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Aberle MR, Burkhart RA, Tiriac H, Olde Damink SWM, Dejong CHC, Tuveson DA, van Dam RM. Patient-derived organoid models help define personalized management of gastrointestinal cancer. Br J Surg 2018; 105:e48-e60. [PMID: 29341164 PMCID: PMC5774241 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with different gastrointestinal cancers varies widely. Despite advances in treatment strategies, such as extensive resections and the addition of new drugs to chemotherapy regimens, conventional treatment strategies have failed to improve survival for many tumours. Although promising, the clinical application of molecularly guided personalized treatment has proven to be challenging. This narrative review focuses on the personalization of cancer therapy using patient-derived three-dimensional 'organoid' models. METHODS A PubMed search was conducted to identify relevant articles. An overview of the literature and published protocols is presented, and the implications of these models for patients with cancer, surgeons and oncologists are explained. RESULTS Organoid culture methods have been established for healthy and diseased tissues from oesophagus, stomach, intestine, pancreas, bile duct and liver. Because organoids can be generated with high efficiency and speed from fine-needle aspirations, biopsies or resection specimens, they can serve as a personal cancer model. Personalized treatment could become a more standard practice by using these cell cultures for extensive molecular diagnosis and drug screening. Drug sensitivity assays can give a clinically actionable sensitivity profile of a patient's tumour. However, the predictive capability of organoid drug screening has not been evaluated in prospective clinical trials. CONCLUSION High-throughput drug screening on organoids, combined with next-generation sequencing, proteomic analysis and other state-of-the-art molecular diagnostic methods, can shape cancer treatment to become more effective with fewer side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Aberle
- NUTRIM school of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Surgical Centre Aachen Maastricht, Aachen, Germany and Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R A Burkhart
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H Tiriac
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - S W M Olde Damink
- NUTRIM school of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Surgical Centre Aachen Maastricht, Aachen, Germany and Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C H C Dejong
- NUTRIM school of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Surgical Centre Aachen Maastricht, Aachen, Germany and Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D A Tuveson
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - R M van Dam
- NUTRIM school of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Surgical Centre Aachen Maastricht, Aachen, Germany and Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Vincan E, Schwab RHM, Flanagan DJ, Moselen JM, Tran BM, Barker N, Phesse TJ. The Central Role of Wnt Signaling and Organoid Technology in Personalizing Anticancer Therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 153:299-319. [PMID: 29389521 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is at the heart of organoid technology, which is set to revolutionize the cancer field. We can now predetermine a patient's response to any given anticancer therapy by exposing tumor organoids established from the patient's own tumor. This cutting-edge biomedical platform translates to patients being treated with the correct drug at the correct dose from the outset, a truly personalized and precise medical approach. A high throughput drug screen on organoids also allows drugs to be tested in limitless combinations. More recently, the tumor cells that are resistant to the therapy given to a patient were selected in culture using the patient's organoids. The resistant tumor organoids were then screened empirically to identify drugs that will kill the resistant cells. This information allows diagnosis in real-time to either prevent tumor recurrence or effectively treat the recurring tumor. Furthermore, the ability to culture stem cell-derived epithelium as organoids has enabled us to begin to understand how a stem cell becomes a cancer cell or to pin-point the genetic alteration that underlies a given genetic syndrome. Here we summarize these advances and the central role of Wnt signaling, and identify the next challenges for organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vincan
- Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Renate H M Schwab
- Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dustin J Flanagan
- Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean M Moselen
- Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang M Tran
- Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nick Barker
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Advancing Intestinal Organoid Technology Toward Regenerative Medicine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:51-60. [PMID: 29204508 PMCID: PMC5704126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of technologies to culture intestinal epithelial cells in vitro as various forms of intestinal organoids, there is growing interest in using such cultured intestinal cells as a source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. One such approach would be to combine the organoid technology with methodologies to engineer the culture environment, particularly the three-dimensional scaffold materials, to generate intestines that exquisitely recapitulate their original structures and functions. Another approach to use organoids for regenerative medicine would be to urge them to mature into functional intestines by implanting them into hosts. This process includes the tissue-engineered small intestine that uses synthetic scaffolds for tissue regeneration and direct organoid transplantation that takes advantage of submucosal tissues in the native intestines as a scaffold. Further study in these subfields could lead to the development of therapeutic options to use different types of organoids with various cell types in regenerative medicine for intestinal diseases in humans.
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Tortelote GG, Reis RR, de Almeida Mendes F, Abreu JG. Complexity of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway: Searching for an activation model. Cell Signal 2017; 40:30-43. [PMID: 28844868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling refers to a conserved signaling pathway, widely studied due to its roles in cellular communication, cell fate decisions, development and cancer. However, the exact mechanism underlying inhibition of the GSK phosphorylation towards β-catenin and activation of the pathway after biding of Wnt ligand to its cognate receptors at the plasma membrane remains unclear. Wnt target genes are widely spread over several animal phyla. They participate in a plethora of functions during the development of an organism, from axial specification, gastrulation and organogenesis all the way to regeneration and repair in adults. Temporal and spatial oncogenetic re-activation of Wnt signaling almost certainly leads to cancer. Wnt signaling components have been extensively studied as possible targets in anti-cancer therapies. In this review we will discuss one of the most intriguing questions in this field, that is how β-catenin, a major component in this pathway, escapes the destruction complex, gets stabilized in the cytosol and it is translocated to the nucleus where it acts as a co-transcription factor. Four major models have evolved during the past 20years. We dissected each of them along with current views and future perspectives on this pathway. This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Wnt proteins modulate β-catenin cytoplasmic levels and the relevance of this pathway for the development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovane G Tortelote
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata R Reis
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio de Almeida Mendes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Garcia Abreu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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