering how metal dyshomeostasis may substantially contribute to AD, this review discusses polyphenols and the underlying chemical principles that may enable them to act as natural chelators. Furthermore, polyphenols have various therapeutic effects, including antioxidant activity, metal chelation, mitochondrial function, and anti-amyloidogenic activity. These combined therapeutic effects of polyphenols make them strong candidates for a moderate chelation-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johant Lakey-Beitia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Andrea M. Burillo
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Giovanni La Penna
- National Research Council, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K.S. Rao
- Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Institute, Hangzhou, Republic of China
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Ballesteros I, Rubio-Ponce A, Genua M, Lusito E, Kwok I, Fernández-Calvo G, Khoyratty TE, van Grinsven E, González-Hernández S, Nicolás-Ávila JÁ, Vicanolo T, Maccataio A, Benguría A, Li JL, Adrover JM, Aroca-Crevillen A, Quintana JA, Martín-Salamanca S, Mayo F, Ascher S, Barbiera G, Soehnlein O, Gunzer M, Ginhoux F, Sánchez-Cabo F, Nistal-Villán E, Schulz C, Dopazo A, Reinhardt C, Udalova IA, Ng LG, Ostuni R, Hidalgo A. Co-option of Neutrophil Fates by Tissue Environments. Cell 2020; 183:1282-1297.e18. [PMID: 33098771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Classically considered short-lived and purely defensive leukocytes, neutrophils are unique in their fast and moldable response to stimulation. This plastic behavior may underlie variable and even antagonistic functions during inflammation or cancer, yet the full spectrum of neutrophil properties as they enter healthy tissues remains unexplored. Using a new model to track neutrophil fates, we found short but variable lifetimes across multiple tissues. Through analysis of the receptor, transcriptional, and chromatin accessibility landscapes, we identify varying neutrophil states and assign non-canonical functions, including vascular repair and hematopoietic homeostasis. Accordingly, depletion of neutrophils compromised angiogenesis during early age, genotoxic injury, and viral infection, and impaired hematopoietic recovery after irradiation. Neutrophils acquired these properties in target tissues, a process that, in the lungs, occurred in CXCL12-rich areas and relied on CXCR4. Our results reveal that tissues co-opt neutrophils en route for elimination to induce programs that support their physiological demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ballesteros
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Andrea Rubio-Ponce
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Marco Genua
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lusito
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Gabriel Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Mathematics & MOLAB-Mathematical Oncology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13001, Spain
| | - Tariq E Khoyratty
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | | | - Sara González-Hernández
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - José Ángel Nicolás-Ávila
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Tommaso Vicanolo
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Antonio Maccataio
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alberto Benguría
- Genomic Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jackson LiangYao Li
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - José M Adrover
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alejandra Aroca-Crevillen
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Juan A Quintana
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sandra Martín-Salamanca
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Francisco Mayo
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Stefanie Ascher
- Institute for Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Giulia Barbiera
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitat, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 445141, Germany
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villán
- Microbiology Section, Department Pharmacological and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid 28668, Spain
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80336, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomic Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Irina A Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Renato Ostuni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitat, Munich 80802, Germany.
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Moriuchi Y, Iwagawa T, Tsuhako A, Koso H, Fujita Y, Watanabe S. RasV12 Expression in Microglia Initiates Retinal Inflammation and Induces Photoreceptor Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:34. [PMID: 33231622 PMCID: PMC7691791 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.13.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The role of activated retinal microglia in driving retinal degeneration has been implicated in a number of in vivo disease models. Here, we investigated the primary consequences of microglial activation by the specific expression of constitutively active Ras in microglia in a transgenic mouse model before the onset of any degenerative changes in the retina. Methods The double transgenic lines CAG-LSL-RasV12-IRES-EGFP; Cx3cr1CreER/+ (Cx3cr1-RasV12 mice) and CAG-LSL-EGFP; Cx3cr1CreER_+ (control mice) were generated. The expression of RasV12 was induced in microglia by tamoxifen administration, and the retinas were examined by immunohistochemistry of frozen sections, RT-qPCR, and live imaging. Results RasV12 expression in retinal microglial cells promoted cell proliferation, cytokine expression, and phagocytosis. RasV12-expressing microglia migrated toward the inner and outer layers of the retina. Examination of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression revealed activation of Müller glia in the retina. We also observed loss of the photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer in close proximity to microglial cells. However, no significant neurodegeneration was detected in the inner nuclear layer (INL) or ganglion cell layer (GCL). The morphology of RasV12-expressing microglia in the GCL and INL retained more ramified features compared with the predominantly-ameboid morphology found in outer retinal microglia. Conclusions The expression of RasV12 is sufficient to activate microglia and lead to photoreceptor degeneration. Neurons in the inner side of the retina were not damaged by the RasV12-activated microglia, suggesting that microenvironment cues may modulate the microglial phenotypic features and effects of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Moriuchi
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Iwagawa
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asano Tsuhako
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Koso
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sumiko Watanabe
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is caused by clonal expansion of myeloid precursors that differentiate into CD1a+/CD207+ cells in lesions that leads to a spectrum of organ involvement and dysfunction. The pathogenic cells are defined by constitutive activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Treatment of LCH is risk-adapted: patients with single lesions may respond well to local treatment, whereas patients with multisystem disease require systemic therapy. Although survival rates for patients without organ dysfunction is excellent, mortality rates for patients with organ dysfunction may reach 20%. Despite progress made in the treatment of LCH, disease reactivation rates remain above 30%, and standard second-line treatment is yet to be established. Treatment failure is associated with increased risks for death and long-term morbidity, including LCH-associated neurodegeneration. Early case series report promising clinical responses in patients with relapsed and refractory LCH treated with BRAF or MEK inhibitors, although potential for this strategy to achieve cure remains uncertain.
