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Zivkovic S, Ayazi M, Hammel G, Ren Y. For Better or for Worse: A Look Into Neutrophils in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:648076. [PMID: 33967695 PMCID: PMC8100532 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.648076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are short-lived cells of the innate immune system and the first line of defense at the site of an infection and tissue injury. Pattern recognition receptors on neutrophils recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns, which recruit them to the destined site. Neutrophils are professional phagocytes with efficient granular constituents that aid in the neutralization of pathogens. In addition to phagocytosis and degranulation, neutrophils are proficient in creating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that immobilize pathogens to prevent their spread. Because of the cytotoxicity of the associated granular proteins within NETs, the microbes can be directly killed once immobilized by the NETs. The role of neutrophils in infection is well studied; however, there is less emphasis placed on the role of neutrophils in tissue injury, such as traumatic spinal cord injury. Upon the initial mechanical injury, the innate immune system is activated in response to the molecules produced by the resident cells of the injured spinal cord initiating the inflammatory cascade. This review provides an overview of the essential role of neutrophils and explores the contribution of neutrophils to the pathologic changes in the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Maryam Ayazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Grace Hammel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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52
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Oligodendrocyte Development and Regenerative Therapeutics in Multiple Sclerosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040327. [PMID: 33918664 PMCID: PMC8069894 DOI: 10.3390/life11040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendrocytes (OLs) is an important biological process essential for central nervous system (CNS) development and functions. Oligodendroglial lineage cells undergo several morphological and molecular changes at different stages of their lineage progression into myelinating OLs. The transition steps of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to myelinating oligodendrocytes are defined by a specific pattern of regulated gene expression, which is under the control of coordinated signaling pathways. Any abnormal development, loss or failure of oligodendrocytes to myelinate axons can lead to several neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is characterized by inflammation and demyelination, and current treatments target only the immune component of the disease, but have little impact on remyelination. Recently, several pharmacological compounds enhancing remyelination have been identified and some of them are in clinical trials. Here, we will review the current knowledge on oligodendrocyte differentiation, myelination and remyelination. We will focus on MS as a pathological condition, the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS in young adults.
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53
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Fujita Y, Yamashita T. Mechanisms and significance of microglia-axon interactions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3907-3919. [PMID: 33507328 PMCID: PMC11072252 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, and are important for cellular processes. In addition to their classical roles in pathophysiological conditions, these immune cells also dynamically interact with neurons and influence their structure and function in physiological conditions. Microglia have been shown to contact neurons at various points, including the dendrites, cell bodies, synapses, and axons, and support various developmental functions, such as neuronal survival, axon elongation, and maturation of the synaptic circuit. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the roles of microglia in brain development, with particular emphasis on microglia-axon interactions. We will review recent findings regarding the functions and signaling pathways involved in the reciprocal interactions between microglia and neurons. Moreover, as these interactions are altered in disease and injury conditions, we also discuss the effect and alteration of microglia-axon interactions in disease progression and the potential role of microglia in developmental brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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54
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Lee N, Lee SH, Lee J, Lee MY, Lim J, Kim S, Kim S. Hepatocyte growth factor is necessary for efficient outgrowth of injured peripheral axons in in vitro culture system and in vivo nerve crush mouse model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100973. [PMID: 33718632 PMCID: PMC7933716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a neurotrophic factor and its role in peripheral nerves has been relatively unknown. In this study, biological functions of HGF and its receptor c-met have been investigated in the context of regeneration of damaged peripheral nerves. Axotomy of the peripheral branch of sensory neurons from embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) resulted in the increased protein levels of HGF and phosphorylated c-met. When the neuronal cultures were treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of c-met, PHA665752, the length of axotomy-induced outgrowth of neurite was significantly reduced. On the other hand, the addition of recombinant HGF proteins to the neuronal culture facilitated axon outgrowth. In the nerve crush mouse model, the protein level of HGF was increased around the injury site by almost 5.5-fold at 24 h post injury compared to control mice and was maintained at elevated levels for another 6 days. The amount of phosphorylated c-met receptor in sciatic nerve was also observed to be higher than control mice. When PHA665752 was locally applied to the injury site of sciatic nerve, axon outgrowth and injury mediated induction of cJun protein were effectively inhibited, indicating the functional involvement of HGF/c-met pathway in the nerve regeneration process. When extra HGF was exogenously provided by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA expressing HGF, axon outgrowth from damaged sciatic nerve and cJun expression level were enhanced. Taken together, these results suggested that HGF/c-met pathway plays important roles in axon outgrowth by directly interacting with sensory neurons and thus HGF might be a useful tool for developing therapeutics for peripheral neuropathy. In in vitro primary eDRGs, axotomy-induced HGF/c-met pathway enhanced the neurite outgrowth process. Nerve injury induced the expression of HGF, consequently leading to the activation of c-met in peripheral axons. HGF/c-met pathway played an important role in the regeneration process of injured peripheral nerves. Additional supply of HGF, in the form of plasmid DNA, enhanced the regeneration of damaged peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Junghun Lee
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Jaegook Lim
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
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55
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Hsiao YS, Lin CL, Liao IH, Chen FJ, Liu CT, Tseng HS, Yu J. Facile Fabrication of Microwrinkled Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Films that Promote Neural Differentiation under Electrical Stimulation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2354-2362. [PMID: 35014356 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although conductive bioelectronic interfaces (BEIs) can allow neural cell culturing while providing electrical stimulation (ES) to the nervous system, there are few simple approaches for the preparation of conductive BEIs with topographical features designed for cell manipulation. In this study, we developed a facile method for fabricating microwrinkled poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films through spin-coating onto pre-elongated polydimethylsiloxane substrates. The microwrinkles of our PEDOT:PSS films pre-elongated by 20 and 40% had average widths of 6.47 ± 1.49 and 5.39 ± 1.53 μm, respectively. These microwrinkled PEDOT:PSS films promoted the directional ordering of neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells and displayed favorable biocompatibility and outstanding electrochemical properties for long-term ES treatment. When using this BEI platform, the level of PC12 gene expression of Neun was enhanced significantly after 5 days of culturing in differentiation media and under ES, in line with the decreased expression of early phase markers. Therefore, such readily fabricated microwrinkled PEDOT:PSS films are promising candidates for use as BEIs for tissue regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ling Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiang Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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Won JS, Yeon JY, Pyeon HJ, Noh YJ, Hwang JY, Kim CK, Nam H, Lee KH, Lee SH, Joo KM. Optimal Preclinical Conditions for Using Adult Human Multipotent Neural Cells in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052579. [PMID: 33806636 PMCID: PMC7961778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapeutics are amongst the most promising next-generation therapeutic approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), as they may promote the repair or regeneration of damaged spinal cord tissues. However, preclinical optimization should be performed before clinical application to guarantee safety and therapeutic effect. Here, we investigated the optimal injection route and dose for adult human multipotent neural cells (ahMNCs) from patients with hemorrhagic stroke using an SCI animal model. ahMNCs demonstrate several characteristics associated with neural stem cells (NSCs), including the expression of NSC-specific markers, self-renewal, and multi neural cell lineage differentiation potential. When ahMNCs were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of the SCI animal model, they specifically migrated within 24 h of injection to the damaged spinal cord, where they survived for at least 5 weeks after injection. Although ahMNC transplantation promoted significant locomotor recovery, the injection dose was shown to influence treatment outcomes, with a 1 × 106 (medium) dose of ahMNCs producing significantly better functional recovery than a 3 × 105 (low) dose. There was no significant gain in effect with the 3 × 106 ahMNCs dose. Histological analysis suggested that ahMNCs exert their effects by modulating glial scar formation, neuroprotection, and/or angiogenesis. These data indicate that ahMNCs from patients with hemorrhagic stroke could be used to develop stem cell therapies for SCI and that the indirect injection route could be clinically relevant. Moreover, the optimal transplantation dose of ahMNCs defined in this preclinical study might be helpful in calculating its optimal injection dose for patients with SCI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seob Won
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (C.K.K.); (H.N.); (K.-H.L.)
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Je Young Yeon
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hee-Jang Pyeon
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.-J.N.); (J.-Y.H.)
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Ace High-End Tower Classic 26, Seoul 08517, Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Noh
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.-J.N.); (J.-Y.H.)
| | - Ji-Yoon Hwang
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.-J.N.); (J.-Y.H.)
