51
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Sales Conniff A, Tur J, Kohena K, Zhang M, Gibbons J, Heller LC. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Acute Skeletal Muscle Effects after Intramuscular DNA Electroporation Reveals Inflammatory Signaling. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122037. [PMID: 36560447 PMCID: PMC9786673 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a promising tissue for therapeutic gene delivery because it is highly vascularized, accessible, and capable of synthesizing protein for therapies or vaccines. The application of electric pulses (electroporation) enhances plasmid DNA delivery and expression by increasing membrane permeability. Four hours after plasmid electroporation, we evaluated acute gene and protein expression changes in mouse skeletal muscle to identify regulated genes and genetic pathways. RNA sequencing followed by functional annotation was used to evaluate differentially expressed mRNAs. Our data highlighted immune signaling pathways that may influence the effectiveness of DNA electroporation. Cytokine and chemokine protein levels in muscle lysates revealed the upregulation of a subset of inflammatory proteins and confirmed the RNA sequencing analysis. Several regulated DNA-specific pattern recognition receptor mRNAs were also detected. Identifying unique molecular changes in the muscle will facilitate a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the development of safety biomarkers and novel strategies to improve skeletal muscle targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sales Conniff
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jared Tur
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kristopher Kohena
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- USF Genomics Core, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Justin Gibbons
- USF Omics Hub, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Loree C. Heller
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-4637
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52
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Naesens L, Muppala S, Acharya D, Nemegeer J, Bogaert D, Lee JH, Staes K, Debacker V, De Bleser P, De Bruyne M, De Baere E, van Gent M, Liu G, Lambrecht BN, Staal J, Kerre T, Beyaert R, Maelfait J, Tavernier SJ, Gack MU, Haerynck F. GTF3A mutations predispose to herpes simplex encephalitis by disrupting biogenesis of the host-derived RIG-I ligand RNA5SP141. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabq4531. [PMID: 36399538 PMCID: PMC10075094 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects several billion people worldwide and can cause life-threatening herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in some patients. Monogenic defects in components of the type I interferon system have been identified in patients with HSE, emphasizing the role of inborn errors of immunity underlying HSE pathogenesis. Here, we identify compound heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the gene GTF3A encoding for transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA), a component of the RNA polymerase III complex, in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency and HSE. Patient fibroblasts and GTF3A gene-edited cells displayed impaired HSV-1-induced innate immune responses and enhanced HSV-1 replication. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis identified the 5S ribosomal RNA pseudogene 141 (RNA5SP141), an endogenous ligand of the RNA sensor RIG-I, as a transcriptional target of TFIIIA. GTF3A mutant cells exhibited diminished RNA5SP141 expression and abrogated RIG-I activation upon HSV-1 infection. Our work unveils a crucial role for TFIIIA in transcriptional regulation of a cellular RIG-I agonist and shows that GTF3A genetic defects lead to impaired cell-intrinsic anti-HSV-1 responses and can predispose to HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Naesens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Santoshi Muppala
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Josephine Nemegeer
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Cell death, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Bogaert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katrien Staes
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Debacker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Bleser
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marieke De Bruyne
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel van Gent
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - GuanQun Liu
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Cell death, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon J. Tavernier
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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53
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Peng Q, Zhang Y, Xian B, Wu L, Ding J, Ding W, Zhang X, Ding B, Li D, Wu J, Hu X, Lu G. A synonymous variant contributes to a rare Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome complicated with mild anemia via affecting pre-mRNA splicing. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1026530. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1026530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome (WDRTS) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive neonatal disorder. Currently, over 50 cases with variable phenotypes of WDRTS have been reported. In our cohort of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, a female proband was found to have general growth retardation, neurocutaneous syndrome, and anemia. Karyotype test and array-CGH detected no obvious chromosomal aberrations. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing (Trio-WES) identified bi-allelic compound mutations in the coding sequence (CDS) of POLR3A gene (c.3342C > T, p.Ser1114 = and c.3718G > A, p.Gly1240Ser). For the mild anemia phenotype, the underlying causal genetic factors could be attributed to the compound heterozygous mutations in FANCA gene (c.2832dup, p.Ala945CysfsTer6 and c.1902 T > G, p.Asp634Glu). Mini-gene reporter assays revealed that the synonymous variant of POLR3A and the missense variant of FANCA could affect pre-mRNA splicing of each gene. For POLR3A, the synonymous mutation (c.3342C > T, p.Ser1114=) generated three types of aberrant isoforms. Therefore, the female patient was finally diagnosed as WDRTS caused by POLR3A. For FANCA, the missense variant (c.1902 T > G, p.Asp634Glu) disrupted the normal splicing between exon 21 and 22, and produced two types of abnormal isoforms, one carrying the 1902G and the other spliced between exon 21 and 23 to exclude exon 22. Network analysis showed that POLR3A and FANCA could be STRINGed, indicating both proteins might collaborate for some unknown functions. Current investigation would broaden the knowledge for clinicians and genetic counselors and remind them to interpret those synonymous or predicted “benign” variants more carefully.
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Chen K, Wu T, Wang D, Li R, Shen X, Zhao T, Ozato K, Li R. Transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics reveal changes after second stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1004232. [PMID: 36341359 PMCID: PMC9627492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1004232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory can cause the occurrence and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, and it is as well as being strongly associated with the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), however, the specific mechanism remains to be further studied. We learned that IFN-γ stimulation generated innate immune memory in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and activated memory interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). This research used IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to treat BMDMs with lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice and showed that particular memory ISGs were substantially elevated in prestimulated macrophages. In order to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), researchers turned to RNA-seq. GO and KEGG analysis showed that up-regulated DEGs were enriched in defense and innate immune responses, and were related to the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)-related pathways in macrophages. TMT-based proteome analysis revealed differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) up-regulated in BMDMs were abundant in metabolic pathways such as glucose metabolism. Our study found that after the secondary stimulation of MRL/lpr mice, the expression of PRRs in innate immune cells was changed, and IFN-related pathways were activated to release a large number of ISGs to promote the secondary response. At the same time, related metabolic modes such as glycolysis were enhanced, and epigenetic changes may occur. Therefore, SLE is brought on, maintained, and worsened by a variety of factors that work together to produce innate immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiyun Wu
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Keiko Ozato, ; Rongqun Li,
| | - Rongqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Keiko Ozato, ; Rongqun Li,
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55
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Liu J, Zhang X, Wang H. The cGAS-STING-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the neurotoxicity induced by manganese exposure. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113680. [PMID: 36942606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has become a global health challenge. Exposure to heavy metals represents a major health risk. Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element but also an environmental pollutant. Mn exposure can induce neurotoxicity and lead to neurodegenerative disease. Inflammation and Tau hyperphosphorylation are prominent hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases induced by Mn exposure. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway can induce powerful innate immune defense programmes and has emerged as a key mediator of inflammation. In recent years, Mn2+ has been found to be the second activator of the cGAS-STING pathway in addition to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). NLRP3 activation is upstream of Tau pathology, and NLRP3 activation induces Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation. Mn exposure-induced neurotoxicity may be associated with excessive activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, leading to inflammation. The cGAS-STING/NLRP3 axis may be a promising option for revealing the mechanisms of neurotoxicity of Mn exposure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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56
