51
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Guo L, Tian J, Du H. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Synaptic Transmission Failure in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:1071-1086. [PMID: 27662318 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, in which multiple risk factors converge. Despite the complexity of the etiology of the disease, synaptic failure is the pathological basis of cognitive impairment, the cardinal sign of AD. Decreased synaptic density, compromised synaptic transmission, and defected synaptic plasticity are hallmark synaptic pathologies accompanying AD. However, the mechanisms by which synapses are injured in AD-related conditions have not been fully elucidated. Mitochondria are a critical organelle in neurons. The pivotal role of mitochondria in supporting synaptic function and the concomitant occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction with synaptic stress in postmortem AD brains as well as AD animal models seem to lend the credibility to the hypothesis that mitochondrial defects underlie synaptic failure in AD. This concept is further strengthened by the protective effect of mitochondrial medicine on synaptic function against the toxicity of amyloid-β, a key player in the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we focus on the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic transmission deficits in AD. Impaired mitochondrial energy production, deregulated mitochondrial calcium handling, excess mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and release play a crucial role in mediating synaptic transmission deregulation in AD. The understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in synaptic stress may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD through the protection of synaptic transmission by targeting to mitochondrial deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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52
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Jha SK, Jha NK, Kumar D, Sharma R, Shrivastava A, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Stress-Induced Synaptic Dysfunction and Neurotransmitter Release in Alzheimer's Disease: Can Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators be Potential Therapeutic Targets? J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:1017-1039. [PMID: 27662312 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The communication between neurons at synaptic junctions is an intriguing process that monitors the transmission of various electro-chemical signals in the central nervous system. Albeit any aberration in the mechanisms associated with transmission of these signals leads to loss of synaptic contacts in both the neocortex and hippocampus thereby causing insidious cognitive decline and memory dysfunction. Compelling evidence suggests that soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau serve as toxins in the dysfunction of synaptic plasticity and aberrant neurotransmitter (NT) release at synapses consequently causing a cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Further, an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission systems induced by impaired redox signaling and altered mitochondrial integrity is also amenable for such abnormalities. Defective NT release at the synaptic junction causes several detrimental effects associated with altered activity of synaptic proteins, transcription factors, Ca2+ homeostasis, and other molecules critical for neuronal plasticity. These detrimental effects further disrupt the normal homeostasis of neuronal cells and thereby causing synaptic loss. Moreover, the precise mechanistic role played by impaired NTs and neuromodulators (NMs) and altered redox signaling in synaptic dysfunction remains mysterious, and their possible interlink still needs to be investigated. Therefore, this review elucidates the intricate role played by both defective NTs/NMs and altered redox signaling in synaptopathy. Further, the involvement of numerous pharmacological approaches to compensate neurotransmission imbalance has also been discussed, which may be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in synaptopathy associated with AD.
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53
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Mango D, Nisticò R, Furlan R, Finardi A, Centonze D, Mori F. PDGF Modulates Synaptic Excitability and Short-Latency Afferent Inhibition in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:726-733. [PMID: 29392518 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of synaptic plasticity reserve is crucial to contrast clinical deterioration in MS and PDGF plays a key role in this phenomenon. Indeed, higher cerebrospinal fluid PDGF concentration correlates with improved clinical recovery after a relapse, and the amplitude of LTP-like cortical plasticity in relapsing-remitting MS patients. However, LTP-like cortical plasticity varies depending on the individual level of inhibitory cortical circuits. Aim of this study was to explore whether PDGF-CSF concentration correlates with inhibitory cortical circuits explored by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients affected by relapsing-remitting MS. We further performed electrophysiological experiments evaluating GABAergic transmission in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) hippocampus. Our results reveal that increased CSF PDGF concentration correlates with decreased short afferent inhibition in the motor cortex in MS patients and decreased GABAergic activity in EAE. These findings show that PDGF affects GABAergic activity both in MS patients and in EAE hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Mango
- Neuropharmacology Unit, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Neuropharmacology Unit, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Units, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy. .,Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mori
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Units, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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54
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Turco CV, El-Sayes J, Savoie MJ, Fassett HJ, Locke MB, Nelson AJ. Short- and long-latency afferent inhibition; uses, mechanisms and influencing factors. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:59-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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55
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Beckman D, Linden R. A roadmap for investigating the role of the prion protein in depression associated with neurodegenerative disease. Prion 2017; 10:131-42. [PMID: 27057694 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1152437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological properties of the native, endogenous prion protein (PrP(C)) is a matter of concern, due to its pleiotropic functions and links to neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In line with our hypothesis that the basic function of PrP(C) is to serve as a cell surface scaffold for the assembly of signaling modules, multiple interactions have been identified of PrP(C) with signaling molecules, including neurotransmitter receptors. We recently reported evidence that PrP(C) may modulate monoaminergic neurotransmission, as well as depressive-like behavior in mice. Here, we discuss how those results, together with a number of other studies, including our previous demonstration that both inflammatory and behavioral stress modulate PrP(C) content in neutrophils, suggest a distributed role of PrP(C) in clinical depression and inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. An overarching understanding of the multiple interventions of PrP(C) upon physiological events may both shed light on the pathogenesis of, as well as help the identification of novel therapeutic targets for clinical depression, Prion and Alzheimer's Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Linden
- a Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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56
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Cortical afferent inhibition abnormalities reveal cholinergic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a reappraisal. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1417-1429. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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57
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Bonnì S, Ponzo V, Di Lorenzo F, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Real-time activation of central cholinergic circuits during recognition memory. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1485-1489. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bonnì
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine; Tor Vergata University; Rome Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit; Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS; Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome Italy
- Stroke Unit; Department of Neuroscience; Policlinico Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
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58
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Versace V, Langthaler PB, Sebastianelli L, Höller Y, Brigo F, Orioli A, Saltuari L, Nardone R. Impaired cholinergic transmission in patients with Parkinson's disease and olfactory dysfunction. J Neurol Sci 2017; 377:55-61. [PMID: 28477708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction represents a frequent and disturbing non-motor manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction in PD is still poorly understood. Experimental evidence suggests that olfactory impairment could be related to central cholinergic dysfunction. Short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) technique gives the opportunity to test an inhibitory cholinergic circuit in the human cerebral motor cortex. The objective of the study was to assess the cholinergic function, as measured by SAI, in PD patients with different degrees of olfactory dysfunction. We applied SAI technique in 31 patients with PD. These patients also underwent Olfactory Event-Related Potentials (OERPs) studies to objectively evaluate the olfactory system and a battery of neuropsychological tests to assess the cognitive functions. Absent OERPs indicated a severe olfactory dysfunction in 13 subjects. The presence of OERPs with an alteration in latency and/or amplitude can be considered as a borderline condition of slight alteration of smell and was found in other 15 patients. Only 3 patients showed normal OERPs. SAI was significantly reduced in the PD patients with absent OERPs compared with those with present but abnormal OERPs. Neuropsychological examination showed a mild cognitive impairment in 12 out of 13 PD patients with severe olfactory dysfunction, and in 3 out of the 15 patients with borderline olfactory dysfunction. SAI abnormalities and presence of severe olfactory impairment strongly support the hypothesis of cholinergic dysfunction in some patients with PD, who will probably develop a dementia. Longitudinal studies are required to verify whether SAI abnormalities in PD patients with olfactory dysfunction can predict a future severe cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy; Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Patrick B Langthaler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy; Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Orioli
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria; Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.