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Ace High-End Tower Classic 26, Seoul 08517, Korea
| | - Chung Kwon Kim
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (C.K.K.); (H.N.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.-J.N.); (J.-Y.H.)
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Ace High-End Tower Classic 26, Seoul 08517, Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyun Nam
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (C.K.K.); (H.N.); (K.-H.L.)
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.-J.N.); (J.-Y.H.)
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Ace High-End Tower Classic 26, Seoul 08517, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Lee
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (C.K.K.); (H.N.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.-J.N.); (J.-Y.H.)
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.L.); (K.M.J.); Tel.: +82-2-3410-2457 (S.-H.L.); +82-2-2148-9779 (K.M.J.); Fax: +82-2-3410-0048 (S.-H.L.); +82-2-2148-9829 (K.M.J.)
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea; (C.K.K.); (H.N.); (K.-H.L.)
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Medical Innovation Technology Inc. (MEDINNO Inc.), Ace High-End Tower Classic 26, Seoul 08517, Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.L.); (K.M.J.); Tel.: +82-2-3410-2457 (S.-H.L.); +82-2-2148-9779 (K.M.J.); Fax: +82-2-3410-0048 (S.-H.L.); +82-2-2148-9829 (K.M.J.)
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57
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Hong JH, Kang S, Sa JK, Park G, Oh YT, Kim TH, Yin J, Kim SS, D'Angelo F, Koo H, You Y, Park S, Kwon HJ, Kim CI, Ryu H, Lin W, Park EJ, Kim YJ, Park MJ, Kim H, Kim MS, Chung S, Park CK, Park SH, Kang YH, Kim JH, Saya H, Nakano I, Gwak HS, Yoo H, Lee J, Hur EM, Shi B, Nam DH, Iavarone A, Lee SH, Park JB. Modulation of Nogo receptor 1 expression orchestrates myelin-associated infiltration of glioblastoma. Brain 2021; 144:636-654. [PMID: 33479772 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As the clinical failure of glioblastoma treatment is attributed by multiple components, including myelin-associated infiltration, assessment of the molecular mechanisms underlying such process and identification of the infiltrating cells have been the primary objectives in glioblastoma research. Here, we adopted radiogenomic analysis to screen for functionally relevant genes that orchestrate the process of glioma cell infiltration through myelin and promote glioblastoma aggressiveness. The receptor of the Nogo ligand (NgR1) was selected as the top candidate through Differentially Expressed Genes (DEG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Gain and loss of function studies on NgR1 elucidated its underlying molecular importance in suppressing myelin-associated infiltration in vitro and in vivo. The migratory ability of glioblastoma cells on myelin is reversibly modulated by NgR1 during differentiation and dedifferentiation process through deubiquitinating activity of USP1, which inhibits the degradation of ID1 to downregulate NgR1 expression. Furthermore, pimozide, a well-known antipsychotic drug, upregulates NgR1 by post-translational targeting of USP1, which sensitizes glioma stem cells to myelin inhibition and suppresses myelin-associated infiltration in vivo. In primary human glioblastoma, downregulation of NgR1 expression is associated with highly infiltrative characteristics and poor survival. Together, our findings reveal that loss of NgR1 drives myelin-associated infiltration of glioblastoma and suggest that novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reactivating expression of NgR1 will improve the clinical outcome of glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Hong
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sangjo Kang
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jason K Sa
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gunwoo Park
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Taek Oh
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Henan and Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Fulvio D'Angelo
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Harim Koo
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonhee You
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Saewhan Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kwon
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chan Il Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Haseo Ryu
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Youn-Jae Kim
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Mi-Suk Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kang
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, IAMR, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, Tsukuba University, Japan
| | - Ho-Shin Gwak
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Heon Yoo
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Neuroscience, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan and Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 135-710, Korea
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032 New York, USA
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Henan and Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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58
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Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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59
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Glial cell type-specific gene expression in the mouse cerebrum using the piggyBac system and in utero electroporation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4864. [PMID: 33649472 PMCID: PMC7921133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes play crucial roles in the central nervous system. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and the biological functions of glial cells, simple and rapid techniques for glial cell-specific genetic manipulation in the mouse cerebrum would be valuable. Here we uncovered that the Gfa2 promoter is suitable for selective gene expression in astrocytes when used with the piggyBac system and in utero electroporation. In contrast, the Blbp promoter, which has been used to induce astrocyte-specific gene expression in transgenic mice, did not result in astrocyte-specific gene expression. We also identified the Plp1 and Mbp promoters could be used with the piggyBac system and in utero electroporation to induce selective gene expression in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, using our technique, neuron-astrocyte or neuron-oligodendrocyte interactions can be visualized by labeling neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes differentially. Our study provides a fundamental basis for specific transgene expression in astrocytes and/or oligodendrocytes in the mouse cerebrum.
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Wan B, Li C, Wang M, Kong F, Ding Q, Zhang C, Liu H, Qian D, Deng W, Chen J, Tang P, Wang Q, Zhao S, Zhou Z, Xu T, Huang Y, Gu J, Fan J, Yin G. GIT1 protects traumatically injured spinal cord by prompting microvascular endothelial cells to clear myelin debris. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7067-7083. [PMID: 33621952 PMCID: PMC7993661 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of myelin debris is a critical step in the functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). As phagocytes do, microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) participate in myelin debris clearance at the injury site within one week. Our group has verified that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 interacting protein-1 (GIT1) is essential in autophagy and angiogenesis, both of which are tightly related to the uptake and degradation of myelin debris by MECs. Here, we analyzed the performance and mechanism of GIT1 in myelin debris clearance after SCI. The SCI contusion model was established and in vitro MECs were treated with myelin debris. Better recovery from traumatic SCI was observed in the GIT1 WT mice than in the GIT1 KO mice. More importantly, we found that GIT1 prompted MECs to clear myelin debris and further enhanced MECs angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, GIT1-mediated autophagy contributed to the clearance of myelin debris by MECs. In this study, we demonstrated that GIT1 may prompt MECs to clear myelin debris via autophagy and further stimulate MECs angiogenesis via upregulating VEGF. Our results indicate that GITI may serve as a promising target for accelerating myelin debris clearance and improving SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fanqi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qirui Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chenliang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian 223600, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dingfei Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenlin Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Liu WZ, Ma ZJ, Li JR, Kang XW. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: therapeutic opportunities and challenges for spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:102. [PMID: 33536064 PMCID: PMC7860030 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to serious motor and sensory dysfunction of the limbs below the injured segment. SCI not only results in physical and psychological harm to patients but can also cause a huge economic burden on their families and society. As there is no effective treatment method, the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with SCI have become urgent problems to be solved. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted more attention in the treatment of SCI. Although MSC therapy can reduce injured volume and promote axonal regeneration, its application is limited by tumorigenicity, a low survival rate, and immune rejection. Accumulating literature shows that exosomes have great potential in the treatment of SCI. In this review, we summarize the existing MSC-derived exosome studies on SCI and discuss the advantages and challenges of treating SCI based on exosomes derived from MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhao Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jie-Ru Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Wen Kang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
- The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Savvaki M, Kafetzis G, Kaplanis SI, Ktena N, Theodorakis K, Karagogeos D. Neuronal, but not glial, Contactin 2 negatively regulates axon regeneration in the injured adult optic nerve. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:1705-1721. [PMID: 33469963 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian adult neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) display limited ability to regrow axons after trauma. The developmental decline in their regenerative ability has been attributed to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including postnatal suppression of transcription factors and non-neuronal inhibitory components, respectively. The cell adhesion molecule Contactin 2 (CNTN2) is expressed in neurons and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. Neuronal CNTN2 is highly regulated during development and plays critical roles in axon growth and guidance and neuronal migration. On the other hand, CNTN2 expressed by oligodendrocytes interferes with the myelination process, with its ablation resulting in hypomyelination. In the current study, we investigate the role of CNTN2 in neuronal survival and axon regeneration after trauma, in the murine optic nerve crush (ONC) model. We unveil distinct roles for neuronal and glial CNTN2 in regenerative responses. Surprisingly, our data show a conflicting role of neuronal and glial CNTN2 in axon regeneration. Although glial CNTN2 as well as hypomyelination are dispensable for both neuronal survival and axon regeneration following ONC, the neuronal counterpart comprises a negative regulator of regeneration. Specifically, we reveal a novel mechanism of action for neuronal CNTN2, implicating the inhibition of Akt signalling pathway. The in vitro analysis indicates a BDNF-independent mode of action and biochemical data suggest the implication of the truncated form of TrkB neurotrophin receptor. In conclusion, CNTN2 expressed in CNS neurons serves as an inhibitor of axon regeneration after trauma and its mechanism of action involves the neutralization of Akt-mediated neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Savvaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Kafetzis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Stefanos-Ioannis Kaplanis
