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Bastedo DP, Lo T, Laflamme B, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Diversity and Evolution of Type III Secreted Effectors: A Case Study of Three Families. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 427:201-230. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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52
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Otsubo R, Mimuro H, Ashida H, Hamazaki J, Murata S, Sasakawa C. Shigella effector IpaH4.5 targets 19S regulatory particle subunit RPN13 in the 26S proteasome to dampen cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12974. [PMID: 30414351 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Subversion of antigen-specific immune responses by intracellular pathogens is pivotal for successful colonisation. Bacterial pathogens, including Shigella, deliver effectors into host cells via the type III secretion system (T3SS) in order to manipulate host innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby promoting infection. However, the strategy for subverting antigen-specific immunity is not well understood. Here, we show that Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigen H (IpaH) 4.5, a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase effector family, targets the proteasome regulatory particle non-ATPase 13 (RPN13) and induces its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). IpaH4.5-mediated RPN13 degradation causes dysfunction of the 19S regulatory particle (RP) in the 26S proteasome, inhibiting guidance of ubiquitinated proteins to the proteolytically active 20S core particle (CP) of 26S proteasome and thereby suppressing proteasome-catalysed peptide splicing. This, in turn, reduces antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in vitro. In RPN13 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), loss of RPN13 suppressed CD8+ T cell priming during Shigella infection. Our results uncover the unique tactics employed by Shigella to dampen the antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Otsubo
- Department of infection Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Mimuro
- Department of infection Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases Control, International Research Center for infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Bacterial pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Hamazaki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murata
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Research Department, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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53
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Sharma V, Verma S, Seranova E, Sarkar S, Kumar D. Selective Autophagy and Xenophagy in Infection and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:147. [PMID: 30483501 PMCID: PMC6243101 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process, which ensures cellular survival under various stress conditions, has catapulted to the forefront of innate defense mechanisms during intracellular infections. The ability of autophagy to tag and target intracellular pathogens toward lysosomal degradation is central to this key defense function. However, studies involving the role and regulation of autophagy during intracellular infections largely tend to ignore the housekeeping function of autophagy. A growing number of evidences now suggest that the housekeeping function of autophagy, rather than the direct pathogen degradation function, may play a decisive role to determine the outcome of infection and immunological balance. We discuss herein the studies that establish the homeostatic and anti-inflammatory function of autophagy, as well as role of bacterial effectors in modulating and coopting these functions. Given that the core autophagy machinery remains largely the same across diverse cargos, how selectivity plays out during intracellular infection remains intriguing. We explore here, the contrasting role of autophagy adaptors being both selective as well as pleotropic in functions and discuss whether E3 ligases could bring in the specificity to cargo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Surbhi Verma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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54
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Rüter C, Lubos ML, Norkowski S, Schmidt MA. All in—Multiple parallel strategies for intracellular delivery by bacterial pathogens. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:872-881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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55
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Wandel MP, Pathe C, Werner EI, Ellison CJ, Boyle KB, von der Malsburg A, Rohde J, Randow F. GBPs Inhibit Motility of Shigella flexneri but Are Targeted for Degradation by the Bacterial Ubiquitin Ligase IpaH9.8. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:507-518.e5. [PMID: 29024643 PMCID: PMC5644667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon exposure boosts cell-autonomous immunity for more efficient pathogen control. But how interferon-enhanced immunity protects the cytosol against bacteria and how professionally cytosol-dwelling bacteria avoid clearance are insufficiently understood. Here we demonstrate that the interferon-induced GTPase family of guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) coats Shigella flexneri in a hierarchical manner reliant on GBP1. GBPs inhibit actin-dependent motility and cell-to-cell spread of bacteria but are antagonized by IpaH9.8, a bacterial ubiquitin ligase secreted into the host cytosol. IpaH9.8 ubiquitylates GBP1, GBP2, and GBP4 to cause the proteasome-dependent destruction of existing GBP coats. This ubiquitin coating of Shigella favors the pathogen as it liberates bacteria from GBP encapsulation to resume actin-mediated motility and cell-to-cell spread. We conclude that an important function of GBP recruitment to S. flexneri is to prevent the spread of infection to neighboring cells while IpaH9.8 helps bacterial propagation by counteracting GBP-dependent cell-autonomous immunity. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) coat S. flexneri in a GBP1-dependent manner GBP coats antagonize bacterial actin-dependent motility and cell-to-cell spreading IpaH9.8, a bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase, targets GBPs for degradation IpaH9.8 re-establishes bacterial motility and cell-to-cell spread
