51
|
Abstract
The fundamental operative unit of a cancer is the genetically and epigenetically innovative single cell. Whether proliferating or quiescent, in the primary tumour mass or disseminated elsewhere, single cells govern the parameters that dictate all facets of the biology of cancer. Thus, single-cell analyses provide the ultimate level of resolution in our quest for a fundamental understanding of this disease. Historically, this quest has been hampered by technological shortcomings. In this Opinion article, we argue that the rapidly evolving field of single-cell sequencing has unshackled the cancer research community of these shortcomings. From furthering an elemental understanding of intra-tumoural genetic heterogeneity and cancer genome evolution to illuminating the governing principles of disease relapse and metastasis, we posit that single-cell sequencing promises to unravel the biology of all facets of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10044, USA, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - James Hicks
- University of Southern California Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Integrating the glioblastoma microenvironment into engineered experimental models. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO189. [PMID: 28883992 PMCID: PMC5583655 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal cancer originating in the brain. Its high mortality rate has been attributed to therapeutic resistance and rapid, diffuse invasion - both of which are strongly influenced by the unique microenvironment. Thus, there is a need to develop new models that mimic individual microenvironmental features and are able to provide clinically relevant data. Current understanding of the effects of the microenvironment on GBM progression, established experimental models of GBM and recent developments using bioengineered microenvironments as ex vivo experimental platforms that mimic the biochemical and physical properties of GBM tumors are discussed.
Collapse
|
53
|
Kohnken R, Porcu P, Mishra A. Overview of the Use of Murine Models in Leukemia and Lymphoma Research. Front Oncol 2017; 7:22. [PMID: 28265553 PMCID: PMC5317199 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine models have been adopted as a significant and powerful tool in the study of cancer. The applications of murine models of cancer are numerous: mechanism discovery, oncogenesis, molecular genetics, microenvironment, metastasis, and therapeutic efficacy. Leukemias and lymphomas are a group of highly heterogeneous hematologic malignancies that affect people of all ages and ethnicities. Leukemia and lymphoma arise from hematopoietic and immune cells and usually spread widely throughout the body. The liquid nature of many of these malignancies, as well as the complex microenvironment from which they arise and their multifaceted genetic basis, has added to the difficulty in generating appropriate and translational models to study them. Murine models of leukemia and lymphoma have made substantial contributions to our understanding of the pathobiology of these disorders in humans. However, while there are many advantages to these models, limitations remain. In this review, we discuss the mouse as a model to study leukemia and lymphoma, and the importance of choosing the correct methodology. Specific examples of murine models of leukemias and lymphomas are provided, with particular attention to those that are highly translational to their human counterpart. Finally, future applications of murine models and potential for better models are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kohnken
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Abstract
The generation of a new genetically modified mouse strain is a big hurdle to take for many researchers. It is often unclear which steps and decisions have to be made prior to obtaining the desired mouse model. This review aims to help researchers by providing a decision guide that answers the essential questions that need to be asked before generating the most suitable genetically modified mouse line in the most optimal timeframe. The review includes the latest technologies in both the stem cell culture and gene editing tools, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, and provides compatibility guidelines for selecting among the different types of genetic modifications that can be introduced in the mouse genome and the various routes for introducing these modifications into the mouse germline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo J Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
Fundamental cancer research and the development of efficacious antineoplastic treatments both rely on experimental systems in which the relationship between malignant cells and immune cells can be studied. Mouse models of transplantable, carcinogen-induced or genetically engineered malignancies - each with their specific advantages and difficulties - have laid the foundations of oncoimmunology. These models have guided the immunosurveillance theory that postulates that evasion from immune control is an essential feature of cancer, the concept that the long-term effects of conventional cancer treatments mostly rely on the reinstatement of anticancer immune responses and the preclinical development of immunotherapies, including currently approved immune checkpoint blockers. Specific aspects of pharmacological development, as well as attempts to personalize cancer treatments using patient-derived xenografts, require the development of mouse models in which murine genes and cells are replaced with their human equivalents. Such 'humanized' mouse models are being progressively refined to characterize the leukocyte subpopulations that belong to the innate and acquired arms of the immune system as they infiltrate human cancers that are subjected to experimental therapies. We surmise that the ever-advancing refinement of murine preclinical models will accelerate the pace of therapeutic optimization in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), INSERM U1015, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer, CICBT1428, GRCC, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan M Pitt
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), INSERM U1015, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Romain Daillère
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), INSERM U1015, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- University of Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, GRCC, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Sun JY, Gebre W, Dong YM, Shaun X, Robbins R, Podrumar A. Primary peritoneal carcinoma metastasizing to breast: a single case report and literature review from clinic to biology. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:389-395. [PMID: 27807506 PMCID: PMC5069842 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC) is a type of rare malignant epithelial tumor. Metastasis from PPC to breast has been rarely reported. PPC originates de novo from the peritoneal tissues rather than invasion or metastasis from adjacent or remote organs. PPCs have been implicated in many cases of carcinomas of unknown primary origin. It is similar to ovarian cancer (OvCa), because it shares the same common embryonic origin, the coelomic epithelium (mesodermal origin). The mechanism of oncogenesis remains elusive. In this article, we report a rare case of PPC in a patient 10 years after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy for uterine leiomyoma, which was widely spread in the abdomen and metastasized to the colon, liver and distant organs including breast. The treatment is similar to that of primary ovarian cancer. We also reviewed the primary peritoneal cancer metastatic to breast and discuss the possible mechanisms and biology of primary peritoneal cancer, using experimental and animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York 11554, USA
| | - Wondwossen Gebre
- Department of Pathology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York 11554, USA
| | - Yi-Min Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Xiao Shaun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York 11554, USA
| | - Rachel Robbins
- Department of Pathology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York 11554, USA
| | - Alida Podrumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York 11554, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Fu Q, Satterlee A, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Tang J, He Z, Liu F. Novel murine tumour models depend on strain and route of inoculation. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:351-356. [PMID: 27464477 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes variations in tumour growth patterns which occur when changes in the routes of inoculation and mouse strain are used to introduce tumours into established murine model systems that are known to vary in location and aggression. Intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intravenous and hydrodynamic inoculations of B16F10 cells were compared among CD-1, C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice. Most surprisingly, allogeneic tumour growth in Balb/c mice after intravenous and hydrodynamic inoculation of B16F10 cells was faster than tumour growth in the syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. These and other variations in the tumour growth patterns described here can help provide the researcher with more experimental control when planning to use the optimal tumour model for any particular study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Andrew Satterlee