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Chang KC, Chua HH, Chen YH, Tsuei DJ, Lee MH, Chiang CL, Jeng YM, Wu JF, Chen HL, Hsu HY, Ni YH, Chang MH. Hepatitis B virus X gene impacts on the innate immunity and immune-tolerant phase in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Liver Int 2022; 42:2154-2166. [PMID: 35762289 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The immunologic features involved in the immune-tolerant phase of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus (HBV) infection are unclear. The hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein disrupts IFN-β induction by downregulating MAVS and may destroy subsequent HBV-specific adaptive immunity. We aimed to analyse the impacts of genetic variability of HBx in CHB patients on the immune-tolerant phase during long-term follow-up. METHODS Children with CHB in the immune-tolerant phase were recruited and followed longitudinally. HBx gene sequencing of infecting HBV strains was performed, and the effects of HBx mutations on the immune-tolerant phase were assessed. Restoration of the host immune response to end the immune-tolerant phase was investigated by immunoblotting, immunostaining, ELISA and reporter assays of MAVS/IFN-β signalling in liver cell lines, patient liver tissues and the HBV plasmid replication system. RESULTS A total of 173 children (median age, 6.92 years) were recruited. Patients carrying HBx R87G, I127V and R87G + I127V double mutations exhibited higher cumulative incidences of immune-tolerant phase breakthrough (p = .011, p = .006 and p = .017 respectively). Cells transfected with HBx R87G and I127V mutants and pHBV1.3-B6.3 replicons containing the HBx R87G and I127V mutations exhibited statistically increased levels of IFN-β, especially under poly(I:C) stimulation or Flag-MAVS cotransfection. HA-HBx wild-type interacted with Flag-MAVS and enhanced its ubiquitination, but this ability was diminished in the R87G and I127V mutants. CONCLUSIONS HBx suppresses IFN-β induction. R87G and I127V mutation restored IFN-β production by preventing MAVS degradation, contributing to curtailing the HBV immune-tolerant phase in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chi Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Huey Chua
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daw-Jen Tsuei
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lun Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Medical Education and Bioethics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Medical Education and Bioethics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Medical Microbiota Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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57
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Damania B, Kenney SC, Raab-Traub N. Epstein-Barr virus: Biology and clinical disease. Cell 2022; 185:3652-3670. [PMID: 36113467 PMCID: PMC9529843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, oncogenic virus that is associated with a number of different human malignancies as well as autoimmune disorders. The expression of EBV viral proteins and non-coding RNAs contribute to EBV-mediated disease pathologies. The virus establishes life-long latency in the human host and is adept at evading host innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss the life cycle of EBV, the various functions of EBV-encoded proteins and RNAs, the ability of the virus to activate and evade immune responses, as well as the neoplastic and autoimmune diseases that are associated with EBV infection in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Shannon C Kenney
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy Raab-Traub
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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58
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Chen X, Fan S, Zhu C, Liao Q, Tang J, Yu G, Cai X, Ouyang G, Xiao W, Liu X. Zebrafish sirt5 Negatively Regulates Antiviral Innate Immunity by Attenuating Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination of mavs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1165-1172. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The signaling adaptor MAVS is a critical determinant in retinoic acid–inducible gene 1–like receptor signaling, and its activation is tightly controlled by multiple mechanisms in response to viral infection, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination. In this article, we demonstrate that zebrafish sirt5, one of the sirtuin family proteins, negatively regulates mavs-mediated antiviral innate immunity. Sirt5 is induced by spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infection and binds to mavs, resulting in attenuating phosphorylation and ubiquitination of mavs. Disruption of sirt5 in zebrafish promotes survival ratio after challenge with SVCV. Consistently, the antiviral responsive genes are enhanced, and the replication of SVCV is diminished in sirt5-dificient zebrafish. Therefore, we reveal a function of zebrafish sirt5 in the negative regulation of antiviral innate immunity by targeting mavs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Chen
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- †University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijia Fan
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- †University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Zhu
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- †University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liao
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- †University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Tang
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- †University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangqing Yu
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- †University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- ‡The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- §The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; and
| | - Gang Ouyang
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- ‡The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- §The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; and
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- †University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- ‡The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- §The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; and
- ¶Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- *State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- †University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- ‡The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- §The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; and
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59
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Acharya D, Reis R, Volcic M, Liu G, Wang MK, Chia BS, Nchioua R, Groß R, Münch J, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer KMJ, Gack MU. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling primes RIG-I-like receptor activation. Cell 2022; 185:3588-3602.e21. [PMID: 36113429 PMCID: PMC9680832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The current dogma of RNA-mediated innate immunity is that sensing of immunostimulatory RNA ligands is sufficient for the activation of intracellular sensors and induction of interferon (IFN) responses. Here, we report that actin cytoskeleton disturbance primes RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) activation. Actin cytoskeleton rearrangement induced by virus infection or commonly used reagents to intracellularly deliver RNA triggers the relocalization of PPP1R12C, a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), from filamentous actin to cytoplasmic RLRs. This allows dephosphorylation-mediated RLR priming and, together with the RNA agonist, induces effective RLR downstream signaling. Genetic ablation of PPP1R12C impairs antiviral responses and enhances susceptibility to infection with several RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, picornavirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Our work identifies actin cytoskeleton disturbance as a priming signal for RLR-mediated innate immunity, which may open avenues for antiviral or adjuvant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Acharya
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rebecca Reis
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - GuanQun Liu
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - May K Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bing Shao Chia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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60
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Zhao X, Huang W, Shi Y, Guo J, Xiao H, Ji N, Feng J, Dang H, Zou J. PLAAT1 inhibits type I interferon response via degradation of IRF3 and IRF7 in Zebrafish. Front Immunol 2022; 13:979919. [PMID: 36172355 PMCID: PMC9510373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.979919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PLAAT1 is a member of the PLAAT protein family and plays important roles in tumor suppression, transglutaminase activation and peroxisomal biogenesis. Recently, PLAAT1 has been shown to promote degradation of p53 protein and cellular organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome. In this study, we show that PLAAT1 inhibits the production of type I interferon and promotes virus replication in zebrafish. Overexpression of Plaat1 in zebrafish cells suppresses antiviral responses and promotes virus replication. Mechanistically, PLAAT1 interacts with IRF3 and IRF7 to initiate degradation of IRF3 and IRF7, which can be attenuated by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagosome. Our study provides novel insights into the functions of PLAAT1 in host immune response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hehe Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Ji
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifeng Dang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zou,
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61
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Nash A, Ryan EJ. The oncogenic gamma herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) hijack retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) facilitating both viral and tumour immune evasion. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200246. [PMID: 35998812 PMCID: PMC9424536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses evade host immunity to establish persistent lifelong infection with dormant latent and replicative lytic phases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) are double-stranded DNA herpesviruses that encode components to activate RNA sensors, (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). Yet both viruses can effectively evade the antiviral immune response. The ability of these viruses to disarm RIG-I to evade immunity allowing viral persistency can contribute to the creation of a protected niche that facilitates tumour growth and immune evasion. Alternatively, viral nucleic acids present in the cytosol during the replicative phase of the viral lifecycle can activate pro-inflammatory signaling downstream of RIG-I augmenting tumour promoting inflammation. Understanding how these viral proteins disrupt innate immune pathways could help identify mechanisms to boost immunity, clearing viral infection and enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy for virally induced cancers. Here we review literature on the strategies EBV and KSHV use to either enhance or inhibit RLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Nash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth J. Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland,Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland,Corresponding author. Department of Biological Sciences.