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Cohen Aubart F, Idbaih A, Galanaud D, Law-Ye B, Emile JF, Charlotte F, Donadieu J, Maksud P, Seilhean D, Amoura Z, Hoang-Xuan K, Haroche J. Central nervous system involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease: An observational cohort study. Neurology 2020; 95:e2746-e2754. [PMID: 32887776 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CNS involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. To assess CNS manifestations in a French cohort of 253 patients with ECD, we determined clinical characteristics and outcomes, including those under targeted therapies. METHODS This was a retrospective longitudinal study. CNS manifestations were determined by clinical examination and brain or spine MRI. Targeted therapy efficacy was assessed using global assessment from a physician and a radiologist. The study was approved by the ethics committee Comité de Protection des Personnes Ile de France III. RESULTS Ninety-seven of 253 patients (38%) with ECD had CNS involvement. CNS involvement was significantly associated with a younger age at diagnosis (mean 55.5 years) and at symptom onset (mean 50.5 years), as well as with the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation (in 77% of cases), xanthelasma (34%), and diabetes insipidus (36%). Median survival among patients with CNS involvement was significantly lower than that of patients with ECD without CNS involvement (124 months vs 146 months, p = 0.03). Seventy-four CNS MRIs were centrally reviewed, which showed 3 patterns: tumoral in 66%, pseudo-degenerative in 50%, and vascular in 18%. Targeted therapy (BRAF or MEK inhibitors) was associated with improved symptoms in 43% of patients and MRI improvement in 45%. CONCLUSIONS CNS manifestations are typically associated with poor prognosis in patients with ECD. Three distinct patterns can be recognized: tumoral, pseudodegenerative, and vascular. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that targeted therapy leads to clinical or imaging improvement in almost 50% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Cohen Aubart
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Damien Galanaud
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Law-Ye
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Emile
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Charlotte
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean Donadieu
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Maksud
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Zahir Amoura
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Khê Hoang-Xuan
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Julien Haroche
- From Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence Maladies Systémiques Rares et Histiocytoses (F.C.A., Z.A., J.H.), Service de Neuroradiologie (D.G., B.L.-Y.), Service d'Anatomopathologie (F.C.), Service de Médecine Nucléaire (P.M.), Service de Neuropathologie (D.S.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université; Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin (A.I., K.H.-Z.), Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Paris; Département de Pathologie (J.-F.E.), EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne; and Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National Histiocytoses (J.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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van Landingham SW, Puccetti D, Potter H, Gamm D, Diamond EL, Lucarelli MJ. Necrotizing myositis in a rectus muscle arising in the setting of long-standing Langerhans cell histiocystosis and recent dabrafenib treatment. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2020; 20:100868. [PMID: 32875153 PMCID: PMC7452147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose to describe an unusual case of necrotizing myositis in a rectus muscle, possibly related to BRAF inhibitor therapy. Observations An 18-year old man with neurodegenerative Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), recently started on the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib, presented with right eye pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) orbits revealed a rectus muscle mass concerning for LCH recurrence or malignancy. Dabrafenib was stopped, and incisional biopsy of the mass was performed. The mass was absent on post-operative MRI, so no further treatment was pursued. Histopathologic evaluation was initially concerning for sarcoma, but on further analysis, appeared more consistent with necrotizing myositis. The mass did not recur, nor did the patient develop other signs or symptoms concerning for myositis or malignancy over a 24-month follow-up period. Conclusions Necrotizing myositis has not been previously described in a rectus muscle or with BRAF inhibitor use, though myalgias and malignancies are established side effects. Necrotizing myositis may masquerade as sarcoma and should be on the differential diagnosis for a new mass in the setting of dabrafenib therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne W van Landingham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2828 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Diane Puccetti
- Department of Pediatrics, American Family Children's Hospital University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Heather Potter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2828 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - David Gamm
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2828 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Eli L Diamond
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mark J Lucarelli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2828 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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71
