51
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Siegle JH, Ledochowitsch P, Jia X, Millman DJ, Ocker GK, Caldejon S, Casal L, Cho A, Denman DJ, Durand S, Groblewski PA, Heller G, Kato I, Kivikas S, Lecoq J, Nayan C, Ngo K, Nicovich PR, North K, Ramirez TK, Swapp J, Waughman X, Williford A, Olsen SR, Koch C, Buice MA, de Vries SEJ. Reconciling functional differences in populations of neurons recorded with two-photon imaging and electrophysiology. eLife 2021; 10:e69068. [PMID: 34270411 PMCID: PMC8285106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging are widely used methods for measuring physiological activity with single-cell resolution across large populations of cortical neurons. While each of these two modalities has distinct advantages and disadvantages, neither provides complete, unbiased information about the underlying neural population. Here, we compare evoked responses in visual cortex recorded in awake mice under highly standardized conditions using either imaging of genetically expressed GCaMP6f or electrophysiology with silicon probes. Across all stimulus conditions tested, we observe a larger fraction of responsive neurons in electrophysiology and higher stimulus selectivity in calcium imaging, which was partially reconciled by applying a spikes-to-calcium forward model to the electrophysiology data. However, the forward model could only reconcile differences in responsiveness when restricted to neurons with low contamination and an event rate above a minimum threshold. This work established how the biases of these two modalities impact functional metrics that are fundamental for characterizing sensory-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Andy Cho
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Daniel J Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Gregg Heller
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - India Kato
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Sara Kivikas
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Chelsea Nayan
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Philip R Nicovich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kat North
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Jackie Swapp
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Xana Waughman
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Ali Williford
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
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52
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Chen K, Jiang Y, Wu Z, Zheng N, Wang H, Hong H. HTsort: Enabling Fast and Accurate Spike Sorting on Multi-Electrode Arrays. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 15:657151. [PMID: 34234663 PMCID: PMC8255361 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.657151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spike sorting is used to classify the spikes (action potentials acquired by physiological electrodes), aiming to identify their respective firing units. Now it has been developed to classify the spikes recorded by multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), with the improvement of micro-electrode technology. However, how to improve classification accuracy and maintain low time complexity simultaneously becomes a difficulty. A fast and accurate spike sorting approach named HTsort is proposed for high-density multi-electrode arrays in this paper. Several improvements have been introduced to the traditional pipeline that is composed of threshold detection and clustering method. First, the divide-and-conquer method is employed to utilize electrode spatial information to achieve pre-clustering. Second, the clustering method HDBSCAN (hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) is used to classify spikes and detect overlapping events (multiple spikes firing simultaneously). Third, the template merging method is used to merge redundant exported templates according to the template similarity and the spatial distribution of electrodes. Finally, the template matching method is used to resolve overlapping events. Our approach is validated on simulation data constructed by ourselves and publicly available data and compared to other state-of-the-art spike sorters. We found that the proposed HTsort has a more favorable trade-off between accuracy and time consumption. Compared with MountainSort and SpykingCircus, the time consumption is reduced by at least 40% when the number of electrodes is 64 and below. Compared with HerdingSpikes, the classification accuracy can typically improve by more than 10%. Meanwhile, HTsort exhibits stronger robustness against background noise than other sorters. Our more sophisticated spike sorter would facilitate neurophysiologists to complete spike sorting more quickly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Circuit and System, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangtao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Circuit and System, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanxiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Circuit and System, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nenggan Zheng
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haochuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Circuit and System, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Circuit and System, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
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53
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Baravalle R, Montani F. Heterogeneity across neural populations: Its significance for the dynamics and functions of neural circuits. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:042308. [PMID: 34005927 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.042308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neural populations show patterns of synchronous activity, as they share common correlated inputs. Neurons in the cortex that are connected by strong synapses cause rapid firing explosions. In addition, areas that are connected by weaker synapses have a slower dynamics and they can contribute to asymmetries in the input distributions. The aim of this work is to develop a neural model to investigate how the heterogeneities in the synaptic input distributions affect different levels of organizational activity in the brain dynamics. We analytically show how small changes in the correlation inputs can cause large changes in the interactions of the outputs that lead to a phase transition, demonstrating that a simple variation in the direction of a biased skewed distribution in the neuronal inputs can generate a transition of states in the firing rate, passing from spontaneous silence ("down state") to an absolute spiking activity ("up state"). We present an exact quantification of the dynamics of the output variables, showing that when considering a biased skewed distribution in the inputs of neuronal population, the critical point is not in an asynchronous or synchronous state but rather at an intermediate value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Baravalle
- Instituto de Física de La Plata (IFLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET CCT-La Plata (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernando Montani
- Instituto de Física de La Plata (IFLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET CCT-La Plata (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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54
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Zelenka O, Novak O, Brunova A, Syka J. Heterogeneous associative plasticity in the auditory cortex induced by fear learning - novel insight into the classical conditioning paradigm. Physiol Res 2021; 70:447-460. [PMID: 33982575 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We used two-photon calcium imaging with single-cell and cell-type resolution. Fear conditioning induced heterogeneous tuning shifts at single-cell level in the auditory cortex, with shifts both to CS+ frequency and to the control CS- stimulus frequency. We thus extend the view of simple expansion of CS+ tuned regions. Instead of conventional freezing reactions only, we observe selective orienting responses towards the conditioned stimuli. The orienting responses were often followed by escape behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zelenka
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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55
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Kim J, Fengel CV, Yu S, Minot ED, Johnston ML. Frequency-Division Multiplexing with Graphene Active Electrodes for Neurosensor Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS. II, EXPRESS BRIEFS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS SOCIETY 2021; 68:1735-1739. [PMID: 34017221 PMCID: PMC8130868 DOI: 10.1109/tcsii.2021.3066556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multielectrode arrays are used broadly for neural recording, both in vivo and for ex vivo cultured neurons. In most cases, recording sites are passive electrodes wired to external read-out circuitry, and the number of wires is at least equal to the number of recording sites. We present an approach to break the conventional N-wire, N-electrode array architecture using graphene active electrodes, which allow signal upconversion at the recording site and sharing of each interface wire among multiple active electrodes using frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). The presented work includes the design and implementation of a frequency modulation and readout architecture using graphene FET electrodes, a custom integrated circuit (IC) analog front-end (AFE), and digital demodulation. The AFE was fabricated in 0.18 μm CMOS; electrical characterization and multi-channel FDM results are provided, including GFET-based signal modulation and IC/DSP demodulation. Long-term, this approach can simultaneously enable high signal count, high spatial resolution, and high temporal precision to infer functional interactions between neurons while markedly decreasing access wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Carly V Fengel
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Siyuan Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Ethan D Minot
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Matthew L Johnston
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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56
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Fast, cell-resolution, contiguous-wide two-photon imaging to reveal functional network architectures across multi-modal cortical areas. Neuron 2021; 109:1810-1824.e9. [PMID: 33878295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast and wide field-of-view imaging with single-cell resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio, and no optical aberrations have the potential to inspire new avenues of investigations in biology. However, such imaging is challenging because of the inevitable tradeoffs among these parameters. Here, we overcome these tradeoffs by combining a resonant scanning system, a large objective with low magnification and high numerical aperture, and highly sensitive large-aperture photodetectors. The result is a practically aberration-free, fast-scanning high optical invariant two-photon microscopy (FASHIO-2PM) that enables calcium imaging from a large network composed of ∼16,000 neurons at 7.5 Hz from a 9 mm2 contiguous image plane, including more than 10 sensory-motor and higher-order areas of the cerebral cortex in awake mice. Network analysis based on single-cell activities revealed that the brain exhibits small-world rather than scale-free behavior. The FASHIO-2PM is expected to enable studies on biological dynamics by simultaneously monitoring macroscopic activities and their compositional elements.