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Niki Ktena
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kostas Theodorakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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63
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Cawley JL, Jordan LR, Wittenberg NJ. Detection and Characterization of Vesicular Gangliosides Binding to Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein on Supported Lipid Bilayers. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1185-1192. [PMID: 33296186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the nervous system, a myelin sheath that originates from oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells wraps around axons to facilitate electrical signal transduction. The interface between an axon and myelin is maintained by a number of biomolecular interactions. Among the interactions are those between GD1a and GT1b gangliosides on the axon and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) on myelin. Interestingly, these interactions can also inhibit neuronal outgrowth. Ganglioside-MAG interactions are often studied in cellular or animal models where their relative concentrations are not easily controlled or in assays where the gangliosides and MAG are not presented as part of fluid lipid bilayers. Here, we present an approach to characterize MAG-ganglioside interactions in real time, where MAG, GD1a, and GT1b contents are controlled and they are in their in vivo orientation within fluid lipid bilayers. Using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) biosensor functionalized with a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) and MAG, we detect vesicular GD1a and GT1b binding and determine the interaction kinetics as a function of vesicular ganglioside content. MAG-bound vesicles are deformed similarly, regardless of the ganglioside or its mole fraction. We further demonstrate how MAG-ganglioside interactions can be disrupted by antiganglioside antibodies that override MAG-based neuron growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L Cawley
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Luke R Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Nathan J Wittenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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64
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Zhang RC, Du WQ, Zhang JY, Yu SX, Lu FZ, Ding HM, Cheng YB, Ren C, Geng DQ. Mesenchymal stem cell treatment for peripheral nerve injury: a narrative review. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2170-2176. [PMID: 33818489 PMCID: PMC8354135 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries occur as the result of sudden trauma and lead to reduced quality of life. The peripheral nervous system has an inherent capability to regenerate axons. However, peripheral nerve regeneration following injury is generally slow and incomplete that results in poor functional outcomes such as muscle atrophy. Although conventional surgical procedures for peripheral nerve injuries present many benefits, there are still several limitations including scarring, difficult accessibility to donor nerve, neuroma formation and a need to sacrifice the autologous nerve. For many years, other therapeutic approaches for peripheral nerve injuries have been explored, the most notable being the replacement of Schwann cells, the glial cells responsible for clearing out debris from the site of injury. Introducing cultured Schwann cells to the injured sites showed great benefits in promoting axonal regeneration and functional recovery. However, there are limited sources of Schwann cells for extraction and difficulties in culturing Schwann cells in vitro. Therefore, novel therapeutic avenues that offer maximum benefits for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries should be investigated. This review focused on strategies using mesenchymal stem cells to promote peripheral nerve regeneration including exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells, nerve engineering using the nerve guidance conduits containing mesenchymal stem cells, and genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells. We present the current progress of mesenchymal stem cell treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Qi Du
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shao-Xia Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang-Zhi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Mei Ding
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Bo Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - De-Qin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Smith GM, Liu Y. Quantitative Assessment of Neurite Outgrowth Over Growth Promoting or Inhibitory Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2311:167-175. [PMID: 34033085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1437-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The use of sensory neurons and assessment of neurite outgrowth in vitro is an important part of understanding neuronal development and plasticity. Cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons provide quantitative results very quickly and, when grown on growth promoting or inhibitory substrates, can be utilized to study axonal growth, neurotrophic dependence, and structure and function of growth cones. Since we are interested in axon regeneration and targeting, we have sought to promote neurite outgrowth by refining the techniques of growing DRG neurons in culture. This chapter describes detailed methods for the dissection and purification of DRG neurons and quantitative assessment of neurite on promoting or inhibitory substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Smith
- Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yingpeng Liu
- Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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66
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Belin S, Nawabi H. CNS Disease and Regeneration: When Growing Is Not Enough. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Guijarro-Belmar A, Domanski DM, Bo X, Shewan D, Huang W. The therapeutic potential of targeting exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (Epac) for central nervous system trauma. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:460-469. [PMID: 32985466 PMCID: PMC7996029 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are affected by traumatic spinal cord injury, which usually results in permanent sensorimotor disability. Damage to the spinal cord leads to a series of detrimental events including ischaemia, haemorrhage and neuroinflammation, which over time result in further neural tissue loss. Eventually, at chronic stages of traumatic spinal cord injury, the formation of a glial scar, cystic cavitation and the presence of numerous inhibitory molecules act as physical and chemical barriers to axonal regrowth. This is further hindered by a lack of intrinsic regrowth ability of adult neurons in the central nervous system. The intracellular signalling molecule, cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), is known to play many important roles in the central nervous system, and elevating its levels as shown to improve axonal regeneration outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury in animal models. However, therapies directly targeting cAMP have not found their way into the clinic, as cAMP is ubiquitously present in all cell types and its manipulation may have additional deleterious effects. A downstream effector of cAMP, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2 (Epac2), is mainly expressed in the adult central nervous system, and its activation has been shown to mediate the positive effects of cAMP on axonal guidance and regeneration. Recently, using ex vivo modelling of traumatic spinal cord injury, Epac2 activation was found to profoundly modulate the post-lesion environment, such as decreasing the activation of astrocytes and microglia. Pilot data with Epac2 activation also suggested functional improvement assessed by in vivo models of traumatic spinal cord injury. Therefore, targeting Epac2 in traumatic spinal cord injury could represent a novel strategy in traumatic spinal cord injury repair, and future work is needed to fully establish its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Guijarro-Belmar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen; Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dominik Mateusz Domanski
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Xuenong Bo
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Derryck Shewan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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68
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Mukherjee N, Adak A, Ghosh S. Recent trends in the development of peptide and protein-based hydrogel therapeutics for the healing of CNS injury. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10046-10064. [PMID: 32724981 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00885k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) cause millions of deaths and permanent or prolonged physical disabilities around the globe every year. It generally happens due to various incidents, such as accidents during sports, war, physical assault, and strokes which result in severe damage to brain and spinal cord. If this remains untreated, traumatic CNS injuries may lead to early development of several neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson, multiple sclerosis, and other mental illnesses. The initial physical reaction, which is also termed as the primary phase, includes swelling, followed by inflammation as a result of internal haemorrhage causing damage to indigenous tissue, i.e., axonal shear injury, rupture of blood vessels, and partial impaired supply of oxygen and essential nutrients in the neurons, thereby initiating a cascade of events causing secondary injuries such as hypoxia, hypotension, cognitive impairment, seizures, imbalanced calcium homeostasis and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity resulting in concomitant neuronal cell death and cumulative permanent tissue damage. In the modern era of advanced biomedical technology, we are still living with scarcity of the clinically applicable comparative non-invasive therapeutic strategies for regeneration or functional recovery of neurons or neural networks after a massive CNS injury. One of the key reasons for this scarcity is the limited regenerative ability of neurons in CNS. Growth-impermissive glial scar and the lack of a synthetic biocompatible platform for proper neural tissue engineering and controlled supply of drugs further retard the healing process. Injectable or implantable hydrogel materials, consisting majorly of water in its porous three-dimensional (3D) structure, can serve as an excellent drug delivery platform as well as a transplanted cell-supporting scaffold medium. Among the various neuro-compatible bioinspired materials, we are limiting our discussion to the recent advancement of engineered biomaterials comprising mainly of peptides and proteins due to their growing demand, low immunogenicity and versatility in the fabrication of neuro regenerative medicine. In this article, we try to explore all the recent scientific avenues that are developing gradually to make peptide and peptide-conjugated biomaterial hydrogels as a therapeutic and supporting scaffold for treating CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India.