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59
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Vascular Cognitive Impairment through the Looking Glass of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Behav Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28348458 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1421326.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploiting transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with the aim at gaining further insights into the electrophysiological and neurochemical basis underlying vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Overall, TMS points at enhanced brain cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity in VCI, especially in patients with overt dementia, and neurophysiological changes seem to correlate with disease process and progress. These findings have been interpreted as part of a glutamate-mediated compensatory effect in response to vascular lesions. Although a single TMS parameter owns low specificity, a panel of measures can support the VCI diagnosis, predict progression, and possibly identify early markers of "brain at risk" for future dementia, thus making VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. Moreover, TMS can be also exploited to select and evaluate the responders to specific drugs, as well as to become an innovative rehabilitative tool in the attempt to restore impaired neural plasticity. The present review provides a perspective of the different TMS techniques by further understanding the cortical electrophysiology and the role of distinctive neurotransmission pathways and networks involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of VCI and its subtypes.
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60
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Oh E, Park J, Youn J, Kim JS, Park S, Jang W. Olfactory dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease is associated with short latency afferent inhibition reflecting central cholinergic dysfunction. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1061-1068. [PMID: 28400098 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to determine whether the short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) response could be associated with the severity of olfactory dysfunction in PD patients. METHODS A total of 71 PD patients and 20 controls were enrolled. All PD patients were classified into 3 groups by the severity of the olfactory deficit. Single-pulse transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters and SAI were assessed. RESULTS The integrated SAI in the PD with anosmia and PD with hyposomia groups was significantly less inhibited than that in the PD with normosmia and control groups [64.79 {Interquartile range (IQR): 59.96, 71.33}, 84.79 {IQR: 75.03, 90.63} versus 36.72 {IQR: 32.28, 48.33}, 42.15 {IQR: 34.60, 44.96}, respectively]. In PD subjects, the severity of olfactory dysfunction also showed a significant negative correlation with the SAI response (r=-0.829, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Considering that the SAI response partly reflects central cholinergic dysfunction and that our study shows a relationship between the SAI response and the severity of olfactory dysfunction in PD, our findings indicate that cholinergic dysfunction could possibly contribute to the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction in early PD. SIGNIFICANCE SAI could be a useful marker to detect severe olfactory dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinse Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Youn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Jang
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou Y, Li P, Brantner A, Wang H, Shu X, Yang J, Si N, Han L, Zhao H, Bian B. Chemical profiling analysis of Maca using UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap MS coupled with UHPLC-ESI-QqQ MS and the neuroprotective study on its active ingredients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44660. [PMID: 28304399 PMCID: PMC5356334 DOI: 10.1038/srep44660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii (Maca), originated from Peru, has been cultivated widely in China as a popular health care food. However, the chemical and effective studies of Maca were less in-depth, which restricted its application seriously. To ensure the quality of Maca, a feasible and accurate strategy was established. One hundred and sixty compounds including 30 reference standards were identified in 6 fractions of methanol extract of Maca by UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap MS. Among them, 15 representative active compounds were simultaneously determined in 17 samples by UHPLC-ESI-QqQ MS. The results suggested that Maca from Yunnan province was the potential substitute for the one from Peru. Meanwhile, the neuroprotective effects of Maca were investigated. Three fractions and two pure compounds showed strong activities in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced zebrafish model. Among them, 80% methanol elution fraction (Fr5) showed significant neuroprotective activity, followed by 100% part (Fr6). The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was a possible mechanism of its neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Adelheid Brantner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbin Shu
- Shandong Rosemed Biopharm LTC, Yanzhou, Shandong province, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Si
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Bian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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62
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Lanza G, Bramanti P, Cantone M, Pennisi M, Pennisi G, Bella R. Vascular Cognitive Impairment through the Looking Glass of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Behav Neurol 2017; 2017:1421326. [PMID: 28348458 PMCID: PMC5350538 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1421326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploiting transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with the aim at gaining further insights into the electrophysiological and neurochemical basis underlying vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Overall, TMS points at enhanced brain cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity in VCI, especially in patients with overt dementia, and neurophysiological changes seem to correlate with disease process and progress. These findings have been interpreted as part of a glutamate-mediated compensatory effect in response to vascular lesions. Although a single TMS parameter owns low specificity, a panel of measures can support the VCI diagnosis, predict progression, and possibly identify early markers of "brain at risk" for future dementia, thus making VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. Moreover, TMS can be also exploited to select and evaluate the responders to specific drugs, as well as to become an innovative rehabilitative tool in the attempt to restore impaired neural plasticity. The present review provides a perspective of the different TMS techniques by further understanding the cortical electrophysiology and the role of distinctive neurotransmission pathways and networks involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of VCI and its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- 1Department of Neurology IC, I.R.C.C.S. “Oasi” Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, 73 Via Conte Ruggero, 94018 Troina, Italy
- *Giuseppe Lanza:
| | - Placido Bramanti
- 2I.R.C.C.S. Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- 1Department of Neurology IC, I.R.C.C.S. “Oasi” Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, 73 Via Conte Ruggero, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- 3Spinal Unit, Emergency Hospital “Cannizzaro”, 829 Via Messina, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- 4Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 78 Via S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- 5Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, 78 Via S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Zhang Y, Pi Z, Song F, Liu Z. Ginsenosides attenuate d-galactose- and AlCl 3-inducedspatial memory impairment by restoring the dysfunction of the neurotransmitter systems in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:188-195. [PMID: 27612432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) for thousands of years. Ginsenoside is one of the major compounds found in P. ginseng. This study aimed to explore the attenuation of spatial memory impairment by ginsenosides and its correlation with restoring the dysfunction of the neurotransmitter systems in AD model rats to understand the mechanism underlying the anti-AD effect of P. ginseng. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the AD model was established by combining d-galactose (d-gal) with AlCl3 (Al) for 60 days. From day 30, the ginsenosides group was intragastrically administered with ginsenosides for 30 days. The ethology of rats was tested through the Morris water maze test(MWM). Histopathological changes in the hippocampus of rats were observed through hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expressions of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and phospho-tau (p-tau) in the hippocampus and cortex of rats were detected by immunohistochemistry. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was used to measure neurotransmitter concentrations in the hippocampus, cortex, and blood. RESULTS Ginsenosides could significantly decrease the escape latency time and the average latency time in the place navigation test and increase the times of crossing the platform area, the percentage of residence time, and the distance in the original platform quadrant in the spatial probe test. Ginsenosides could repair the damage of the hippocampus and reduce the expressions of Aβ and p-tau. Ginsenosides could also increase γ-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, and dopamine levels and decrease glutamate and aspartic acid levels in the hippocampus and cortex and increase glycine and serotonin levels in the blood. CONCLUSIONS After effectively administrated, ginsenosides attenuate d-gal- and Al-induced spatial memory impairment. The possible mechanism of the beneficial effect is restoring the dysfunction of various neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, PR China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