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62
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Moody CA. Regulation of the Innate Immune Response during the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081797. [PMID: 36016419 PMCID: PMC9412305 DOI: 10.3390/v14081797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPVs) are associated with multiple human cancers and comprise 5% of the human cancer burden. Although most infections are transient, persistent infections are a major risk factor for cancer development. The life cycle of HPV is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. HPVs establish infection at a low copy number in the proliferating basal keratinocytes of the stratified epithelium. In contrast, the productive phase of the viral life cycle is activated upon epithelial differentiation, resulting in viral genome amplification, high levels of late gene expression, and the assembly of virions that are shed from the epithelial surface. Avoiding activation of an innate immune response during the course of infection plays a key role in promoting viral persistence as well as completion of the viral life cycle in differentiating epithelial cells. This review highlights the recent advances in our understanding of how HPVs manipulate the host cell environment, often in a type-specific manner, to suppress activation of an innate immune response to establish conditions supportive of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A. Moody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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63
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Jain A, Mittal S, Tripathi LP, Nussinov R, Ahmad S. Host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions: A comprehensive review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4415-4436. [PMID: 36051878 PMCID: PMC9420432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by host cells is an effective host strategy to detect pathogenic invasion and trigger immune responses. In the context of pathogen-specific pharmacology, there is a growing interest in mapping the interactions between pathogen-derived nucleic acids and host proteins. Insight into the principles of the structural and immunological mechanisms underlying such interactions and their roles in host defense is necessary to guide therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the newest advances in studies of molecular interactions involving pathogen nucleic acids and host factors, including their drug design, molecular structure and specific patterns. We observed that two groups of nucleic acid recognizing molecules, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) form the backbone of host responses to pathogen nucleic acids, with additional support provided by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and DNA-dependent activator of Interferons (IFNs)-regulatory factors (DAI) like cytosolic activity. We review the structural, immunological, and other biological aspects of these representative groups of molecules, especially in terms of their target specificity and affinity and challenges in leveraging host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions (HP-PNI) in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Mittal
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Lokesh P. Tripathi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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64
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Dooyema SD, Noto JM, Wroblewski LE, Piazuelo MB, Krishna U, Suarez G, Romero-Gallo J, Delgado AG, Peek RM. Helicobacter pylori actively suppresses innate immune nucleic acid receptors. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2105102. [PMID: 35905376 PMCID: PMC9341374 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic mucosal pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate the host immune response; consequently, microbes contribute to the development of >2 million cases of cancer/year. Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and Helicobacter pylori confers the highest risk for this disease. Gastric innate immune effectors can either eliminate bacteria or mobilize adaptive immune responses including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytosolic DNA sensor/adaptor proteins (e.g., stimulator of interferon genes, STING). The H. pylori strain-specific cag type IV secretion system (T4SS) augments gastric cancer risk and translocates DNA into epithelial cells where it activates the microbial DNA sensor TLR9 and suppresses injury in vivo; however, the ability of H. pylori to suppress additional nucleic acid PRRs within the context of chronic gastric inflammation and injury remains undefined. In this study, in vitro and ex vivo experiments identified a novel mechanism through which H. pylori actively suppresses STING and RIG-I signaling via downregulation of IRF3 activation. In vivo, the use of genetically deficient mice revealed that Th17 inflammatory responses are heightened following H. pylori infection within the context of Sting deficiency in conjunction with increased expression of a known host immune regulator, Trim30a. This novel mechanism of immune suppression by H. pylori is likely a critical component of a finely tuned rheostat that not only regulates the initial innate immune response, but also drives chronic gastric inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D.R. Dooyema
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Microbe-Host Interactions Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Noto
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lydia E. Wroblewski
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Uma Krishna
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Giovanni Suarez
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,CONTACT Richard M. Peek Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1030C Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN37232, USA
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65
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Zou YR, Davidson A. Nucleic Acid Sensing and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Danger of Self. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:431-433. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This Pillars of Immunology article is a commentary on “Chromatin–IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors,” a pivotal article written by E. A. Leadbetter, I. R. Rifkin, A. M. Hohlbaum, B. C. Beaudette, M. J. Shlomchik and A. Marshak-Rothstein, and published in Nature in 2002. https://www.nature.com/articles/416603a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Rui Zou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Anne Davidson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
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66
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Apoptotic caspases suppress an MDA5-driven IFN response during productive replication of human papillomavirus type 31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200206119. [PMID: 35858339 PMCID: PMC9303994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200206119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the basal proliferating cells of the stratified epithelium, but the productive phase of the life cycle (consisting of viral genome amplification, late gene expression, and virion assembly) is restricted to the highly differentiated suprabasal cells. While much is known regarding the mechanisms that HPVs use to block activation of an innate immune response in undifferentiated cells, little is known concerning how HPV prevents an interferon (IFN) response upon differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that high-risk HPVs hijack a natural function of apoptotic caspases to suppress an IFN response in differentiating epithelial cells. We show that caspase inhibition results in the secretion of type I and type III IFNs that can act in a paracrine manner to induce expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and block productive replication of HPV31. Importantly, we demonstrate that the expression of IFNs is triggered by the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS)-TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1) pathway, signifying a response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Additionally, we identify a role for MDA5 and MAVS in restricting productive viral replication during the normal HPV life cycle. This study identifies a mechanism by which HPV reprograms the cellular environment of differentiating cells through caspase activation, co-opting a nondeath function of proteins normally involved in apoptosis to block antiviral signaling and promote viral replication.
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67
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A novel mechanism for macrophage pyroptosis in rheumatoid arthritis induced by Pol β deficiency. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:583. [PMID: 35794098 PMCID: PMC9259649 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and inflammatory autoimmune disease. Macrophage pyroptosis, a proinflammatory form of cell death, is critically important in RA; however, the detailed mechanism underlying pyroptosis induction is not yet well understood. Here, we report that DNA polymerase β (Pol β), a key enzyme in base excision repair, plays a pivotal role in RA pathogenesis. Our data shows that Pol β expression is significantly decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from active RA patients and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, and Pol β deficiency increases the incidence of RA, macrophage infiltration, and bone destruction in CIA mouse models. In vitro, experiments showed that Pol β deficiency exacerbated macrophage pyroptosis induced by LPS plus ATP, while overexpression of Pol β inhibited macrophage pyroptosis. Further characterization revealed that Pol β knockout resulted in DNA damage accumulation and cytosolic dsDNA leakage, which activated the cGAS-STING-NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulated the expression of NLRP3, IL-1 β, and IL-18. In conclusion, our findings clarify the influence of Pol β on the development of RA and provide a detailed explanation for the STING-NF-κB pathway to induce macrophage pyroptosis.
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68
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Wang W, McMillan MT, Zhao X, Wang Z, Jiang L, Karnak D, Lima F, Parsels JD, Parsels LA, Lawrence TS, Frankel TL, Morgan MA, Green MD, Zhang Q. DNA-PK Inhibition and Radiation Promote Antitumoral Immunity through RNA Polymerase III in Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1137-1150. [PMID: 35348737 PMCID: PMC9262824 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the DNA damage response in combination with radiation enhances type I interferon (T1IFN)-driven innate immune signaling. It is not understood, however, whether DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), the kinase critical for repairing the majority of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in cancer cells, is immunomodulatory. We show that combining radiation with DNA-PK inhibition increases cytosolic double-stranded DNA and tumoral T1IFN signaling in a cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-independent, but an RNA polymerase III (POL III), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), and antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS)-dependent manner. Although DNA-PK inhibition and radiation also promote programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, the use of anti-PD-L1 in combination with radiation and DNA-PK inhibitor potentiates antitumor immunity in pancreatic cancer models. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for the antitumoral immune effects of DNA-PK inhibitor and radiation that leads to increased sensitivity to anti-PD-L1 in poorly immunogenic pancreatic cancers. IMPLICATIONS Our work nominates a novel therapeutic strategy as well as its cellular mechanisms pertinent for future clinical trials combining M3814, radiation, and anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew T. McMillan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhuwen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Karnak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fatima Lima
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joshua D. Parsels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Leslie A. Parsels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Theodore S. Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy L Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meredith A. Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael D. Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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69
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Zhou Y, Li FY, Lu LF, Hu YZ, Zhang YA. Conserved function of crucian carp cGAS in the MITA-mediated interferon signaling. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104402. [PMID: 35351471 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is pivotal for cytosolic DNA-triggered interferon (IFN) response. However, the function of cGAS in fish IFN response remains unclear. Our recent study has reported that cGAS from crucian and grass carps downregulates the IFN response by attenuating the K63-linked ubiquitination of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and its interaction with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). Here, the function of crucian carp cGAS was further investigated. We found that crucian carp cGAS directly binds to poly deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic acid (poly (dA:dT)) and exhibits mediator of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation (MITA)-dependent activation of the IFN response, indicating a conserved function of crucian carp cGAS in the MITA-mediated IFN signaling. However, crucian carp cGAS could suppress the IFN activation stimulated by polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) in time- and dose-dependent manners. These data collectively suggest complicated functions of crucian carp cGAS in the IFN antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Zhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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70