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57
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Sperry ZJ, Na K, Jun J, Madden LR, Socha A, Yoon E, Seymour JP, Bruns TM. High-density neural recordings from feline sacral dorsal root ganglia with thin-film array. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33545709 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abe398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are promising sites for recording sensory activity. Current technologies for DRG recording are stiff and typically do not have sufficient site density for high-fidelity neural data techniques.Approach. In acute experiments, we demonstrate single-unit neural recordings in sacral DRG of anesthetized felines using a 4.5µm thick, high-density flexible polyimide microelectrode array with 60 sites and 30-40µm site spacing. We delivered arrays into DRG with ultrananocrystalline diamond shuttles designed for high stiffness affording a smaller footprint. We recorded neural activity during sensory activation, including cutaneous brushing and bladder filling, as well as during electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve and anal sphincter. We used specialized neural signal analysis software to sort densely packed neural signals.Main results. We successfully delivered arrays in five of six experiments and recorded single-unit sensory activity in four experiments. The median neural signal amplitude was 55μV peak-to-peak and the maximum unique units recorded at one array position was 260, with 157 driven by sensory or electrical stimulation. In one experiment, we used the neural analysis software to track eight sorted single units as the array was retracted ∼500μm.Significance. This study is the first demonstration of ultrathin, flexible, high-density electronics delivered into DRG, with capabilities for recording and tracking sensory information that are a significant improvement over conventional DRG interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah J Sperry
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Kyounghwan Na
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - James Jun
- Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Lauren R Madden
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Alec Socha
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Eusik Yoon
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Seymour
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, United States of America.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Tim M Bruns
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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58
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Bayat FK, Polat Budak B, Yiğit EN, Öztürk G, Gülçür HÖ, Güveniş A. Adult mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons form aberrant glutamatergic connections in dissociated cultures. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246924. [PMID: 33657119 PMCID: PMC7928449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured sensory neurons can exhibit complex activity patterns following stimulation in terms of increased excitability and interconnected responses of multiple neurons. Although these complex activity patterns suggest a network-like configuration, research so far had little interest in synaptic network formation ability of the sensory neurons. To identify interaction profiles of Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) neurons and explore their putative connectivity, we developed an in vitro experimental approach. A double transgenic mouse model, expressing genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) in their glutamatergic neurons, was produced. Dissociated DRG cultures from adult mice were prepared with a serum-free protocol and no additional growth factors or cytokines were utilized for neuronal sensitization. DRG neurons were grown on microelectrode arrays (MEA) to induce stimulus-evoked activity with a modality-free stimulation strategy. With an almost single-cell level electrical stimulation, spontaneous and evoked activity of GCaMP6s expressing neurons were detected under confocal microscope. Typical responses were analyzed, and correlated calcium events were detected across individual DRG neurons. Next, correlated responses were successfully blocked by glutamatergic receptor antagonists, which indicated functional synaptic coupling. Immunostaining confirmed the presence of synapses mainly in the axonal terminals, axon-soma junctions and axon-axon intersection sites. Concisely, the results presented here illustrate a new type of neuron-to-neuron interaction in cultured DRG neurons conducted through synapses. The developed assay can be a valuable tool to analyze individual and collective responses of the cultured sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Kemal Bayat
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Polat Budak
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Nur Yiğit
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, İzmit, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Öztürk
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Özcan Gülçür
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Albert Güveniş
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, İstanbul, Turkey
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59
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Fiáth R, Meszéna D, Somogyvári Z, Boda M, Barthó P, Ruther P, Ulbert I. Recording site placement on planar silicon-based probes affects signal quality in acute neuronal recordings. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2028. [PMID: 33479289 PMCID: PMC7819990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite, silicon-based probes are widely used tools to record the electrical activity of neuronal populations. Several physical features of these devices are designed to improve their recording performance. Here, our goal was to investigate whether the position of recording sites on the silicon shank might affect the quality of the recorded neural signal in acute experiments. Neural recordings obtained with five different types of high-density, single-shank, planar silicon probes from anesthetized rats were analyzed. Wideband data were filtered to extract spiking activity, then the amplitude distribution of samples and quantitative properties of the recorded brain activity (single unit yield, spike amplitude and isolation distance) were compared between sites located at different positions of the silicon shank, focusing particularly on edge and center sites. Edge sites outperformed center sites: for all five probe types there was a significant difference in the signal power computed from the amplitude distributions, and edge sites recorded significantly more large amplitude samples both in the positive and negative range. Although the single unit yield was similar between site positions, the difference in spike amplitudes was noticeable in the range corresponding to high-amplitude spikes. Furthermore, the advantage of edge sites slightly decreased with decreasing shank width. Our results might aid the design of novel neural implants in enhancing their recording performance by identifying more efficient recording site placements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richárd Fiáth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Domokos Meszéna
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Somogyvári
- Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Boda
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Barthó
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence, BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - István Ulbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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60
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Fiáth R, Meszéna D, Somogyvári Z, Boda M, Barthó P, Ruther P, Ulbert I. Recording site placement on planar silicon-based probes affects signal quality in acute neuronal recordings. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2028. [PMID: 33479289 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.01.127308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multisite, silicon-based probes are widely used tools to record the electrical activity of neuronal populations. Several physical features of these devices are designed to improve their recording performance. Here, our goal was to investigate whether the position of recording sites on the silicon shank might affect the quality of the recorded neural signal in acute experiments. Neural recordings obtained with five different types of high-density, single-shank, planar silicon probes from anesthetized rats were analyzed. Wideband data were filtered to extract spiking activity, then the amplitude distribution of samples and quantitative properties of the recorded brain activity (single unit yield, spike amplitude and isolation distance) were compared between sites located at different positions of the silicon shank, focusing particularly on edge and center sites. Edge sites outperformed center sites: for all five probe types there was a significant difference in the signal power computed from the amplitude distributions, and edge sites recorded significantly more large amplitude samples both in the positive and negative range. Although the single unit yield was similar between site positions, the difference in spike amplitudes was noticeable in the range corresponding to high-amplitude spikes. Furthermore, the advantage of edge sites slightly decreased with decreasing shank width. Our results might aid the design of novel neural implants in enhancing their recording performance by identifying more efficient recording site placements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richárd Fiáth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Domokos Meszéna
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Somogyvári
- Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Boda
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Barthó
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - István Ulbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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61
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Ahmadi N, Constandinou T, Bouganis CS. Robust and accurate decoding of hand kinematics from entire spiking activity using deep learning. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33477128 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abde8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) seek to restore lost motor functions in individuals with neurological disorders by enabling them to control external devices directly with their thoughts. This work aims to improve robustness and decoding accuracy that currently become major challenges in the clinical translation of intracortical BMIs. APPROACH We propose entire spiking activity (ESA) -an envelope of spiking activity that can be extracted by a simple, threshold-less, and automated technique- as the input signal. We couple ESA with deep learning-based decoding algorithm that uses quasi-recurrent neural network (QRNN) architecture. We evaluate comprehensively the performance of ESA-driven QRNN decoder for decoding hand kinematics from neural signals chronically recorded from the primary motor cortex area of three non-human primates performing different tasks. MAIN RESULTS Our proposed method yields consistently higher decoding performance than any other combinations of the input signal and decoding algorithm previously reported across long term recording sessions. It can sustain high decoding performance even when removing spikes from the raw signals, when using the different number of channels, and when using a smaller amount of training data. SIGNIFICANCE Overall results demonstrate exceptionally high decoding accuracy and chronic robustness, which is highly desirable given it is an unresolved challenge in BMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Ahmadi
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2BT, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Timothy Constandinou
- Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2BT, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Christos-Savvas Bouganis
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2BT, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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62