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingling Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Herter-Sprie GS, Koyama S, Korideck H, Hai J, Deng J, Li YY, Buczkowski KA, Grant AK, Ullas S, Rhee K, Cavanaugh JD, Neupane NP, Christensen CL, Herter JM, Makrigiorgos GM, Hodi FS, Freeman GJ, Dranoff G, Hammerman PS, Kimmelman AC, Wong KK. Synergy of radiotherapy and PD-1 blockade in Kras-mutant lung cancer. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87415. [PMID: 27699275 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT), a critical modality in the treatment of lung cancer, induces direct tumor cell death and augments tumor-specific immunity. However, despite initial tumor control, most patients suffer from locoregional relapse and/or metastatic disease following RT. The use of immunotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) could potentially change this outcome by enhancing the effects of RT. Here, we report significant (up to 70% volume reduction of the target lesion) and durable (up to 12 weeks) tumor regressions in conditional Kras-driven genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of NSCLC treated with radiotherapy and a programmed cell death 1 antibody (αPD-1). However, while αPD-1 therapy was beneficial when combined with RT in radiation-naive tumors, αPD-1 therapy had no antineoplastic efficacy in RT-relapsed tumors and further induced T cell inhibitory markers in this setting. Furthermore, there was differential efficacy of αPD-1 plus RT among Kras-driven GEMMs, with additional loss of the tumor suppressor serine/threonine kinase 11/liver kinase B1 (Stk11/Lkb1) resulting in no synergistic efficacy. Taken together, our data provide evidence for a close interaction among RT, T cells, and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and underscore the rationale for clinical combinatorial therapy with immune modulators and radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grit S Herter-Sprie
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center
| | - Houari Korideck
- Division of Medical Physics and Biophysics, and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josephine Hai
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Yvonne Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Kevin A Buczkowski
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Aaron K Grant
- Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Soumya Ullas
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Jillian D Cavanaugh
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Neermala Poudel Neupane
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Camilla L Christensen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Jan M Herter
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Mike Makrigiorgos
- Division of Medical Physics and Biophysics, and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Li J, Sordella R, Powers S. Effectors and potential targets selectively upregulated in human KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27891. [PMID: 27301828 PMCID: PMC4908391 DOI: 10.1038/srep27891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and proteomic analysis of human tumor samples can provide an important compliment to information obtained from model systems. Here we examined protein and gene expression from the Cancer Genome and Proteome Atlases (TCGA and TCPA) to characterize proteins and protein-coding genes that are selectively upregulated in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas. Phosphoprotein activation of several MAPK signaling components was considerably stronger in KRAS-mutants than any other group of tumors, even those with activating mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and BRAF. Co-occurring mutations in KRAS-mutants were associated with differential activation of PDK1 and PKC-alpha. Genes showing strong activation in RNA-seq data included negative regulators of RTK/RAF/MAPK signaling along with potential oncogenic effectors including activators of Rac and Rho proteins and the receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase genes PTPRM and PTPRE. These results corroborate RAF/MAPK signaling as an important therapeutic target in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas and pinpoint new potential targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Scott Powers
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Lawrence J, Cameron D, Argyle D. Species differences in tumour responses to cancer chemotherapy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0233. [PMID: 26056373 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted drug development, cancer remains a disease of high morbidity and mortality. The treatment of human cancer patients with chemotherapy has become commonplace and accepted over the past 100 years. In recent years, and with a similar incidence of cancer to people, the use of cancer chemotherapy drugs in veterinary patients such as the dog has also become accepted clinical practice. The poor predictability of tumour responses to cancer chemotherapy drugs in rodent models means that the standard drug development pathway is costly, both in terms of money and time, leading to many drugs failing in Phase I and II clinical trials. This has led to the suggestion that naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs may offer an alternative model system to inform rational drug development in human oncology. In this review, we will explore the species variation in tumour responses to conventional chemotherapy and highlight our understanding of the differences in pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics between humans and dogs. Finally, we explore the potential hurdles that need to be overcome to gain the greatest value from comparative oncology studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lawrence
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David Cameron
- University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2LF, UK
| | - David Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Castel P, Carmona FJ, Grego-Bessa J, Berger MF, Viale A, Anderson KV, Bague S, Scaltriti M, Antonescu CR, Baselga E, Baselga J. Somatic PIK3CA mutations as a driver of sporadic venous malformations. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:332ra42. [PMID: 27030594 PMCID: PMC4962922 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Venous malformations (VM) are vascular malformations characterized by enlarged and distorted blood vessel channels. VM grow over time and cause substantial morbidity because of disfigurement, bleeding, and pain, representing a clinical challenge in the absence of effective treatments (Nguyenet al, 2014; Uebelhoeret al, 2012). Somatic mutations may act as drivers of these lesions, as suggested by the identification of TEK mutations in a proportion of VM (Limayeet al, 2009). We report that activating PIK3CA mutations gives rise to sporadic VM in mice, which closely resemble the histology of the human disease. Furthermore, we identified mutations in PIK3CA and related genes of the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT pathway in about 30% of human VM that lack TEK alterations. PIK3CA mutations promote downstream signaling and proliferation in endothelial cells and impair normal vasculogenesis in embryonic development. We successfully treated VM in mouse models using pharmacological inhibitors of PI3Kα administered either systemically or topically. This study elucidates the etiology of a proportion of VM and proposes a therapeutic approach for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - F Javier Carmona
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joaquim Grego-Bessa
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael F Berger
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Agnès Viale
- Genomics Core Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Silvia Bague
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 167 Sant Antoni M. Claret, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eulàlia Baselga
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - José Baselga
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
As cancer has become increasingly prevalent, cancer prevention research has evolved towards placing a greater emphasis on reducing cancer deaths and minimizing the adverse consequences of having cancer. 'Precision cancer prevention' takes into account the collaboration of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in influencing cancer incidence and aggressiveness in the context of the individual, as well as recognizing that such knowledge can improve early detection and enable more accurate discrimination of cancerous lesions. However, mouse models, and particularly genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models, have yet to be fully integrated into prevention research. In this Opinion article, we discuss opportunities and challenges for precision mouse modelling, including the essential criteria of mouse models for prevention research, representative success stories and opportunities for more refined analyses in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditya Dutta
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Corresponding author: Cory Abate-Shen, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, (CAS) Phone: (212) 851-4731; fax: (212) 851-4787;
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient-derived xenograft models capture the molecular and biological heterogeneity of the disease. Blood 2016; 127:2203-13. [PMID: 26773040 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-672352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease defined by transcriptional classifications, specific signaling and survival pathways, and multiple low-frequency genetic alterations. Preclinical model systems that capture the genetic and functional heterogeneity of DLBCL are urgently needed. Here, we generated and characterized a panel of large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, including 8 that reflect the immunophenotypic, transcriptional, genetic, and functional heterogeneity of primary DLBCL and 1 that is a plasmablastic lymphoma. All LBCL PDX models were subjected to whole-transcriptome sequencing to classify cell of origin and consensus clustering classification (CCC) subtypes. Mutations and chromosomal rearrangements were evaluated by whole-exome sequencing with an extended bait set. Six of the 8 DLBCL models were activated B-cell (ABC)-type tumors that exhibited ABC-associated mutations such as MYD88, CD79B, CARD11, and PIM1. The remaining 2 DLBCL models were germinal B-cell type, with characteristic alterations of GNA13, CREBBP, and EZH2, and chromosomal translocations involving IgH and either BCL2 or MYC Only 25% of the DLBCL PDX models harbored inactivating TP53 mutations, whereas 75% exhibited copy number alterations of TP53 or its upstream modifier, CDKN2A, consistent with the reported incidence and type of p53 pathway alterations in primary DLBCL. By CCC criteria, 6 of 8 DLBCL PDX models were B-cell receptor (BCR)-type tumors that exhibited selective surface immunoglobulin expression and sensitivity to entospletinib, a recently developed spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In summary, we have established and characterized faithful PDX models of DLBCL and demonstrated their usefulness in functional analyses of proximal BCR pathway inhibition.