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Ruggiero E, Lavezzo E, Grazioli M, Zanin I, Marušič M, Plavec J, Richter SN, Toppo S. Human Virus Genomes Are Enriched in Conserved Adenine/Thymine/Uracil Multiple Tracts That Pause Polymerase Progression. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:915069. [PMID: 35722311 PMCID: PMC9198555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.915069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA secondary structures that deviate from the classic Watson and Crick base pairing are increasingly being reported to form transiently in the cell and regulate specific cellular mechanisms. Human viruses are cell parasites that have evolved mechanisms shared with the host cell to support their own replication and spreading. Contrary to human host cells, viruses display a diverse array of nucleic acid types, which include DNA or RNA in single-stranded or double-stranded conformations. This heterogeneity improves the possible occurrence of non-canonical nucleic acid structures. We have previously shown that human virus genomes are enriched in G-rich sequences that fold in four-stranded nucleic acid secondary structures, the G-quadruplexes.Here, by extensive bioinformatics analysis on all available genomes, we showed that human viruses are enriched in highly conserved multiple A (and T or U) tracts, with such an array that they could in principle form quadruplex structures. By circular dichroism, NMR, and Taq polymerase stop assays, we proved that, while A/T/U-quadruplexes do not form, these tracts still display biological significance, as they invariably trigger polymerase pausing within two bases from the A/T/U tract. “A” bases display the strongest effect. Most of the identified A-tracts are in the coding strand, both at the DNA and RNA levels, suggesting their possible relevance during viral translation. This study expands on the presence and mechanism of nucleic acid secondary structures in human viruses and provides a new direction for antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Lavezzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Grazioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Irene Zanin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maja Marušič
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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71
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de Faria IJS, Aguiar ERGR, Olmo RP, Alves da Silva J, Daeffler L, Carthew RW, Imler JL, Marques JT. Invading viral DNA triggers dsRNA synthesis by RNA polymerase II to activate antiviral RNA interference in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110976. [PMID: 35732126 PMCID: PMC10041815 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
dsRNA sensing triggers antiviral responses against RNA and DNA viruses in diverse eukaryotes. In Drosophila, Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6), a large DNA virus, triggers production of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by the dsRNA sensor Dicer-2. Here, we show that host RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) bidirectionally transcribes specific AT-rich regions of the IIV-6 DNA genome to generate dsRNA. Both replicative and naked IIV-6 genomes trigger production of dsRNA in Drosophila cells, implying direct sensing of invading DNA. Loquacious-PD, a Dicer-2 co-factor essential for the biogenesis of endogenous siRNAs, is dispensable for processing of IIV-6-derived dsRNAs, which suggests that they are distinct. Consistent with this finding, inhibition of the RNAPII co-factor P-TEFb affects the synthesis of endogenous, but not virus-derived, dsRNA. Altogether, our results suggest that a non-canonical RNAPII complex recognizes invading viral DNA to synthesize virus-derived dsRNA, which activates the antiviral siRNA pathway in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaque J S de Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric R G R Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Biological Science (DCB), Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), 45662-900 Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Roenick P Olmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Juliana Alves da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laurent Daeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; NSF Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Imler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - João T Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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72
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Deng Y, Wang Y, Li L, Miao EA, Liu P. Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins in Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensing Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898724. [PMID: 35795661 PMCID: PMC9250978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is the first-line host defense against pathogens. Cytosolic nucleic acids, including both DNA and RNA, represent a special type of danger signal to initiate an innate immune response. Activation of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is tightly controlled in order to achieve the high sensitivity needed to combat infection while simultaneously preventing false activation that leads to pathologic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on post-translational modifications of key cytosolic nucleic acid sensors that can reversibly or irreversibly control these sensor functions. We will describe phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, neddylation, acetylation, methylation, succinylation, glutamylation, amidation, palmitoylation, and oxidation modifications events (including modified residues, modifying enzymes, and modification function). Together, these post-translational regulatory modifications on key cytosolic DNA/RNA sensing pathway members reveal a complicated yet elegantly controlled multilayer regulator network to govern innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pengda Liu,
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73
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In vitro and in vivo correlation of skin and cellular responses to nucleic acid delivery. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113088. [PMID: 35658241 PMCID: PMC10010056 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin, the largest organ in the body, provides a passive physical barrier against infection and contains elements of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Skin consists of various cells, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and immune cells. This diversity of cell types could be important to gene therapies because DNA transfection could elicit different responses in different cell types. Previously, we observed the upregulation and activation of cytosolic DNA sensing pathways in several non-tumor and tumor cell types as well in tumors after the electroporation (electrotransfer) of plasmid DNA (pDNA). Based on this research and the innate immunogenicity of skin, we correlated the effects of pDNA electrotransfer to fibroblasts and keratinocytes to mouse skin using reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and several types of protein quantification. After pDNA electrotransfer, the mRNAs of the putative DNA sensors DEAD (AspGlu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 60 (Ddx60), absent in melanoma 2 (Aim2), Z-DNA binding protein 1 (Zbp1), interferon activated gene 202 (Ifi202), and interferon-inducible protein 204 (Ifi204) were upregulated in keratinocytes, while Ddx60, Zbp1 and Ifi204 were upregulated in fibroblasts. Increased levels of the mRNAs and proteins of several cytokines and chemokines were detected and varied based on cell type. Mouse skin experiments in vivo confirmed our in vitro results with increased expression of putative DNA sensor mRNAs and of the mRNAs and proteins of several cytokines and chemokines. Finally, with immunofluorescent staining, we demonstrated that skin keratinocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages contribute to the immune response observed after pDNA electrotransfer.
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74
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Wang H, Yin J, Gu X, Shao W, Jia Z, Chen H, Xia W. Immune Regulator Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893204. [PMID: 35693778 PMCID: PMC9178270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that contains two CARD domains, an RNA helicase domain, and a C-terminal domain. RIG-I initiates antiviral innate immunity by recognizing exogenous viral RNAs/DNAs. However, some studies have reported that RIG-I activation leads to damage in various organs and tissues in diverse circumstances. Recent studies have shown that RIG-I is involved in cancer, lupus nephritis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, Crohn’s disease, and atherosclerosis. These reports indicate that RIG-I not only participates in antiviral signaling pathways but also exerts an influence on non-viral infectious diseases. RIG-I is widely expressed in immune and non-immune cells including smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes. A succinct overview of RIG-I and its signaling pathways, with respect to the cardiovascular system, will aid in the development of novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the structure, activation, signaling pathways, and role of RIG-I in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyan Gu
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Shao
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Xia, ; Zhanjun Jia, ; Hongbing Chen,
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Xia, ; Zhanjun Jia, ; Hongbing Chen,
| | - Weiwei Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Xia, ; Zhanjun Jia, ; Hongbing Chen,
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75
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Singh RS, Vidhyasagar V, Yang S, Arna AB, Yadav M, Aggarwal A, Aguilera AN, Shinriki S, Bhanumathy KK, Pandey K, Xu A, Rapin N, Bosch M, DeCoteau J, Xiang J, Vizeacoumar FJ, Zhou Y, Misra V, Matsui H, Ross SR, Wu Y. DDX41 is required for cGAS-STING activation against DNA virus infection. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110856. [PMID: 35613581 PMCID: PMC9205463 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon binding double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is activated and initiates the cGAS-stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-type I interferon pathway. DEAD-box helicase 41 (DDX41) is a DEAD-box helicase, and mutations in DDX41 cause myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we show that DDX41-knockout (KO) cells have reduced type I interferon production after DNA virus infection. Unexpectedly, activations of cGAS and STING are affected in DDX41 KO cells, suggesting that DDX41 functions upstream of cGAS. The recombinant DDX41 protein exhibits ATP-dependent DNA-unwinding activity and ATP-independent strand-annealing activity. The MDS/AML-derived mutant R525H has reduced unwinding activity but retains normal strand-annealing activity and stimulates greater cGAS dinucleotide-synthesis activity than wild-type DDX41. Overexpression of R525H in either DDX41-deficient or -proficient cells results in higher type I interferon production. Our results have led to the hypothesis that DDX41 utilizes its unwinding and annealing activities to regulate the homeostasis of dsDNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which, in turn, regulates cGAS-STING activation. cGAS is activated by dsDNA. Singh et al. find DDX41 regulates cGAS activation through unwinding and annealing activities on dsDNA and ssDNA, respectively, and MDS/AML patient mutant R525H causes overactivation of innate immune response due to its unbalanced activities. This DDX41-cGAS-STING pathway may be related to molecular pathogenesis of MDS/AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shankar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Shizhuo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ananna Bhadra Arna
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Aanchal Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Alexya N Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Satoru Shinriki
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Kannupriya Pandey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Aizhang Xu
- Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Noreen Rapin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Mark Bosch
- Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - John DeCoteau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jim Xiang
- Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Franco J Vizeacoumar
- Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Hirotaka Matsui
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Susan R Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuliang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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76
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Structural insights into nuclear transcription by eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:603-622. [PMID: 35505252 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic transcription apparatus synthesizes a staggering diversity of RNA molecules. The labour of nuclear gene transcription is, therefore, divided among multiple DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal RNA, Pol II synthesizes messenger RNAs and various non-coding RNAs (including long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs and small nuclear RNAs) and Pol III produces transfer RNAs and other short RNA molecules. Pol I, Pol II and Pol III are large, multisubunit protein complexes that associate with a multitude of additional factors to synthesize transcripts that largely differ in size, structure and abundance. The three transcription machineries share common characteristics, but differ widely in various aspects, such as numbers of RNA polymerase subunits, regulatory elements and accessory factors, which allows them to specialize in transcribing their specific RNAs. Common to the three RNA polymerases is that the transcription process consists of three major steps: transcription initiation, transcript elongation and transcription termination. In this Review, we outline the common principles and differences between the Pol I, Pol II and Pol III transcription machineries and discuss key structural and functional insights obtained into the three stages of their transcription processes.