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Thion MS, Garel S. Microglial ontogeny, diversity and neurodevelopmental functions. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:186-194. [PMID: 32823206 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are instrumental to the development, function, homeostasis and pathologies of the central nervous system. These brain-resident macrophages arise early in embryogenesis and seed the developing brain, where they differentiate in response to cues provided by their neural niche. Throughout life, microglia regulate the neural tissue through a variety of cellular functions influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Despite their importance, we are only starting to uncover how microglia colonize the brain, adopt distinct functional states during development and the long-term impact of early alteration of their functions. This review highlights the latest knowledge on the ontogeny of microglia, their developmental trajectory and emerging roles. Characterizing these processes will be critical for our understanding of both brain physiology and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
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72
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Yan J, Zuo G, Sherchan P, Huang L, Ocak U, Xu W, Travis ZD, Wang W, Zhang JH, Tang J. CCR1 Activation Promotes Neuroinflammation Through CCR1/TPR1/ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1170-1183. [PMID: 31898284 PMCID: PMC7609528 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of C-C chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1) has been shown to be pro-inflammatory in several animal models of neurological diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the activation of CCR1 on neuroinflammation in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and the mechanism of CCR1/tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (TPR1)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway in CCR1-mediated neuroinflammation. Adult male CD1 mice (n = 210) were used in the study. The selective CCR1 antagonist Met-RANTES was administered intranasally at 1 h after autologous blood injection. To elucidate potential mechanism, a specific ERK1/2 activator (ceramide C6) was administered prior to Met-RANTES treatment; CCR1 activator (recombinant CCL5, rCCL5) and TPR1 CRISPR were administered in naïve mouse. Neurobehavioral assessments, brain water content, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot were performed. The endogenous expressions of CCR1, CCL5, TPR1, and p-ERK1/2 were increased in the brain after ICH. CCR1 were expressed on microglia, neurons, and astrocytes. The inhibition of CCR1 with Met-RANTES improved neurologic function, decreased brain edema, and suppressed microglia/macrophage activations and neutrophil infiltration after ICH. Met-RANTES treatment decreased expressions of CCR1, TPR1, p-ERK, TNF-α, and IL-1β, which was reversed by ceramide C6. The brain CCR1 activation by rCCL5 injection in naïve mouse resulted in neurological deficits and increased expressions of CCR1, TPR1, p-ERK, TNF-α, and IL-1β. These detrimental effects of rCCL5 were reversed by TPR1 knockdown using TPR1 CRISPR. Our study demonstrated that CCR1 activation promoted neuroinflammation through CCR1/TPR1/ERK1/2 signaling pathway after ICH in mice. CCR1 inhibition with Met-RANTES attenuated neuroinflammation, thereby reducing brain edema and improving neurobehavioral functions. Targeting CCR1 activation may provide a promising therapeutic approach in the management of ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Taicang Hospital, Soochow University, Taicang, Suzhou, 215400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Wenna Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer’s disease beyond amyloid: Can the repetitive failures of amyloid-targeted therapeutics inform future approaches to dementia drug discovery? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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74
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Erdheim–Chester disease: a rapidly evolving disease model. Leukemia 2020; 34:2840-2857. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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75
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Fisher EMC, Bannerman DM. Mouse models of neurodegeneration: Know your question, know your mouse. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/493/eaaq1818. [PMID: 31118292 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many mutant mouse strains have been developed as models to investigate neurodegenerative disease in humans. However, variability in results among studies using these mouse strains has led to questions about the value of these models. Here, we appraise various mouse models for dissecting neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and emphasize the importance of asking appropriate research questions. In therapeutic studies, we suggest that understanding variability among and within mouse models is crucial for preventing translational failures in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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76
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Prinz M, Jung S, Priller J. Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts. Cell 2020; 179:292-311. [PMID: 31585077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia were first recognized as a distinct cell population in the CNS one century ago. For a long time, they were primarily considered to be phagocytes responsible for removing debris during CNS development and disease. More recently, advances in imaging and genetics and the advent of single-cell technologies provided new insights into the much more complex and fascinating biology of microglia. The ontogeny of microglia was identified, and their functions in health and disease were better defined. Although many questions about microglia and their roles in human diseases remain unanswered, the prospect of targeting microglia for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders is tantalizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZNE and BIH, Berlin, Germany; University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK.