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Scalabrino G. Epidermal Growth Factor in the CNS: A Beguiling Journey from Integrated Cell Biology to Multiple Sclerosis. An Extensive Translational Overview. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:891-916. [PMID: 33151415 PMCID: PMC8942922 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the wealth of papers dealing with the different effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, neurons, and neural stem cells (NSCs). EGF induces the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of NSCs, their migration, and their differentiation towards the neuroglial cell line. It interacts with extracellular matrix components. NSCs are distributed in different CNS areas, serve as a reservoir of multipotent cells, and may be increased during CNS demyelinating diseases. EGF has pleiotropic differentiative and proliferative effects on the main CNS cell types, particularly oligodendrocytes and their precursors, and astrocytes. EGF mediates the in vivo myelinotrophic effect of cobalamin on the CNS, and modulates the synthesis and levels of CNS normal prions (PrPCs), both of which are indispensable for myelinogenesis and myelin maintenance. EGF levels are significantly lower in the cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), which probably explains remyelination failure, also because of the EGF marginal role in immunology. When repeatedly administered, EGF protects mouse spinal cord from demyelination in various experimental models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. It would be worth further investigating the role of EGF in the pathogenesis of MS because of its multifarious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Chalfouh C, Guillou C, Hardouin J, Delarue Q, Li X, Duclos C, Schapman D, Marie JP, Cosette P, Guérout N. The Regenerative Effect of Trans-spinal Magnetic Stimulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and Pathways Underlying the Effect. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:2069-2088. [PMID: 32856173 PMCID: PMC7851265 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a loss of sensitive and motor functions. Currently, there is no therapeutic intervention offering a complete recovery. Here, we report that repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation (rTSMS) can be a noninvasive SCI treatment that enhances tissue repair and functional recovery. Several techniques including immunohistochemical, behavioral, cells cultures, and proteomics have been performed. Moreover, different lesion paradigms, such as acute and chronic phase following SCI in wild-type and transgenic animals at different ages (juvenile, adult, and aged), have been used. We demonstrate that rTSMS modulates the lesion scar by decreasing fibrosis and inflammation and increases proliferation of spinal cord stem cells. Our results demonstrate also that rTSMS decreases demyelination, which contributes to axonal regrowth, neuronal survival, and locomotor recovery after SCI. This research provides evidence that rTSMS induces therapeutic effects in a preclinical rodent model and suggests possible translation to clinical application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chalfouh
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - C Guillou
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - J Hardouin
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Q Delarue
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - X Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences and Society, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Duclos
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - D Schapman
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, SFR IRIB, Plateau PRIMACEN, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - J-P Marie
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - P Cosette
- PISSARO Proteomic Facility, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - N Guérout
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA3830 GRHV, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France.
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71
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Chung D, Shum A, Caraveo G. GAP-43 and BASP1 in Axon Regeneration: Implications for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:567537. [PMID: 33015061 PMCID: PMC7494789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.567537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and brain acid-soluble protein 1 (BASP1) regulate actin dynamics and presynaptic vesicle cycling at axon terminals, thereby facilitating axonal growth, regeneration, and plasticity. These functions highly depend on changes in GAP-43 and BASP1 expression levels and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Interestingly, examinations of GAP-43 and BASP1 in neurodegenerative diseases reveal alterations in their expression and phosphorylation profiles. This review provides an overview of the structural properties, regulations, and functions of GAP-43 and BASP1, highlighting their involvement in neural injury response and regeneration. By discussing GAP-43 and BASP1 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, we also explore the therapeutic potential of modulating their activities to compensate for neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daayun Chung
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Shum
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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72
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Xiao Z, Yao Y, Wang Z, Tian Q, Wang J, Gu L, Li B, Zheng Q, Wu Y. Local Delivery of Taxol From FGL-Functionalized Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofiber Scaffold Promotes Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:820. [PMID: 32974351 PMCID: PMC7471253 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol has been clinically approved as an antitumor drug, and it exerts its antitumor effect through the excessive stabilization of microtubules in cancer cells. Recently, moderate microtubule stabilization by Taxol has been shown to efficiently promote neurite regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the potential for the clinical translation of Taxol in treating SCI is limited by its side effects and low ability to cross the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Self-assembled peptide hydrogels have shown potential as drug carriers for the local delivery of therapeutic agents. We therefore hypothesized that the localized delivery of Taxol by a self-assembled peptide scaffold would promote axonal regeneration by stabilizing microtubules during the treatment of SCI. In the present study, the mechanistic functions of the Taxol-releasing system were clarified in vitro and in vivo using immunofluorescence labeling, histology and neurobehavioral analyses. Based on the findings from the in vitro study, Taxol released from a biological functionalized SAP nanofiber scaffold (FGLmx/Taxol) remained active and promoted neurite extension. In this study, we used a weight-drop contusion model to induce SCI at T9. The local delivery of Taxol from FGLmx/Taxol significantly decreased glial scarring and increased the number of nerve fibers compared with the use of FGLmx and 5% glucose. Furthermore, animals administered FGLmx/Taxol exhibited neurite preservation, smaller cavity dimensions, and decreased inflammation and demyelination. Thus, the local delivery of Taxol from FGLmx/Taxol was effective at promoting recovery after SCI and has potential as a new therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingtao Yao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiedong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qixin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongchao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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73
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Jack AS, Hurd C, Martin J, Fouad K. Electrical Stimulation as a Tool to Promote Plasticity of the Injured Spinal Cord. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1933-1953. [PMID: 32438858 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike their peripheral nervous system counterparts, the capacity of central nervous system neurons and axons for regeneration after injury is minimal. Although a myriad of therapies (and different combinations thereof) to help promote repair and recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) have been trialed, few have progressed from bench-top to bedside. One of the few such therapies that has been successfully translated from basic science to clinical applications is electrical stimulation (ES). Although the use and study of ES in peripheral nerve growth dates back nearly a century, only recently has it started to be used in a clinical setting. Since those initial experiments and seminal publications, the application of ES to restore function and promote healing have greatly expanded. In this review, we discuss the progression and use of ES over time as it pertains to promoting axonal outgrowth and functional recovery post-SCI. In doing so, we consider four major uses for the study of ES based on the proposed or documented underlying mechanism: (1) using ES to introduce an electric field at the site of injury to promote axonal outgrowth and plasticity; (2) using spinal cord ES to activate or to increase the excitability of neuronal networks below the injury; (3) using motor cortex ES to promote corticospinal tract axonal outgrowth and plasticity; and (4) leveraging the timing of paired stimuli to produce plasticity. Finally, the use of ES in its current state in the context of human SCI studies is discussed, in addition to ongoing research and current knowledge gaps, to highlight the direction of future studies for this therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Jack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caitlin Hurd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, and City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karim Fouad
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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74
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Lee J, Shin JE, Lee B, Kim H, Jeon Y, Ahn SH, Chi SW, Cho Y. The stem cell marker Prom1 promotes axon regeneration by down-regulating cholesterol synthesis via Smad signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15955-15966. [PMID: 32554499 PMCID: PMC7355016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920829117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is regulated by a neuron-intrinsic transcriptional program that is suppressed during development but that can be reactivated following peripheral nerve injury. Here we identify Prom1, which encodes the stem cell marker prominin-1, as a regulator of the axon regeneration program. Prom1 expression is developmentally down-regulated, and the genetic deletion of Prom1 in mice inhibits axon regeneration in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures and in the sciatic nerve, revealing the neuronal role of Prom1 in injury-induced regeneration. Elevating prominin-1 levels in cultured DRG neurons or in mice via adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery enhances axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo, allowing outgrowth on an inhibitory substrate. Prom1 overexpression induces the consistent down-regulation of cholesterol metabolism-associated genes and a reduction in cellular cholesterol levels in a Smad pathway-dependent manner, which promotes axonal regrowth. We find that prominin-1 interacts with the type I TGF-β receptor ALK4, and that they synergistically induce phosphorylation of Smad2. These results suggest that Prom1 and cholesterol metabolism pathways are possible therapeutic targets for the promotion of neural recovery after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Shin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 49201 Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohm Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea;
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75
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Liu H, Su D, Liu L, Chen L, Zhao Y, Chan SO, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang J. Identification of a new functional domain of Nogo-A that promotes inflammatory pain and inhibits neurite growth through binding to NgR1. FASEB J 2020; 34:10948-10965. [PMID: 32598099 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000377r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a key inhibitory molecule to axon regeneration, and plays diverse roles in other pathological conditions, such as stroke, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Nogo-66 and Nogo-Δ20 fragments are two known functional domains of Nogo-A, which act through the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), respectively. Here, we reported a new functional domain of Nogo-A, Nogo-A aa 846-861, was identified in the Nogo-A-specific segment that promotes complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. Intrathecal injection of its antagonist peptide 846-861PE or the specific antibody attenuated the CFA-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. The 846-861 PE reduced the content of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and decreased the response of DRG neurons to capsaicin. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in LIMK/cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization. GST pull-down and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays both showed that Nogo-A aa 846-861 bound to NgR1. Moreover, we demonstrated that Nogo-A aa 846-861 inhibited neurite outgrowth from cortical neurons and DRG explants. We concluded that Nogo-A aa 846-861 is a novel ligand of NgR1, which activates the downstream signaling pathways that inhibit axon growth and promote inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicun Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqiang Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sun-On Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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76
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Chang C, Hisamoto N. Engulfment Genes Promote Neuronal Regeneration in
Caenorhabditis Elegans