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64
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Di Giovanni G, Svob Strac D, Sole M, Unzeta M, Tipton KF, Mück-Šeler D, Bolea I, Della Corte L, Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N, Smolders IJ, Stasiak A, Fogel WA, De Deurwaerdère P. Monoaminergic and Histaminergic Strategies and Treatments in Brain Diseases. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:541. [PMID: 27932945 PMCID: PMC5121249 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoaminergic systems are the target of several drugs for the treatment of mood, motor and cognitive disorders as well as neurological conditions. In most cases, advances have occurred through serendipity, except for Parkinson's disease where the pathophysiology led almost immediately to the introduction of dopamine restoring agents. Extensive neuropharmacological studies first showed that the primary target of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytic drugs were specific components of the monoaminergic systems. Later, some dramatic side effects associated with older medicines were shown to disappear with new chemical compounds targeting the origin of the therapeutic benefit more specifically. The increased knowledge regarding the function and interaction of the monoaminergic systems in the brain resulting from in vivo neurochemical and neurophysiological studies indicated new monoaminergic targets that could achieve the efficacy of the older medicines with fewer side-effects. Yet, this accumulated knowledge regarding monoamines did not produce valuable strategies for diseases where no monoaminergic drug has been shown to be effective. Here, we emphasize the new therapeutic and monoaminergic-based strategies for the treatment of psychiatric diseases. We will consider three main groups of diseases, based on the evidence of monoamines involvement (schizophrenia, depression, obesity), the identification of monoamines in the diseases processes (Parkinson's disease, addiction) and the prospect of the involvement of monoaminergic mechanisms (epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, stroke). In most cases, the clinically available monoaminergic drugs induce widespread modifications of amine tone or excitability through neurobiological networks and exemplify the overlap between therapeutic approaches to psychiatric and neurological conditions. More recent developments that have resulted in improved drug specificity and responses will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Montse Sole
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Unzeta
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Keith F. Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Dorotea Mück-Šeler
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Irene Bolea
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilse J. Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
| | - Anna Stasiak
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | - Wieslawa A. Fogel
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), Institut of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBordeaux Cedex, France
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Guerram M, Zhang LY, Jiang ZZ. G-protein coupled receptors as therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Neurochem Int 2016; 101:1-14. [PMID: 27620813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases are frequent in elderly populations and comprise primarily of dementia (mainly Alzheimer's disease) Parkinson's disease and stroke. These neurological disorders (NDs) occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes and represent one of the most frequent causes of death and disability worldwide with a significant clinical and socio-economic impact. Although NDs have been characterized for many years, the exact molecular mechanisms that govern these pathologies or why they target specific individuals and specific neuronal populations remain unclear. As research progresses, many similarities appear which relate these diseases to one another on a subcellular level. Discovering these similarities offers hope for therapeutic advances that could ameliorate the conditions of many diseases simultaneously. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most abundant receptor type in the central nervous system and are linked to complex downstream pathways, manipulation of which may have therapeutic application in many NDs. This review will highlight the potential use of neurotransmitter GPCRs as emerging therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Guerram
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Faculty of Exact Sciences and Nature and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Larbi Ben M'hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria
| | - Lu-Yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Peter J, Lahr J, Minkova L, Lauer E, Grothe MJ, Teipel S, Köstering L, Kaller CP, Heimbach B, Hüll M, Normann C, Nissen C, Reis J, Klöppel S. Contribution of the Cholinergic System to Verbal Memory Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:991-1001. [PMID: 27340852 PMCID: PMC5008225 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine is critically involved in modulating learning and memory function, which both decline in neurodegeneration. It remains unclear to what extent structural and functional changes in the cholinergic system contribute to episodic memory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), in addition to hippocampal degeneration. A better understanding is critical, given that the cholinergic system is the main target of current symptomatic treatment in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. We simultaneously assessed the structural and functional integrity of the cholinergic system in 20 patients with MCI and 20 matched healthy controls and examined their effect on verbal episodic memory via multivariate regression analyses. Mediating effects of either cholinergic function or hippocampal volume on the relationship between cholinergic structure and episodic memory were computed. In MCI, a less intact structure and function of the cholinergic system was found. A smaller cholinergic structure was significantly correlated with a functionally more active cholinergic system in patients, but not in controls. This association was not modulated by age or disease severity, arguing against compensational processes. Further analyses indicated that neither functional nor structural changes in the cholinergic system influence verbal episodic memory at the MCI stage. In fact, those associations were fully mediated by hippocampal volume. Although the cholinergic system is structurally and functionally altered in MCI, episodic memory dysfunction results primarily from hippocampal neurodegeneration, which may explain the inefficiency of cholinergic treatment at this disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Peter
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Lahr
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lora Minkova
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eliza Lauer
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michel J. Grothe
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Köstering
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph P. Kaller
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Heimbach
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hüll
- Centre for Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Psychiatry Emmendingen, Germany
| | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Yarnall A, Ho B, Eshun E, David R, Rochester L, Burn D, Baker M. Short latency afferent inhibition: Effects of ageing. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2410-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moreno-Castilla P, Rodriguez-Duran LF, Guzman-Ramos K, Barcenas-Femat A, Escobar ML, Bermudez-Rattoni F. Dopaminergic neurotransmission dysfunction induced by amyloid-β transforms cortical long-term potentiation into long-term depression and produces memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 41:187-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bella R, Cantone M, Lanza G, Ferri R, Vinciguerra L, Puglisi V, Pennisi M, Ricceri R, Di Lazzaro V, Pennisi G. Cholinergic circuitry functioning in patients with vascular cognitive impairment--no dementia. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:225-33. [PMID: 26515786 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An impairment of central cholinergic activity, as evaluated non-invasively by the short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) of motor responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), was observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Conversely, the involvement of central cholinergic neurotransmission in vascular dementia (VaD) is still under debate and data on Vascular Cognitive Impairment--No Dementia (VCI-ND) at risk for future VaD are lacking. OBJECTIVE To test for the first time SAI in patients with VCI-ND. METHODS Single-pulse TMS measures of cortical excitability and SAI were evaluated in 25 VCI-ND patients with subcortical ischemic lesions and 20 age-matched healthy controls. Functional status, neuropsychological tests evaluating frontal lobe abilities, and white matter lesions (WMLs) load were assessed. RESULTS A significant difference was found between patients and controls for the mean SAI, although this result did not resist after the Bonferroni correction. In the whole group of patients and controls, SAI showed a correlation with worse scores at the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (r = 0.376, p < 0.01). SAI also positively correlated with the total vascular burden (r = 0.345, p < 0.05) but not with the WML severity. CONCLUSIONS Central cholinergic pathway does not seem to be involved in VCI-ND, and the current results differ from those reported in primary cholinergic forms of dementia, such as AD. SAI might represent a valuable additional tool in the differential diagnosis of the dementing processes and in identifying potential responders to cholinergic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Department of Neurology I.C., "Oasi" Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (I.R.C.C.S.), Troina (EN), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Neurology I.C., "Oasi" Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (I.R.C.C.S.), Troina (EN), Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Department of Neurology I.C., "Oasi" Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (I.R.C.C.S.), Troina (EN), Italy
| | - Luisa Vinciguerra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Puglisi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Spinal Unit, Emergency Hospital "Cannizzaro", Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ricceri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Koch G, Di Lorenzo F, del Olmo MF, Bonní S, Ponzo V, Caltagirone C, Bozzali M, Martorana A. Reversal of LTP-Like Cortical Plasticity in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients with Tau-Related Faster Clinical Progression. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:605-16. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel Fernandez del Olmo
- Faculty of Sciences of Sport and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, University of A Coruña, Pazos-Liáns, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sonia Bonní
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Martorana A, Di Lorenzo F, Belli L, Sancesario G, Toniolo S, Sallustio F, Sancesario GM, Koch G. Cerebrospinal Fluid Aβ42 Levels: When Physiological Become Pathological State. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:921-5. [PMID: 26555572 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired amyloid beta (Aβ) metabolism is currently considered central to understand the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Measurements of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ levels remain the most useful marker for diagnostic purposes and to individuate people at risk for AD. Despite recent advances criticized the direct role in neurodegeneration of cortical neurons, Aβ is considered responsible for synaptopathy and impairment of neurotransmission and therefore remains the major trigger of AD and future pharmacological treatment remain Aβ oriented. However, experimental and clinical findings showed that Aβ peptides could have a wider range of action responsible for cell dysfunction and for appearance of clinico-pathological entities different from AD. Such findings may induce misunderstanding of the real role played by Aβ in AD and therefore strengthen criticism on its centrality and need for CSF measurements. Aim of this review is to discuss the role of CSF Aβ levels in light of experimental, clinical pathologic, and electrophysiological results in AD and other pathological entities to put in a correct frame the value of Aβ changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Martorana
- Clinica Neurologica, Sytem Medicine Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Clinica Neurologica, Sytem Medicine Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Belli
- Clinica Neurologica, Sytem Medicine Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sancesario
- Clinica Neurologica, Sytem Medicine Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Toniolo
- Clinica Neurologica, Sytem Medicine Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sallustio
- Clinica Neurologica, Sytem Medicine Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Zhou X, Zhu Q, Han X, Chen R, Liu Y, Fan H, Yin X. Quantitative-profiling of neurotransmitter abnormalities in the disease progression of experimental diabetic encephalopathy rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:1007-13. [PMID: 26426748 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is one of the most prevalent chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), with neither effective prevention nor proven therapeutic regimen. This study aims to uncover the potential dysregulation pattern of the neurotransmitters in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental DE. For that purpose, male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Cognitive performance was detected with the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissues were collected to measure the levels of neurotransmitters. Compared with the control rats, the acetylcholine (ACh) levels in serum, CSF, hippocampus, and cortex were all significantly down-regulated as early as 6 weeks in the STZ treatment group. In contrast, the glutamate (Glu) levels were decreased in CSF and the hippocampus, but unaffected in the serum and cortex of STZ-treated rats. As for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it was down-regulated in serum, but up-regulated in CSF, hippocampus, and the cortex in the STZ-treated group. The mRNA expressions of neurotransmitter-related rate limiting enzymes (including AChE, GAD1, and GAD2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β and TNF-α) were all increased in the DE rats. Our data suggest that DM induces isoform-dependent and tissue-specific neurotransmitter abnormalities, and that neuroinflammation may underlay the nervous system dysfunction observed in the progression of DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Renguo Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Yaowu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Huaihai West Road 99, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
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Roussotte FF, Gutman BA, Hibar DP, Madsen SK, Narr KL, Thompson PM. Carriers of a common variant in the dopamine transporter gene have greater dementia risk, cognitive decline, and faster ventricular expansion. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1153-62. [PMID: 25496873 PMCID: PMC4465053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic variants in DAT1, the gene encoding the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein, have been implicated in many brain disorders. In a recent case-control study of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a regulatory polymorphism in DAT1 showed a significant association with the clinical stages of dementia. METHODS We tested whether this variant was associated with increased AD risk, and with measures of cognitive decline and longitudinal ventricular expansion, in a large sample of elderly participants with genetic, neurocognitive, and neuroimaging data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. RESULTS The minor allele-previously linked with increased DAT expression in vitro-was more common in AD patients than in both individuals with mild cognitive impairment and healthy elderly controls. The same allele was also associated with poorer cognitive performance and faster ventricular expansion, independently of diagnosis. DISCUSSION These results may be due to reduced dopaminergic transmission in carriers of the DAT1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence F Roussotte
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Boris A Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah K Madsen