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P Wandel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Claudio Pathe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Emma I Werner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Cara J Ellison
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Keith B Boyle
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alexander von der Malsburg
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - John Rohde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University Halifax, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Felix Randow
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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56
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Abstract
Ubiquitylation is an essential posttranslational modification that controls cell division, differentiation, and survival in all eukaryotes. By combining multiple E3 ligases (writers), ubiquitin-binding effectors (readers), and de-ubiquitylases (erasers) with functionally distinct ubiquitylation tags, the ubiquitin system constitutes a powerful signaling network that is employed in similar ways from yeast to humans. Here, we discuss conserved principles of ubiquitin-dependent signaling that illustrate how this posttranslational modification shapes intracellular signaling networks to establish robust development and homeostasis throughout the eukaryotic kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Oh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David Akopian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael Rape
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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57
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Ubiquitin, SUMO, and NEDD8: Key Targets of Bacterial Pathogens. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:926-940. [PMID: 30107971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of host protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) is used by various pathogens to interfere with host cell functions. Among these modifications, ubiquitin (UBI) and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) constitute key targets because they are regulators of pathways essential for the host cell. In particular, these PTM modifiers control pathways that have been described as crucial for infection such as pathogen entry, replication, propagation, or detection by the host. Although bacterial pathogens lack eucaryotic-like UBI or UBL systems, many of them produce proteins that specifically interfere with these host PTMs during infection. In this review we discuss the different mechanisms used by bacteria to interfere with host UBI and the two UBLs, SUMO and NEDD8.
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58
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Liu J, Pan L. Structural bases of the assembly, recognition and disassembly of linear ubiquitin chain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1410-1422. [PMID: 29981772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Linear ubiquitin chain is a latest discovered type of poly-ubiquitin chain that is broadly involved in innate immune and inflammatory pathways. Dysfunctions in its assembly, recognition or disassembly are intimately related with numerous immunodeficiency or autoimmune diseases. Our understanding of the molecular mechanism for linear ubiquitin chain formation, recognition and disassembly has being significantly evolved in recent years, with particular contribution from the biochemical and structural characterizations of related proteins. Here, we focus on the relevant proteins for the synthesis, recognition and digestion of linear ubiquitin chain, and review recent findings to summarize currently known molecular mechanism from a perspective of structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
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59
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Synthetic bottom-up approach reveals the complex interplay of Shigella effectors in regulation of epithelial cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6452-6457. [PMID: 29866849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801310115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of an infection, many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens use complex nanomachines to directly inject tens to hundreds of proteins (effectors) into the cytosol of infected host cells. These effectors rewire processes to promote bacterial replication and spread. The roles of effectors in pathogenesis have traditionally been investigated by screening for phenotypes associated with their absence, a top-down approach that can be limited, as effectors often act in a functionally redundant or additive manner. Here we describe a synthetic Escherichia coli-based bottom-up platform to conduct gain-of-function screens for roles of individual Shigella effectors in pathogenesis. As proof of concept, we screened for Shigella effectors that limit cell death induced on cytosolic entry of bacteria into epithelial cells. Using this platform, in addition to OspC3, an effector known to inhibit cell death via pyroptosis, we have identified OspD2 and IpaH1.4 as cell death inhibitors. In contrast to almost all type III effectors, OspD2 does not target a host cell process, but rather regulates the activity of the Shigella type III secretion apparatus limiting the cytosolic delivery (translocation) of effectors during an infection. Remarkably, by limiting the translocation of a single effector, VirA, OspD2 controls the timing of epithelial cell death via calpain-mediated necrosis. Together, these studies provide insight into the intricate manner by which Shigella effectors interact to establish a productive intracytoplasmic replication niche before the death of infected epithelial cells.