: Two Divergent But Complementary Views. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900185. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Dept. of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho, Chikusa‐ku, Aichi Prefecture Nagoya 464‐8602 Japan
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77
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Lee JS, Hsu YH, Chiu YS, Jou IM, Chang MS. Anti-IL-20 antibody improved motor function and reduced glial scar formation after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:156. [PMID: 32408881 PMCID: PMC7227062 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating neurological consequences, which can result in partial or total paralysis. Irreversible neurological deficits and glial scar formation are characteristic of SCI. Inflammatory responses are a major component of secondary injury and play a central role in regulating the pathogenesis of SCI. IL-20 is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in renal fibrosis and liver cirrhosis through its role in upregulating TGF-β1 production. However, the role of IL-20 in SCI remains unclear. We hypothesize that IL-20 is upregulated after SCI and is involved in regulating the neuroinflammatory response. METHODS The expression of IL-20 and its receptors was examined in SCI rats. The regulatory roles of IL-20 in astrocytes and neuron cells were examined. The therapeutic effects of anti-IL-20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7E in SCI rats were evaluated. RESULTS Immunofluorescence staining showed that IL-20 and its receptors were expressed in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the spinal cord after SCI in rats. In vitro, IL-20 enhanced astrocyte reactivation and cell migration in human astrocyte (HA) cells by upregulating glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), TGF-β1, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 expression. IL-20 inhibited cell proliferation and nerve growth factor (NGF)-derived neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells through Sema3A/NRP-1 upregulation. In vivo, treating SCI rats with anti-IL-20 mAb 7E remarkably inhibited the inflammatory responses. 7E treatment not only improved motor and sensory functions but also improved spinal cord tissue preservation and reduced glial scar formation in SCI rats. CONCLUSIONS IL-20 might regulate astrocyte reactivation and axonal regeneration and result in the secondary injury in SCI. These findings demonstrated that IL-20 may be a promising target for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Shun Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shu Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shi Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
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78
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Wang Y, Li B, Xu H, Du S, Liu T, Ren J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Lu L. Growth and elongation of axons through mechanical tension mediated by fluorescent-magnetic bifunctional Fe 3O 4·Rhodamine 6G@PDA superparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:64. [PMID: 32334582 PMCID: PMC7183675 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary strategy to repair peripheral nerve injuries is to bridge the lesions by promoting axon regeneration. Thus, the ability to direct and manipulate neuronal cell axon regeneration has been one of the top priorities in the field of neuroscience. A recent innovative approach for remotely guiding neuronal regeneration is to incorporate magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into cells and transfer the resulting MNP-loaded cells into a magnetically sensitive environment to respond to an external magnetic field. To realize this intention, the synthesis and preparation of ideal MNPs is an important challenge to overcome. Results In this study, we designed and prepared novel fluorescent-magnetic bifunctional Fe3O4·Rhodamine 6G@polydopamine superparticles (FMSPs) as neural regeneration therapeutics. With the help of their excellent biocompatibility and ability to interact with neural cells, our in-house fabricated FMSPs can be endocytosed into cells, transported along the axons, and then aggregated in the growth cones. As a result, the mechanical forces generated by FMSPs can promote the growth and elongation of axons and stimulate gene expression associated with neuron growth under external magnetic fields. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that FMSPs can be used as a novel stimulator to promote noninvasive neural regeneration through cell magnetic actuation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Binxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Ren
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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79
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Liu Q, Lv HW, Yang S, He YQ, Ma QR, Liu J. NEP1-40 alleviates behavioral phenotypes and promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation in the hippocampus of cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134872. [PMID: 32112820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that the failure of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation as a major cause of remyelination failure in demyelinating disease. The reasons for this failure are not completely understood. We hypothesized that the present of myelin debris in CNS play an important role in poor OPCs differentiation in the mouse model of demyelinating disease. METHODS Mice were fed by the food mixed with normal or 0.2 % cuprizone (CPZ) for 6 weeks. Then the learning and memory impairment were tested by Morris water maze test. The spontaneous alternation behavior and depression-like symptoms were assessed by tail suspension test and open filed test. The number of OPCs and oligodendrocytes were counted by immunofluorescence. After exposed to CPZ for 6 weeks, the mice were then receiving stereotactic injection of NEP1-40 into the CA3 of hippocampus. The behavioral, learning and memory changes were assessed by tail suspension test and open field test. The differentiation of OPCs were detected by immunofluorescence and western blot. RESULTS The mice in CPZ group are more likely to show signs of depression and they showed impairment of long-term learning and memory function. The differentiation of OPCs were impaired in CPZ group. We found that mice treated with NEP1-40 showed less depression-like symptom in TST and higher locomotor activity in the OFT than the mice treated with PBS. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggest that NEP1-40 can promote OPC differentiation and survival. Further study should focus on the effect of NEP1-40 on the differentiation and survival of OPCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hao-Wen Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qing He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Quan-Rui Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
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80
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Patel NJ, Hogan KJ, Rizk E, Stewart K, Madrid A, Vadakkadath Meethal S, Alisch R, Borth L, Papale LA, Ondoma S, Gorges LR, Weber K, Lake W, Bauer A, Hariharan N, Kuehn T, Cook T, Keles S, Newton MA, Iskandar BJ. Ancestral Folate Promotes Neuronal Regeneration in Serial Generations of Progeny. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2048-2071. [PMID: 31919777 PMCID: PMC7125003 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Folate supplementation in F0 mating rodents increases regeneration of injured spinal axons in vivo in 4 or more generations of progeny (F1-F4) in the absence of interval folate administration to the progeny. Transmission of the enhanced regeneration phenotype to untreated progeny parallels axonal growth in neuron culture after in vivo folate administration to the F0 ancestors alone, in correlation with differential patterns of genomic DNA methylation and RNA transcription in treated lineages. Enhanced axonal regeneration phenotypes are observed with diverse folate preparations and routes of administration, in outbred and inbred rodent strains, and in two rodent genera comprising rats and mice, and are reversed in F4-F5 progeny by pretreatment with DNA demethylating agents prior to phenotyping. Uniform transmission of the enhanced regeneration phenotype to progeny together with differential patterns of DNA methylation and RNA expression is consistent with a non-Mendelian mechanism. The capacity of an essential nutritional co-factor to induce a beneficial transgenerational phenotype in untreated offspring carries broad implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of inborn and acquired disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav J Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Kirk J Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elias Rizk
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Krista Stewart
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Andy Madrid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Sivan Vadakkadath Meethal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Reid Alisch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Laura Borth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Ligia A Papale
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Solomon Ondoma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Logan R Gorges
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Kara Weber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Wendell Lake
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Andrew Bauer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Nithya Hariharan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Thomas Kuehn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Thomas Cook
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael A Newton
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bermans J Iskandar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/832, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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81
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Nikulina E, Gkioka V, Siddiq MM, Mellado W, Hilaire M, Cain CR, Hannila SS, Filbin MT. Myelin-associated glycoprotein inhibits neurite outgrowth through inactivation of the small GTPase Rap1. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1389-1402. [PMID: 31985825 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rap1 is a small GTPase that has been implicated in dendritic development and plasticity. In this study, we investigated the role of Rap1 in axonal growth and its activation in response to neurotrophins and myelin-associated inhibitors. We report that Rap1 is activated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and that this activation can be blocked by myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) or central nervous system myelin, which also induced increases in Rap1GAP1 levels. In addition, we demonstrate that adenoviral overexpression of Rap1 enhances neurite outgrowth in the presence of MAG and myelin, while inhibition of Rap1 activity through overexpression of Rap1GAP1 blocks neurite outgrowth. These findings suggest that Rap1GAP1 negatively regulates neurite outgrowth, making it a potential therapeutic target to promote axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nikulina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasiliki Gkioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Mustafa M Siddiq
- Icahn Medical Institute 12-52, Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Melissa Hilaire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine R Cain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Sari S Hannila
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marie T Filbin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY, USA
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82
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Möllmert S, Kharlamova MA, Hoche T, Taubenberger AV, Abuhattum S, Kuscha V, Kurth T, Brand M, Guck J. Zebrafish Spinal Cord Repair Is Accompanied by Transient Tissue Stiffening. Biophys J 2019; 118:448-463. [PMID: 31870536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe injury to the mammalian spinal cord results in permanent loss of function due to the formation of a glial-fibrotic scar. Both the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of the scar tissue have been implicated to inhibit neuronal regrowth and functional recovery. By contrast, adult zebrafish are able to repair spinal cord tissue and restore motor function after complete spinal cord transection owing to a complex cellular response that includes axon regrowth and is accompanied by neurogenesis. The mechanical mechanisms contributing to successful spinal cord repair in adult zebrafish are, however, currently unknown. Here, we employ atomic force microscopy-enabled nanoindentation to determine the spatial distributions of apparent elastic moduli of living spinal cord tissue sections obtained from uninjured zebrafish and at distinct time points after complete spinal cord transection. In uninjured specimens, spinal gray matter regions were stiffer than white matter regions. During regeneration after transection, the spinal cord tissues displayed a significant increase of the respective apparent elastic moduli that transiently obliterated the mechanical difference between the two types of matter before returning to baseline values after the completion of repair. Tissue stiffness correlated variably with cell number density, oligodendrocyte interconnectivity, axonal orientation, and vascularization. This work constitutes the first quantitative mapping of the spatiotemporal changes of spinal cord tissue stiffness in regenerating adult zebrafish and provides the tissue mechanical basis for future studies into the role of mechanosensing in spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Hoche
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Shada Abuhattum
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; JPK Instruments, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institut for the Science of Light & Max-Planck Institut für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Kuscha
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institut for the Science of Light & Max-Planck Institut für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.