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Chivukula S, Zhang CY, Aflalo T, Jafari M, Pejsa K, Pouratian N, Andersen RA. Neural encoding of actual and imagined touch within human posterior parietal cortex. eLife 2021; 10:61646. [PMID: 33647233 PMCID: PMC7924956 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human posterior parietal cortex (PPC), single units encode high-dimensional information with partially mixed representations that enable small populations of neurons to encode many variables relevant to movement planning, execution, cognition, and perception. Here, we test whether a PPC neuronal population previously demonstrated to encode visual and motor information is similarly engaged in the somatosensory domain. We recorded neurons within the PPC of a human clinical trial participant during actual touch presentation and during a tactile imagery task. Neurons encoded actual touch at short latency with bilateral receptive fields, organized by body part, and covered all tested regions. The tactile imagery task evoked body part-specific responses that shared a neural substrate with actual touch. Our results are the first neuron-level evidence of touch encoding in human PPC and its cognitive engagement during a tactile imagery task, which may reflect semantic processing, attention, sensory anticipation, or imagined touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Chivukula
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Carey Y Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Tyson Aflalo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Matiar Jafari
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kelsie Pejsa
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Nader Pouratian
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Richard A Andersen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
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63
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Jafari M, Aflalo T, Chivukula S, Kellis SS, Salas MA, Norman SL, Pejsa K, Liu CY, Andersen RA. The human primary somatosensory cortex encodes imagined movement in the absence of sensory information. Commun Biol 2020; 3:757. [PMID: 33311578 PMCID: PMC7732821 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical systems neuroscience positions primary sensory areas as early feed-forward processing stations for refining incoming sensory information. This view may oversimplify their role given extensive bi-directional connectivity with multimodal cortical and subcortical regions. Here we show that single units in human primary somatosensory cortex encode imagined reaches in a cognitive motor task, but not other sensory–motor variables such as movement plans or imagined arm position. A population reference-frame analysis demonstrates coding relative to the cued starting hand location suggesting that imagined reaching movements are encoded relative to imagined limb position. These results imply a potential role for primary somatosensory cortex in cognitive imagery, engagement during motor production in the absence of sensation or expected sensation, and suggest that somatosensory cortex can provide control signals for future neural prosthetic systems. Matiar Jafari, Tyson Aflalo et al. show that the human primary somatosensory cortex is activated when subjects imagine reaches in a cognitive motor task, but not when they plan movement or imagine a static limb position. These results highlight a role for this region in cognitive imagery and motor control in the absence of sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matiar Jafari
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyson Aflalo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. .,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Srinivas Chivukula
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Los Angeles Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Spencer Sterling Kellis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sumner Lee Norman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kelsie Pejsa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Charles Yu Liu
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, USA
| | - Richard Alan Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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64
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Ren N, Ito S, Hafizi H, Beggs JM, Stevenson IH. Model-based detection of putative synaptic connections from spike recordings with latency and type constraints. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1588-1604. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00066.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting synaptic connections using large-scale extracellular spike recordings is a difficult statistical problem. Here, we develop an extension of a generalized linear model that explicitly separates fast synaptic effects and slow background fluctuations in cross-correlograms between pairs of neurons while incorporating circuit properties learned from the whole network. This model outperforms two previously developed synapse detection methods in the simulated networks and recovers plausible connections from hundreds of neurons in in vitro multielectrode array data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Ren
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Shinya Ito
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Hadi Hafizi
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - John M. Beggs
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ian H. Stevenson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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65
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Xiao S, Gritton H, Tseng HA, Zemel D, Han X, Mertz J. High-contrast multifocus microscopy with a single camera and z-splitter prism. OPTICA 2020; 7:1477-1486. [PMID: 34532564 PMCID: PMC8443084 DOI: 10.1364/optica.404678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy has been an indispensable tool for studying complex biological systems, but is often hampered by problems of speed and complexity when performing 3D volumetric imaging. Here, we present a multifocus imaging strategy based on the use of a simple z-splitter prism that can be assembled from off-the-shelf components. Our technique enables a widefield image stack to be distributed onto a single camera and recorded simultaneously. We exploit the volumetric nature of our image acquisition by further introducing a novel extended-volume 3D deconvolution strategy to suppress far-out-of-focus fluorescence background to significantly improve the contrast of our recorded images, conferring to our system a capacity for quasi-optical sectioning. By swapping in different z-splitter configurations, we can prioritize high speed or large 3D field-of-view imaging depending on the application of interest. Moreover, our system can be readily applied to a variety of imaging modalities in addition to fluorescence, such as phase-contrast and darkfield imaging. Because of its simplicity, versatility, and performance, we believe our system will be a useful tool for general biological or biomedical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Howard Gritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Hua-An Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Dana Zemel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jerome Mertz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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66
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An Accurate and Robust Method for Spike Sorting Based on Convolutional Neural Networks. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110835. [PMID: 33187098 PMCID: PMC7696441 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fields of neuroscience and biomedical signal processing, spike sorting is a crucial step to extract the information of single neurons from extracellular recordings. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning approach based on one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) to implement accurate and robust spike sorting. The results of the simulated data demonstrated that the clustering accuracy in most datasets was greater than 99%, despite the multiple levels of noise and various degrees of overlapped spikes. Moreover, the proposed method performed significantly better than the state-of-the-art method named “WMsorting” and a deep-learning-based multilayer perceptron (MLP) model. In addition, the experimental data recorded from the primary visual cortex of a macaque monkey were used to evaluate the proposed method in a practical application. It was shown that the method could successfully isolate most spikes of different neurons (ranging from two to five) by training the 1D-CNN model with a small number of manually labeled spikes. Considering the above, the deep learning method proposed in this paper is of great advantage for spike sorting with high accuracy and strong robustness. It lays the foundation for application in more challenging works, such as distinguishing overlapped spikes and the simultaneous sorting of multichannel recordings.
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67
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Turner KL, Gheres KW, Proctor EA, Drew PJ. Neurovascular coupling and bilateral connectivity during NREM and REM sleep. eLife 2020; 9:62071. [PMID: 33118932 PMCID: PMC7758068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how arousal state impacts cerebral hemodynamics and neurovascular coupling, we monitored neural activity, behavior, and hemodynamic signals in un-anesthetized, head-fixed mice. Mice frequently fell asleep during imaging, and these sleep events were interspersed with periods of wake. During both NREM and REM sleep, mice showed large increases in cerebral blood volume ([HbT]) and arteriole diameter relative to the awake state, two to five times larger than those evoked by sensory stimulation. During NREM, the amplitude of bilateral low-frequency oscillations in [HbT] increased markedly, and coherency between neural activity and hemodynamic signals was higher than the awake resting and REM states. Bilateral correlations in neural activity and [HbT] were highest during NREM, and lowest in the awake state. Hemodynamic signals in the cortex are strongly modulated by arousal state, and changes during sleep are substantially larger than sensory-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Kyle W Gheres
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
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68
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Hoang H, Sato MA, Shinomoto S, Tsutsumi S, Hashizume M, Ishikawa T, Kano M, Ikegaya Y, Kitamura K, Kawato M, Toyama K. Improved hyperacuity estimation of spike timing from calcium imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17844. [PMID: 33082425 PMCID: PMC7576127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging is a major recording technique used in neuroscience. However, it suffers from several limitations, including a low sampling rate, the nonlinearity of calcium responses, the slow dynamics of calcium dyes and a low SNR, all of which severely limit the potential of two-photon imaging to elucidate neuronal dynamics with high temporal resolution. We developed a hyperacuity algorithm (HA_time) based on an approach that combines a generative model and machine learning to improve spike detection and the precision of spike time inference. Bayesian inference was performed to estimate the calcium spike model, assuming constant spike shape and size. A support vector machine using this information and a jittering method maximizing the likelihood of estimated spike times enhanced spike time estimation precision approximately fourfold (range, 2–7; mean, 3.5–4.0; 2SEM, 0.1–0.25) compared to the sampling interval. Benchmark scores of HA_time for biological data from three different brain regions were among the best of the benchmark algorithms. Simulation of broader data conditions indicated that our algorithm performed better than others with high firing rate conditions. Furthermore, HA_time exhibited comparable performance for conditions with and without ground truths. Thus HA_time is a useful tool for spike reconstruction from two-photon imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Hoang
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Sato
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shinomoto
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Tsutsumi
- Laboratory for Multi-scale Biological Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako city, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miki Hashizume
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Toyama
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan.