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60
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Norkowski S, Körner B, Greune L, Stolle AS, Lubos ML, Hardwidge PR, Schmidt MA, Rüter C. Bacterial LPX motif-harboring virulence factors constitute a species-spanning family of cell-penetrating effectors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2273-2289. [PMID: 29285573 PMCID: PMC11105228 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Effector proteins are key virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria that target and subvert the functions of essential host defense mechanisms. Typically, these proteins are delivered into infected host cells via the type III secretion system (T3SS). Recently, however, several effector proteins have been found to enter host cells in a T3SS-independent manner thereby widening the potential range of these virulence factors. Prototypes of such bacteria-derived cell-penetrating effectors (CPEs) are the Yersinia enterocolitica-derived YopM as well as the Salmonella typhimurium effector SspH1. Here, we investigated specifically the group of bacterial LPX effector proteins comprising the Shigella IpaH proteins, which constitute a subtype of the leucine-rich repeat protein family and share significant homologies in sequence and structure. With particular emphasis on the Shigella-effector IpaH9.8, uptake into eukaryotic cell lines was shown. Recombinant IpaH9.8 (rIpaH9.8) is internalized via endocytic mechanisms and follows the endo-lysosomal pathway before escaping into the cytosol. The N-terminal alpha-helical domain of IpaH9.8 was identified as the protein transduction domain required for its CPE ability as well as for being able to deliver other proteinaceous cargo. rIpaH9.8 is functional as an ubiquitin E3 ligase and targets NEMO for poly-ubiquitination upon cell penetration. Strikingly, we could also detect other recombinant LPX effector proteins from Shigella and Salmonella intracellularly when applied to eukaryotic cells. In this study, we provide further evidence for the general concept of T3SS-independent translocation by identifying novel cell-penetrating features of these LPX effectors revealing an abundant species-spanning family of CPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Norkowski
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Britta Körner
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Stolle
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Lubos
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Philip R Hardwidge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1710 Denison Ave, 101 Trotter Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5600, USA
| | - M Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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61
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Courtois G, Fauvarque MO. The Many Roles of Ubiquitin in NF-κB Signaling. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 29642643 PMCID: PMC6027159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway ubiquitously controls cell growth and survival in basic conditions as well as rapid resetting of cellular functions following environment changes or pathogenic insults. Moreover, its deregulation is frequently observed during cell transformation, chronic inflammation or autoimmunity. Understanding how it is properly regulated therefore is a prerequisite to managing these adverse situations. Over the last years evidence has accumulated showing that ubiquitination is a key process in NF-κB activation and its resolution. Here, we examine the various functions of ubiquitin in NF-κB signaling and more specifically, how it controls signal transduction at the molecular level and impacts in vivo on NF-κB regulated cellular processes.
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62
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Kralicek SE, Nguyen M, Rhee KJ, Tapia R, Hecht G. EPEC NleH1 is significantly more effective in reversing colitis and reducing mortality than NleH2 via differential effects on host signaling pathways. J Transl Med 2018; 98:477-488. [PMID: 29396422 PMCID: PMC5920738 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a foodborne pathogen that uses a type III secretion system to translocate effector molecules into host intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) subverting several host cell processes and signaling cascades. Interestingly, EPEC infection induces only modest intestinal inflammation in the host. The homologous EPEC effector proteins, NleH1 and NleH2, suppress the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and apoptosis in vitro. Increased apoptosis and activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases (MAPK) contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The aim of this study was to determine if NleH1 and NleH2 also block MAPK pathways in vitro and in vivo, and to compare the effects of these bacterial proteins on a murine model of colitis. Cultured IECs were infected with various strains of EPEC expressing NleH1 and NleH2, or not, and the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 was determined. In addition, the impact of infection with various strains of EPEC on murine DSS colitis was assessed by change in body weight, colon length, histology, and survival. Activation of apoptosis and MAPK signaling were also evaluated. Our data show that NleH1, but not NleH2, suppresses ERK1/2 and p38 activation in vitro. Interestingly, NleH1 affords significantly greater protection against and hastens recovery from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis compared to NleH2. Strikingly, colitis-associated mortality was abolished by infection with EPEC strains expressing NleH1. Interestingly, in vivo NleH1 suppresses activation of ERK1/2 and p38 and blocks apoptosis independent of the kinase domain that inhibits NF-κB. In contrast, NleH2 suppresses only caspase-3 and p38, but not ERK1/2. We conclude that NleH1 affords greater protection against and improves recovery from DSS colitis compared to NleH2 due to its ability to suppress ERK1/2 in addition to NF-κB, p38, and apoptosis. These findings warrant further investigation of anti-inflammatory bacterial proteins as novel treatments for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Kralicek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Cortexyme Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rocio Tapia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Gail Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA. .,Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA.