Collapse
|
65
|
Day CP, Merlino G, Van Dyke T. Preclinical mouse cancer models: a maze of opportunities and challenges. Cell 2015; 163:39-53. [PMID: 26406370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in developing novel therapeutics for cancer treatment, and targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of some cancers. Despite the promise, only about five percent of new cancer drugs are approved, and most fail due to lack of efficacy. The indication is that current preclinical methods are limited in predicting successful outcomes. Such failure exacts enormous cost, both financial and in the quality of human life. This Primer explores the current status, promise, and challenges of preclinical evaluation in advanced mouse cancer models and briefly addresses emerging models for early-stage preclinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Zong Y, Goldstein AS, Witte ON. Tissue Recombination Models for the Study of Epithelial Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:pdb.top069880. [PMID: 26631129 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of cancer provide fundamental insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human cancer development. As an alternative to genetically engineered mouse models, increasing evidence shows that tissue recombination and transplantation models represent an efficient approach to faithfully recapitulate solid epithelial cancer in mice. Cancer can be rapidly initiated through lentiviral delivery of defined genetic alterations into target cells that are grown in a physiological milieu with an appropriate epithelial-stromal interaction. Through genetic manipulation of distinct subpopulations of epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, this powerful system can readily test both cell-autonomous roles of genetic events in the epithelial compartment and the paracrine effects of the microenvironment. Here we review the recent advances in mouse models of several epithelial cancers achieved using orthotopic transplantation and tissue recombination strategies, with an emphasis on the dissociated cell in vivo prostate regeneration model to investigate prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Owen N Witte
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
|
68
|
Abstract
The prokaryotic type II CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated 9) system is rapidly revolutionizing the field of genetic engineering, allowing researchers to alter the genomes of a large range of organisms with relative ease. Experimental approaches based on this versatile technology have the potential to transform the field of cancer genetics. Here, we review current approaches for functional studies of cancer genes that are based on CRISPR-Cas, with emphasis on their applicability for the development of next-generation models of human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Sánchez-Rivera
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Corresponding author. Communication can be sent to
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
A minimally invasive, lentiviral based method for the rapid and sustained genetic manipulation of renal tubules. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11061. [PMID: 26046460 PMCID: PMC4457145 DOI: 10.1038/srep11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerated discovery of disease-related genes emerging from genomic studies has strained the capacity of traditional genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) to provide in-vivo validation. Direct, somatic, genetic engineering approaches allow for accelerated and flexible genetic manipulation and represent an attractive alternative to GEMMs. In this study we investigated the feasibility, safety and efficiency of a minimally invasive, lentiviral based approach for the sustained in-vivo modification of renal tubular epithelial cells. Using ultrasound guidance, reporter vectors were directly injected into the mouse renal parenchyma. We observed transgene expression confined to the renal cortex (specifically proximal and distal tubules) and sustained beyond 2 months post injection. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of this methodology to induce long-term, in-vivo knockdown of candidate genes either through somatic recombination of floxed alleles or by direct delivery of specific shRNA sequences. This study demonstrates that ultrasound-guided injection of lentiviral vectors provides a safe and efficient method for the genetic manipulation of renal tubules, representing a quick and versatile alternative to GEMMs for the functional characterisation of disease-related genes.