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69
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Boehler C, Carli S, Fadiga L, Stieglitz T, Asplund M. Tutorial: guidelines for standardized performance tests for electrodes intended for neural interfaces and bioelectronics. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3557-3578. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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70
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Mierzejewski M, Steins H, Kshirsagar P, Jones PD. The noise and impedance of microelectrodes. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:052001. [PMID: 33055360 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb3b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the positive correlation between impedance and noise of microelectrodes is well known, their quantitative relationship is too rarely described. Knowledge of this relationship provides useful information for both microsystems engineers and electrophysiologists. APPROACH We discuss the physical basis of noise in recordings with microelectrodes, and compare measurements of impedance spectra to noise of microelectrodes. MAIN RESULTS Microelectrode recordings intrinsically include thermal noise, [Formula: see text], with the real component of impedance integrated over the recording frequency band. Impedance spectroscopy allows the quantitative prediction of thermal noise. Optimization of microelectrode noise should also consider the contribution of amplifier noise. These measures enable a quantitative evaluation of microelectrodes' recording quality which is more informative than common but limited comparisons based on the impedance magnitude at 1 kHz. SIGNIFICANCE Improved understanding of the origin of microelectrode noise will support efforts to produce smaller yet low noise microelectrodes, capable of recording from higher numbers of neurons. This tutorial is relevant for single microelectrodes, tetrodes, neural probes and microelectrode arrays, whether used in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mierzejewski
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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71
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Cardin JA, Crair MC, Higley MJ. Mesoscopic Imaging: Shining a Wide Light on Large-Scale Neural Dynamics. Neuron 2020; 108:33-43. [PMID: 33058764 PMCID: PMC7577373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging has revolutionized our ability to monitor brain activity, spanning spatial scales from synapses to cells to circuits. Here, we summarize the rapid development and application of mesoscopic imaging, a widefield fluorescence-based approach that balances high spatiotemporal resolution with extraordinarily large fields of view. By leveraging the continued expansion of fluorescent reporters for neuronal activity and novel strategies for indicator expression, mesoscopic analysis enables measurement and correlation of network dynamics with behavioral state and task performance. Moreover, the combination of widefield imaging with cellular resolution methods such as two-photon microscopy and electrophysiology is bridging boundaries between cellular and network analyses. Overall, mesoscopic imaging provides a powerful option in the optical toolbox for investigation of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael J Higley
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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72
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Echagarruga CT, Gheres KW, Norwood JN, Drew PJ. nNOS-expressing interneurons control basal and behaviorally evoked arterial dilation in somatosensory cortex of mice. eLife 2020; 9:e60533. [PMID: 33016877 PMCID: PMC7556878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neural activity is coupled to local arterial diameter and blood flow. However, which neurons control the dynamics of cerebral arteries is not well understood. We dissected the cellular mechanisms controlling the basal diameter and evoked dilation in cortical arteries in awake, head-fixed mice. Locomotion drove robust arterial dilation, increases in gamma band power in the local field potential (LFP), and increases calcium signals in pyramidal and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing neurons. Chemogenetic or pharmocological modulation of overall neural activity up or down caused corresponding increases or decreases in basal arterial diameter. Modulation of pyramidal neuron activity alone had little effect on basal or evoked arterial dilation, despite pronounced changes in the LFP. Modulation of the activity of nNOS-expressing neurons drove changes in the basal and evoked arterial diameter without corresponding changes in population neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle W Gheres
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Jordan N Norwood
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
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73
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Hornung R, Pritchard A, Kinchington PR, Kramer PR. Reduced activity of GAD67 expressing cells in the reticular thalamus enhance thalamic excitatory activity and varicella zoster virus associated pain. Neurosci Lett 2020; 736:135287. [PMID: 32763361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within the reticular thalamic nucleus neurons express gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and these cells project to the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus. When GABA activity decreases the activity of excitatory cells in the ventral posteromedial nucleus would be expected to increase. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that attenuating GABAergic cells in the reticular thalamic nucleus increases excitatory activity in the ventral posteromedial nucleus increasing varicella zoster virus (VZV) associated pain in the orofacial region. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was infused in the reticular thalamic nucleus of Gad1-Cre rats. This virus transduced a G inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) gene that was Cre dependent. A dose of estradiol that was previously shown to reduce VZV pain and increase GABAergic activity was administered to castrated and ovariectomized rats. Previous studies suggest that estradiol attenuates herpes zoster pain by increasing the activity of inhibitory neurons and decreasing the activity of excitatory cells within the lateral thalamic region. The ventral posteromedial nucleus was infused with AAV containing a GCaMP6f expression construct. A glass lens was implanted for miniscope imaging. Our results show that the activity of GABA cells within the reticular thalamic region decreased with clozapine N-oxide treatment concomitant with increased calcium activity of excitatory cells in the ventral posteromedial nucleus and an increased orofacial pain response. The results suggest that estradiol attenuates herpes zoster pain by increasing the activity of inhibitory neurons within the reticular thalamus that then inhibit excitatory activity in ventral posteromedial nucleus causing a reduction in orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hornung
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, United States
| | - Addison Pritchard
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, United States
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Dept Ophthalmology, Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, The Campbell Laboratory for Infectious Eye Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburg, 203 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Phillip R Kramer
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, United States.
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74
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Kauvar IV, Machado TA, Yuen E, Kochalka J, Choi M, Allen WE, Wetzstein G, Deisseroth K. Cortical Observation by Synchronous Multifocal Optical Sampling Reveals Widespread Population Encoding of Actions. Neuron 2020; 107:351-367.e19. [PMID: 32433908 PMCID: PMC7687350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To advance the measurement of distributed neuronal population representations of targeted motor actions on single trials, we developed an optical method (COSMOS) for tracking neural activity in a largely uncharacterized spatiotemporal regime. COSMOS allowed simultaneous recording of neural dynamics at ∼30 Hz from over a thousand near-cellular resolution neuronal sources spread across the entire dorsal neocortex of awake, behaving mice during a three-option lick-to-target task. We identified spatially distributed neuronal population representations spanning the dorsal cortex that precisely encoded ongoing motor actions on single trials. Neuronal correlations measured at video rate using unaveraged, whole-session data had localized spatial structure, whereas trial-averaged data exhibited widespread correlations. Separable modes of neural activity encoded history-guided motor plans, with similar population dynamics in individual areas throughout cortex. These initial experiments illustrate how COSMOS enables investigation of large-scale cortical dynamics and that information about motor actions is widely shared between areas, potentially underlying distributed computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac V Kauvar
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Timothy A Machado
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elle Yuen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Kochalka
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Minseung Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William E Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gordon Wetzstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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75
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Veerabhadrappa R, Ul Hassan M, Zhang J, Bhatti A. Compatibility Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms for Contemporary Extracellular Neural Spike Sorting. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:34. [PMID: 32714155 PMCID: PMC7340107 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering useful information from electrophysiological data recorded from the brain, in-vivo or in-vitro, is dependent on the capability to analyse spike patterns efficiently and accurately. The spike analysis mechanisms are heavily reliant on the clustering algorithms that enable separation of spike trends based on their spatio-temporal behaviors. Literature review report several clustering algorithms over decades focused on different applications. Although spike analysis algorithms employ only a small subset of clustering algorithms, however, not much work has been reported on the compliance and suitability of such clustering algorithms for spike analysis. In our study, we have attempted to comment on the suitability of available clustering algorithms and performance capacity when exposed to spike analysis. In this regard, the study reports a compatibility evaluation on algorithms previously employed in spike sorting as well as the algorithms yet to be investigated for application in sorting neural spikes. The performance of the algorithms is compared in terms of their accuracy, confusion matrix and accepted validation indices. Three data sets comprising of easy, difficult, and real spike similarity with known ground-truth are chosen for assessment, ensuring a uniform testbed. The procedure also employs two feature-sets, principal component analysis and wavelets. The report also presents a statistical score scheme to evaluate the performance individually and overall. The open nature of the data sets, the clustering algorithms and the evaluation criteria make the proposed evaluation framework widely accessible to the research community. We believe that the study presents a reference guide for emerging neuroscientists to select the most suitable algorithms for their spike analysis requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Veerabhadrappa
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Masood Ul Hassan
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James Zhang
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Asim Bhatti