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63
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Cooperative Immune Suppression by Escherichia coli and Shigella Effector Proteins. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00560-17. [PMID: 29339461 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00560-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and the invasive pathogens enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Shigella encode type III secretion systems (T3SS) used to inject effector proteins into human host cells during infection. Among these are a group of effectors required for NF-κB-mediated host immune evasion. Recent studies have identified several effector proteins from A/E pathogens and EIEC/Shigella that are involved in suppression of NF-κB and have uncovered their cellular and molecular functions. A novel mechanism among these effectors from both groups of pathogens is to coordinate effector function during infection. This cooperativity among effector proteins explains how bacterial pathogens are able to effectively suppress innate immune defense mechanisms in response to diverse classes of immune receptor signaling complexes (RSCs) stimulated during infection.
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64
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Sharma P, Guha S, Garg P, Roy S. Differential expression of antimicrobial peptides in corneal infection and regulation of antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species by type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4794940. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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65
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Host-pathogen interactions and subversion of autophagy. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:687-697. [PMID: 29233878 PMCID: PMC5869863 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (‘autophagy’), is the process by which cells can form a double-membraned vesicle that encapsulates material to be degraded by the lysosome. This can include complex structures such as damaged mitochondria, peroxisomes, protein aggregates and large swathes of cytoplasm that can not be processed efficiently by other means of degradation. Recycling of amino acids and lipids through autophagy allows the cell to form intracellular pools that aid survival during periods of stress, including growth factor deprivation, amino acid starvation or a depleted oxygen supply. One of the major functions of autophagy that has emerged over the last decade is its importance as a safeguard against infection. The ability of autophagy to selectively target intracellular pathogens for destruction is now regarded as a key aspect of the innate immune response. However, pathogens have evolved mechanisms to either evade or reconfigure the autophagy pathway for their own survival. Understanding how pathogens interact with and manipulate the host autophagy pathway will hopefully provide a basis for combating infection and increase our understanding of the role and regulation of autophagy. Herein, we will discuss how the host cell can identify and target invading pathogens and how pathogens have adapted in order to evade destruction by the host cell. In particular, we will focus on interactions between the mammalian autophagy gene 8 (ATG8) proteins and the host and pathogen effector proteins.
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66
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Cornejo E, Schlaermann P, Mukherjee S. How to rewire the host cell: A home improvement guide for intracellular bacteria. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3931-3948. [PMID: 29097627 PMCID: PMC5716269 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens have developed versatile strategies to generate niches inside the eukaryotic cells that allow them to survive and proliferate. Making a home inside the host offers many advantages; however, intracellular bacteria must also overcome many challenges, such as disarming innate immune signaling and accessing host nutrient supplies. Gaining entry into the cell and avoiding degradation is only the beginning of a successful intracellular lifestyle. To establish these replicative niches, intracellular pathogens secrete various virulence proteins, called effectors, to manipulate host cell signaling pathways and subvert host defense mechanisms. Many effectors mimic host enzymes, whereas others perform entirely novel enzymatic functions. A large volume of work has been done to understand how intracellular bacteria manipulate membrane trafficking pathways. In this review, we focus on how intracellular bacterial pathogens target innate immune signaling, the unfolded protein response, autophagy, and cellular metabolism and exploit these pathways to their advantage. We also discuss how bacterial pathogens can alter host gene expression by directly modifying histones or hijacking the ubiquitination machinery to take control of several host signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Cornejo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- George William Hooper Foundation, San Francisco, CA
| | - Philipp Schlaermann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- George William Hooper Foundation, San Francisco, CA
| | - Shaeri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- George William Hooper Foundation, San Francisco, CA
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67
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Scott NE, Hartland EL. Post-translational Mechanisms of Host Subversion by Bacterial Effectors. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1088-1102. [PMID: 29150361 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial effector proteins are a specialized class of secreted proteins that are translocated directly into the host cytoplasm by bacterial pathogens. Effector proteins have diverse activities and targets, and many mediate post-translational modifications of host proteins. Effector proteins offer potential in novel biotechnological and medical applications as enzymes that may modify human proteins. Here, we discuss the mechanisms used by effectors to subvert the human host through blocking, blunting, or subverting immune mechanisms. This capacity allows bacteria to control host cell function to support pathogen survival, replication and dissemination to other hosts. In addition, we highlight that knowledge of effector protein activity may be used to develop chemical inhibitors as a new approach to treat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia.