Collapse
|
70
|
Francis JC, Melchor L, Campbell J, Kendrick H, Wei W, Armisen-Garrido J, Assiotis I, Chen L, Kozarewa I, Fenwick K, Swain A, Smalley MJ, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Whole-exome DNA sequence analysis of Brca2- and Trp53-deficient mouse mammary gland tumours. J Pathol 2015; 236:186-200. [PMID: 25692405 DOI: 10.1002/path.4517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the tumour suppressor BRCA2 predispose to breast, ovarian and a number of other human cancers. Brca2-deficient mouse models are used for preclinical studies but the pattern of genomic alterations in these tumours has not yet been described in detail. We have performed whole-exome DNA sequencing analysis of mouse mammary tumours from Blg-Cre Brca2(f/f) Trp53(f/f) animals, a model of BRCA2-deficient human cancer. We also used the sequencing data to estimate DNA copy number alterations in these tumours and identified a recurrent copy number gain in Met, which has been found amplified in other mouse mammary cancer models. Through a comparative genomic analysis, we identified several mouse Blg-Cre Brca2(f/f) Trp53(f/f) mammary tumour somatic mutations in genes that are also mutated in human cancer, but few of these genes have been found frequently mutated in human breast cancer. A more detailed analysis of these somatic mutations revealed a set of genes that are mutated in human BRCA2 mutant breast and ovarian tumours and that are also mutated in mouse Brca2-null, Trp53-null mammary tumours. Finally, a DNA deletion surrounded by microhomology signature found in human BRCA1/2-deficient cancers was not common in the genome of these mouse tumours. Although a useful model, there are some differences in the genomic landscape of tumours arising in Blg-Cre Brca2(f/f) Trp53(f/f) mice compared to human BRCA-mutated breast cancers. Therefore, this needs to be taken into account in the use of this model.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Genes, BRCA2/physiology
- Germ-Line Mutation/genetics
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation, Missense/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Francis
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Melchor
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - James Campbell
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Howard Kendrick
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Wenbin Wei
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lina Chen
- Tumour Profiling Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Iwanka Kozarewa
- Tumour Profiling Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kerry Fenwick
- Tumour Profiling Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amanda Swain
- Tumour Profiling Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ohkawa Y, Momota H, Kato A, Hashimoto N, Tsuda Y, Kotani N, Honke K, Suzumura A, Furukawa K, Ohmi Y, Natsume A, Wakabayashi T, Furukawa K. Ganglioside GD3 Enhances Invasiveness of Gliomas by Forming a Complex with Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor α and Yes Kinase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16043-58. [PMID: 25940087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been a few studies on the ganglioside expression in human glioma tissues. However, the role of these gangliosides such as GD3 and GD2 has not been well understood. In this study we employed a genetically engineered mouse model of glioma to clarify the functions of GD3 in gliomas. Forced expression of platelet-derived growth factor B in cultured astrocytes derived from p53-deficient mice resulted in the expression of GD3 and GD2. GD3-positive astrocytes exhibited increased cell growth and invasion activities along with elevated phosphorylation of Akt and Yes kinase. By enzyme-mediated activation of radical sources reaction and mass spectrometry, we identified PDGF receptor α (PDGFRα) as a GD3-associated molecule. GD3-positive astrocytes showed a significant amount of PDGFRα in glycolipid-enriched microdomains/rafts compared with GD3-negative cells. Src kinase family Yes was co-precipitated with PDGFRα, and its pivotal role in the increased cell invasion of GD3-positive astrocytes was demonstrated by silencing with anti-Yes siRNA. Direct association between PDGFRα and GD3 was also shown, suggesting that GD3 forms ternary complex with PDGFRα and Yes. The fact that GD3, PDGFRα, and activated Yes were colocalized in lamellipodia and the edge of tumors in cultured cells and glioma tissues, respectively, suggests that GD3 induced by platelet-derived growth factor B enhances PDGF signals in glycolipid-enriched microdomain/rafts, leading to the promotion of malignant phenotypes such as cell proliferation and invasion in gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ohkawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, the Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Momota
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Akira Kato
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | | | | | - Norihiro Kotani
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Koichi Honke
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Okou-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- the Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furou-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, and
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Natsume
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Wakabayashi
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Cho H, Herzka T, Stahlhut C, Watrud K, Robinson BD, Trotman LC. Rapid in vivo validation of candidate drivers derived from the PTEN-mutant prostate metastasis genome. Methods 2015; 77-78:197-204. [PMID: 25592467 PMCID: PMC4429512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genome analyses have revealed that increasing gene copy number alteration is a driving force of incurable cancer of the prostate (CaP). Since most of the affected genes are hidden within large amplifications or deletions, there is a need for fast and faithful validation of drivers. However, classic genetic CaP engineering in mouse makes this a daunting task because generation, breeding based combination of alterations and non-invasive monitoring of disease are too time consuming and costly. To address the unmet need, we recently developed RapidCaP mice, which endogenously recreate human PTEN-mutant metastatic CaP based on Cre/Luciferase expressing viral infection, that is guided to Pten(loxP)/Trp53(loxP) prostate. Here we use a sensitized, non-metastatic Pten/Trp53-mutant RapidCaP system for functional validation of human metastasis drivers in a much accelerated time frame of only 3-4months. We used in vivo RNAi to target three candidate tumor suppressor genes FOXP1, RYBP and SHQ1, which reside in a frequent deletion on chromosome 3p and show that Shq1 cooperates with Pten and p53 to suppress metastasis. Our results thus demonstrate that the RapidCaP system forms a much needed platform for in vivo screening and validation of genes that drive endogenous lethal CaP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Cho
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Tali Herzka
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Carlos Stahlhut
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Kaitlin Watrud
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Brian D Robinson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lloyd C Trotman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Ortmann CA, Kent DG, Nangalia J, Silber Y, Wedge DC, Grinfeld J, Baxter EJ, Massie CE, Papaemmanuil E, Menon S, Godfrey AL, Dimitropoulou D, Guglielmelli P, Bellosillo B, Besses C, Döhner K, Harrison CN, Vassiliou GS, Vannucchi A, Campbell PJ, Green AR. Effect of mutation order on myeloproliferative neoplasms. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:601-612. [PMID: 25671252 PMCID: PMC4660033 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1412098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancers result from the accumulation of somatic mutations, and their properties are thought to reflect the sum of these mutations. However, little is known about the effect of the order in which mutations are acquired. METHODS We determined mutation order in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms by genotyping hematopoietic colonies or by means of next-generation sequencing. Stem cells and progenitor cells were isolated to study the effect of mutation order on mature and immature hematopoietic cells. RESULTS The age at which a patient presented with a myeloproliferative neoplasm, acquisition of JAK2 V617F homozygosity, and the balance of immature progenitors were all influenced by mutation order. As compared with patients in whom the TET2 mutation was acquired first (hereafter referred to as "TET2-first patients"), patients in whom the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutation was acquired first ("JAK2-first patients") had a greater likelihood of presenting with polycythemia vera than with essential thrombocythemia, an increased risk of thrombosis, and an increased sensitivity of JAK2-mutant progenitors to ruxolitinib in vitro. Mutation order influenced the proliferative response to JAK2 V617F and the capacity of double-mutant hematopoietic cells and progenitor cells to generate colony-forming cells. Moreover, the hematopoietic stem-and-progenitor-cell compartment was dominated by TET2 single-mutant cells in TET2-first patients but by JAK2-TET2 double-mutant cells in JAK2-first patients. Prior mutation of TET2 altered the transcriptional consequences of JAK2 V617F in a cell-intrinsic manner and prevented JAK2 V617F from up-regulating genes associated with proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The order in which JAK2 and TET2 mutations were acquired influenced clinical features, the response to targeted therapy, the biology of stem and progenitor cells, and clonal evolution in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. (Funded by Leukemia and Lymphoma Research and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Ortmann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - David G Kent