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, & Ophthalmology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Lee KD, Koo JH, Song SH, Jo KD, Lee MK, Jang W. Central cholinergic dysfunction could be associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia in early Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015. [PMID: 26199040 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysphagia is an important issue in the prognosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although several studies have reported that oropharyngeal dysphagia may be associated with cognitive dysfunction, the exact relationship between cortical function and swallowing function in PD patients is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the association between an electrophysiological marker of central cholinergic function, which reflected cognitive function, and swallowing function, as measured by videofluoroscopic studies (VFSS). We enrolled 29 early PD patients. Using the Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire (SDQ), we divided the enrolled patients into two groups: PD with dysphagia and PD without dysphagia. The videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale (VDS) was applied to explore the nature of the dysphagia. To assess central cholinergic dysfunction, short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) was evaluated. We analyzed the relationship between central cholinergic dysfunction and oropharyngeal dysphagia and investigated the characteristics of the dysphagia. The SAI values were significantly different between the two groups. The comparison of each VFSS component between the PD with dysphagia group and the PD without dysphagia group showed statistical significance for most of the oral phase components and for a single pharyngeal phase component. The total score on the VDS was higher in the PD with dysphagia group than in the PD without dysphagia group. The Mini-Mental State Examination and SAI values showed significant correlations with the total score of the oral phase components. According to binary logistic regression analysis, SAI value independently contributed to the presence of dysphagia in PD patients. Our findings suggest that cholinergic dysfunction is associated with dysphagia in early PD and that an abnormal SAI value is a good biomarker for predicting the risk of dysphagia in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Duck Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoi Koo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hong Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Deog Jo
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Jang
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Research Center, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Stefani A, Olivola E, Liguori C, Hainsworth AH, Saviozzi V, Angileri G, D'Angelo V, Galati S, Pierantozzi M. Catecholamine-Based Treatment in AD Patients: Expectations and Delusions. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:67. [PMID: 25999852 PMCID: PMC4418272 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease, the gap between excellence of diagnostics and efficacy of therapy is wide. Despite sophisticated imaging and biochemical markers, the efficacy of available therapeutic options is limited. Here we examine the possibility that assessment of endogenous catecholamine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may fuel new therapeutic strategies. In reviewing the available literature, we consider the effects of levodopa, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and noradrenaline (NE) modulators, showing disparate results. We present a preliminary assessment of CSF concentrations of dopamine (DA) and NE, determined by HPLC, in a small dementia cohort of either Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia patients, compared to control subjects. Our data reveal detectable levels of DA, NE in CSF, though we found no significant alterations in the dementia population as a whole. AD patients exhibit a small impairment of the DA axis and a larger increase of NE concentration, likely to represent a compensatory mechanism. While waiting for preventive strategies, a pragmatic approach to AD may re-evaluate catecholamine modulation, possibly stratified to dementia subtypes, as part of the therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stefani
- Department of System Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy ; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome , Italy
| | - Enrica Olivola
- Department of System Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Saviozzi
- Department of System Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Giacoma Angileri
- Department of System Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Vincenza D'Angelo
- Department of System Medicine, Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
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Prakash A, Kalra J, Mani V, Ramasamy K, Majeed ABA. Pharmacological approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: neurotransmitter as drug targets. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 15:53-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.988709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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77
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Koch G, Di Lorenzo F, Bonnì S, Giacobbe V, Bozzali M, Caltagirone C, Martorana A. Dopaminergic modulation of cortical plasticity in Alzheimer's disease patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2654-61. [PMID: 24859851 PMCID: PMC4207345 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mechanisms of cortical plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are impaired. In AD patients, LTP-like cortical plasticity is abolished, whereas LTD seems to be preserved. Dopaminergic transmission has been hypothesized as a new player in ruling mechanisms of cortical plasticity in AD. We aimed at investigating whether administration of the dopamine agonist rotigotine (RTG) could modulate cortical plasticity in AD patients, as measured by theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols of repetitive transcranial stimulation applied over the primary motor cortex. Thirty mild AD patients were tested in three different groups before and after 4 weeks of treatment with RTG, rivastigmine (RVT), or placebo (PLC). Each patient was evaluated for plasticity induction of LTP/LTD-like effects using respectively intermittent TBS (iTBS) or continuous TBS protocols. Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) protocol was performed to indirectly assess central cholinergic activity. A group of age-matched healthy controls was recruited for baseline comparisons. Results showed that at baseline, AD patients were characterized by impaired LTP-like cortical plasticity, as assessed by iTBS. These reduced levels of LTP-like cortical plasticity were increased and normalized after RTG administration. No effect was induced by RVT or PLC on LTP. LTD-like cortical plasticity was not modulated in any condition. Cholinergic activity was increased by both RTG and RVT. Our findings reveal that dopamine agonists may restore the altered mechanisms of LTP-like cortical plasticity in AD patients, thus providing novel implications for therapies based on dopaminergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy,Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, IRCCS Fondazione, S. Lucia, Via Ardeatina, Rome 306-00179, Italy, Tel: +39 0651501181, Fax: +39 0651501180, E-mail:
| | - Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonnì
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viola Giacobbe
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Martorana A, Koch G. "Is dopamine involved in Alzheimer's disease?". Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:252. [PMID: 25309431 PMCID: PMC4174765 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and dementia. Recent advances indicate that AD pathogenesis appears more complex than its mere neuropathology. Changes in synaptic plasticity, neuronal disarray and cell death are pathways commonly recognized as pathogenic mechanisms of AD. It is thought that the altered metabolism of certain membrane proteins may lead to the production of amyloid (Aβ) oligomers that are characterized by an highly toxic effect on neurotransmission pathways, such as those mediated by Acetylcholine. The interaction of Aβ oligomers with these neurotansmitters systems would in turn induce cell dysfunction, neurotransmitters signaling imbalance and finally lead to the appearance of neurological signs. In this perspective, it is still debated how and if these mechanisms may also engage the dopaminergic system in AD. Recent experimental work revealed that the dopaminergic system may well be involved in the occurrence of cognitive decline, often being predictive of rapidly progressive forms of AD. However, a clear idea on the role of the dopamine system in AD is still missing. Here we review the more recent evidences supporting the notion that the dopaminergic dysfunction has a pathogenic role in cognitive decline symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Martorana
- Clinica Neurologica-Memory Clinic, System Medicine Department, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" Rome, Italy ; Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Clinica Neurologica-Memory Clinic, System Medicine Department, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" Rome, Italy ; Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS Rome, Italy