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77
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Lodato MA, Walsh CA. Genome aging: somatic mutation in the brain links age-related decline with disease and nominates pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:R197-R206. [PMID: 31578549 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a mysterious process, not only controlled genetically but also subject to random damage that can accumulate over time. While DNA damage and subsequent mutation in somatic cells were first proposed as drivers of aging more than 60 years ago, whether and to what degree these processes shape the neuronal genome in the human brain could not be tested until recent technological breakthroughs related to single-cell whole-genome sequencing. Indeed, somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) increase with age in the human brain, in a somewhat stochastic process that may nonetheless be controlled by underlying genetic programs. Evidence from the literature suggests that in addition to demonstrated increases in somatic SNVs during aging in normal brains, somatic mutation may also play a role in late-onset, sporadic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we will discuss somatic mutation in the human brain, mechanisms by which somatic mutations occur and can be controlled, and how this process can impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lodato
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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78
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Kesebir S, Koc MI, Yosmaoglu A. Bipolar Spectrum Disorder May Be Associated With Family History of Diseases. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:251-254. [PMID: 32362973 PMCID: PMC7188371 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims at investigating into the presence of family history of diabetes, ischemic heart disease, thyroid disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, and epilepsy in bipolar patients. Methods Totally 1,148 patients admitted to our outpatient unit between January 2018 and January 2020, who were diagnosed with bipolar disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V), from whom informed consent was obtained, were cross-sectionally and consecutively evaluated. Each patient was questioned regarding a family history of diabetes, ischemic heart disease, thyroid disease, cancer (gastrointestinal, breast and prostate cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma), cerebrovascular disease and epilepsy in first- and second-degree relatives. Results Diabetes, ischemic heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease and epilepsy were more common in the family histories than in bipolar patients. A strong correlation was found between family history positive for epilepsy and bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms. Also, a correlation was found between family history for diabetes and seasonal course and family history positive for thyroid disease and comorbid anxiety disorder. Conclusions This study is the first to investigate into the frequency of physical diseases in the family histories of bipolar patients. Current therapies target the association between common leading pathways and symptoms whereas it is the association between stress and neural circuits that underlie the pathophysiology that should be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermin Kesebir
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Iris Koc
- Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yosmaoglu
- Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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79
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Kuil LE, Oosterhof N, Ferrero G, Mikulášová T, Hason M, Dekker J, Rovira M, van der Linde HC, van Strien PMH, de Pater E, Schaaf G, Bindels EMJ, Wittamer V, van Ham TJ. Zebrafish macrophage developmental arrest underlies depletion of microglia and reveals Csf1r-independent metaphocytes. eLife 2020; 9:e53403. [PMID: 32367800 PMCID: PMC7237208 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages derive from multiple sources of hematopoietic progenitors. Most macrophages require colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), but some macrophages persist in the absence of CSF1R. Here, we analyzed mpeg1:GFP-expressing macrophages in csf1r-deficient zebrafish and report that embryonic macrophages emerge followed by their developmental arrest. In larvae, mpeg1+ cell numbers then increased showing two distinct types in the skin: branched, putative Langerhans cells, and amoeboid cells. In contrast, although numbers also increased in csf1r-mutants, exclusively amoeboid mpeg1+ cells were present, which we showed by genetic lineage tracing to have a non-hematopoietic origin. They expressed macrophage-associated genes, but also showed decreased phagocytic gene expression and increased epithelial-associated gene expression, characteristic of metaphocytes, recently discovered ectoderm-derived cells. We further demonstrated that juvenile csf1r-deficient zebrafish exhibit systemic macrophage depletion. Thus, csf1r deficiency disrupts embryonic to adult macrophage development. Zebrafish deficient for csf1r are viable and permit analyzing the consequences of macrophage loss throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kuil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Nynke Oosterhof
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Giuliano Ferrero
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Tereza Mikulášová
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martina Hason
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jordy Dekker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Mireia Rovira
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Herma C van der Linde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | | | - Emma de Pater
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Gerben Schaaf
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Erik MJ Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Valerie Wittamer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
- WELBIO, ULBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
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80
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Cattenoz PB, Giangrande A. Tailoring the immune response to the availability of nutrients. FEBS J 2020; 287:3396-3398. [PMID: 32285627 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and the maintenance of an efficient immune system represents a considerable metabolic investment for the organism. Ramond et al. have characterized a new molecular and cellular pathway, inhibiting the immune system in poor diet conditions in the Drosophila larva. Low nutrient conditions lead to the secretion of the adipokine NimB5 by the fat body, which inhibits the proliferation of the immune cells, hence preventing the exhaustion of the resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre B Cattenoz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Angela Giangrande
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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81
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité and BIH, Berlin, Germany. .,DZNE, Berlin, Germany.,University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Freiburg, Germany
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82
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Han M, Kim LH, Shpanskaya K, Kim C, Iv M, Jeng M, Yeom KW. Altered cerebral perfusion in children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis after chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28104. [PMID: 31802628 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may develop a wide array of neurological symptoms, but associated cerebral physiologic changes are poorly understood. We examined cerebral hemodynamic properties of pediatric LCH using arterial spin-labeling (ASL) perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed in 23 children with biopsy-proven LCH. Analysis was performed on routine brain MRI obtained before or after therapy. Region of interest (ROI) methodology was used to determine ASL cerebral blood flow (CBF) (mL/100 g/min) in the following bilateral regions: angular gyrus, anterior prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus. Quantile (median) regression was performed for each ROI location. CBF patterns were compared between pre- and posttreatment LCH patients as well as with age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Significantly reduced CBF was seen in posttreatment children with LCH compared to age-matched controls in angular gyrus (P = .046), anterior prefrontal cortex (P = .039), and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (P = .023). Further analysis revealed dominant perfusion abnormalities in the right hemisphere. No significant perfusion differences were observed in the hippocampus or orbitofrontal cortex. CONCLUSION Perfusion in specific cerebral regions may be consistently reduced in children with LCH, and may represent effects of underlying disease physiology and/or sequelae of chemotherapy. Studies that combine a formal cognitive assessment and hemodynamic data may further provide insight into perfusion deficits associated with the disease and the potential neurotoxic effects in children treated by chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Lily H Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Katie Shpanskaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christine Kim
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Michael Iv
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Michael Jeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Kristen W Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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83
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Immune cell regulation of glia during CNS injury and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:139-152. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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84
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The epichaperome is a mediator of toxic hippocampal stress and leads to protein connectivity-based dysfunction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:319. [PMID: 31949159 PMCID: PMC6965647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal functioning of neuronal networks is critical to the complex cognitive processes of memory and executive function that deteriorate in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we use cellular and animal models as well as human biospecimens to show that AD-related stressors mediate global disturbances in dynamic intra- and inter-neuronal networks through pathologic rewiring of the chaperome system into epichaperomes. These structures provide the backbone upon which proteome-wide connectivity, and in turn, protein networks become disturbed and ultimately dysfunctional. We introduce the term protein connectivity-based dysfunction (PCBD) to define this mechanism. Among most sensitive to PCBD are pathways with key roles in synaptic plasticity. We show at cellular and target organ levels that network connectivity and functional imbalances revert to normal levels upon epichaperome inhibition. In conclusion, we provide proof-of-principle to propose AD is a PCBDopathy, a disease of proteome-wide connectivity defects mediated by maladaptive epichaperomes. The biology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unknown. We propose AD is a protein connectivity-based dysfunction disorder whereby a switch of the chaperome into epichaperomes rewires proteome-wide connectivity, leading to brain circuitry malfunction that can be corrected by novel therapeutics.