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83
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He Y, Liu X, Chen Z. Glial Scar-a Promising Target for Improving Outcomes After CNS Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:340-352. [PMID: 31776856 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After central nervous system (CNS) injury, a series of stress responses induce astrocytes activation. Reactive astrocytes, which are typically different from astrocytes in normal conditions in altered morphology and gene expression, combine with extracellular matrix (ECM) components to form a glial scar at the lesion site, which walls of the injured region from neighboring healthier tissue. However, as a physical and molecular barrier, glial scar can impede patients' functional recovery in the late period of CNS injury. Thus, inhibiting glial scar formation in the chronic stage after CNS injury may be a promising target to improve outcomes. Since the therapeutic strategies targeting on mediating glial scar formation are regarded as an important part on improving functional recovery after CNS injury, in this review, we focus on the regulating effects of related signaling pathways and other molecules on glial scar, and the process of glial scar formation and the roles that it plays during the acute and chronic stages are also expounded in this article. We hope to get a comprehensive understanding of glial scar during CNS injury based on current researches and to open new perspectives for the therapies to promote functional recovery after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuyi People's Hospital, 28 Hongwu Road, Xuyi, 211700, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuyi People's Hospital, 28 Hongwu Road, Xuyi, 211700, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuyi People's Hospital, 28 Hongwu Road, Xuyi, 211700, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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84
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Andries L, De Groef L, Moons L. Neuroinflammation and Optic Nerve Regeneration: Where Do We Stand in Elucidating Underlying Cellular and Molecular Players? Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:397-409. [PMID: 31567007 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1669664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) trauma are highly irreversible, in part because adult mammals lack a robust regenerative capacity. A multifactorial problem underlies the limited axonal regeneration potential. Strikingly, neuroinflammation seems able to induce axonal regrowth in the adult mammalian CNS. It is increasingly clear that both blood-borne and resident inflammatory cells as well as reactivated glial cells affect axonal regeneration. The scope of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the knowledge that links inflammation (with a focus on the innate immune system) to axonal regeneration and to critically reflect on the controversy that still prevails about the cells, molecules and pathways that are dominating the scene. Also, a brief overview is given of what is already known about the crosstalk between and the heterogeneity of cell types that might play a role in axonal regeneration. Recent research indicates that inflammation-induced axonal regrowth is not solely driven by a single-cell population but probably relies on the crosstalk between multiple cell types and the strong regulation of these cell populations in time and space. Moreover, there is growing evidence that the different cell populations are highly heterogeneous and as such can react differently upon injury. This could explain the controversial results that have been obtained over the past years. The primary focus of this manuscript is the retinofugal system of adult mammals, however, when relevant, insights or examples of the spontaneous regenerating zebrafish model and spinal cord research are added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Andries
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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85
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Fernández-Suárez D, Krapacher FA, Andersson A, Ibáñez CF, Kisiswa L. MAG induces apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons through p75 NTR demarcating granule layer/white matter boundary. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:732. [PMID: 31570696 PMCID: PMC6768859 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MAG (Myelin-associated glycoprotein) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, that has been implicated in the control of axonal growth in many neuronal populations including cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). However, it is unclear whether MAG has other functions in central nervous system, in particular, in cerebellar development and patterning. We find that MAG expression in the cerebellum is compartmentalised resulting in increased MAG protein levels in the cerebellar white matter. MAG induces apoptosis in developing CGNs through p75NTR signalling. Deletion of p75NTR in vivo reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in cerebellar white matter during development leading to reduction in the size of white matter in the adulthood. Furthermore, we show that MAG impairs CGNs neurite outgrowth as consequence of MAG-induced apoptosis in CGNs. Mechanistically, we find that MAG/NgR1-induced cell death is dependent of p75NTR-mediated activation of JNK/cell death signalling pathway. Together, these findings identify the mechanisms by which MAG induces CGNs apoptotic activity, a crucial event that facilitates cerebellar layer refinement during development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Favio A Krapacher
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Andersson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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86
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Guo S, Perets N, Betzer O, Ben-Shaul S, Sheinin A, Michaelevski I, Popovtzer R, Offen D, Levenberg S. Intranasal Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes Loaded with Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog siRNA Repairs Complete Spinal Cord Injury. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10015-10028. [PMID: 31454225 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) usually suffer from permanent neurological deficits, while spontaneous recovery and therapeutic efficacy are limited. Here, we demonstrate that when given intranasally, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exo) could pass the blood brain barrier and migrate to the injured spinal cord area. Furthermore, MSC-Exo loaded with phosphatase and tensin homolog small interfering RNA (ExoPTEN) could attenuate the expression of PTEN in the injured spinal cord region following intranasal administrations. In addition, the loaded MSC-Exo considerably enhanced axonal growth and neovascularization, while reducing microgliosis and astrogliosis. The intranasal ExoPTEN therapy could also partly improve structural and electrophysiological function and, most importantly, significantly elicited functional recovery in rats with complete SCI. The results imply that intranasal ExoPTEN may be used clinically to promote recovery for SCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Shantou University Medical College , Shantou 515041 , China
| | | | - Oshra Betzer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Shahar Ben-Shaul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
| | | | - Izhak Michaelevski
- Department of Molecular Biology , Ariel University , Ariel 40700 , Israel
| | - Rachela Popovtzer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | | | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
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87
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Wei X, Luo L, Chen J. Roles of mTOR Signaling in Tissue Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091075. [PMID: 31547370 PMCID: PMC6769890 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is a serine/threonine protein kinase and belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family. mTOR interacts with other subunits to form two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 coordinates cell growth and metabolism in response to environmental input, including growth factors, amino acid, energy and stress. mTORC2 mainly controls cell survival and migration through phosphorylating glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK), protein kinase B (Akt), and protein kinase C (PKC) kinase families. The dysregulation of mTOR is involved in human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy. Tissue damage caused by trauma, diseases or aging disrupt the tissue functions. Tissue regeneration after injuries is of significance for recovering the tissue homeostasis and functions. Mammals have very limited regenerative capacity in multiple tissues and organs, such as the heart and central nervous system (CNS). Thereby, understanding the mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration is crucial for tissue repair and regenerative medicine. mTOR is activated in multiple tissue injuries. In this review, we summarize the roles of mTOR signaling in tissue regeneration such as neurons, muscles, the liver and the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jinzi Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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88
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Ong W, Pinese C, Chew SY. Scaffold-mediated sequential drug/gene delivery to promote nerve regeneration and remyelination following traumatic nerve injuries. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:19-48. [PMID: 30910595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue regeneration following traumatic injuries is often subpar. As a result, the field of neural tissue engineering has evolved to find therapeutic interventions and has seen promising outcomes. However, robust nerve and myelin regeneration remain elusive. One possible reason may be the fact that tissue regeneration often follows a complex sequence of events in a temporally-controlled manner. Although several other fields of tissue engineering have begun to recognise the importance of delivering two or more biomolecules sequentially for more complete tissue regeneration, such serial delivery of biomolecules in neural tissue engineering remains limited. This review aims to highlight the need for sequential delivery to enhance nerve regeneration and remyelination after traumatic injuries in the central nervous system, using spinal cord injuries as an example. In addition, possible methods to attain temporally-controlled drug/gene delivery are also discussed for effective neural tissue regeneration.