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Guerra A, Petrichella S, Vollero L, Ponzo D, Pasqualetti P, Määttä S, Mervaala E, Könönen M, Bressi F, Iannello G, Rossini PM, Ferreri F. Neurophysiological features of motor cortex excitability and plasticity in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia: a TMS mapping study. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:906-13. [PMID: 25262646 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate neurophysiological features of M1 excitability and plasticity in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia (SIVD), by means of a TMS mapping study. METHODS Seven SIVD and nine AD patients, along with nine control subjects were tested. The M1 excitability was studied by resting thresholds, area and volume of active cortical sites for forearm and hand's examined muscles. For M1 plasticity, coordinates of the hot-spot and the center of gravity (CoG) were evaluated. The correlation between the degree of hyperexcitability and the amount of M1 plastic rearrangement was also calculated. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of excitability measures demonstrated similarly enhanced cortical excitability in AD and SIVD patients with respect to controls. SIVD patients showed a medial and frontal shift of CoG from the hot-spot, not statistically different from that observed in AD. A significant direct correlation was seen between parameters related to cortical excitability and those related to cortical plasticity. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the existence of common compensatory mechanisms in different kind of dementing diseases supporting the idea that cortical hyperexcitability can promote cortical plasticity. SIGNIFICANCE This study characterizes neurophysiological features of motor cortex excitability and plasticity in SIVD, providing new insights on the correlation between cortical excitability and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guerra
- Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Petrichella
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Vollero
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - David Ponzo
- Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Patrizio Pasqualetti
- Service of Medical Statistics and Information Technology, Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Määttä
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Esa Mervaala
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mervi Könönen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Federica Bressi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Iannello
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Institute of Neurology, Dept. Geriatrics, Neurosciences, Orthopaedics, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Nardone R, Tezzon F, Höller Y, Golaszewski S, Trinka E, Brigo F. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)/repetitive TMS in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 129:351-66. [PMID: 24506061 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) techniques can be applied to noninvasively measure cortical excitability and brain plasticity in humans. TMS has been used to assess neuroplastic changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), corroborating findings that cortical physiology is altered in AD due to the underlying neurodegenerative process. In fact, many TMS studies have provided physiological evidence of abnormalities in cortical excitability, connectivity, and plasticity in patients with AD. Moreover, the combination of TMS with other neurophysiological techniques, such as high-density electroencephalography (EEG), makes it possible to study local and network cortical plasticity directly. Interestingly, several TMS studies revealed abnormalities in patients with early AD and even with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), thus enabling early identification of subjects in whom the cholinergic degeneration has occurred. Furthermore, TMS can influence brain function if delivered repetitively; repetitive TMS (rTMS) is capable of modulating cortical excitability and inducing long-lasting neuroplastic changes. Preliminary findings have suggested that rTMS can enhance performances on several cognitive functions impaired in AD and MCI. However, further well-controlled studies with appropriate methodology in larger patient cohorts are needed to replicate and extend the initial findings. The purpose of this paper was to provide an updated and comprehensive systematic review of the studies that have employed TMS/rTMS in patients with MCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nardone
- Department of Neurology; Christian Doppler Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
- Department of Neurology; Franz Tappeiner Hospital; Merano Italy
| | - F. Tezzon
- Department of Neurology; Franz Tappeiner Hospital; Merano Italy
| | - Y. Höller
- Department of Neurology; Christian Doppler Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - S. Golaszewski
- Department of Neurology; Christian Doppler Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - E. Trinka
- Department of Neurology; Christian Doppler Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - F. Brigo
- Department of Neurology; Franz Tappeiner Hospital; Merano Italy
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences; Section of Clinical Neurology; University of Verona; Verona Italy
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Cantone M, Di Pino G, Capone F, Piombo M, Chiarello D, Cheeran B, Pennisi G, Di Lazzaro V. The contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the diagnosis and in the management of dementia. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:1509-32. [PMID: 24840904 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is emerging as a promising tool to non-invasively assess specific cortical circuits in neurological diseases. A number of studies have reported the abnormalities in TMS assays of cortical function in dementias. A PubMed-based literature review on TMS studies targeting primary and secondary dementia has been conducted using the key words "transcranial magnetic stimulation" or "motor cortex excitability" and "dementia" or "cognitive impairment" or "memory impairment" or "memory decline". Cortical excitability is increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in vascular dementia (VaD), generally reduced in secondary dementias. Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), a measure of central cholinergic circuitry, is normal in VaD and in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but suppressed in AD. In mild cognitive impairment, abnormal SAI may predict the progression to AD. No change in cortical excitability has been observed in FTD, in Parkinson's dementia and in dementia with Lewy bodies. Short-interval intracortical inhibition and controlateral silent period (cSP), two measures of gabaergic cortical inhibition, are abnormal in most dementias associated with parkinsonian symptoms. Ipsilateral silent period (iSP), which is dependent on integrity of the corpus callosum is abnormal in AD. While single TMS measure owns low specificity, a panel of measures can support the clinical diagnosis, predict progression and possibly identify earlier the "brain at risk". In dementias, TMS can be also exploited to select and evaluate the responders to specific drugs and, it might become a rehabilitative tool, in the attempt to restore impaired brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Via Álvaro del Portillo 5, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Fioravante Capone
- Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Via Álvaro del Portillo 5, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Piombo
- Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Via Álvaro del Portillo 5, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Chiarello
- Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Via Álvaro del Portillo 5, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Binith Cheeran
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Alberto Sordi - Research Institute for Ageing, Via Álvaro del Portillo 5, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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Dopamine differently modulates central cholinergic circuits in patients with Alzheimer disease and CADASIL. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:1313-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Motor cortical excitability assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Brain Stimul 2013; 7:158-69. [PMID: 24472621 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a popular neurostimulation technique suitable for the investigation of inhibitory and facilitatory networks in the human motor system. In the last 20 years, several studies have used TMS to investigate cortical excitability in various psychiatric disorders, leading to a consequent improvement in pathophysiological understanding. However, little is known about the overlap and specificity of these findings across these conditions. OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review of TMS studies (1985-2013) focusing on motor cortical excitability in dementia, schizophrenia, affective disorders (major depression and bipolar), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette Syndrome (TS), substance abuse (alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, nicotine) and other disorders (borderline personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)). METHODS Systematic literature-based review. RESULTS Across disorders, patients displayed a general pattern of cortical disinhibition, while the most consistent results of reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition could be found in schizophrenia, OCD and Tourette Syndrome. In dementia, the most frequently reported finding was reduced short-latency afferent inhibition as a marker of cholinergic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review indicate a general alteration in motor cortical inhibition in mental illness, rather than disease-specific changes. Changes in motor cortical excitability provide insight that can advance understanding of the pathophysiology underlying various psychiatric disorders. Further investigations are needed to improve the diagnostic application of these parameters.