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77
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Ma C, Li S, Yang F, Cao W, Liu H, Feng T, Zhang K, Zhu Z, Liu X, Hu Y, Zheng H. FoxJ1 inhibits African swine fever virus replication and viral S273R protein decreases the expression of FoxJ1 to impair its antiviral effect. Virol Sin 2022; 37:445-454. [PMID: 35513267 PMCID: PMC9243675 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly pathogenic swine infectious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, which is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). ASF has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry and seriously threatens global food security and livestock health. To date, there is no safe and effective commercial vaccine against ASF. Unveiling the underlying mechanisms of ASFV-host interplay is critical for developing effective vaccines and drugs against ASFV. In the present study, RNA-sequencing, RT-qPCR and Western blotting analysis revealed that the transcriptional and protein levels of the host factor FoxJ1 were significantly down-regulated in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected by ASFV. RT-qPCR analysis showed that overexpression of FoxJ1 upregulated the transcription of type I interferon and interferon stimulating genes (ISGs) induced by poly(dA:dT). FoxJ1 revealed a function to positively regulate innate immune response, therefore, suppressing the replication of ASFV. In addition, Western blotting analysis indicated that FoxJ1 degraded ASFV MGF505-2R and E165R proteins through autophagy pathway. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR and Western blotting analysis showed that ASFV S273R inhibited the expression of FoxJ1. Altogether, we determined that FoxJ1 plays an antiviral role against ASFV replication, and ASFV protein impairs FoxJ1-mediated antiviral effect by degradation of FoxJ1. Our findings provide new insights into the antiviral function of FoxJ1, which might help design antiviral drugs or vaccines against ASFV infection. FoxJ1 inhibits ASFV replication by degrading ASFV MGF505-2R and E165R proteins via autophagy. FoxJ1 enhances type I IFN response, showing an essential antiviral role. ASFV S273R protein inhibits FoxJ1 expression to impair its antiviral effect.
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78
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Czajkowski D, Szmyd R, Gee HE. Impact of DNA damage response defects in cancer cells on response to immunotherapy and radiotherapy. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2022; 66:546-559. [PMID: 35460184 PMCID: PMC9321602 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex set of downstream pathways triggered in response to DNA damage to maintain genomic stability. Many tumours exhibit mutations which inactivate components of the DDR, making them prone to the accumulation of DNA defects. These can both facilitate the development of tumours and provide potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions. The inhibition of the DDR has been shown to induce radiosensitivity in certain cancers, rendering them susceptible to treatment with radiotherapy and improving the therapeutic window. Moreover, DDR defects are a strong predictor of patient response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). The ability to target the DDR selectively has the potential to expand the tumour neoantigen repertoire, thus increasing tumour immunogenicity and facilitating a CD8+ T and NK cell response against cancer cells. Combinatorial approaches, which seek to integrate DDR inhibition with radiotherapy and immunotherapy, have shown promise in early trials. Further studies are necessary to understand these synergies and establish reliable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radosław Szmyd
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney West Radiation Oncology Network, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Harriet E Gee
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney West Radiation Oncology Network, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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79
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Jiang Z, Cheng X, Sun Z, Hu J, Xu X, Li M, Feng Z, Hu C. Grass carp PRMT6 negatively regulates innate immunity by inhibiting the TBK1/IRF3 binding and cutting down IRF3 phosphorylation level. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:104351. [PMID: 35033573 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular localization analysis implicated that CiPRMT6 was mainly located in the nucleus, with a small part of them located in the cytoplasm. PRMT6, namely protein arginine methyltransferase 6, was first identified and demonstrated to catalyze the methylation of arginine residue on the chromatin histones in mammals. Mammalian PRMT6 usually acts as an arginine methyltransferase in the nucleus, but induces antiviral innate immune response in the cytoplasm. Nowadays, there have been few reports about PRMT6 in teleost. In this study, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of PRMT6 expression and IFN1 response in grass carp. We first cloned and identified a grass carp PRMT6 (named CiPRMT6, MN781672.1), which is 1068bp in length encoding a deduced polypeptide of 355 amino acids. In CIK cell, CiPRMT6 expression was up-regulated upon stimulation with poly (I:C); while overexpression of PRMT6 suppressed the promoter activity of grass carp IFN1 and reduced the phosphorylation of IRF3; however, the amount of PRMT6 mutant (lack of methyltransferase domain) was increased in the cytoplasm. Our results also showed that grass carp PRMT6 and IRF3 (but not TBK1) were co-located and bound to each other in the cytoplasm. The binding of CiPRMT6 to IRF3 impairs the interaction between TBK1 and IRF3, indicating that CiPRMT6 is a negative regulator for IFN1 expression through TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway in grass carp. In conclusion, we identified that CiPRMT6 negatively regulated IFN1 expression by inhibiting the TBK1-IRF3 interaction as well as IRF3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Jiang
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xining Cheng
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jihuan Hu
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Meifeng Li
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhiqing Feng
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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80
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Shi L, Li C, Gao Y, Ye J, Lu Y, Liu X. STUB1 activates antiviral response in zebrafish by promoting the expression of RIG-I. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:182-193. [PMID: 35227882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is a fierce pathogen causing high mortality in the common carp. At present, the treatment of spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is limited. Innate immunity is the host's first line of defense against microbial pathogens. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) activation plays an essential role in the antiviral immune response. Virus infection can activate the RIG-I signaling and induce the production of interferon (IFN) and the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). STUB1 (STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1) is a highly conserved cytoplasmic protein. This protein is known to exist widely in many biological systems and plays an important role in the process of immune regulation, but little is known in fish. To explore the immune function of STUB1 in fish, STUB1 gene was cloned from zebrafish and analyzed in this study. Zebrafish STUB1 showed 77% and 79% amino acid sequence homology with those from human and mouse, respectively. The amino acid sequence of zebrafish STUB1 contains three TPR domains and one U-box domain. Subcellular localization study revealed that STUB1 is located in the cytoplasm. And overexpression of zebrafish STUB1 resulted in the activation of the transcription of IFN1 and ISGs. Functional analysis showed that STUB1 was able to activate RIG-I signaling, and promote the expression of RIG-I, but STUB1 can degrade RIG-I in mammals. The proliferation of SVCV was significantly inhibited after the overexpression of STUB1 and N-terminal TPR domain of STUB1 in EPC cells. And through secondary structure analysis, overexpression of the mutant of STUB1 110 amino acid resulted in weakened antiviral ability. The expression of STUB1 was attenuated by poly(I:C) treatment and SVCV infection. In summary, this study demonstrated for the first time that STUB1 can induce the production of IFN, enhance the expression of ISGs by promoting the expression of RIG-I and inhibiting viral replication in fish. These findings may form the essential basis for the development of antiviral targets and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Gao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Xueqin Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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81
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Goldstein ME, Scull MA. Modeling Innate Antiviral Immunity in Physiological Context. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167374. [PMID: 34863779 PMCID: PMC8940657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An effective innate antiviral response is critical for the mitigation of severe disease and host survival following infection. In vivo, the innate antiviral response is triggered by cells that detect the invading pathogen and then communicate through autocrine and paracrine signaling to stimulate the expression of genes that inhibit viral replication, curtail cell proliferation, or modulate the immune response. In other words, the innate antiviral response is complex and dynamic. Notably, in the laboratory, culturing viruses and assaying viral life cycles frequently utilizes cells that are derived from tissues other than those that support viral replication during natural infection, while the study of viral pathogenesis often employs animal models. In recapitulating the human antiviral response, it is important to consider that variation in the expression and function of innate immune sensors and antiviral effectors exists across species, cell types, and cell differentiation states, as well as when cells are placed in different contexts. Thus, to gain novel insight into the dynamics of the host response and how specific sensors and effectors impact infection kinetics by a particular virus, the model system must be selected carefully. In this review, we briefly introduce key signaling pathways involved in the innate antiviral response and highlight how these differ between systems. We then review the application of tissue-engineered or 3D models for studying the antiviral response, and suggest how these in vitro culture systems could be further utilized to assay physiologically-relevant host responses and reveal novel insight into virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monty E Goldstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, 3134 Bioscience Research Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Margaret A Scull
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, 3134 Bioscience Research Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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82
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Lange PT, White MC, Damania B. Activation and Evasion of Innate Immunity by Gammaherpesviruses. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167214. [PMID: 34437888 PMCID: PMC8863980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong infections in the vast majority of adults worldwide. Importantly, these viruses are associated with numerous malignancies and are responsible for significant human cancer burden. These virus-associated cancers are due, in part, to the ability of gammaherpesviruses to successfully evade the innate immune response throughout the course of infection. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of how gammaherpesviruses are detected by innate immune sensors, how these viruses evade recognition by host cells, and how this knowledge can inform novel therapeutic approaches for these viruses and their associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Lange
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. https://twitter.com/langept
| | - Maria C White
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. https://twitter.com/maria_c_white
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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83