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89
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GSK-3 Inhibitor Promotes Neuronal Cell Regeneration and Functional Recovery in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9628065. [PMID: 31467921 PMCID: PMC6699364 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9628065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The reparative process following spinal cord injury (SCI) is extremely complicated. Cells in the microenvironment express multiple inhibitory factors that affect axonal regeneration over a prolonged period of time. The axon growth inhibitory factor glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an important factor during these processes. TDZD-8 (4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione) is the most effective and specific non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3. Here, we show that administering TDZD-8 after SCI was associated with significantly inhibited neuronal apoptosis, upregulated GAP-43 expression, increased density of cortical spinal tract fibers around areas of injury, and increased Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores in the lower limbs. These findings support the notion that GSK-3 inhibitors promote neuronal cell regeneration and lower limb functional recovery.
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90
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Shan D, Ma C, Yang J. Enabling biodegradable functional biomaterials for the management of neurological disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:219-238. [PMID: 31228483 PMCID: PMC6888967 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of patients are being diagnosed with neurological diseases, but are rarely cured because of the lack of curative therapeutic approaches. This situation creates an urgent clinical need to develop effective diagnosis and treatment strategies for repair and regeneration of injured or diseased neural tissues. In this regard, biodegradable functional biomaterials provide promising solutions to meet this demand owing to their unique responsiveness to external stimulation fields, which enable neuro-imaging, neuro-sensing, specific targeting, hyperthermia treatment, controlled drug delivery, and nerve regeneration. This review discusses recent progress in the research and development of biodegradable functional biomaterials including electroactive biomaterials, magnetic materials and photoactive biomaterials for the management of neurological disorders with emphasis on their applications in bioimaging (photoacoustic imaging, MRI and fluorescence imaging), biosensing (electrochemical sensing, magnetic sensing and opical sensing), and therapy strategies (drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment, and tissue engineering). It is expected that this review will provide an insightful discussion on the roles of biodegradable functional biomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases, and lead to innovations for the design and development of the next generation biodegradable functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingying Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chuying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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91
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Yu C, Xia K, Gong Z, Ying L, Shu J, Zhang F, Chen Q, Li F, Liang C. The Application of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells for Regenerative Therapy of Spinal Cord Injury. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:495-503. [PMID: 30924422 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190329095638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event, and there are still no effective therapies currently
available. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have gained increasing attention as promising regenerative
therapy of SCI. NSCs based therapies of various neural diseases in animal models and clinical trials
have been widely investigated. In this review we aim to summarize the development and recent progress
in the application of NSCs in cell transplantation therapy for SCI. After brief introduction on
sequential genetic steps regulating spinal cord development in vivo, we describe current experimental
approaches for neural induction of NSCs in vitro. In particular, we focus on NSCs induced from pluripotent
stem cells (PSCs). Finally, we highlight recent progress on the NSCs, which show great promise
in the application to regeneration therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liwei Ying
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiawei Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
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92
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Injection of Fluoro-Gold into the tibial nerve leads to prolonged but reversible functional deficits in rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9906. [PMID: 31289330 PMCID: PMC6616333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tract tracing with neuronal tracers not only represents a straightforward approach to identify axonal projection connection between regions of the nervous system at distance but also provides compelling evidence for axonal regeneration. An ideal neuronal tracer meets certain criteria including high labeling efficacy, minimal neurotoxicity, rapid labeling, suitable stability in vivo, and compatibility to tissue processing for histological/immunohistochemical staining. Although labeling efficacy of commonly used fluorescent tracers has been studied extensively, neurotoxicity and their effect on neural functions remains poorly understood. In the present study, we comprehensively evaluated motor and sensory nerve function 2-24 weeks after injection of retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG), True Blue (TB) or Fluoro-Ruby (FR) in the tibial nerve in adult Spague-Dawley rats. We found that motor and sensory nerve functions were completely recovered by 24 weeks after tracer exposure, and that FG lead to a more prolonged delay in functional recovery than TB. These findings shed light on the long-term effect of tracers on nerve function and peripheral axonal regeneration, and therefore have implications in selection of appropriate tracers in relevant studies.
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93
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Zuo M, Guo H, Wan T, Zhao N, Cai H, Zha M, Xiong Y, Xie Y, Ye R, Liu X. Wallerian degeneration in experimental focal cortical ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:194-202. [PMID: 31051228 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WaD), commonly secondary to cerebral infarction, is the descending damage of fiber tracts with their accompanying myelin sheaths. However, whether this sequential injury can occur in non-ischemic corpus callosum (CC) and striatum in focal cortical ischemic model has not been fully demonstrated. The present study aimed to elucidate detailed histopathologic changes in CC and striatum after acute focal cortical infarction induced by permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) in Sprague-Dawley rat. We found that myelin integrity, myelin-related proteins, MBP and MAG, and NF200-marked neurofilaments were all compromised in non-ischemic white matter regions, bilateral CC and ipsilateral striatum, along with cortical ischemia (all P < 0.05). Electron microscopy showed wide gaps between myelin sheath layers or between axon and myelin, with an abnormal folding of myelin sheath, and enlarged fluid-filled areas. APP accumulations were noted at 24 h post-dMCAO in those non-ischemic regions, and the deposition prolonged until 14 days after cortical ischemia (all P < 0.05). Moreover, in these areas, microglia and astrocytes were robustly and persistently activated in different patterns. No substantial changes were observed in contralateral striatum. In conclusion, our results suggest that WaD may be involved in non-ischemic CC and striatum after focal cortical infarction, accompanied by APP aggregation and neuroglia initiation forming the glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China; Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hongquan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Nana Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Haodi Cai
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Mingming Zha
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yunyun Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China
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94
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Askvig JM, Watt JA. Absence of axonal sprouting following unilateral lesion in 125-day-old rat supraoptic nucleus may be due to age-dependent decrease in protein levels of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2291-2301. [PMID: 30861131 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of a 35-day-old rat, we previously demonstrated a collateral sprouting response that reinnervates the partially denervated neural lobe (NL) after unilateral lesion of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract. Others have shown a decreased propensity for axonal sprouting in an aged brain; therefore, to see if the SON exhibits a decreased propensity for axonal sprouting as the animal ages, we performed a unilateral lesion in the 125-day-old rat SON. Ultrastructural analysis of axon profiles in the NL of the 125-day-old rat demonstrated an absence of axonal sprouting following injury. We previously demonstrated that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) promotes process outgrowth from injured magnocellular neuron axons in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that the lack of axonal sprouting in the 125-day-old rat SON may be due to a reduction in CNTF or the CNTF receptor components. To this point, we found that as the rat ages there is significantly less CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFRα) protein in the uninjured, 125-day-old rat compared to the uninjured, 35-day-old rat. We also observed that protein levels of CNTF and the CNTF receptor components were increased in the SON and NL following injury in the 35-day-old rat, but there was no difference in the protein levels in the 125-day-old rat. Altogether, the results presented herein demonstrate that the plasticity within the SON is highly dependent on the age of the rat, and that a decrease in CNTFRα protein levels in the 125-day-old rat may contribute to the loss of axonal sprouting following axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Askvig
- Department of Biology, Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota
| | - John A Watt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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95