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Discovery of dihydrochalcone as potential lead for Alzheimer's disease: in silico and in vitro study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79151. [PMID: 24260164 PMCID: PMC3832475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By the virtual screening method we have screened out Dihydrochalcone as a top-lead for the Alzheimer’s disease using the database of about 32364 natural compounds. The binding affinity of this ligand to amyloid beta (A) fibril has been thoroughly studied by computer simulation and experiment. Using the Thioflavin T (ThT) assay we have obtained the inhibition constant IC50 M. This result is in good agreement with the estimation of the binding free energy obtained by the molecular mechanic-Poisson Boltzmann surface area method and all-atom simulation with the force field CHARMM 27 and water model TIP3P. Cell viability assays indicated that Dihydrochalcone could effectively reduce the cytotoxicity induced by A. Thus, both in silico and in vitro studies show that Dihydrochalcone is a potential drug for the Alzheimers disease.
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85
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Brown BM, Peiffer JJ, Martins RN. Multiple effects of physical activity on molecular and cognitive signs of brain aging: can exercise slow neurodegeneration and delay Alzheimer's disease? Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:864-74. [PMID: 23164816 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Western countries are experiencing aging populations and increased longevity; thus, the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in these countries is projected to soar. In the absence of a therapeutic drug, non-pharmacological preventative approaches are being investigated. One of these approaches is regular participation in physical activity or exercise. This paper reviews studies that have explored the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function, cognitive decline, AD/dementia risk and AD-associated biomarkers and processes. There is now strong evidence that links regular physical activity or exercise to higher cognitive function, decreased cognitive decline and reduced risk of AD or dementia. Nevertheless, these associations require further investigation, more specifically with interventional studies that include long follow-up periods. In particular, relatively little is known about the underlying mechanism(s) of the associations between physical activity and AD neuropathology; clearly this is an area in need of further research, particularly in human populations. Although benefits of physical activity or exercise are clearly recognised, there is a need to clarify how much physical activity provides the greatest benefit and also whether people of different genotypes require tailored exercise regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Brown
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Ladas A, Frantzidis C, Bamidis P, Vivas AB. Eye Blink Rate as a biological marker of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 93:12-6. [PMID: 23912068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between dopamine activity (DA), as measured by Eye Blink Rate (EBR), and cognitive function in old adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and healthy controls. Research has been inconclusive so far about the factors responsible for the transition from MCI to dementia. However, some studies suggest that cortical hyperexcitability in very early stages of pathological aging may progressively lead to cell death, and thus to Alzheimer's disease. Hence, we speculated that a dysfunction of DA activity, as measured by EBR, may characterize people with MCI, and account for their poor cognitive function. Thirty three (33) healthy and thirty six (36) old adults with MCI (Mean age = 67.52 y.o.) participated in this study. The EBR was recorded under resting conditions, using two gold skin electrodes above and below the left eye. Cognitive function was assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests. Participants with MCI showed significantly higher EBR than the healthy controls. Also, EBR was negatively related to scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MoCA) test. We propose that abnormally increased dopamine activity, as indexed by relatively high EBR, may be partially responsible for the neurotransmitter imbalance in the central nervous system of people with MCI, and the overall impaired cognitive performance. In addition, this finding suggests that an abnormally high EBR may be a potential biomarker of the transition from healthy aging to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea Ladas
- Psychology Dept., The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, and South East European Research Center, SEERC, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Frantzidis
- Dept of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Bamidis
- Dept of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ana B Vivas
- Psychology Dept., The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, and South East European Research Center, SEERC, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Di Lorenzo F, Martorana A, Ponzo V, Bonnì S, D'Angelo E, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Cerebellar theta burst stimulation modulates short latency afferent inhibition in Alzheimer's disease patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:2. [PMID: 23423358 PMCID: PMC3575596 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of cholinergic neurons is a typical hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous findings demonstrated that high density of cholinergic receptors is found in the thalamus and the cerebellum compared with the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. We aimed at investigating whether activation of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway by means of cerebellar theta burst stimulation (TBS) could modulate central cholinergic functions evaluated in vivo by using the neurophysiological determination of Short-Latency Afferent Inhibition (SLAI). We tested the SLAI circuit before and after administration of cerebellar continuous TBS (cTBS) in 12 AD patients and in 12 healthy age-matched control subjects (HS). We also investigated potential changes of intracortical circuits of the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) by assessing short intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). SLAI was decreased in AD patients compared to HS. Cerebellar cTBS partially restored SLAI in AD patients at later inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs), but did not modify SLAI in HS. SICI and ICF did not differ in the two groups and were not modulated by cerebellar cTBS. These results demonstrate that cerebellar magnetic stimulation is likely to affect mechanisms of cortical cholinergic activity, suggesting that the cerebellum may have a direct influence on the cholinergic dysfunction in AD.
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Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used extensively to characterize motor system pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia, as well to monitor the effects of certain pharmacological agents. Among the studies focusing on motor cortical excitability measures, the most consistent finding is a significant reduction of short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) in AD and other forms of dementia in which the cholinergic system is affected, such as dementia with Lewy bodies. SAI evaluation may thus provide a reliable biomarker of cortical cholinergic dysfunction in dementias. Moreover, most TMS studies have demonstrated cortical hyperexcitability and asymptomatic motor cortex functional reorganization in the early stages of the disease. Integrated approaches utilizing TMS together with high-density EEG have indicated impaired cortical plasticity and functional connectivity across different neural networks in AD. Paired associative stimulation-induced plasticity has also been found to be abnormal in patients with AD. The development of novel noninvasive methods of brain stimulation, in particular repetitive TMS (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), has increased the interest in neuromodulatory techniques as potential therapeutic tools for cognitive rehabilitation in AD. Preliminary studies have revealed that rTMS and tDCS can induce beneficial effects on specific cognitive functions in AD. Future studies are warranted to replicate and extend the initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.