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Mogensen TH. Genetic susceptibility to viral disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1411-1416. [PMID: 35218976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past decades studies on patients with severe viral infections have revealed rare inborn errors of immunity (IEI) underlying these diseases. This has led to important new insights into the molecular genetics and immunological mechanisms underlying susceptibility to viral infection in humans. OBJECTIVES Here the current knowledge on major IEI predisposing to severe or chronic viral infection are described and discussed, and the clinical implications of these findings for individualized prophylaxis and treatment are outlined. SOURCES The review is based on a broad literature search including relevant studies primarily based studies in patients, supported by experimental molecular models in vitro or in mice to characterize pathophysiological mechanism governing these disease conditions. CONTENT Current concepts and principles of genetic predisposition to viral infections in humans are described with a major focus on defects related to innate immune responses and new concepts of constitutive immune mechanisms. The topic therefore spans from seminal studies on the human genetics of herpesvirus infections in the central nervous system, severe influenza, and disease following vaccination with live attenuated viral vaccines, and finally mentioning genetic resistance to viral infection. IMPLICATIONS Past and present studies in patients with IEI conferring vulnerability to viral infections have taught us important lessons on protective innate and adaptive antiviral immunity in humans. Such knowledge also has important clinical implications allowing development of prophylactic and therapeutic solutions to prevent or dampen the clinical consequences of insufficient or dysregulated antiviral immunity in patients. Collectively, such measures are likely to improve patient management at an individualized level and also help societies reduce disease burden from viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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84
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Iron–sulfur clusters as inhibitors and catalysts of viral replication. Nat Chem 2022; 14:253-266. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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85
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Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is a large multisubunit complex conserved in all eukaryotes that plays an essential role in producing a variety of short non-coding RNAs, such as tRNA, 5S rRNA and U6 snRNA transcripts. Pol III comprises of 17 subunits in both yeast and human with a 10-subunit core and seven peripheral subunits. Because of its size and complexity, Pol III has posed a formidable challenge to structural biologists. The first atomic cryogenic electron microscopy structure of yeast Pol III leading to the canonical view was reported in 2015. Within the last few years, the optimization of endogenous extract and purification procedure and the technical and methodological advances in cryogenic electron microscopy, together allow us to have a first look at the unprecedented details of human Pol III organization. Here, we look back on the structural studies of human Pol III and discuss them in the light of our current understanding of its role in eukaryotic transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmin Wang
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
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86
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Kato H, Ohta K, Sakuma M, Fukada S, Naruse T, Shigeishi H, Nishi H, Takechi M. Two PARP13 isoforms are associated with induction of antiviral factors in oral mucosal cells. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:106. [PMID: 35103291 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune systems in the oral cavity have important roles in the host defense against viral invasion of oral mucosa. Poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase 13 (PARP13), which has a strong antiviral ability, has been reported to possess two isoforms; a full‑length protein, zinc‑finger antiviral protein long (ZAPL), and a shorter protein (ZAPS). However, the expression and function of these two isoforms in oral mucosa remain unknown. In the present study, the expression levels of ZAPL and ZAPS induced by transfected double‑stranded (ds) RNA, Poly(I:C), and dsDNA, Poly(dA:dT), in immortalized oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts (RT7 and GT1 cell lines, respectively) were investigated. Subsequently, the effects of the knockdown of ZAPL and ZAPS on transfected nucleotide‑induced antiviral factors were examined. The results demonstrated constitutive expression of ZAPL and ZAPS in RT7 and GT1 cells, and their expression in both cell types was notably increased by transfection of Poly(I:C) and Poly(dA:dT) when compared with no transfection. Specific knockdown of ZAPL and ZAPS in RT7 cells decreased IFN‑β and C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) expression induced by transfected Poly(I:C) and Poly(dA:dT). On the other hand, knockdown of ZAPL and ZAPS in GT1 cells decreased the expression of CXCL10 induced by the transfected nucleotides, whereas that had no effect on IFN‑β expression induced by Poly(dA:dT). Their knockdown was also associated with transfected nucleotides‑induced IFN regulatory factor 3 phosphorylation in both cell types. Taken together, these results indicate that ZAPL and ZAPS, isoforms of PARP13, in oral mucosal cells participate in host defense against viral infection of oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami‑Ku, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami‑Ku, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sakuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami‑Ku, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Shohei Fukada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami‑Ku, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami‑Ku, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami‑Ku, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishi
- Department of General Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, Minami‑Ku, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami‑Ku, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
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87
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Zhu W, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Ji L, Ma J, Yan Y, Wang H, Sun J. The identification of a shorter cyclic GMP-AMP synthase gene from chickens and bioinformatics analysis of its potential signaling in IFN regulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104266. [PMID: 34562530 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chicken has an impaired innate immune system compared with mammals. Some key innate immune genes, such as Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), Toll like receptor 8 (TLR8), Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), are inactivated or missing due to DNA Insertion, gene partial deletion, or gene total deletion. A predicted N-terminal deleted chicken Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (chcGAS) gene, which is proven as the most essential cytosolic DNA sensor in other species, be obtained from the GenBank database. The large fragment deletion makes the sequence accuracy and functional integrity of the predicted chcGAS open to dispute. Here, the exact chcGAS gene was first experimentally determined by 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR, which specifically lacked 83 amino acids in the DNA binding domain. In addition, the conservation and feasibility of cGAS-STING signaling among different species were conducted by bioinformatics to explore the possibility of the existence of the conserved pathway in chickens. The basic characteristics of the chcGAS, such as macroscopic and microscopic distribution patterns of chcGAS have been studied. In order to better research the function of chGAS, a chcGAS knockout chicken cell line has been generated by CRISPR/CAS9. Together, chicken owns an N-terminal deleted cGAS gene, and more experimental evidences are urgently needed to verify the functional integrity of chcGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Likai Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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88
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Chen Q, Ma K, Liu X, Chen SH, Li P, Yu Y, Leung AKL, Yu X. Truncated PARP1 mediates ADP-ribosylation of RNA polymerase III for apoptosis. Cell Discov 2022; 8:3. [PMID: 35039483 PMCID: PMC8764063 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-mediated cleavage of PARP1 is a surrogate marker for apoptosis. However, the biological significance of PARP1 cleavage during apoptosis is still unclear. Here, using unbiased protein affinity purification, we show that truncated PARP1 (tPARP1) recognizes the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex in the cytosol. tPARP1 mono-ADP-ribosylates RNA Pol III in vitro and mediates ADP-ribosylation of RNA Pol III during poly(dA-dT)-stimulated apoptosis in cells. tPARP1-mediated activation of RNA Pol III facilitates IFN-β production and apoptosis. In contrast, suppression of PARP1 or expressing the non-cleavable form of PARP1 impairs these molecular events. Taken together, these studies reveal a novel biological role of tPARP1 during cytosolic DNA-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shih-Hsun Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA. .,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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89
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Jia J, Fu J, Tang H. Activation and Evasion of RLR Signaling by DNA Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:804511. [PMID: 34987495 PMCID: PMC8721196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.804511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral innate immune response triggered by nucleic acid recognition plays an extremely important role in controlling viral infections. The initiation of antiviral immune response against RNA viruses through ligand recognition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) was extensively studied. RLR’s role in DNA virus infection, which is less known, is increasing attention. Here, we review the research progress of the ligand recognition of RLRs during the DNA virus infection process and the viral evasion mechanism from host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangan Fu
- Genor Biopharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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90
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Impaired Antiviral Responses to Extracellular Double-Stranded RNA and Cytosolic DNA, but Not to Interferon-α Stimulation, in TRIM56-Deficient Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010089. [PMID: 35062293 PMCID: PMC8777648 DOI: 10.3390/v14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiologic function of tripartite motif protein 56 (TRIM56), a ubiquitously expressed E3 ligase classified within the large TRIM protein family, remains elusive. Gene knockdown studies have suggested TRIM56 as a positive regulator of the type I interferon (IFN-I) antiviral response elicited via the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways, which detect and respond to danger signals-extracellular double-stranded (ds) RNA and cytosolic dsDNA, respectively. However, to what extent these pathways depend on TRIM56 in human cells is unclear. In addition, it is debatable whether TRIM56 plays a part in controlling the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) resulting from IFN-I based antiviral treatment. In this study, we created HeLa-derived TRIM56 null cell lines by gene editing and used these cell models to comprehensively examine the impact of endogenous TRIM56 on innate antiviral responses. Our results showed that TRIM56 knockout severely undermined the upregulation of ISGs by extracellular dsRNA and that loss of TRIM56 weakened the response to cytosolic dsDNA. ISG induction and ISGylation following IFN-α stimulation, however, were not compromised by TRIM56 deletion. Using a vesicular stomatitis virus-based antiviral bioactivity assay, we demonstrated that IFN-α could efficiently establish an antiviral state in TRIM56 null cells, providing direct evidence that TRIM56 is not required for the general antiviral action of IFN-I. Altogether, these data ascertain the contributions of TRIM56 to TLR3- and cGAS-STING-dependent antiviral pathways in HeLa cells and add to our understanding of the roles this protein plays in innate immunity.