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Jyoti Nangalia
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Yvonne Silber
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - David C Wedge
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Jacob Grinfeld
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - E Joanna Baxter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Charles E Massie
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Suraj Menon
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Anna L Godfrey
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Danai Dimitropoulou
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Beatriz Bellosillo
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Carles Besses
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Konstanze Döhner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Claire N Harrison
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - George S Vassiliou
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Alessandro Vannucchi
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| | - Anthony R Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., A.R.G.) and Department of Hematology (C.A.O., D.G.K., J.N., Y.S., J.G., E.J.B., C.E.M., A.L.G., D.D., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital (C.A.O., J.N., J.G., E.J.B., A.L.G., G.S.V., P.J.C., A.R.G.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (D.C.W., E.P., G.S.V., P.J.C.), and Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre (S.M.), Cambridge, and Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London (C.N.H.) - all in the United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (P.G., A.V.); Departments of Pathology (B.B.) and Hematology (C.B.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona; and the Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (K.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Pon JR, Marra MA. Driver and Passenger Mutations in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:25-50. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Pon
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3;
| | - Marco A. Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3;
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4;
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Haemmerle M, Gutschner T. Long non-coding RNAs in cancer and development: where do we go from here? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1395-405. [PMID: 25580533 PMCID: PMC4307309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide expression profiling studies have uncovered a huge amount of novel, long non-protein-coding RNA transcripts (lncRNA). In general, these transcripts possess a low, but tissue-specific expression, and their nucleotide sequences are often poorly conserved. However, several studies showed that lncRNAs can have important roles for normal tissue development and regulate cellular pluripotency as well as differentiation. Moreover, lncRNAs are implicated in the control of multiple molecular pathways leading to gene expression changes and thus, ultimately modulate cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Consequently, deregulation of lncRNA expression contributes to carcinogenesis and is associated with human diseases, e.g., neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s Disease. Here, we will focus on some major challenges of lncRNA research, especially loss-of-function studies. We will delineate strategies for lncRNA gene targeting in vivo, and we will briefly discuss important consideration and pitfalls when investigating lncRNA functions in knockout animal models. Finally, we will highlight future opportunities for lncRNAs research by applying the concept of cross-species comparison, which might contribute to novel disease biomarker discovery and might identify lncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Haemmerle
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Tony Gutschner
- Department of Genomic Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Chakrabarti R, Kang Y. Transplantable mouse tumor models of breast cancer metastasis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1267:367-80. [PMID: 25636479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic spread of cancer cells is the main cause of death of breast cancer patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of cancer metastasis is essential for the development of novel and effective therapies. The biological complexity of the metastasis process requires the combination of multiple experimental systems to model distinct steps of cancer metastasis. Several animal models have been generated to mimic the process of breast cancer metastasis, with unique advantages and drawbacks of each model. In this chapter, we describe transplantable xenograft and allograft methods to introduce human or mouse breast tumor cells into mice in order to generate spontaneous and experimental metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumela Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Forward genetic screens in mice uncover mediators and suppressors of metastatic reactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16532-7. [PMID: 25378704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403234111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a screening platform for the isolation of genetic entities involved in metastatic reactivation. Retroviral libraries of cDNAs from fully metastatic breast-cancer cells or pooled microRNAs were transduced into breast-cancer cells that become dormant upon infiltrating the lung. Upon inoculation in the tail vein of mice, the cells that had acquired the ability to undergo reactivation generated metastatic lesions. Integrated retroviral vectors were recovered from these lesions, sequenced, and subjected to a second round of validation. By using this strategy, we isolated canonical genes and microRNAs that mediate metastatic reactivation in the lung. To identify genes that oppose reactivation, we screened an expression library encoding shRNAs, and we identified target genes that encode potential enforcers of dormancy. Our screening strategy enables the identification and rapid biological validation of single genetic entities that are necessary to maintain dormancy or to induce reactivation. This technology should facilitate the elucidation of the molecular underpinnings of these processes.
Collapse
|
78
|
Terp MG, Ditzel HJ. Application of proteomics in the study of rodent models of cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:640-52. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel G. Terp
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Henrik J. Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Department of Oncology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Pierce AM, Keating AK. Creating anatomically accurate and reproducible intracranial xenografts of human brain tumors. J Vis Exp 2014:52017. [PMID: 25285381 DOI: 10.3791/52017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live animal - particularly in sites with unique physiological and architectural qualities such as the brain. In vitro and ectopic models cannot account for features such as vasculature, blood brain barrier, metabolism, drug delivery and toxicity, and a host of other relevant factors. Orthotopic models have their limitations too, but with proper technique tumor cells of interest can be accurately engrafted into tissue that most closely mimics conditions in the human brain. By employing methods that deliver precisely measured volumes to accurately defined locations at a consistent rate and pressure, mouse models of human brain tumors with predictable growth rates can be reproducibly created and are suitable for reliable analysis of various interventions. The protocol described here focuses on the technical details of designing and preparing for an intracranial injection, performing the surgery, and ensuring successful and reproducible tumor growth and provides starting points for a variety of conditions that can be customized for a range of different brain tumor models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Amy K Keating
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine;
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
McNeill RS, Schmid RS, Bash RE, Vitucci M, White KK, Werneke AM, Constance BH, Huff B, Miller CR. Modeling astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo using cortical astrocytes or neural stem cells from conditional, genetically engineered mice. J Vis Exp 2014:e51763. [PMID: 25146643 DOI: 10.3791/51763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S McNeill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Ralf S Schmid
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Mark Vitucci
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Kristen K White
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Andrea M Werneke
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Brian H Constance
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Byron Huff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine;
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Rosean TR, Tompkins VS, Tricot G, Holman CJ, Olivier AK, Zhan F, Janz S. Preclinical validation of interleukin 6 as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Immunol Res 2014; 59:188-202. [PMID: 24845460 PMCID: PMC4209159 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the biologic and molecular genetic underpinnings of multiple myeloma (MM) have identified the pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), as a factor crucial to the growth, proliferation and survival of myeloma cells. IL-6 is also a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis and a sculptor of the tumor microenvironment in the bone marrow of patients with myeloma. This knowledge has engendered considerable interest in targeting IL-6 for therapeutic purposes, using a variety of antibody- and small-molecule-based therapies. However, despite the early recognition of the importance of IL-6 for myeloma and the steady progress in our knowledge of IL-6 in normal and malignant development of plasma cells, additional efforts will be required to translate the promise of IL-6 as a target for new myeloma therapies into significant clinical benefits for patients with myeloma. This review summarizes published research on the role of IL-6 in myeloma development and describes ongoing efforts by the University of Iowa Myeloma Multidisciplinary Oncology Group to develop new approaches to the design and testing of IL-6-targeted therapies and preventions of MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rosean