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Shemesh OA, Linghu C, Piatkevich KD, Goodwin D, Celiker OT, Gritton HJ, Romano MF, Gao R, Yu CCJ, Tseng HA, Bensussen S, Narayan S, Yang CT, Freifeld L, Siciliano CA, Gupta I, Wang J, Pak N, Yoon YG, Ullmann JFP, Guner-Ataman B, Noamany H, Sheinkopf ZR, Park WM, Asano S, Keating AE, Trimmer JS, Reimer J, Tolias AS, Bear MF, Tye KM, Han X, Ahrens MB, Boyden ES. Precision Calcium Imaging of Dense Neural Populations via a Cell-Body-Targeted Calcium Indicator. Neuron 2020; 107:470-486.e11. [PMID: 32592656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methods for one-photon fluorescent imaging of calcium dynamics can capture the activity of hundreds of neurons across large fields of view at a low equipment complexity and cost. In contrast to two-photon methods, however, one-photon methods suffer from higher levels of crosstalk from neuropil, resulting in a decreased signal-to-noise ratio and artifactual correlations of neural activity. We address this problem by engineering cell-body-targeted variants of the fluorescent calcium indicators GCaMP6f and GCaMP7f. We screened fusions of GCaMP to natural, as well as artificial, peptides and identified fusions that localized GCaMP to within 50 μm of the cell body of neurons in mice and larval zebrafish. One-photon imaging of soma-targeted GCaMP in dense neural circuits reported fewer artifactual spikes from neuropil, an increased signal-to-noise ratio, and decreased artifactual correlation across neurons. Thus, soma-targeting of fluorescent calcium indicators facilitates usage of simple, powerful, one-photon methods for imaging neural calcium dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or A Shemesh
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Changyang Linghu
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kiryl D Piatkevich
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Daniel Goodwin
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Orhan Tunc Celiker
- MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Howard J Gritton
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael F Romano
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chih-Chieh Jay Yu
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hua-An Tseng
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Seth Bensussen
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sujatha Narayan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Chao-Tsung Yang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Limor Freifeld
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Cody A Siciliano
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ishan Gupta
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Wang
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nikita Pak
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Young-Gyu Yoon
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeremy F P Ullmann
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Burcu Guner-Ataman
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Habiba Noamany
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zoe R Sheinkopf
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Shoh Asano
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy E Keating
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Neuroscience and AI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Neuroscience and AI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark F Bear
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kay M Tye
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Misha B Ahrens
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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77
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Chen Y, Jang H, Spratt PWE, Kosar S, Taylor DE, Essner RA, Bai L, Leib DE, Kuo TW, Lin YC, Patel M, Subkhangulova A, Kato S, Feinberg EH, Bender KJ, Knight ZA, Garrison JL. Soma-Targeted Imaging of Neural Circuits by Ribosome Tethering. Neuron 2020; 107:454-469.e6. [PMID: 32574560 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience relies on techniques for imaging the structure and dynamics of neural circuits, but the cell bodies of individual neurons are often obscured by overlapping fluorescence from axons and dendrites in surrounding neuropil. Here, we describe two strategies for using the ribosome to restrict the expression of fluorescent proteins to the neuronal soma. We show first that a ribosome-tethered nanobody can be used to trap GFP in the cell body, thereby enabling direct visualization of previously undetectable GFP fluorescence. We then design a ribosome-tethered GCaMP for imaging calcium dynamics. We show that this reporter faithfully tracks somatic calcium dynamics in the mouse brain while eliminating cross-talk between neurons caused by contaminating neuropil. In worms, this reporter enables whole-brain imaging with faster kinetics and brighter fluorescence than commonly used nuclear GCaMPs. These two approaches provide a general way to enhance the specificity of imaging in neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Chen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Heeun Jang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Perry W E Spratt
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Seher Kosar
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David E Taylor
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rachel A Essner
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ling Bai
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David E Leib
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tzu-Wei Kuo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yen-Chu Lin
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mili Patel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Saul Kato
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Evan H Feinberg
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin J Bender
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Garrison
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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78
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Chari A, Thornton RC, Tisdall MM, Scott RC. Microelectrode recordings in human epilepsy: a case for clinical translation. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa082. [PMID: 32954332 PMCID: PMC7472902 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With their 'all-or-none' action potential responses, single neurons (or units) are accepted as the basic computational unit of the brain. There is extensive animal literature to support the mechanistic importance of studying neuronal firing as a way to understand neuronal microcircuits and brain function. Although most studies have emphasized physiology, there is increasing recognition that studying single units provides novel insight into system-level mechanisms of disease. Microelectrode recordings are becoming more common in humans, paralleling the increasing use of intracranial electroencephalography recordings in the context of presurgical evaluation in focal epilepsy. In addition to single-unit data, microelectrode recordings also record local field potentials and high-frequency oscillations, some of which may be different to that recorded by clinical macroelectrodes. However, microelectrodes are being used almost exclusively in research contexts and there are currently no indications for incorporating microelectrode recordings into routine clinical care. In this review, we summarize the lessons learnt from 65 years of microelectrode recordings in human epilepsy patients. We cover the electrode constructs that can be utilized, principles of how to record and process microelectrode data and insights into ictal dynamics, interictal dynamics and cognition. We end with a critique on the possibilities of incorporating single-unit recordings into clinical care, with a focus on potential clinical indications, each with their specific evidence base and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Chari
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Rachel C Thornton
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Martin M Tisdall
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Rodney C Scott
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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79
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Ozturk M, Telkes I, Jimenez-Shahed J, Viswanathan A, Tarakad A, Kumar S, Sheth SA, Ince NF. Randomized, Double-Blind Assessment of LFP Versus SUA Guidance in STN-DBS Lead Implantation: A Pilot Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:611. [PMID: 32655356 PMCID: PMC7325925 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients is highly dependent on the precise localization of the target structures such as subthalamic nucleus (STN). Most commonly, microelectrode single unit activity (SUA) recordings are performed to refine the target. This process is heavily experience based and can be technically challenging. Local field potentials (LFPs), representing the activity of a population of neurons, can be obtained from the same microelectrodes used for SUA recordings and allow flexible online processing with less computational complexity due to lower sampling rate requirements. Although LFPs have been shown to contain biomarkers capable of predicting patients' symptoms and differentiating various structures, their use in the localization of the STN in the clinical practice is not prevalent. Methods: Here we present, for the first time, a randomized and double-blinded pilot study with intraoperative online LFP processing in which we compare the clinical benefit from SUA- versus LFP-based implantation. Ten PD patients referred for bilateral STN-DBS were randomly implanted using either SUA or LFP guided targeting in each hemisphere. Although both SUA and LFP were recorded for each STN, the electrophysiologist was blinded to one at a time. Three months postoperatively, the patients were evaluated by a neurologist blinded to the intraoperative recordings to assess the performance of each modality. While SUA-based decisions relied on the visual and auditory inspection of the raw traces, LFP-based decisions were given through an online signal processing and machine learning pipeline. Results: We found a dramatic agreement between LFP- and SUA-based localization (16/20 STNs) providing adequate clinical improvement (51.8% decrease in 3-month contralateral motor assessment scores), with LFP-guided implantation resulting in greater average improvement in the discordant cases (74.9%, n = 3 STNs). The selected tracks were characterized by higher activity in beta (11-32 Hz) and high-frequency (200-400 Hz) bands (p < 0.01) of LFPs and stronger non-linear coupling between these bands (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our pilot study shows equal or better clinical benefit with LFP-based targeting. Given the robustness of the electrode interface and lower computational cost, more centers can utilize LFP as a strategic feedback modality intraoperatively, in conjunction to the SUA-guided targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Ozturk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ilknur Telkes
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Joohi Jimenez-Shahed
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ashwin Viswanathan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arjun Tarakad
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nuri F. Ince
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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80
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Matteucci G, Riggi M, Zoccolan D. A template-matching algorithm for laminar identification of cortical recording sites from evoked response potentials. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:102-114. [PMID: 32490704 PMCID: PMC7474457 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the advent of the so-called silicon probes has made it possible to homogeneously sample spikes and local field potentials (LFPs) from a regular grid of cortical recording sites. In principle, this allows inferring the laminar location of the sites based on the spatiotemporal pattern of LFPs recorded along the probe, as in the well-known current source-density (CSD) analysis. This approach, however, has several limitations, since it relies on visual identification of landmark features (i.e., current sinks and sources) by human operators - features that can be absent from the CSD pattern if the probe does not span the whole cortical thickness, thus making manual labelling harder. Furthermore, as any manual annotation procedure, the typical CSD-based workflow for laminar identification of recording sites is affected by subjective judgment undermining the consistency and reproducibility of results. To overcome these limitations, we developed an alternative approach, based on finding the optimal match between the LFPs recorded along a probe in a given experiment and a template LFP profile that was computed using 18 recording sessions, in which the depth of the recording sites had been recovered through histology. We show that this method can achieve an accuracy of 79 µm in recovering the cortical depth of recording sites and a 76% accuracy in inferring their laminar location. As such, our approach provides an alternative to CSD that, being fully automated, is less prone to the idiosyncrasies of subjective judgment and works reliably also for recordings spanning a limited cortical stretch.