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85
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Brioschi S, Zhou Y, Colonna M. Brain Parenchymal and Extraparenchymal Macrophages in Development, Homeostasis, and Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:294-305. [PMID: 31907272 PMCID: PMC7034672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are parenchymal macrophages of the CNS; as professional phagocytes they are important for maintenance of the brain's physiology. These cells are generated through primitive hematopoiesis in the yolk sac and migrate into the brain rudiment after establishment of embryonic circulation. Thereafter, microglia develop in a stepwise fashion, reaching complete maturity after birth. In the CNS, microglia self-renew without input from blood monocytes. Recent RNA-sequencing studies have defined a molecular signature for microglia under homeostasis. However, during disease, microglia undergo remarkable phenotypic changes, which reflect the acquisition of specialized functions tailored to the pathological context. In addition to microglia, the brain-border regions host populations of extraparenchymal macrophages with disparate origins and phenotypes that have recently been delineated. In this review we outline recent findings that provide a deeper understanding of both parenchymal microglia and extraparenchymal brain macrophages in homeostasis and during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
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86
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Microglia, Lifestyle Stress, and Neurodegeneration. Immunity 2020; 52:222-240. [PMID: 31924476 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia biology, including their major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Technological advances have enabled the identification of microglial signatures in health and disease, including the development of new models to investigate and manipulate human microglia in vivo in the context of disease. In parallel, genetic association studies have identified several gene risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease that are specifically or highly expressed by microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we discuss evidence for the effect of stress, diet, sleep patterns, physical activity, and microbiota composition on microglia biology and consider how lifestyle might influence an individual's predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss how different lifestyles and environmental factors might regulate microglia, potentially leading to increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative disease, and we highlight the need to investigate the contribution of modern environmental factors on microglia modulation in neurodegeneration.
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87
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Allen CE, Beverley PCL, Collin M, Diamond EL, Egeler RM, Ginhoux F, Glass C, Minkov M, Rollins BJ, van Halteren A. The coming of age of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1-7. [PMID: 31831887 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Allen
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter C L Beverley
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece.
- TB Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Matthew Collin
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eli L Diamond
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Maarten Egeler
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Glass
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*Star Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Milen Minkov
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- Sigmund Freud University, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Clinic Floridsdorf of the City of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barrett J Rollins
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Astrid van Halteren
- Scientific Member of the Steering Committee, Nikolas Symposia, Piraeus, Greece
- Leiden University Medical Center and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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88
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Ferrero G, Mahony CB, Dupuis E, Yvernogeau L, Di Ruggiero E, Miserocchi M, Caron M, Robin C, Traver D, Bertrand JY, Wittamer V. Embryonic Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages and Are Replaced by cmyb-Dependent Definitive Microglia in Zebrafish. Cell Rep 2019; 24:130-141. [PMID: 29972775 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the CNS, represent major targets for therapeutic intervention in a wide variety of neurological disorders. Efficient reprogramming protocols to generate microglia-like cells in vitro using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells will, however, require a precise understanding of the cellular and molecular events that instruct microglial cell fates. This remains a challenge since the developmental origin of microglia during embryogenesis is controversial. Here, using genetic tracing in zebrafish, we uncover primitive macrophages as the unique source of embryonic microglia. We also demonstrate that this initial population is transient, with primitive microglia later replaced by definitive microglia that persist throughout adulthood. The adult wave originates from cmyb-dependent hematopoietic stem cells. Collectively, our work challenges the prevailing model establishing erythro-myeloid progenitors as the sole and direct microglial precursor and provides further support for the existence of multiple waves of microglia, which originate from distinct hematopoietic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ferrero
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christopher B Mahony
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eléonore Dupuis
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Yvernogeau
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elodie Di Ruggiero
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magali Miserocchi
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marianne Caron
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Traver
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA.