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91
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Kelemen E, Ádám É, Sági SM, Göblös A, Kemény L, Bata-Csörgő Z, Széll M, Danis J. Psoriasis-Associated Inflammatory Conditions Induce IL-23 mRNA Expression in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:540. [PMID: 35008970 PMCID: PMC8745281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory skin disease, the development of which is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Cytosolic nucleic acid fragments, recognized as pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns, are highly abundant in psoriatic skin. It is known that psoriatic skin exhibits increased levels of IL-23 compared to healthy skin. However, the relationship between free nucleic acid levels and IL-23 expression has not been clarified yet. To examine a molecular mechanism by which nucleic acids potentially modulate IL-23 levels, an in vitro system was developed to investigate the IL-23 mRNA expression of normal human epidermal keratinocytes under psoriasis-like circumstances. This system was established using synthetic nucleic acid analogues (poly(dA:dT) and poly(I:C)). Signaling pathways, receptor involvement and the effect of PRINS, a long non-coding RNA previously identified and characterized by our research group, were analyzed to better understand the regulation of IL-23 in keratinocytes. Our results indicate that free nucleic acids regulate epithelial IL-23 mRNA expression through the TLR3 receptor and specific signaling pathways, thereby, contributing to the development of an inflammatory milieu favorable for the appearance of psoriatic symptoms. A moderate negative correlation was confirmed between the nucleic-acid-induced IL-23 mRNA level and the rate of its decrease upon PRINS overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kelemen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Éva Ádám
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Stella Márta Sági
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
| | - Anikó Göblös
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.G.); (J.D.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bata-Csörgő
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Márta Széll
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Judit Danis
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.G.); (J.D.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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92
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus inhibits IFN-β expression induced by dsRNA. Virus Res 2022; 307:198619. [PMID: 34742812 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. Type I interferons (IFN) are critical in the host defence against viruses. They induce hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) many of which have an antiviral role. The ability of ORFV to modulate type I IFN production was undertaken to investigate whether ORFV could inhibit IFN-β expression via dsRNA dependant signalling pathways. HEK293 cells are known to lack DNA pattern-recognition receptors and Toll-like receptors however, they do express the cytosolic dsRNA receptors RIG-I and MDA5. HEK293 cells were shown to produce high levels of IFN-β when cells were stimulated with poly(I:C) and this was shown to be predominantly via RIG-I-dependant signalling as confirmed by siRNA knock-down of RIG-I. Further we showed that HEK293 cells are permissive for ORFV and caused potent inhibition of IFN-β transcription when cells were stimulated with poly(I:C) post-viral infection. Studies using heat inactivated ORFV suggested that de novo synthesis of early genes was required. In addition our findings showed that the ORFV encoded factor ORF020, that is known to bind dsRNA, is involved in antagonising IFN expression. Overall, this study has shown for first time the ability of ORFV to counteract type I IFN expression by antagonising dsRNA-activated RIG-I signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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93
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Mishra S, Maraia RJ. Evolution of the RNA Cleavage Subunit C11/RPC10, and Recycling by RNA Polymerase III. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 4:65-71. [PMID: 35813003 PMCID: PMC9262308 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear RNA polymerase (Pol) III synthesizes large amounts of tRNAs and other short non-coding (nc)RNAs by a unique process that involves a termination-associated reinitiation-recycling mechanism. In addition to its two largest of 17 subunits, which contribute to active center RNA-DNA binding and catalytic site, a smaller subunit of ~110 aa (yeast C11, human RPC10) monitors this site, can modify its activity, and is essential for reinitiation-recycling. Distinct, but relevant to human immunity is cytoplasmic (cyto-)Pol III that is a direct sensor of AT-rich viral DNA from which it synthesizes 5'-ppp-RNA signaling molecules that activate interferon (IFN) production. Mutations in genes encoding Pol III subunits cause severe anti-viral immunodeficiency although the mechanisms responsible for cyto-Pol III initiation on this AT-rich DNA are unknown. Cyto-Pol III has also been implicated in inducing IFN in response to cytosolic mitochondrial DNA in autoimmune dysfunction. A focus of this commentary is recent biochemical and genetics research that examined the roles of the individual domains of C11 in the Pol III termination-associated reinitiation-recycling process as well as more recent cryo-EM structural and accompanying analyses, that are considered in evolutionary and other biological contexts. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of C11/RPC10 anchors at the periphery of Pol III from which a highly conserved linker extends to the mobile C-terminal RNA cleavage domain that can reach into the active center and rescue arrested complexes. Biochemical data indicate separable activities for the NTD and CTD in the transcription cycle, whereas the NTD-Linker can confer the evolutionary unique Pol III termination-reinitiation-recycling activity. A model produced from single particle cryo-EM conformations indicates that the C11-Linker-CTD swings in and out of the active center coordinated with allosteric movements of the DNA-binding clamp by the largest subunit, coupling termination to reinitiation-recycling. These may be relevant to DNA loading by cyto-Pol III during immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Richard J. Maraia
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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94
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Böttcher R, Schmidts I, Nitschko V, Duric P, Förstemann K. RNA polymerase II is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks for dilncRNA transcription in Drosophila. RNA Biol 2021; 19:68-77. [PMID: 34965182 PMCID: PMC8786327 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.2014694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are among the most toxic lesions that can occur in a genome and their faithful repair is thus of great importance. Recent findings have uncovered local transcription that initiates at the break and forms a non-coding transcript, called damage-induced long non-coding RNA (dilncRNA), which helps to coordinate the DNA transactions necessary for repair. We provide nascent RNA sequencing-based evidence that RNA polymerase II transcribes the dilncRNA in Drosophila and that this is more efficient for DNA breaks in an intron-containing gene, consistent with the higher damage-induced siRNA levels downstream of an intron. The spliceosome thus stimulates recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the break, rather than merely promoting the annealing of sense and antisense RNA to form the siRNA precursor. In contrast, RNA polymerase III nascent RNA libraries did not contain reads corresponding to the cleaved loci and selective inhibition of RNA polymerase III did not reduce the yield of damage-induced siRNAs. Finally, the damage-induced siRNA density was unchanged downstream of a T8 sequence, which terminates RNA polymerase III transcription. We thus found no evidence for a participation of RNA polymerase III in dilncRNA transcription in cultured Drosophila cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Böttcher
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Ines Schmidts
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Volker Nitschko
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Petar Duric
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Klaus Förstemann
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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95
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Vanajothi R, Srikanth N, Vijayakumar R, Palanisamy M, Bhavaniramya S, Premkumar K. HPV-mediated Cervical Cancer: A Systematic review on Immunological Basis, Molecular Biology and Immune evasion mechanisms. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:782-801. [PMID: 34939539 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666211221160632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV), one of the most frequently transmitted viruses globally, causing several malignancies including cervical cancer. AIM Owing to their unique pathogenicity HPV viruses can persist in the host organism for a longer duration than other virus types, to complete their lifecycle. During its association with the host, HPV causes various pathological conditions affecting the immune system by evading the host immune- mechanisms leading to the progression of various diseases, including cancer. METHOD To date, ~ 150 serotypes were identified, and certain high-risk HPV types are known to be associated with genital warts and cervical cancer. As of now, two prophylactic vaccines are in use for the treatment of HPV infection, however, no effective antiviral drug is available for HPV-associated disease/infections. Numerous clinical and laboratory studies are being investigated to formulate an effective and specific vaccine again HPV infections and associated diseases. RESULT As the immunological basis of HPV infection and associated disease progress persist indistinctly, deeper insights on immune evasion mechanism and molecular biology of disease would aid in developing an effective vaccine. CONCLUSION Thus this review focuses, aiming a systematic review on the immunological aspects of HPV-associated cervical cancer by uncovering immune evasion strategies adapted by HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Vanajothi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024. India
| | - Natarajan Srikanth
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. India
| | - Rajendran Vijayakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952. Saudi Arabia
| | - Manikandan Palanisamy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952. Saudi Arabia
| | - Sundaresan Bhavaniramya
- College of Food and Dairy Technology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University, Chennai-600052, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Kumpati Premkumar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024. India
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96
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DEAD/H-box helicases:Anti-viral and pro-viral roles during infections. Virus Res 2021; 309:198658. [PMID: 34929216 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DEAD/H-box RNA helicases make the prominent family of helicases super family-2 which take part in almost all RNA-related processes, from initiation of transcription to RNA decay pathways. In addition to these RNA-related activities, in recent years a certain number of these helicases are reported to play important roles in anti-viral immunity through various ways. Along with RLHs, endosomal TLRs, and cytosolic DNA receptors, many RNA helicases including DDX3, DHX9, DDX6, DDX41, DHX33, DDX60, DHX36 and DDX1-DDX21-DHX36 complex act as viral nucleic acid sensors or co-sensors. These helicases mostly follow RLHs-MAVS and STING mediated signaling cascades to trigger induction of type-I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Many of them also function as downstream adaptor molecules (DDX3), segments of stress and processing bodies (DDX3 and DDX6) or negative regulators (DDX19, DDX24, DDX25, DDX39A and DDX46). On the contrary, many studies indicated that several DEAD/H-box helicases such as DDX1, DDX3, DDX6, DDX24, and DHX9 could be exploited by viruses to evade innate immune responses, suggesting that these helicases seem to have a dual function as anti-viral innate immune mediators and viral replication cofactors. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on several representative DEAD/H-box helicases, with an emphasis on their functions in innate immunity responses, involved in their anti-viral and pro-viral roles.