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81
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Magland J, Jun JJ, Lovero E, Morley AJ, Hurwitz CL, Buccino AP, Garcia S, Barnett AH. SpikeForest, reproducible web-facing ground-truth validation of automated neural spike sorters. eLife 2020; 9:e55167. [PMID: 32427564 PMCID: PMC7237210 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spike sorting is a crucial step in electrophysiological studies of neuronal activity. While many spike sorting packages are available, there is little consensus about which are most accurate under different experimental conditions. SpikeForest is an open-source and reproducible software suite that benchmarks the performance of automated spike sorting algorithms across an extensive, curated database of ground-truth electrophysiological recordings, displaying results interactively on a continuously-updating website. With contributions from eleven laboratories, our database currently comprises 650 recordings (1.3 TB total size) with around 35,000 ground-truth units. These data include paired intracellular/extracellular recordings and state-of-the-art simulated recordings. Ten of the most popular spike sorting codes are wrapped in a Python package and evaluated on a compute cluster using an automated pipeline. SpikeForest documents community progress in automated spike sorting, and guides neuroscientists to an optimal choice of sorter and parameters for a wide range of probes and brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Magland
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - James J Jun
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Elizabeth Lovero
- Scientific Computing Core, Flatiron InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Alexander J Morley
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Cole Lincoln Hurwitz
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation Informatics, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Samuel Garcia
- Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience de Lyon, Université de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Alex H Barnett
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron InstituteNew YorkUnited States
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82
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Ryan TM, Hinojosa AJ, Vroman R, Papasavvas C, Lagnado L. Correction of z-motion artefacts to allow population imaging of synaptic activity in behaving mice. J Physiol 2020; 598:1809-1827. [PMID: 32020615 PMCID: PMC7318612 DOI: 10.1113/jp278957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Motion artefacts associated with motor behaviour are an inevitable problem of multiphoton imaging in awake behaving animals, particularly when imaging synapses. Correction of axial motion artefacts usually requires volumetric imaging resulting in slower rates of acquisition. We describe a method to correct z-motion artefacts that is easy to implement and allows population imaging of synaptic activity while scanning a single plane in a standard multiphoton microscope. The method uses a reference volume acquired in two colour channels - an activity reporter and an anatomical marker of blood vessels. The procedure estimates the z-displacement in every frame and applies an intensity correction in which the z intensity profile for each synapse is modelled as a Moffat function. We demonstrate that the method allows synaptic calcium signals to be collected from populations of synaptic boutons in mouse primary visual cortex during locomotion. ABSTRACT Functional imaging of head-fixed, behaving mice using two-photon imaging of fluorescent activity reporters has become a powerful tool for studying the function of the brain. Motion artefacts are an inevitable problem during such experiments and are routinely corrected for in x and y dimensions. However, axial (z) shifts of several microns can also occur, leading to intensity fluctuations in structures such as synapses that are small compared to the axial point-spread function of the microscope. Here we present a simple strategy to correct z-motion artefacts arising over the course of a time-series experiment in a single optical plane. Displacement in z was calculated using dye-filled blood vessels as an anatomical marker, providing high contrast images and accuracy to within ∼0.1 µm. The axial profiles of ROIs corresponding to synapses were described using a Moffat function and this 'ROI-spread function' used to correct activity traces on an ROI-by-ROI basis. We demonstrate the accuracy and utility of the procedures in simulation experiments using fluorescent beads and then apply them to correcting measurements of synaptic activity in populations of vasoactive-intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons expressing the synaptic reporter SyGCaMP6f. Correction of z-motion artefacts had a substantial impact on the apparent correlation between synaptic activity and running speed, demonstrating the importance of correcting these when performing imaging experiments in awake mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Michael Ryan
- Sussex NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9QGUK
| | | | - Rozan Vroman
- Sussex NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9QGUK
| | | | - Leon Lagnado
- Sussex NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9QGUK
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83
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Brondi M, Moroni M, Vecchia D, Molano-Mazón M, Panzeri S, Fellin T. High-Accuracy Detection of Neuronal Ensemble Activity in Two-Photon Functional Microscopy Using Smart Line Scanning. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2567-2580.e6. [PMID: 32101736 PMCID: PMC7043026 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon functional imaging using genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) is one prominent tool to map neural activity. Under optimized experimental conditions, GECIs detect single action potentials in individual cells with high accuracy. However, using current approaches, these optimized conditions are never met when imaging large ensembles of neurons. Here, we developed a method that substantially increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of population imaging of GECIs by using galvanometric mirrors and fast smart line scan (SLS) trajectories. We validated our approach in anesthetized and awake mice on deep and dense GCaMP6 staining in the mouse barrel cortex during spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity. Compared to raster population imaging, SLS led to increased SNR, higher probability of detecting calcium events, and more precise identification of functional neuronal ensembles. SLS provides a cheap and easily implementable tool for high-accuracy population imaging of neural GCaMP6 signals by using galvanometric-based two-photon microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brondi
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Monica Moroni
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy; Center for Mind and Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Dania Vecchia
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Manuel Molano-Mazón
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy.
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84
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Patel AA, McAlinden N, Mathieson K, Sakata S. Simultaneous Electrophysiology and Fiber Photometry in Freely Behaving Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:148. [PMID: 32153363 PMCID: PMC7047771 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo electrophysiology is the gold standard technique used to investigate sub-second neural dynamics in freely behaving animals. However, monitoring cell-type-specific population activity is not a trivial task. Over the last decade, fiber photometry based on genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) has been widely adopted as a versatile tool to monitor cell-type-specific population activity in vivo. However, this approach suffers from low temporal resolution. Here, we combine these two approaches to monitor both sub-second field potentials and cell-type-specific population activity in freely behaving mice. By developing an economical custom-made system and constructing a hybrid implant of an electrode and a fiber optic cannula, we simultaneously monitor artifact-free mesopontine field potentials and calcium transients in cholinergic neurons across the sleep-wake cycle. We find that mesopontine cholinergic activity co-occurs with sub-second pontine waves, called P-waves, during rapid eye movement sleep. Given the simplicity of our approach, simultaneous electrophysiological recording and cell-type-specific imaging provides a novel and valuable tool for interrogating state-dependent neural circuit dynamics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisha A Patel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Niall McAlinden
- Department of Physics, Institute of Photonics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Mathieson
- Department of Physics, Institute of Photonics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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85
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Smith TM, Lee D, Bradley K, McMahon SB. Methodology for quantifying excitability of identified projection neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, specifically to study spinal cord stimulation paradigms. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 330:108479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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86
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Deep Learning-Based Template Matching Spike Classification for Extracellular Recordings. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app10010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose a deep learning-based spike sorting method for extracellular recordings. For analysis of extracellular single unit activity, the process of detecting and classifying action potentials called “spike sorting” has become essential. This is achieved through distinguishing the morphological differences of the spikes from each neuron, which arises from the differences of the surrounding environment and characteristics of the neurons. However, cases of high structural similarity and noise make the task difficult. And for manual spike sorting, it requires professional knowledge along with extensive time cost and suffers from human bias. We propose a deep learning-based spike sorting method on extracellular recordings from a single electrode that is efficient, robust to noise, and accurate. In circumstances where labelled data does not exist, we created pseudo-labels through principal component analysis and K-means clustering to be used for multi-layer perceptron training and built high performing spike classification model. When tested, our model outperformed conventional methods by 2.1% on simulation data of various noise levels, by 6.0% on simulation data of various clusters count, and by 1.7% on in-vivo data. As a result, we showed that the deep learning-based classification can classify spikes from extracellular recordings, even showing high classification accuracy on spikes that are difficult even for manual classification.