| | - Julien Y Bertrand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO, ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
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89
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The influence of environment and origin on brain resident macrophages and implications for therapy. Nat Neurosci 2019; 23:157-166. [PMID: 31792468 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord. They are critical players in the development, normal function, and decline of the CNS. Unlike traditional monocyte-derived macrophages, microglia originate from primitive hematopoiesis in the embryonic yolk sac and self-renew throughout life. Microglia also have a unique genetic signature among tissue resident macrophages. Recent studies identify the contributions of both brain environment and developmental history to the transcriptomic identity of microglia. Here we review this emerging literature and discuss the potential implications of origin on microglial function, with particular focus on existing and future therapies using bone-marrow- or stem-cell-derived cells for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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90
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Durham BH, Lopez Rodrigo E, Picarsic J, Abramson D, Rotemberg V, De Munck S, Pannecoucke E, Lu SX, Pastore A, Yoshimi A, Mandelker D, Ceyhan-Birsoy O, Ulaner GA, Walsh M, Yabe M, Petrova-Drus K, Arcila ME, Ladanyi M, Solit DB, Berger MF, Hyman DM, Lacouture ME, Erickson C, Saganty R, Ki M, Dunkel IJ, Santa-María López V, Mora J, Haroche J, Emile JF, Decaux O, Geissmann F, Savvides SN, Drilon A, Diamond EL, Abdel-Wahab O. Activating mutations in CSF1R and additional receptor tyrosine kinases in histiocytic neoplasms. Nat Med 2019; 25:1839-1842. [PMID: 31768065 PMCID: PMC6898787 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Histiocytoses are clonal hematopoietic disorders frequently driven by mutations mapping to the BRAF and MEK1 and MEK2 kinases. Currently, however, the developmental origins of histiocytoses in patients are not well understood, and clinically meaningful therapeutic targets outside of BRAF and MEK are undefined. In this study, we uncovered activating mutations in CSF1R and rearrangements in RET and ALK that conferred dramatic responses to selective inhibition of RET (selpercatinib) and crizotinib, respectively, in patients with histiocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Durham
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Estibaliz Lopez Rodrigo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Picarsic
- UPMC Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Veronica Rotemberg
- Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven De Munck
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erwin Pannecoucke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sydney X Lu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Pastore
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akihide Yoshimi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Mandelker
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ozge Ceyhan-Birsoy
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary A Ulaner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Yabe
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kseniya Petrova-Drus
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael F Berger
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mario E Lacouture
- Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Erickson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Saganty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Ki
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira J Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jaume Mora
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julien Haroche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence des histiocytosesUniversity Hospital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Francois Emile
- Department of Pathology, APHP, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne, France
| | - Olivier Decaux
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Pontchaillou CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli L Diamond
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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91
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Verheijen BM. Modeling Brain Somatic Mosaicism With Cerebral Organoids, Including a Note on Mutant Microglia. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:277. [PMID: 31798412 PMCID: PMC6868038 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a genomic mosaic. Cell-to-cell genomic differences, which are the result of somatic mutations during development and aging, contribute to cellular diversity in the nervous system. This genomic diversity has important implications for nervous system development, function, and disease. Brain somatic mosaicism might contribute to individualized behavioral phenotypes and has been associated with several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the causes and consequences of somatic mosaicism in neural circuits is of great interest. Recent advances in 3D cell culture technology have provided new means to study human organ development and various human pathologies in vitro. Cerebral organoids ("mini-brains") are pluripotent stem cell-derived 3D culture systems that recapitulate, to some extent, the developmental processes and organization of the developing human brain. Here, I discuss the application of these neural organoids for modeling brain somatic mosaicism in a lab dish. Special emphasis is given to the potential role of microglial mutations in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert M. Verheijen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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92
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Picarsic J, Pysher T, Zhou H, Fluchel M, Pettit T, Whitehead M, Surrey LF, Harding B, Goldstein G, Fellig Y, Weintraub M, Mobley BC, Sharples PM, Sulis ML, Diamond EL, Jaffe R, Shekdar K, Santi M. BRAF V600E mutation in Juvenile Xanthogranuloma family neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS-JXG): a revised diagnostic algorithm to include pediatric Erdheim-Chester disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:168. [PMID: 31685033 PMCID: PMC6827236 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of juvenile xanthogranuloma family neoplasms (JXG) with ERK-pathway mutations are now classified within the "L" (Langerhans) group, which includes Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and Erdheim Chester disease (ECD). Although the BRAF V600E mutation constitutes the majority of molecular alterations in ECD and LCH, only three reported JXG neoplasms, all in male pediatric patients with localized central nervous system (CNS) involvement, are known to harbor the BRAF mutation. This retrospective case series seeks to redefine the clinicopathologic spectrum of pediatric CNS-JXG family neoplasms in the post-BRAF era, with a revised diagnostic algorithm to include pediatric ECD. Twenty-two CNS-JXG family lesions were retrieved from consult files with 64% (n = 14) having informative BRAF V600E mutational testing (molecular and/or VE1 immunohistochemistry). Of these, 71% (n = 10) were pediatric cases (≤18 years) and half (n = 5) harbored the BRAF V600E mutation. As compared to the BRAF wild-type cohort (WT), the BRAF V600E cohort had a similar mean age at diagnosis [BRAF V600E: 7 years (3-12 y), vs. WT: 7.6 years (1-18 y)] but demonstrated a stronger male/female ratio (BRAF V600E: 4 vs WT: 0.67), and had both more multifocal CNS disease ( BRAFV600E: 80% vs WT: 20%) and systemic disease (BRAF V600E: 40% vs WT: none). Radiographic features of CNS-JXG varied but typically included enhancing CNS mass lesion(s) with associated white matter changes in a subset of BRAF V600E neoplasms. After clinical-radiographic correlation, pediatric ECD was diagnosed in the BRAF V600E cohort. Treatment options varied, including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy with BRAF-inhibitor dabrafenib in one mutated case. BRAF V600E CNS-JXG neoplasms appear associated with male gender and aggressive disease presentation including pediatric ECD. We propose a revised diagnostic algorithm for CNS-JXG that includes an initial morphologic diagnosis with a final integrated diagnosis after clinical-radiographic and molecular correlation, in order to identify cases of pediatric ECD. Future studies with long-term follow-up are required to determine if pediatric BRAF V600E positive CNS-JXG neoplasms are a distinct entity in the L-group histiocytosis category or represent an expanded pediatric spectrum of ECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Picarsic