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Hakim JS, Rodysill BR, Chen BK, Schmeichel AM, Yaszemski MJ, Windebank AJ, Madigan NN. Combinatorial tissue engineering partially restores function after spinal cord injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:857-873. [PMID: 30808065 DOI: 10.1002/term.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds provide a beneficial microenvironment in transected rat spinal cord. A combinatorial biomaterials-based strategy provided a microenvironment that facilitated regeneration while reducing foreign body reaction to the three-dimensional spinal cord construct. We used poly lactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres to provide sustained release of rapamycin from Schwann cell (SC)-loaded, positively charged oligo-polyethylene glycol fumarate scaffolds. The biological activity and dose-release characteristics of rapamycin from microspheres alone and from microspheres embedded in the scaffold were determined in vitro. Three dose formulations of rapamycin were compared with controls in 53 rats. We observed a dose-dependent reduction in the fibrotic reaction to the scaffold and improved functional recovery over 6 weeks. Recovery was replicated in a second cohort of 28 animals that included retransection injury. Immunohistochemical and stereological analysis demonstrated that blood vessel number, surface area, vessel diameter, basement membrane collagen, and microvessel phenotype within the regenerated tissue was dependent on the presence of SCs and rapamycin. TRITC-dextran injection demonstrated enhanced perfusion into scaffold channels. Rapamycin also increased the number of descending regenerated axons, as assessed by Fast Blue retrograde axonal tracing. These results demonstrate that normalization of the neovasculature was associated with enhanced axonal regeneration and improved function after spinal cord transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Hakim
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Bingkun K Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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96
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Cognitive and Emotional Empathy in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:1312934. [PMID: 30881519 PMCID: PMC6387693 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1312934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Empathy has been conceptualized as comprising a cognitive and an emotional component, the latter being further divided into direct and indirect aspects, which refer, respectively, to the explicit evaluation of the observer's feelings while attending someone in an emotional situation and to the physiological response of the observer. Empathy has been previously investigated in several neurological disorders. Objective This study is aimed at investigating empathy in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesize that, due to deafferentation following their injury, SCI patients will display difficulty in the processing of emotional stimuli and blunted empathic responses as compared to healthy controls. Materials and Methods 20 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) (12 males and 8 females, mean age = 50.9, standard deviation (SD) = 16.1 years; mean education = 10.9, SD = 4.1 years) were included in the study and compared to 20 matched healthy subjects. Participants were investigated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) (STAI-Y), the Beck Depression Scale, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Moreover, participants were further evaluated by means of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), which explores both cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy, and through an experimental protocol based on the use of a modified version of the computerized Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) to evaluate emotional (direct and indirect) empathy and the ability to judge the valence of complex emotional scenes. Results As compared to healthy controls, SCI patients reported higher scores on the Perspective-Taking subscale of the IRI, while, on the modified MET, they were less accurate in identifying the valence of neutral scenes, notwithstanding their spared direct and indirect emotional empathy ability. Furthermore, we found a significant negative correlation between the time interval since injury and the direct emotional empathy scores on the positive images, as well as a negative correlation with the indirect emotional empathy scores on both positive and neutral images, indicating a blunting of the empathic responses as time elapses. Conclusion Results suggest that SCI patients, when analyzing the meaning of emotional stimuli, tend to rely on a cognitive empathy strategy rather than on emotion simulation.
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97
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Timmler S, Simons M. Grey matter myelination. Glia 2019; 67:2063-2070. [PMID: 30860619 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence that myelin is not only generated early in development, but also during adulthood possibly contributing to lifelong plasticity of the brain. In particular, human cortical areas responsible for the highest cognitive functions seem to require decades until they have reached their maximal amount of myelination. Currently, we know very little about the mechanisms and the functions of grey matter myelination. In this emerging field key questions await to be addressed: How long does myelination last in humans? How is grey matter myelination regulated? What is the function of myelin in the grey matter? Does grey matter myelination limit and/or promote neuronal plasticity? Finding answers to these questions will be important for our understanding of normal, but also abnormal cortex function in a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Timmler
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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98
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Elmer S, Hänggi J, Vaquero L, Cadena GO, François C, Rodríguez-Fornells A. Tracking the microstructural properties of the main white matter pathways underlying speech processing in simultaneous interpreters. Neuroimage 2019; 191:518-528. [PMID: 30831314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high linguistic and cognitive demands placed on real-time language translation, professional simultaneous interpreters (SIs) have previously been proposed to serve as a reasonable model for evaluating experience-dependent brain properties. However, currently it is still unknown whether intensive language training during adulthood might be reflected in microstructural changes in language-related white matter pathways contributing to sound-to-meaning mapping, auditory-motor integration, and verbal memory functions. Accordingly, we used a fully automated probabilistic tractography algorithm and compared the white matter microstructure of the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), uncinate fasciculus (UF), and arcuate fasciculus (AF, long and anterior segments) between professional SIs and multilingual control participants. In addition, we classically re-evaluated the three constitutional elements of the AF (long, anterior, and posterior segments) using a deterministic manual dissection procedure. Automated probabilistic tractography demonstrated overall reduced mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased radial diffusivity (RD) in SIs in the fiber tracts of the left hemisphere (LH). Furthermore, SIs exhibited reduced mean FA in the bilateral AF. However, according to manual dissection, this effect was limited to the anterior AF segment and accompanied by increased mean RD. Deterministic AF reconstruction also uncovered increased mean FA in the right and RD in the left long AF segment in SIs compared to controls. These results point to a relationship between simultaneous interpreting and white matter organization of pathways underlying speech and language processing in the language-dominant LH as well as of the AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Elmer
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097, Barcelona, Spain; Division Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jürgen Hänggi
- Division Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lucía Vaquero
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cognition, Development and Education Pychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratory of Motor learning and Neural Plasticity, Concordia University, 7141 Rue Sherbrooke West, H4B 1R6, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Guillem Olivé Cadena
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clément François
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, ICREA, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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99
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Fastigial nucleus electrostimulation promotes axonal regeneration after experimental stroke via cAMP/PKA pathway. Neurosci Lett 2019; 699:177-183. [PMID: 30753912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration after cerebral ischemia in mammals is inadequate to restore function, illustrating the need to design better strategies for improving outcomes. Improvement of axon regeneration has been achieved through fastigial nucleus electrostimulation (FNS) in animal researches. However, the mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection remain poorly understood. Increasing the levels of the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) enhances axon regeneration, making it an excellent candidate molecule that has therapeutic potential. In the present study, we examined the expression of cAMP signaling in ischemic brain tissues following focal cerebral ischemia. Adult rats were subjected to ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). A dipolar electrode was placed into the cerebellum to stimulate the cerebellar fastigial nucleus for 1 h after ischemia. Neurological deficits and the expressions of cAMP, PKA (protein kinase A) and ROCK (Rho-kinase) were determined. Axonal regeneration was measured by upregulation of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43). The data indicated that FNS significantly enhanced axonal regeneration and motor function recovery after cerebral ischemia. FNS also significantly increased cAMP and PKA levels after ischemic brain injury. All the beneficial effects of FNS were blocked by Rp-cAMP, an antagonist of PKA. Our research suggested that the axonal regeneration conferred by FNS was likely achieved via the regulation of cAMP/PKA pathway.
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100
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Bandura J, Feng ZP. Current Understanding of the Role of Neuronal Calcium Sensor 1 in Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6080-6094. [PMID: 30719643 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1) is a high-affinity calcium-binding protein and its ubiquitous expression in the nervous system implies a wide range of functions. To date, it has been implicated in regulation of calcium channels in both axonal growth cones and presynaptic terminals, pre- and postsynaptic plasticity mechanisms, learning and memory behaviors, dopaminergic signaling, and axonal regeneration. This review summarizes these functions and relates them to several diseases in which NCS-1 plays a role, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, X-linked mental retardation and fragile X syndrome, and spinal cord injury. Many questions remain unanswered about the role of NCS-1 in these diseases, particularly as the genetic factors that control NCS-1 expression in both normal and diseased states are still poorly understood. The review further identifies the therapeutic potential of manipulating the interaction of NCS-1 with its many targets and suggests directions for future research on the role of NCS-1 in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bandura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 MSB, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 MSB, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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