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68
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Maubach G, Schmädicke AC, Naumann M. NEMO Links Nuclear Factor-κB to Human Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1138-1155. [PMID: 29128367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor (NF)-κB essential modulator (NEMO) is a key regulator in NF-κB-mediated signaling. By transmitting extracellular or intracellular signals, NEMO can control NF-κB-regulated genes. NEMO dysfunction is associated with inherited diseases such as incontinentia pigmenti (IP), ectodermal dysplasia, anhidrotic, with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), and some cancers. We focus on molecular studies, human case reports, and mouse models emphasizing the significance of NEMO molecular interactions and modifications in health and diseases. This knowledge opens new opportunities to engineer suitable drugs that may putatively target precise NEMO functions attributable to various diseases, while leaving other functions intact, and eliminating cytotoxicity. Indeed, with the advent of novel gene editing tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)9, treating some inherited diseases may in the long run, become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Maubach
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Schmädicke
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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69
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Hrdinka M, Gyrd-Hansen M. The Met1-Linked Ubiquitin Machinery: Emerging Themes of (De)regulation. Mol Cell 2017; 68:265-280. [PMID: 29053955 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, LUBAC, is the only known mammalian ubiquitin ligase that makes methionine 1 (Met1)-linked polyubiquitin (also referred to as linear ubiquitin). A decade after LUBAC was discovered as a cellular activity of unknown function, there are now many lines of evidence connecting Met1-linked polyubiquitin to NF-κB signaling, cell death, inflammation, immunity, and cancer. We now know that Met1-linked polyubiquitin has potent signaling functions and that its deregulation is connected to disease. Indeed, mutations and deficiencies in several factors involved in conjugation and deconjugation of Met1-linked polyubiquitin have been implicated in immune-related disorders. Here, we discuss current knowledge and recent insights into the role and regulation of Met1-linked polyubiquitin, with an emphasis on the mechanisms controlling the function of LUBAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matous Hrdinka
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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70
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Nakano M, Oda K, Mukaihara T. Ralstonia solanacearum novel E3 ubiquitin ligase (NEL) effectors RipAW and RipAR suppress pattern-triggered immunity in plants. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2017; 163:992-1002. [PMID: 28708051 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt in solanaceous crops. This pathogen injects more than 70 effector proteins into host plant cells via the Hrp type III secretion system to cause a successful infection. However, the function of these effectors in plant cells, especially in the suppression of plant immunity, remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized two Ralstonia solanacearum effectors, RipAW and RipAR, which share homology with the IpaH family of effectors from animal and plant pathogenic bacteria, that have a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase (NEL) domain. Recombinant RipAW and RipAR show E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. RipAW and RipAR localized to the cytoplasm of plant cells and significantly suppressed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses such as the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of defence-related genes when expressed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutation in the conserved cysteine residue in the NEL domain of RipAW completely abolished the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro and the ability to suppress PTI responses in plant leaves. These results indicate that RipAW suppresses plant PTI responses through the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Unlike other members of the IpaH family of effectors, RipAW and RipAR had no leucine-rich repeat motifs in their amino acid sequences. A conserved C-terminal region of RipAW is indispensable for PTI suppression. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing RipAW and RipAR showed increased disease susceptibility, suggesting that RipAW and RipAR contribute to bacterial virulence in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mukaihara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
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71