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87
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Mahallati S, Bezdek JC, Popovic MR, Valiante TA. Cluster tendency assessment in neuronal spike data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224547. [PMID: 31714913 PMCID: PMC6850537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorting spikes from extracellular recording into clusters associated with distinct single units (putative neurons) is a fundamental step in analyzing neuronal populations. Such spike sorting is intrinsically unsupervised, as the number of neurons are not known a priori. Therefor, any spike sorting is an unsupervised learning problem that requires either of the two approaches: specification of a fixed value k for the number of clusters to seek, or generation of candidate partitions for several possible values of c, followed by selection of a best candidate based on various post-clustering validation criteria. In this paper, we investigate the first approach and evaluate the utility of several methods for providing lower dimensional visualization of the cluster structure and on subsequent spike clustering. We also introduce a visualization technique called improved visual assessment of cluster tendency (iVAT) to estimate possible cluster structures in data without the need for dimensionality reduction. Experimental results are conducted on two datasets with ground truth labels. In data with a relatively small number of clusters, iVAT is beneficial in estimating the number of clusters to inform the initialization of clustering algorithms. With larger numbers of clusters, iVAT gives a useful estimate of the coarse cluster structure but sometimes fails to indicate the presumptive number of clusters. We show that noise associated with recording extracellular neuronal potentials can disrupt computational clustering schemes, highlighting the benefit of probabilistic clustering models. Our results show that t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) provides representations of the data that yield more accurate visualization of potential cluster structure to inform the clustering stage. Moreover, The clusters obtained using t-SNE features were more reliable than the clusters obtained using the other methods, which indicates that t-SNE can potentially be used for both visualization and to extract features to be used by any clustering algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mahallati
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James C. Bezdek
- Computer Science and Information Systems Departments, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Milos R. Popovic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Taufik A. Valiante
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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88
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Bos MJ, Alzate Sanchez AM, Smeets AYJM, Bancone R, Ackermans L, Absalom AR, Buhre WF, Roberts MJ, Janssen MLF. Effect of Anesthesia on Microelectrode Recordings during Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery in Tourette Syndrome Patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2019; 97:225-231. [PMID: 31707386 DOI: 10.1159/000503691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an accepted treatment for patients with medication-resistant Tourette syndrome (TS). Sedation is commonly required during electrode implantation to attenuate anxiety, pain, and severe tics. Anesthetic agents potentially impair the quality of microelectrode recordings (MER). Little is known about the effect of these anesthetics on MER in patients with TS. We describe our experience with different sedative regimens on MER and tic severity in patients with TS. METHODS The clinical records of all TS patients who underwent DBS surgery between 2010 and 2018 were reviewed. Demographic data, stimulation targets, anesthetic agents, perioperative complications, and MER from each hemisphere were collected and analyzed. Single-unit activity was identified by filtering spiking activity from broadband MER data and principal component analysis with K-means clustering. Vocal and motor tics which caused artifacts in the MER data were manually selected using visual and auditory inspection. RESULTS Six patients underwent bilateral DBS electrode implantation. In all patients, the target was the anterior internal globus pallidus. Patient comfort and hemodynamic and respiratory stability were maintained with conscious sedation with one or more of the following anesthetic drugs: propofol, midazolam, remifentanil, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine. Good quality MER and clinical testing were obtained in 9 hemispheres of 6 patients. In 3 patients, MER quality was poor on one side. CONCLUSION Cautiously applied sedative drugs can provide patient comfort, hemodynamic and respiratory stability, and suppress severe tics, with minimal interference with MER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands, .,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Ana Maria Alzate Sanchez
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Y J M Smeets
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaella Bancone
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Ackermans
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony R Absalom
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang F Buhre
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Roberts
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus L F Janssen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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89
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Plugging in to Human Memory: Advantages, Challenges, and Insights from Human Single-Neuron Recordings. Cell 2019; 179:1015-1032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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90
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Rodríguez AR, O'Neill KM, Swiatkowski P, Patel MV, Firestein BL. Overexpression of cypin alters dendrite morphology, single neuron activity, and network properties via distinct mechanisms. J Neural Eng 2019; 15:016020. [PMID: 29091046 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect that overexpression of cytosolic PSD-95 interactor (cypin), a regulator of synaptic PSD-95 protein localization and a core regulator of dendrite branching, exerts on the electrical activity of rat hippocampal neurons and networks. APPROACH We cultured rat hippocampal neurons and used lipid-mediated transfection and lentiviral gene transfer to achieve high levels of cypin or cypin mutant (cypinΔPDZ; PSD-95 non-binding) expression cellularly and network-wide, respectively. MAIN RESULTS Our analysis revealed that although overexpression of cypin and cypinΔPDZ increase dendrite numbers and decrease spine density, cypin and cypinΔPDZ distinctly regulate neuronal activity. At the single cell level, cypin promotes decreases in bursting activity while cypinΔPDZ reduces sEPSC frequency and further decreases bursting compared to cypin. At the network level, by using the Fano factor as a measure of spike count variability, cypin overexpression results in an increase in variability of spike count, and this effect is abolished when cypin cannot bind PSD-95. This variability is also dependent on baseline activity levels and on mean spike rate over time. Finally, our spike sorting data show that overexpression of cypin results in a more complex distribution of spike waveforms and that binding to PSD-95 is essential for this complexity. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that dendrite morphology does not play a major role in cypin action on electrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Rodríguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America. Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
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91
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Adesnik H, Naka A. Cracking the Function of Layers in the Sensory Cortex. Neuron 2019; 100:1028-1043. [PMID: 30521778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how cortical activity generates sensory perceptions requires a detailed dissection of the function of cortical layers. Despite our relatively extensive knowledge of their anatomy and wiring, we have a limited grasp of what each layer contributes to cortical computation. We need to develop a theory of cortical function that is rooted solidly in each layer's component cell types and fine circuit architecture and produces predictions that can be validated by specific perturbations. Here we briefly review the progress toward such a theory and suggest an experimental road map toward this goal. We discuss new methods for the all-optical interrogation of cortical layers, for correlating in vivo function with precise identification of transcriptional cell type, and for mapping local and long-range activity in vivo with synaptic resolution. The new technologies that can crack the function of cortical layers are finally on the immediate horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillel Adesnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander Naka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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92
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Drew PJ, Winder AT, Zhang Q. Twitches, Blinks, and Fidgets: Important Generators of Ongoing Neural Activity. Neuroscientist 2019; 25:298-313. [PMID: 30311838 PMCID: PMC6800083 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418805427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animals and humans continuously engage in small, spontaneous motor actions, such as blinking, whisking, and postural adjustments ("fidgeting"). These movements are accompanied by changes in neural activity in sensory and motor regions of the brain. The frequency of these motions varies in time, is affected by sensory stimuli, arousal levels, and pathology. These fidgeting behaviors can be entrained by sensory stimuli. Fidgeting behaviors will cause distributed, bilateral functional activation in the 0.01 to 0.1 Hz frequency range that will show up in functional magnetic resonance imaging and wide-field calcium neuroimaging studies, and will contribute to the observed functional connectivity among brain regions. However, despite the large potential of these behaviors to drive brain-wide activity, these fidget-like behaviors are rarely monitored. We argue that studies of spontaneous and evoked brain dynamics in awake animals and humans should closely monitor these fidgeting behaviors. Differences in these fidgeting behaviors due to arousal or pathology will "contaminate" ongoing neural activity, and lead to apparent differences in functional connectivity. Monitoring and accounting for the brain-wide activations by these behaviors is essential during experiments to differentiate fidget-driven activity from internally driven neural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Drew
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Aaron T Winder
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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93
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Saif-Ur-Rehman M, Lienkämper R, Parpaley Y, Wellmer J, Liu C, Lee B, Kellis S, Andersen R, Iossifidis I, Glasmachers T, Klaes C. SpikeDeeptector: a deep-learning based method for detection of neural spiking activity. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:056003. [PMID: 31042684 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab1e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In electrophysiology, microelectrodes are the primary source for recording neural data (single unit activity). These microelectrodes can be implanted individually or in the form of arrays containing dozens to hundreds of channels. Recordings of some channels contain neural activity, which are often contaminated with noise. Another fraction of channels does not record any neural data, but only noise. By noise, we mean physiological activities unrelated to spiking, including technical artifacts and neural activities of neurons that are too far away from the electrode to be usefully processed. For further analysis, an automatic identification and continuous tracking of channels containing neural data is of great significance for many applications, e.g. automated selection of neural channels during online and offline spike sorting. Automated spike detection and sorting is also critical for online decoding in brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, in which only simple threshold crossing events are often considered for feature extraction. To our knowledge, there is no method that can universally and automatically identify channels containing neural data. In this study, we aim to identify and track channels containing neural data from implanted electrodes, automatically and more importantly universally. By universally, we mean across different recording technologies, different subjects and different brain areas. APPROACH We propose a novel algorithm based on a new way of feature vector extraction and a deep learning method, which we call SpikeDeeptector. SpikeDeeptector considers a batch of waveforms to construct a single feature vector and enables contextual learning. The feature vectors are then fed to a deep learning method, which learns contextualized, temporal and spatial patterns, and classifies them as channels containing neural spike data or only noise. MAIN RESULTS We trained the model of SpikeDeeptector on data recorded from a single tetraplegic patient with two Utah arrays implanted in different areas of the brain. The trained model was then evaluated on data collected from six epileptic patients implanted with depth electrodes, unseen data from the tetraplegic patient and data from another tetraplegic patient implanted with two Utah arrays. The cumulative evaluation accuracy was 97.20% on 1.56 million hand labeled test inputs. SIGNIFICANCE The results demonstrate that SpikeDeeptector generalizes not only to the new data, but also to different brain areas, subjects, and electrode types not used for training. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The clinical trial registration number for patients implanted with the Utah array is NCT01849822. For the epilepsy patients, approval from the local ethics committee at the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, was obtained prior to implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saif-Ur-Rehman
- Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Functional Architecture and Encoding of Tactile Sensorimotor Behavior in Rat Posterior Parietal Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7332-7343. [PMID: 31332000 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0693-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in rodents is reciprocally connected to primary somatosensory and vibrissal motor cortices. The PPC neuronal circuitry could thus encode and potentially integrate incoming somatosensory information and whisker motor output. However, the information encoded across PPC layers during refined sensorimotor behavior remains largely unknown. To uncover the sensorimotor features represented in PPC during voluntary whisking and object touch, we performed loose-patch single-unit recordings and extracellular recordings of ensemble activity, covering all layers of PPC in anesthetized and awake, behaving male rats. First, using single-cell receptive field mapping, we revealed the presence of coarse somatotopy along the mediolateral axis in PPC. Second, we found that spiking activity was modulated during exploratory whisking in layers 2-4 and layer 6, but not in layer 5 of awake, behaving rats. Population spiking activity preceded actual movement, and whisker trajectory endpoints could be decoded by population spiking, suggesting that PPC is involved in movement planning. Finally, population spiking activity further increased in response to active whisker touch but only in PPC layers 2-4. Thus, we find layer-specific processing, which emphasizes the computational role of PPC during whisker sensorimotor behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to merge information on motor output and sensory input to orchestrate interaction with the environment, but the function of different PPC microcircuit components is poorly understood. We recorded neuronal activity in rat PPC during sensorimotor behavior involving motor and sensory pathways. We uncovered that PPC layers have dedicated function: motor and sensory information is merged in layers 2-4; layer 6 predominantly represents motor information. Collectively, PPC activity predicts future motor output, thus entailing a motor plan. Our results are important for understanding how PPC computationally processes motor output and sensory input. This understanding may facilitate decoding of brain activity when using brain-machine interfaces to overcome loss of function after, for instance, spinal cord injury.