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - T Pysher
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M Fluchel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T Pettit
- Children's Hematology Oncology Centre, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Whitehead
- Department of Pathology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L F Surrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B Harding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Fellig
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Weintraub
- Acquired Brain Injury Service, Alyn Pediatric and Adolescent Rehabilitation Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - B C Mobley
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt Hospital, Nashville, USA
| | - P M Sharples
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, England
| | - M L Sulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, USA
| | - E L Diamond
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Jaffe
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Magee Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K Shekdar
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Santi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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93
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Van Horebeek L, Dubois B, Goris A. Somatic Variants: New Kids on the Block in Human Immunogenetics. Trends Genet 2019; 35:935-947. [PMID: 31668909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Somatic variants are not inherited but acquired during an individual's lifetime, and individuals are increasingly considered as complex mosaics of genetically distinct cells. Whereas this concept is long-recognized in cancer, this review focuses on the growing role of somatic variants in immune cells in nonmalignant immune-related disorders, such as primary immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Older case reports described somatic variants early in development, leading to large numbers of affected cells and severe phenotypes. Thanks to technological evolution, it is now feasible to detect somatic variants occurring later in life and affecting fewer cells. Hence, only recently is the scale at which somatic variants contribute to monogenic diseases being uncovered and is their contribution to complex diseases being explored systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Van Horebeek
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Dubois
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Goris
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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94
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Wright-Jin EC, Gutmann DH. Microglia as Dynamic Cellular Mediators of Brain Function. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:967-979. [PMID: 31597593 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Originally hypothesized to function solely as immunologic responders within the central nervous system (CNS), emerging evidence has revealed that microglia have more complex roles in normal brain development and in the context of disease. In health, microglia influence neural progenitor fate decisions, astrocyte activation, neuronal homeostasis, and synaptogenesis. In the setting of brain disease, including autism, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders, microglia undergo substantial morphological, molecular, and functional changes, which establish new biological states relevant to disease pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we discuss the function of microglia in health and disease and outline a conceptual framework for elucidating their specific contributions to nervous system pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Wright-Jin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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95
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Gruber TA. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals a Developmental Hierarchy in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1343-1345. [PMID: 31575563 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Halbritter and colleagues utilize single-cell RNA sequencing to dissect the cellular hierarchy in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. They identified a remarkably consistent composition of 14 cellular subsets across all patients with a range of clinical spectrums consistent with a shared developmental hierarchy driven by key transcriptional regulators.See related article by Halbritter et al., p. 1406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A Gruber
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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96
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Essayan-Perez S, Zhou B, Nabet AM, Wernig M, Huang YWA. Modeling Alzheimer's disease with human iPS cells: advancements, lessons, and applications. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104503. [PMID: 31202913 PMCID: PMC6689423 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One in three people will develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) or another dementia and, despite intense research efforts, treatment options remain inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis remains our principal hurdle to developing effective therapeutics to tackle this looming medical crisis. In light of recent discoveries from whole-genome sequencing and technical advances in humanized models, studying disease risk genes with induced human neural cells presents unprecedented advantages. Here, we first review the current knowledge of the proposed mechanisms underlying AD and focus on modern genetic insights to inform future studies. To highlight the utility of human pluripotent stem cell-based innovations, we then present an update on efforts in recapitulating the pathophysiology by induced neuronal, non-neuronal and a collection of brain cell types, departing from the neuron-centric convention. Lastly, we examine the translational potentials of such approaches, and provide our perspectives on the promise they offer to deepen our understanding of AD pathogenesis and to accelerate the development of intervention strategies for patients and risk carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Essayan-Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Amber M Nabet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Yu-Wen Alvin Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America.