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Recent developments and improvements of multimodal imaging methods for use in animal research have substantially strengthened the options of in vivo visualization of cancer-related processes over time. Moreover, technological developments in probe synthesis and labelling have resulted in imaging probes with the potential for basic research, as well as for translational and clinical applications. In addition, more sophisticated cancer models are available to address cancer-related research questions. This Review gives an overview of developments in these three fields, with a focus on imaging approaches in animal cancer models and how these can help the translation of new therapies into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion de Jong
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Room Na-610, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Departments of Genetics (Cancer Genomics Centre), Radiation Oncology and Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, P.O Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Belmont PJ, Budinska E, Jiang P, Sinnamon MJ, Coffee E, Roper J, Xie T, Rejto PA, Derkits S, Sansom OJ, Delorenzi M, Tejpar S, Hung KE, Martin ES. Cross-species analysis of genetically engineered mouse models of MAPK-driven colorectal cancer identifies hallmarks of the human disease. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:613-23. [PMID: 24742783 PMCID: PMC4036469 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.013904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment options for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) are limited, survival rates are poor and this disease continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite being a highly heterogeneous disease, a large subset of individuals with sporadic CRC typically harbor relatively few established 'driver' lesions. Here, we describe a collection of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of sporadic CRC that combine lesions frequently altered in human patients, including well-characterized tumor suppressors and activators of MAPK signaling. Primary tumors from these models were profiled, and individual GEMM tumors segregated into groups based on their genotypes. Unique allelic and genotypic expression signatures were generated from these GEMMs and applied to clinically annotated human CRC patient samples. We provide evidence that a Kras signature derived from these GEMMs is capable of distinguishing human tumors harboring KRAS mutation, and tracks with poor prognosis in two independent human patient cohorts. Furthermore, the analysis of a panel of human CRC cell lines suggests that high expression of the GEMM Kras signature correlates with sensitivity to targeted pathway inhibitors. Together, these findings implicate GEMMs as powerful preclinical tools with the capacity to recapitulate relevant human disease biology, and support the use of genetic signatures generated in these models to facilitate future drug discovery and validation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Belmont
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Eva Budinska
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ping Jiang
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mark J Sinnamon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Erin Coffee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jatin Roper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Tao Xie
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Paul A Rejto
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sahra Derkits
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth E Hung
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Clinical Research, Cambridge, 02140 MA, USA
| | - Eric S Martin
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Toniatti C, Jones P, Graham H, Pagliara B, Draetta G. Oncology Drug Discovery: Planning a Turnaround. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:397-404. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
85
|
Rodriguez E, Mannion L, D'Santos P, Griffiths M, Arends MJ, Brindle KM, Lyons SK. Versatile and enhanced tumour modelling in mice via somatic cell transduction. J Pathol 2014; 232:449-57. [PMID: 24307564 PMCID: PMC4288983 DOI: 10.1002/path.4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of cancer currently comprise the most accurate way to experimentally recapitulate the human disease in the laboratory. Given recent advances in genomics and genetic screens, however, as well as an increasing urgency for the translation of effective preclinical treatments into the clinic, there is a pressing need to make these models easier and more efficient to work with. Accordingly, we have developed a versatile lentivirus-based approach to induce tumours from somatic cells of GEMs, add or subtract gene expression and render the tumours imageable from a simple breeding stock. The vectors deliver a tamoxifen-inducible and self-inactivating Cre recombinase, conditional bioluminescent and fluorescent proteins and an shRNA component. Following the transduction of somatic cells, tumours are initiated by Cre-mediated recombination of the inherited floxed alleles. Self-inactivation of Cre expression switches on the expression of luciferase, thereby rendering the recombined cells and resulting tumours bioluminescent. We demonstrate proof of concept of this approach by inducing bioluminescent lung tumours in conditional Kras and p53 mice. We also show that a variant vector expressing shRNA alters tumour growth dynamics and the histological grade associated with the inherited genotype. This approach comprises a versatile means to induce imageable and spontaneous tumour burden in mice. The vectors can be readily customized at the bench to modify reporter readout or tumour phenotype without additional transgenic strain development or breeding. They should also be useful for inducing imageable tumours in organs other than the lung, provided that the inherited conditional genotype is sufficiently penetrant.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Vectors
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Luminescent Measurements
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Grading
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Time Factors
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Imaging, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeUK
| | - Liz Mannion
- Department of Molecular Imaging, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeUK
| | - Paula D'Santos
- Department of Molecular Imaging, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeUK
| | - Meryl Griffiths
- Histopathology Department, Addenbrookes HospitalCambridge, UK
| | | | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Molecular Imaging, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeUK
| | - Scott K Lyons
- Department of Molecular Imaging, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Giancotti FG. Deregulation of cell signaling in cancer. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2558-70. [PMID: 24561200 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations disrupt the regulatory circuits that govern cell function, enabling tumor cells to undergo de-regulated mitogenesis, to resist to pro-apoptotic insults, and to invade through tissue boundaries. Cancer cell biology has played a crucial role in elucidating the signaling mechanisms by which oncogenic mutations sustain these malignant behaviors and thereby in identifying rational targets for cancer drugs. The efficacy of such targeted therapies illustrate the power of a reductionist approach to the study of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo G Giancotti
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
Saborowski et al. developed a flexible embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based mouse model for pancreatic cancer. The ESCs harbor a latent Kras mutant, a homing cassette, and other genetic elements needed for rapid insertion and conditional expression of tetracycline-controlled transgenes, including fluorescence-coupled shRNAs. This model produces a disease that follows the progression of human pancreatic cancer, and they used it to dissect temporal roles for Pten and c-Myc in pancreatic cancer development and maintenance. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have greatly expanded our knowledge of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and serve as a critical tool to identify and evaluate new treatment strategies. However, the cost and time required to generate conventional pancreatic cancer GEMMs limits their use for investigating novel genetic interactions in tumor development and maintenance. To address this problem, we developed flexible embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based GEMMs that facilitate the rapid generation of genetically defined multiallelic chimeric mice without further strain intercrossing. The ESCs harbor a latent Kras mutant (a nearly ubiquitous feature of pancreatic cancer), a homing cassette, and other genetic elements needed for rapid insertion and conditional expression of tetracycline-controlled transgenes, including fluorescence-coupled shRNAs capable of efficiently silencing gene function by RNAi. This system produces a disease that recapitulates the progression of pancreatic cancer in human patients and enables the study and visualization of the impact of gene perturbation at any stage of pancreas cancer progression. We describe the use of this approach to dissect temporal roles for the tumor suppressor Pten and the oncogene c-Myc in pancreatic cancer development and maintenance.