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Martorana A, Di Lorenzo F, Esposito Z, Lo Giudice T, Bernardi G, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Dopamine D2-agonist Rotigotine effects on cortical excitability and central cholinergic transmission in Alzheimer's disease patients. Neuropharmacology 2013; 64:108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Laursen B, Mørk A, Plath N, Kristiansen U, Bastlund JF. Cholinergic degeneration is associated with increased plaque deposition and cognitive impairment in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Behav Brain Res 2012. [PMID: 23178660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction and deposition of plaques containing amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) are two of the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we combine APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice with the cholinergic immunotoxin mu p75-saporin (SAP) to integrate partial basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration and the neuropathology of APP/PS1 mice. By 6 months of age, APP/PS1 mice and wild type littermates (Wt) received intracerebroventricular injection of 0.6 μg SAP (lesion) or PBS (sham). Two months following surgery, APP/PS1 mice treated with SAP were significantly impaired compared to sham treated APP/PS1 mice in a behavioural paradigm addressing working memory. Conversely, the performance of Wt mice was unaffected by SAP treatment. Choline acetyltransferase activity was reduced in the hippocampus and frontal cortex following SAP treatment. The selective effect of a mild SAP lesion in APP/PS1 mice was not due to a more extensive cholinergic degeneration since the reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity was similar following SAP treatment in APP/PS1 mice and Wt. Interestingly, plaque load was significantly increased in SAP treated APP/PS1 mice relative to sham lesioned APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, APP/PS1 mice treated with SAP showed a tendency towards an increased level of soluble and insoluble Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 measured in brain tissue homogenate. Our results suggest that the combination of cholinergic degeneration and Aβ overexpression in the APP/PS1 mouse model results in cognitive decline and accelerated plaque burden. SAP treated APP/PS1 mice might thus constitute an improved model of Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology and cognitive deficits compared to the conventional APP/PS1 model without selective removal of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Laursen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission 1, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
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Guzman-Ramos K, Moreno-Castilla P, Castro-Cruz M, McGaugh JL, Martinez-Coria H, LaFerla FM, Bermudez-Rattoni F. Restoration of dopamine release deficits during object recognition memory acquisition attenuates cognitive impairment in a triple transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Learn Mem 2012; 19:453-60. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.026070.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nardone R, Bergmann J, Brigo F, Christova M, Kunz A, Seidl M, Tezzon F, Trinka E, Golaszewski S. Functional evaluation of central cholinergic circuits in patients with Parkinson’s disease and REM sleep behavior disorder: a TMS study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:413-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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93
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Nardone R, Bergmann J, Kunz A, Christova M, Brigo F, Tezzon F, Trinka E, Golaszewski S. Cortical afferent inhibition is reduced in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and cognitive impairment: A TMS study. Sleep Med 2012; 13:919-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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94
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Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training Clinical Interventions Used in Slowing Degeneration Associated With Mild Cognitive Impairment. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0b013e31825fc8d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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95
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Young-Bernier M, Kamil Y, Tremblay F, Davidson PSR. Associations between a neurophysiological marker of central cholinergic activity and cognitive functions in young and older adults. Behav Brain Funct 2012; 8:17. [PMID: 22537877 PMCID: PMC3379946 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The deterioration of the central cholinergic system in aging is hypothesized to underlie declines in several cognitive domains, including memory and executive functions. However, there is surprisingly little direct evidence regarding acetylcholine’s specific role(s) in normal human cognitive aging. Methods We used short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a putative marker of cholinergic activity in vivo in young (n = 24) and older adults (n = 31). Results We found a significant age difference in SAI, concordant with other evidence of cholinergic decline in normal aging. We also found clear age differences on several of the memory and one of the executive function measures. Individual differences in SAI levels predicted memory but not executive functions. Conclusion Individual differences in SAI levels were better predictors of memory than executive functions. We discuss cases in which the relations between SAI and cognition might be even stronger, and refer to other age-related biological changes that may interact with cholinergic activity in cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Young-Bernier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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96
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Daskalakis ZJ, Farzan F, Radhu N, Fitzgerald PB. Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography: Its past, present and future. Brain Res 2012; 1463:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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97
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CSF and clinical hallmarks of subcortical dementias: focus on DLB and PDD. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:861-75. [PMID: 22622365 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dementia has become a relevant problem associated with the elderly in our countries. Increased interest in the field has yielded a copious literature, so far mostly centered on Alzheimer's dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis combined with neuropsychology, even in absence of neuroimaging, represents the gold standard to reach a diagnosis when cortical cognitive impairment prevails. In view of this, low levels of CSF amyloid peptides β (Aβ) and high tau/Aβ protein ratio, despite prominent impairment of executive functions or concomitant vascular burden, facilitate the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Conversely, an early cognitive impairment occurring in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) or Lewy body disorders (LBDs), both diagnoses posed on pure clinical grounds, remains quite elusive in term of biomarkers or neuropsychological assessment. Whether PD with dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent further steps along with a continuum of the same progressive degeneration due to Lewy bodies deposition, rather then the association of Lewy bodies and Aβ pathology, remains a challenging issue. Aim of this work is to set a state-of-the-art on the neuropsychological profiles of both or DLB. Then, we will focus on the ongoing controversies about the specificity of the standard CSF biomarkers if applied to extrapyramidal disorders. Our conclusions are that the CSF pattern, in PDD and DLB, can certainly be distinct from that in AD, though mechanisms leading to dementia could be shared among them. It is possible that, by combining imaging tracers, neuropsychologically careful assessment and renewed CSF biomarkers, DLB can be better distinguished in subgroups, depending on the presence or absence of a relevant amyloid burden. However, more complete data, possibly collected in fieri during the progressive derangement of cognitive abilities, are needed to improve our ability to decipher and treat these entities.
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98
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Celebi O, Temuçin ÇM, Elibol B, Saka E. Short latency afferent inhibition in Parkinson's disease patients with dementia. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1052-5. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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99
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Martorana A, Esposito Z, Di Lorenzo F, Giacobbe V, Sancesario GM, Bucchi G, Bonnì S, Bernardini S, Sorge R, Sancesario G, Bernardi G, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ42 relationship with cholinergic cortical activity in Alzheimer’s disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:771-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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100
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Nardone R, Golaszewski S, Ladurner G, Tezzon F, Trinka E. A review of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the in vivo functional evaluation of central cholinergic circuits in dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012; 32:18-25. [PMID: 21822020 DOI: 10.1159/000330016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Central cholinergic circuits of human brain can be tested non-invasively by coupling electrical peripheral stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex. The short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is reduced in cholinergic forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies, while it is normal in non-cholinergic forms of dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia. This finding suggests that this method can be used as a non-invasive additional tool for discriminating between cholinergic and non-cholinergic forms of dementia. Interestingly, SAI was also found to be significantly smaller in early AD patients. Identification of SAI abnormalities that occur early in the course of AD will allow earlier diagnosis and treatment with cholinergic drugs. In patients with vascular dementia, SAI responses varied widely; the number of patients with abnormal SAI conceivably reflects the percentage of subjects with a significant cholinergic dysfunction. It has recently been demonstrated that brain microbleeds have an impact on SAI that is independent of the extent of associated white matter changes and ischemic stroke. Since SAI can be increased by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, TMS may help in identifying the patients who would be suitable for long-term treatment with cholinergic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. raffaele.nardone @ asbmeran-o.it
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