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95
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Luo L, Callaway EM, Svoboda K. Genetic Dissection of Neural Circuits: A Decade of Progress. Neuron 2019; 98:256-281. [PMID: 29673479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made since Neuron published our Primer on genetic dissection of neural circuits 10 years ago. Since then, cell-type-specific anatomical, neurophysiological, and perturbation studies have been carried out in a multitude of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms, linking neurons and circuits to behavioral functions. New methods allow systematic classification of cell types and provide genetic access to diverse neuronal types for studies of connectivity and neural coding during behavior. Here we evaluate key advances over the past decade and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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Abstract
Despite a multitude of commercially available multi-electrode array (MEA) systems that are each capable of rapid data acquisition from cultured neurons or slice cultures, there is a general lack of available analysis tools. These analysis gaps restrict the efficient extraction of meaningful physiological features from data sets, and limit interpretation of how experimental manipulations modify neural network activity. Here, we present the development of a user-friendly, publicly-available software called MEAnalyzer. This software contains several spike train analysis methods including relevant statistical calculations, periodicity analysis, functional connectivity analysis, and advanced data visualizations in a user-friendly graphical user interface that requires no coding from the user. Widespread availability of this user friendly and mathematically advanced program will stimulate and enhance the use of MEA technologies.
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97
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Styr B, Gonen N, Zarhin D, Ruggiero A, Atsmon R, Gazit N, Braun G, Frere S, Vertkin I, Shapira I, Harel M, Heim LR, Katsenelson M, Rechnitz O, Fadila S, Derdikman D, Rubinstein M, Geiger T, Ruppin E, Slutsky I. Mitochondrial Regulation of the Hippocampal Firing Rate Set Point and Seizure Susceptibility. Neuron 2019; 102:1009-1024.e8. [PMID: 31047779 PMCID: PMC6559804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining average activity within a set-point range constitutes a fundamental property of central neural circuits. However, whether and how activity set points are regulated remains unknown. Integrating genome-scale metabolic modeling and experimental study of neuronal homeostasis, we identified mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) as a regulator of activity set points in hippocampal networks. The DHODH inhibitor teriflunomide stably suppressed mean firing rates via synaptic and intrinsic excitability mechanisms by modulating mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering and spare respiratory capacity. Bi-directional activity perturbations under DHODH blockade triggered firing rate compensation, while stabilizing firing to the lower level, indicating a change in the firing rate set point. In vivo, teriflunomide decreased CA3-CA1 synaptic transmission and CA1 mean firing rate and attenuated susceptibility to seizures, even in the intractable Dravet syndrome epilepsy model. Our results uncover mitochondria as a key regulator of activity set points, demonstrate the differential regulation of set points and compensatory mechanisms, and propose a new strategy to treat epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Styr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Gonen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Zarhin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonella Ruggiero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Refaela Atsmon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Gazit
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabriella Braun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Samuel Frere
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irena Vertkin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilana Shapira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leore R Heim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maxim Katsenelson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Rechnitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Saja Fadila
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; The Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dori Derdikman
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Moran Rubinstein
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; The Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Lab (CDSL), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Trautmann EM, Stavisky SD, Lahiri S, Ames KC, Kaufman MT, O'Shea DJ, Vyas S, Sun X, Ryu SI, Ganguli S, Shenoy KV. Accurate Estimation of Neural Population Dynamics without Spike Sorting. Neuron 2019; 103:292-308.e4. [PMID: 31171448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A central goal of systems neuroscience is to relate an organism's neural activity to behavior. Neural population analyses often reduce the data dimensionality to focus on relevant activity patterns. A major hurdle to data analysis is spike sorting, and this problem is growing as the number of recorded neurons increases. Here, we investigate whether spike sorting is necessary to estimate neural population dynamics. The theory of random projections suggests that we can accurately estimate the geometry of low-dimensional manifolds from a small number of linear projections of the data. We recorded data using Neuropixels probes in motor cortex of nonhuman primates and reanalyzed data from three previous studies and found that neural dynamics and scientific conclusions are quite similar using multiunit threshold crossings rather than sorted neurons. This finding unlocks existing data for new analyses and informs the design and use of new electrode arrays for laboratory and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Trautmann
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sergey D Stavisky
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Subhaneil Lahiri
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katherine C Ames
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew T Kaufman
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J O'Shea
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Saurabh Vyas
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xulu Sun
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Surya Ganguli
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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99
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Abstract
Neural recording electrode technologies have contributed considerably to neuroscience by enabling the extracellular detection of low-frequency local field potential oscillations and high-frequency action potentials of single units. Nevertheless, several long-standing limitations exist, including low multiplexity, deleterious chronic immune responses and long-term recording instability. Driven by initiatives encouraging the generation of novel neurotechnologies and the maturation of technologies to fabricate high-density electronics, novel electrode technologies are emerging. Here, we provide an overview of recently developed neural recording electrode technologies with high spatial integration, long-term stability and multiple functionalities. We describe how these emergent neurotechnologies can approach the ultimate goal of illuminating chronic brain activity with minimal disruption of the neural environment, thereby providing unprecedented opportunities for neuroscience research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Charles M Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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100
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Viswam V, Obien MEJ, Franke F, Frey U, Hierlemann A. Optimal Electrode Size for Multi-Scale Extracellular-Potential Recording From Neuronal Assemblies. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:385. [PMID: 31105515 PMCID: PMC6498989 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in microfabrication technology have enabled the production of devices containing arrays of thousands of closely spaced recording electrodes, which afford subcellular resolution of electrical signals in neurons and neuronal networks. Rationalizing the electrode size and configuration in such arrays demands consideration of application-specific requirements and inherent features of the electrodes. Tradeoffs among size, spatial density, sensitivity, noise, attenuation, and other factors are inevitable. Although recording extracellular signals from neurons with planar metal electrodes is fairly well established, the effects of the electrode characteristics on the quality and utility of recorded signals, especially for small, densely packed electrodes, have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we present a combined experimental and computational approach to elucidating how electrode size, and size-dependent parameters, such as impedance, baseline noise, and transmission characteristics, influence recorded neuronal signals. Using arrays containing platinum electrodes of different sizes, we experimentally evaluated the electrode performance in the recording of local field potentials (LFPs) and extracellular action potentials (EAPs) from the following cell preparations: acute brain slices, dissociated cell cultures, and organotypic slice cultures. Moreover, we simulated the potential spatial decay of point-current sources to investigate signal averaging using known signal sources. We demonstrated that the noise and signal attenuation depend more on the electrode impedance than on electrode size, per se, especially for electrodes <10 μm in width or diameter to achieve high-spatial-resolution readout. By minimizing electrode impedance of small electrodes (<10 μm) via surface modification, we could maximize the signal-to-noise ratio to electrically visualize the propagation of axonal EAPs and to isolate single-unit spikes. Due to the large amplitude of LFP signals, recording quality was high and nearly independent of electrode size. These findings should be of value in configuring in vitro and in vivo microelectrode arrays for extracellular recordings with high spatial resolution in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Viswam
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie Engelene J. Obien
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Franke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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