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97
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Lian J, Li K, Gao J, Tan X, Yang Z. Legumain acts on neuroinflammatory to affect CUS-induced cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112219. [PMID: 31509774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has been widely recognized as a central feature of depression. Legumain, a lysosomal cysteine protease, plays an important role in cancer, atherosclerosis, inflammation and other pathological conditions. Meanwhile, it has been reported that the activation of legumain aggravates the cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we explored the role of legumain in cognitive impairment of stressed mice. Legumain knockout (legumain KO) and wildtype (WT) mice were divided into four groups: control group, chronic mild unpredictable stressed (CUS) group, legumain KO group and legumain KO + CUS group. Our results demonstrated that CUS (4 weeks) induced cognitive impairment in mice effectively based on Morris water maze (MWM) test and novel object recognition (NOR) test and decreased the synaptic plasticity. Additionally, CUS exposure significantly decreased the expression of hippocampal synapse related proteins and the cell density in the DG region, accompanied by increasing the expression of hippocampal inflammatory cytokines and promoting the activation of microglia in the hippocampus. Legumain KO distinctly restored the CUS-induced negative effects on the indicators mentioned above. In conclusion, our results suggested that legumain may be an effective therapeutic target for cognitive impairment as was seen within the CUS model and legumain KO reduced the level of neuroinflammation, thereby improving the hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive impairment of stressed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Lian
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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98
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Mass E. Delineating the origins, developmental programs and homeostatic functions of tissue-resident macrophages. Int Immunol 2019; 30:493-501. [PMID: 29986024 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature covering 150 years of research indicates that macrophages are a diverse family of professional phagocytes that continuously explore their environment, recognize and scavenge pathogens, unfit cells, cell debris as well as metabolites, and produce a large range of bioactive molecules and growth factors. A new paradigm suggests that most tissue-resident macrophages originate from fetal precursors that colonize developing organs and self-maintain independently of bone marrow-derived cells throughout life. The differentiation of these precursors is driven by a core macrophage transcriptional program and immediately followed by their specification through expression of tissue-specific transcriptional regulators early during embryogenesis. Despite our increasing understanding of ontogeny and genetic programs that shape differentiation processes and functions of macrophages, the precise developmental trajectories of tissue-resident macrophages remain undefined. Here, I review current models of fetal hematopoietic waves, possible routes of macrophage development and their roles during homeostasis. Further, transgenic mouse models are discussed providing a toolset to study the developmentally and functionally distinct arms of the phagocyte system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Innate Immune System, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Varol C. Tumorigenic Interplay Between Macrophages and Collagenous Matrix in the Tumor Microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1944:203-220. [PMID: 30840245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9095-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a heterogeneous tissue that in addition to tumor cells, contain tumor-associated cell types such as immune cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Considerably important in the tumor microenvironment is its noncellular component, namely, the extracellular matrix (ECM). In particular, the collagenous matrix is subjected to significant alterations in its composition and structure that create a permissive environment for tumor growth, invasion, and dissemination. Among tumor-infiltrating immune cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are numerous in the tumor stroma and are locally educated to mediate important biological functions that profoundly affect tumor initiation, growth, and dissemination. While the influence of TAMs and mechanical properties of the collagenous matrix on tumor invasion and progression have been comprehensively investigated individually, their interaction within the complex tumor microenvironment was overlooked. This review summarizes accumulating evidence that indicate the existence of an intricate tumorigenic crosstalk between TAMs and collagenous matrix. A better mechanistic comprehension of this reciprocal interplay may open a novel arena for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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100
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Halbritter F, Farlik M, Schwentner R, Jug G, Fortelny N, Schnöller T, Pisa H, Schuster LC, Reinprecht A, Czech T, Gojo J, Holter W, Minkov M, Bauer WM, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Bock C, Hutter C. Epigenomics and Single-Cell Sequencing Define a Developmental Hierarchy in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1406-1421. [PMID: 31345789 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare neoplasm predominantly affecting children. It occupies a hybrid position between cancers and inflammatory diseases, which makes it an attractive model for studying cancer development. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of LCH and its characteristic clinical heterogeneity, we investigated the transcriptomic and epigenomic diversity in primary LCH lesions. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified multiple recurrent types of LCH cells within these biopsies, including putative LCH progenitor cells and several subsets of differentiated LCH cells. We confirmed the presence of proliferative LCH cells in all analyzed biopsies using IHC, and we defined an epigenomic and gene-regulatory basis of the different LCH-cell subsets by chromatin-accessibility profiling. In summary, our single-cell analysis of LCH uncovered an unexpected degree of cellular, transcriptomic, and epigenomic heterogeneity among LCH cells, indicative of complex developmental hierarchies in LCH lesions. SIGNIFICANCE: This study sketches a molecular portrait of LCH lesions by combining single-cell transcriptomics with epigenome profiling. We uncovered extensive cellular heterogeneity, explained in part by an intrinsic developmental hierarchy of LCH cells. Our findings provide new insights and hypotheses for advancing LCH research and a starting point for personalizing therapy.See related commentary by Gruber et al., p. 1343.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Halbritter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gunhild Jug
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Schnöller
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanja Pisa
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda C Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Reinprecht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holter
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, St. Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Milen Minkov
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang M Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Hutter
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, St. Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria
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