Collapse
|
88
|
Das Thakur M, Pryer NK, Singh M. Mouse tumour models to guide drug development and identify resistance mechanisms. J Pathol 2014; 232:103-11. [PMID: 24122209 DOI: 10.1002/path.4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We need improved, translatable and predictive tumour models for the evaluation of response and the evolution of resistance to targeted therapeutics. We provide a review of the use of different types of preclinical tumour models to evaluate novel anticancer agents, and model the rapidly evolving landscape of resistance to targeted therapy. We focus on describing the various preclinical models available for candidate drug development and design considerations for preclinical experiments, depending on the aspect of drug action being interrogated. We discuss selected examples of how experimental findings have translated into clinical outcomes for targeted agents, predicted mechanisms that drive resistance and strategies to overcome the evolution thereof. We discuss challenges in preclinical experimental design and interpretation and possible improvements in animal models of therapeutic response and resistance, with an emphasis on improved translation of experimental research into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Das Thakur
- Oncology Pharmacology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Cho H, Herzka T, Zheng W, Qi J, Wilkinson JE, Bradner JE, Robinson BD, Castillo-Martin M, Cordon-Cardo C, Trotman LC. RapidCaP, a novel GEM model for metastatic prostate cancer analysis and therapy, reveals myc as a driver of Pten-mutant metastasis. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:318-33. [PMID: 24444712 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models are a pillar of functional cancer research. Here, we developed RapidCaP, a GEM modeling system that uses surgical injection for viral gene delivery to the prostate. We show that in Pten deficiency, loss of p53 suffices to trigger metastasis to distant sites at greater than 50% penetrance by four months, consistent with results from human prostate cancer genome analysis. Live bioluminescence tracking showed that endogenous primary and metastatic disease responds to castration before developing lethal castration resistance. To our surprise, the resulting lesions showed no activation of Akt but activation of the Myc oncogene. Using RapidCaP, we find that Myc drives local prostate metastasis and is critical for maintenance of metastasis, as shown by using the Brd4 inhibitor JQ1. Taken together, our data suggest that a "MYC-switch" away from AKT forms a critical and druggable event in PTEN-mutant prostate cancer metastasis and castration resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Cho
- 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor; 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College; 3Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; 4Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; and 5Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Patel AJ, Liao CP, Chen Z, Liu C, Wang Y, Le LQ. BET bromodomain inhibition triggers apoptosis of NF1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors through Bim induction. Cell Rep 2013; 6:81-92. [PMID: 24373973 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive sarcomas that develop sporadically or in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients. There is no effective treatment for MPNSTs and they are typically fatal. To gain insights into MPNST pathogenesis, we utilized an MPNST mouse model that allowed us to study the evolution of these tumors at the transcriptome level. Strikingly, in MPNSTs we found upregulation of a chromatin regulator, Brd4, and show that BRD4 inhibition profoundly suppresses both growth and tumorigenesis. Our findings reveal roles for BET bromodomains in MPNST development and report a mechanism by which bromodomain inhibition induces apoptosis through induction of proapoptotic Bim, which may represent a paradigm shift in therapy for MPNST patients. Moreover, these findings indicate epigenetic mechanisms underlying the balance of anti- and proapoptotic molecules and that bromodomain inhibition can shift this balance in favor of cancer cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amish J Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA
| | - Chung-Ping Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA
| | - Chiachi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA; Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA; UTSW Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9133, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Abstract
Animal models have been invaluable in the efforts to better understand and ultimately treat patients suffering from leukemia. While important insights have been gleaned from these models, limitations must be acknowledged. In this review, we will highlight the various animal models of leukemia and describe their contributions to the improved understanding and treatment of these cancers.
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
The realization that cancer progression required the participation of cellular genes provided one of several key rationales, in 1986, for embarking on the human genome project. Only with a reference genome sequence could the full spectrum of somatic changes leading to cancer be understood. Since its completion in 2003, the human reference genome sequence has fulfilled its promise as a foundational tool to illuminate the pathogenesis of cancer. Herein, we review the key historical milestones in cancer genomics since the completion of the genome, and some of the novel discoveries that are shaping our current understanding of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Wheeler
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
Recent advances in technological tools for massively parallel, high-throughput sequencing of DNA have enabled the comprehensive characterization of somatic mutations in a large number of tumour samples. In this Review, we describe recent cancer genomic studies that have assembled emerging views of the landscapes of somatic mutations through deep-sequencing analyses of the coding exomes and whole genomes in various cancer types. We discuss the comparative genomics of different cancers, including mutation rates and spectra, as well as the roles of environmental insults that influence these processes. We highlight the developing statistical approaches that are used to identify significantly mutated genes, and discuss the emerging biological and clinical insights from such analyses, as well as the future challenges of translating these genomic data into clinical impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Watson
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Gürlevik E, Fleischmann-Mundt B, Armbrecht N, Longerich T, Woller N, Kloos A, Hoffmann D, Schambach A, Wirth TC, Manns MP, Zender L, Kubicka S, Kühnel F. Adjuvant gemcitabine therapy improves survival in a locally induced, R0-resectable model of metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 58:1031-41. [PMID: 23686746 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Complete surgical tumor resection (R0) for treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is potentially curative, but the prognosis remains dismal due to frequent tumor recurrence and metastasis after surgery. Adjuvant therapies may improve the outcome, but clinical studies for an adjuvant approach are difficult and time-consuming for rare tumor entities. Therefore, animal models reflecting the clinical situation are urgently needed to investigate novel adjuvant therapies. To establish a mouse model of resectable cholangiocarcinoma including the most frequent genetic alterations of human ICC, we electroporated Sleeping Beauty-based oncogenic transposon plasmids into the left liver lobe of mice. KRas-activation in combination with p53-knockout in hepatocytes resulted in formation of a single ICC nodule within 3-5 weeks. Lineage tracing analyses confirmed the development of ICC by transdifferentiation of hepatocytes. Histologic examination demonstrated that no extrahepatic metastases were detectable during primary tumor progression. However, formation of tumor satellites close to the primary tumor and vascular invasion were observed, indicating early invasion into normal tissue adjacent to the tumor. After R0-resection of the primary tumor, we were able to prolong median survival, thereby observing tumor stage-dependent local recurrence, peritoneal carcinomatosis, and lung metastasis. Adjuvant gemcitabine chemotherapy after R0-resection significantly improved median survival of treated animals. CONCLUSION We have developed a murine model of single, R0-resectable ICC with favorable characteristics for the study of recurrence patterns and mechanisms of metastasis after resection. This model holds great promise for preclinical evaluation of novel multimodal or adjuvant therapies to prevent recurrence and metastasis after R0-resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Engin Gürlevik