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Lin YH, Machner MP. Exploitation of the host cell ubiquitin machinery by microbial effector proteins. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1985-1996. [PMID: 28476939 PMCID: PMC5482977 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria are in a constant battle for survival with their host. In order to gain a competitive edge, they employ a variety of sophisticated strategies that allow them to modify conserved host cell processes in ways that favor bacterial survival and growth. Ubiquitylation, the covalent attachment of the small modifier ubiquitin to target proteins, is such a pathway. Ubiquitylation profoundly alters the fate of a myriad of cellular proteins by inducing changes in their stability or function, subcellular localization or interaction with other proteins. Given the importance of ubiquitylation in cell development, protein homeostasis and innate immunity, it is not surprising that this post-translational modification is exploited by a variety of effector proteins from microbial pathogens. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the many ways microbes take advantage of host ubiquitylation, along with some surprising deviations from the canonical theme. The lessons learned from the in-depth analyses of these host-pathogen interactions provide a fresh perspective on an ancient post-translational modification that we thought was well understood.This article is part of a Minifocus on Ubiquitin Regulation and Function. For further reading, please see related articles: 'Mechanisms of regulation and diversification of deubiquitylating enzyme function' by Pawel Leznicki and Yogesh Kulathu (J. Cell Sci.130, 1997-2006). 'Cell scientist to watch - Mads Gyrd-Hansen' (J. Cell Sci.130, 1981-1983).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Lin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthias P Machner
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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72
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LUBAC-synthesized linear ubiquitin chains restrict cytosol-invading bacteria by activating autophagy and NF-κB. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17063. [PMID: 28481331 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell-autonomous immunity relies on the ubiquitin coat surrounding cytosol-invading bacteria functioning as an 'eat-me' signal for xenophagy. The origin, composition and precise mode of action of the ubiquitin coat remain incompletely understood. Here, by studying Salmonella Typhimurium, we show that the E3 ligase LUBAC generates linear (M1-linked) polyubiquitin patches in the ubiquitin coat, which serve as antibacterial and pro-inflammatory signalling platforms. LUBAC is recruited via its subunit HOIP to bacterial surfaces that are no longer shielded by host membranes and are already displaying ubiquitin, suggesting that LUBAC amplifies and refashions the ubiquitin coat. LUBAC-synthesized polyubiquitin recruits Optineurin and Nemo for xenophagy and local activation of NF-κB, respectively, which independently restrict bacterial proliferation. In contrast, the professional cytosol-dwelling Shigella flexneri escapes from LUBAC-mediated restriction through the antagonizing effects of the effector E3 ligase IpaH1.4 on deposition of M1-linked polyubiquitin and subsequent recruitment of Nemo and Optineurin. We conclude that LUBAC-synthesized M1-linked ubiquitin transforms bacterial surfaces into signalling platforms for antibacterial immunity reminiscent of antiviral assemblies on mitochondria.
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73
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Zinngrebe J, Walczak H. TLRs Go Linear – On the Ubiquitin Edge. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:296-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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74
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Ashida H, Sasakawa C. Bacterial E3 ligase effectors exploit host ubiquitin systems. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 35:16-22. [PMID: 27907841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a crucial post-translational protein modification involved in regulation of various cellular processes in eukaryotes. In particular, ubiquitination is involved in multiple aspects of bacterial infection and host defense mechanisms. In parallel with the identification of ubiquitination as a component of host defense systems, recently accumulated evidence shows that many bacterial pathogens exploit host ubiquitin systems to achieve successful infection. Here, we highlight the strategies by which bacteria subvert host ubiquitin systems by mimicking E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashida
- Division of Bacterial Infection Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, 198-0024, Tokyo, Japan; Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
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75
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Rosenshine I. Bacterial pathogenesis: Cooperative immunomodulation. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16099. [PMID: 27572979 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Rosenshine
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Israel
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