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97
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Tong JF, Zhou L, Li S, Lu LF, Li ZC, Li Z, Gan RH, Mou CY, Zhang QY, Wang ZW, Zhang XJ, Wang Y, Gui JF. Two Duplicated Ptpn6 Homeologs Cooperatively and Negatively Regulate RLR-Mediated IFN Response in Hexaploid Gibel Carp. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780667. [PMID: 34899743 PMCID: PMC8662705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1), encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (ptpn6) gene, belongs to the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and participates in multiple signaling pathways of immune cells. However, the mechanism of SHP1 in regulating fish immunity is largely unknown. In this study, we first identified two gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) ptpn6 homeologs (Cgptpn6-A and Cgptpn6-B), each of which had three alleles with high identities. Then, relative to Cgptpn6-B, dominant expression in adult tissues and higher upregulated expression of Cgptpn6-A induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), poly deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic (dA:dT) acid and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) were uncovered. Finally, we demonstrated that CgSHP1-A (encoded by the Cgptpn6-A gene) and CgSHP1-B (encoded by the Cgptpn6-B gene) act as negative regulators of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated interferon (IFN) response via two mechanisms: the inhibition of CaTBK1-induced phosphorylation of CaMITA shared by CgSHP1-A and CgSHP1-B, and the autophagic degradation of CaMITA exclusively by CgSHP1-A. Meanwhile, the data support that CgSHP1-A and CgSHP1-B have sub-functionalized and that CgSHP1-A overwhelmingly dominates CgSHP1-B in the process of RLR-mediated IFN response. The current study not only sheds light on the regulative mechanism of SHP1 in fish immunity, but also provides a typical case of duplicated gene evolutionary fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui-Hai Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Yan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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98
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus ORF116 gene encodes an antagonist of the interferon response. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34890310 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Genetic and functional studies have revealed ORFV has multiple immunomodulatory genes that manipulate innate immune responses, during the early stage of infection. ORF116 is a novel gene of ORFV with hitherto unknown function. Characterization of an ORF116 deletion mutant showed that it replicated in primary lamb testis cells with reduced levels compared to the wild-type and produced a smaller plaque phenotype. ORF116 was shown to be expressed prior to DNA replication. The potential function of ORF116 was investigated by gene-expression microarray analysis in HeLa cells infected with wild-type ORFV or the ORF116 deletion mutant. The analysis of differential cellular gene expression revealed a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) differentially expressed at either 4 or 6 h post infection. IFI44 showed the greatest differential expression (4.17-fold) between wild-type and knockout virus. Other ISGs that were upregulated in the knockout included RIG-I, IFIT2, MDA5, OAS1, OASL, DDX60, ISG20 and IFIT1 and in addition the inflammatory cytokine IL-8. These findings were validated by infecting HeLa cells with an ORF116 revertant recombinant virus and analysis of transcript expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). These observations suggested a role for the ORFV gene ORF116 in modulating the IFN response and inflammatory cytokines. This study represents the first functional analysis of ORF116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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99
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Kessler AC, Maraia RJ. The nuclear and cytoplasmic activities of RNA polymerase III, and an evolving transcriptome for surveillance. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12017-12034. [PMID: 34850129 PMCID: PMC8643620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1969 report that described biochemical and activity properties of the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases revealed Pol III as highly distinguishable, even before its transcripts were identified. Now known to be the most complex, Pol III contains several stably-associated subunits referred to as built-in transcription factors (BITFs) that enable highly efficient RNA synthesis by a unique termination-associated recycling process. In vertebrates, subunit RPC7(α/β) can be of two forms, encoded by POLR3G or POLR3GL, with differential activity. Here we review promoter-dependent transcription by Pol III as an evolutionary perspective of eukaryotic tRNA expression. Pol III also provides nonconventional functions reportedly by promoter-independent transcription, one of which is RNA synthesis from DNA 3'-ends during repair. Another is synthesis of 5'ppp-RNA signaling molecules from cytoplasmic viral DNA in a pathway of interferon activation that is dysfunctional in immunocompromised patients with mutations in Pol III subunits. These unconventional functions are also reviewed, including evidence that link them to the BITF subunits. We also review data on a fraction of the human Pol III transcriptome that evolved to include vault RNAs and snaRs with activities related to differentiation, and in innate immune and tumor surveillance. The Pol III of higher eukaryotes does considerably more than housekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Kessler
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Richard J Maraia
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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100
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Kumar R, Mendonca J, Owoyemi O, Boyapati K, Thomas N, Kanacharoen S, Coffey M, Topiwala D, Gomes C, Ozbek B, Jones T, Rosen M, Dong L, Wiens S, Brennen WN, Isaacs JT, De Marzo AM, Markowski MC, Antonarakis ES, Qian DZ, Pienta KJ, Pardoll DM, Carducci MA, Denmeade SR, Kachhap SK. Supraphysiologic Testosterone Induces Ferroptosis and Activates Immune Pathways through Nucleophagy in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5948-5962. [PMID: 34645612 PMCID: PMC8639619 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that androgens play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer led to the development of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as a first line of treatment. However, paradoxical growth inhibition has been observed in a subset of prostate cancer upon administration of supraphysiologic levels of testosterone (SupraT), both experimentally and clinically. Here we report that SupraT activates cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensors and induces growth inhibition of SupraT-sensitive prostate cancer cells. This was initiated by the induction of two parallel autophagy-mediated processes, namely, ferritinophagy and nucleophagy. Consequently, autophagosomal DNA activated nucleic acid sensors converge on NFκB to drive immune signaling pathways. Chemokines and cytokines secreted by the tumor cells in response to SupraT resulted in increased migration of cytotoxic immune cells to tumor beds in xenograft models and patient tumors. Collectively, these findings indicate that SupraT may inhibit a subset of prostate cancer by activating nucleic acid sensors and downstream immune signaling. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that supraphysiologic testosterone induces two parallel autophagy-mediated processes, ferritinophagy and nucleophagy, which then activate nucleic acid sensors to drive immune signaling pathways in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janet Mendonca
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Olutosin Owoyemi
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kavya Boyapati
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Naiju Thomas
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suthicha Kanacharoen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Max Coffey
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Deven Topiwala
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carolina Gomes
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Busra Ozbek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tracy Jones
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liang Dong
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sadie Wiens
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Portland, Oregon
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark C Markowski
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Z Qian
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A Carducci
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant K Kachhap
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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