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Lyons SK, Patrick PS, Brindle KM. Imaging mouse cancer models in vivo using reporter transgenes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2013; 2013:685-99. [PMID: 23906907 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Imaging mouse models of cancer with reporter transgenes has become a relatively common experimental approach in the laboratory, which allows noninvasive and longitudinal investigation of diverse aspects of tumor biology in vivo. Our goal here is to outline briefly the principles of the relevant imaging modalities, emphasizing particularly their strengths and weaknesses and what the researcher can expect in a practical sense from each of these techniques. Furthermore, we discuss how relatively subtle modifications in the way reporter transgene expression is regulated in the cell underpin the ability of reporter transgenes as a whole to provide readouts on such varied aspects of tumor biology in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Lyons
- Department of Molecular Imaging, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Stegh AH. Toward personalized cancer nanomedicine - past, present, and future. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:48-65. [PMID: 22858688 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are composed of highly proliferate, migratory, invasive, and therapy-evading cells. These characteristics are conferred by an enormously complex landscape of genomic, (epi-)genetic, and proteomic aberrations. Recent efforts to comprehensively catalogue these reversible and irreversible modifications have began to identify molecular mechanisms that contribute to cancer pathophysiology, serve as novel therapeutic targets, and may constitute biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction of therapy responses. With constantly evolving technologies that will ultimately enable a complete survey of cancer genomes, the challenges for discovery cancer science and drug development are daunting. Bioinformatic and functional studies must differentiate cancer-driving and -contributing mutations from mere bystanders or 'noise', and have to delineate their molecular mechanisms of action as a function of collaborating oncogenic and tumor suppressive signatures. In addition, the translation of these genomic discoveries into meaningful clinical endpoints requires the development of co-extinction strategies to therapeutically target multiple cancer genes, to robustly deliver therapeutics to tumor sites, and to enable widespread dissemination of therapies within tumor tissue. In this perspective, I will describe the most current paradigms to study and validate cancer gene function. I will highlight advances in the area of nanotechnology, in particular, the development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based platforms to more effectively deliver therapeutic agents to tumor sites, and to modulate critical cancer genes that are difficult to target using conventional small-molecule- or antibody-based approaches. I will conclude with an outlook on the deluge of challenges that genomic and bioengineering sciences must overcome to make the long-awaited era of personalized nano-medicine a clinical reality for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Stegh
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Alsinet C, Cornella H, Villanueva A. Genetically engineered mouse models: future tools to predict clinical trial results in oncology? Future Oncol 2013; 9:767-70. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Alsinet
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group, Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helena Cornella
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group, Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Liver Cancer Center, Institute of Liver Studies, King‘s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Kocher B, Piwnica-Worms D. Illuminating cancer systems with genetically engineered mouse models and coupled luciferase reporters in vivo. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:616-29. [PMID: 23585416 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a powerful noninvasive tool that has dramatically accelerated the in vivo interrogation of cancer systems and longitudinal analysis of mouse models of cancer over the past decade. Various luciferase enzymes have been genetically engineered into mouse models (GEMM) of cancer, which permit investigation of cellular and molecular events associated with oncogenic transcription, posttranslational processing, protein-protein interactions, transformation, and oncogene addiction in live cells and animals. Luciferase-coupled GEMMs ultimately serve as a noninvasive, repetitive, longitudinal, and physiologic means by which cancer systems and therapeutic responses can be investigated accurately within the autochthonous context of a living animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kocher
- Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Ju HL, Ahn SH, Kim DY, Baek S, Chung SI, Seong J, Han KH, Ro SW. Investigation of oncogenic cooperation in simple liver-specific transgenic mouse models using noninvasive in vivo imaging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59869. [PMID: 23555816 PMCID: PMC3610734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a complex multistep process requiring genetic alterations in multiple proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Although hundreds of genes are known to play roles in hepatocarcinogenesis, oncogenic collaboration among these genes is still largely unknown. Here, we report a simple methodology by which oncogenic cooperation between cancer-related genes can be efficiently investigated in the liver. We developed various non-germline transgenic mouse models using hydrodynamics-based transfection which express HrasG12V, SmoM2, and a short-hairpin RNA down-regulating p53 (shp53) individually or in combination in the liver. In this transgenic system, firefly luciferase was co-expressed with the oncogenes as a reporter, allowing tumor growth in the liver to be monitored over time without an invasive procedure. Very strong bioluminescence imaging (BLI) signals were observed at 4 weeks post-hydrodynamic injection (PHI) in mice co-expressing HrasG12V and shp53, while only background signals were detected in other double or single transgenic groups until 30 weeks PHI. Consistent with the BLI data, tumors were observed in the HrasG12V plus shp53 group at 4 weeks PHI, while other transgenic groups failed to exhibit a hyperplastic nodule at 30 weeks PHI. In the HrasG12V plus shp53 transgenic group, BLI signals were well-correlated with actual tumor growth in the liver, confirming the versatility of BLI-based monitoring of tumor growth in this organ. The methodology described here is expected to accelerate and facilitate in vivo studies of the hepatocarcinogenic potential of cancer-related genes by means of oncogenic cooperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lim Ju
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sinhwa Baek
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook In Chung
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinsil Seong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyub Han
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Simon Weonsang Ro
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Cho EJ, Holback H, Liu KC, Abouelmagd SA, Park J, Yeo Y. Nanoparticle characterization: state of the art, challenges, and emerging technologies. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2093-110. [PMID: 23461379 DOI: 10.1021/mp300697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have received enormous attention as a promising tool to enhance target-specific drug delivery and diagnosis. Various in vitro and in vivo techniques are used to characterize a new system and predict its clinical efficacy. These techniques enable efficient comparison across nanoparticles and facilitate a product optimization process. On the other hand, we recognize their limitations as a prediction tool, due to inadequate applications and overly simplified test conditions. We provide a critical review of in vitro and in vivo techniques currently used for evaluation of nanoparticles and introduce emerging techniques and models that may be used complementarily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Cho
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|