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Chen J, Xu Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, Xu C, Zhang K, Shen Y, Xu Q. A combined study of genetic association and brain imaging on the DAOA gene in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:191-200. [PMID: 23335491 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While there has been no objective biomarker available for both diagnosis and prognosis of schizophrenia, compelling evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system may influence susceptibility to schizophrenia. To test genetic association of the glutamatergic system with schizophrenia and abnormal brain activities in resting-state patients with schizophrenia, a two-stage association study was performed in 454 patients and 480 controls, followed by regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in 48 first-episode medication-free patients and 43 well-matched controls. The differences in ReHo between genotypes of interest were initially tested by the Student's t-test and the 2 × 2 (genotypes × disease status) ANOVA was then performed to identify the main effects of genotypes, disease status and their interactions in schizophrenia. The stage-1 study showed association of the DAOA and PSEN2 genes with schizophrenia in a small sample; the stage-2 study with an expanded sample confirmed the disease association for 2-SNP and 3-SNP haplotypes, and the cis-phase interactions between rs2391191 and some other SNPs in the DAOA gene. Four clusters with altered ReHo in the bilateral culmen, left putamen and left cuneus were associated with rs2391191. Main effects of rs2391191 genotypes were found in the left putamen. The left cuneus showed a genotype × disease status interaction. In conclusion, the DAOA gene may confer genetic risk of schizophrenia and associate with the altered ReHo in schizophrenia; genotype effect and its interaction with disease status may contribute to the altered ReHo, leading to specific ReHo in schizophrenic brain due to glutamatergic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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Nunes EA, MacKenzie EM, Rossolatos D, Perez-Parada J, Baker GB, Dursun SM. D-serine and schizophrenia: an update. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12:801-12. [PMID: 22853788 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Considering the lengthy history of pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia, the development of novel antipsychotic agents targeting the glutamatergic system is relatively new. A glutamatergic deficit has been proposed to underlie many of the symptoms typically observed in schizophrenia, particularly the negative and cognitive symptoms (which are less likely to respond to current treatments). D-serine is an important coagonist of the glutamate NMDA receptor, and accumulating evidence suggests that D-serine levels and/or activity may be dysfunctional in schizophrenia and that facilitation of D-serine transmission could provide a significant therapeutic breakthrough, especially where conventional treatments have fallen short. A summary of the relevant animal data, as well as genetic studies and clinical trials examining D-serine as an adjunct to standard antipsychotic therapy, is provided in this article. Together, the evidence suggests that research on the next generation of antipsychotic agents should include studies on increasing brain levels of D-serine or mimicking its action on the NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson A Nunes
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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53
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Morrow JA, Gilfillan R, Neale SA. Glutamatergic Approaches for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. DRUG DISCOVERY FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734943-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and plays a key role in most aspects of normal brain function including cognition, learning and memory. Dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders with a growing body of evidence suggesting that hypofunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission via the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. It thus follows that potentiation of NMDA receptor function via pharmacological manipulation may provide therapeutic utility for the treatment of schizophrenia and a number of different approaches are currently being pursued by the pharmaceutical industry with this aim in mind. These include strategies that target the glycine/d-serine site of the NMDA receptor (glycine transporter GlyT1, d-serine transporter ASC-1 and d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors) together with those aimed at enhancing glutamatergic neurotransmission via modulation of AMPA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor function. Such efforts are now beginning to bear fruit with compounds such as the GlyT1 inhibitor RG1678 and mGlu2 agonist LY2140023 proving to have clinical meaningful effects in phase II clinical trials. While more studies are required to confirm long-term efficacy, functional outcome and safety in schizophrenic agents, these agents hold real promise for addressing unmet medical needs, in particular refractory negative and cognitive symptoms, not currently addressed by existing antipsychotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Morrow
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Merck Research Laboratories 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 USA
| | - Robert Gilfillan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 USA
| | - Stuart A. Neale
- Neurexpert Ltd Ground Floor, 2 Woodberry Grove, North Finchley, London, N12 0DR UK
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Drews E, Otte DM, Zimmer A. Involvement of the primate specific gene G72 in schizophrenia: From genetic studies to pathomechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 37:2410-7. [PMID: 23092656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a human mental disorder that affects an individual's thoughts, perception, affect and behavior, which is caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic studies have implicated the evolutionary novel, anthropoid primate-specific gene locus G72/G30 in the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. This gene encodes the protein LG72, which has been discussed as a modulator of the peroxisomal enzyme d-amino-acid-oxidase (DAO), or, alternatively as a mitochondrial protein. Recently, G72 transgenic (G72Tg) mice were generated that express the protein throughout the brain. These mice show several behavioral deficits that are related to schizophrenia. Further, G72Tg mice have a reduced activity of mitochondrial complex I, with a concomitantly increased production of reactive oxygen species, as well as deficits in short-term plasticity. Results from these studies demonstrate that expression of the human G72/G30 gene locus in mice produces behavioral phenotypes that are relevant to schizophrenia. They implicate LG72-induced mitochondrial and synaptic defects as a possible pathomechanism of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Drews
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany.
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55
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Filiou MD, Teplytska L, Otte DM, Zimmer A, Turck CW. Myelination and oxidative stress alterations in the cerebellum of the G72/G30 transgenic schizophrenia mouse model. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:1359-65. [PMID: 22884423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G72/G30 is a primate-specific locus that has been repeatedly implicated as a risk factor in genetic studies of schizophrenia. The function of the longest G72 splice variant (LG72 protein) encoded by this locus is not fully understood. To investigate the role of the LG72 protein in vivo, we have generated transgenic (G72Tg) mice carrying the G72/G30 locus that exhibit schizophrenia-like symptoms. We investigated protein expression alterations in the cerebella of G72Tg compared to wild type (WT) mice using a proteomics approach based on in vivo(15)N metabolic labeling and quantitative mass spectrometry (MS). Our data revealed expression level differences of proteins involved in myelin-related processes, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. Furthermore, in silico pathway analyses suggested common regulators and targets for the observed protein alterations. Our work sheds light on the functional role of the LG72 protein and pinpoints molecular correlates of schizophrenia-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela D Filiou
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany.
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56
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Shi XF, Kondo DG, Sung YH, Hellem TL, Fiedler KK, Jeong EK, Huber RS, Renshaw PF. Frontal lobe bioenergetic metabolism in depressed adolescents with bipolar disorder: a phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14:607-17. [PMID: 22816670 PMCID: PMC4651435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the concentrations of high-energy phosphorus metabolites associated with mitochondrial function in the frontal lobe of depressed adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls (HC). METHODS We used in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31) P-MRS) at 3 Tesla to measure phosphocreatine (PCr), beta-nucleoside triphosphate (β-NTP), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and other neurometabolites in the frontal lobe of eight unmedicated and six medicated adolescents with bipolar depression and 24 adolescent HCs. RESULTS Analysis of covariance, including age as a covariate, revealed differences in PCr (p=0.037), Pi (p=0.017), and PCr/Pi (p=0.002) between participant groups. Percentage neurochemical differences were calculated with respect to mean metabolite concentrations in the HC group. Post-hoc Tukey-Kramer analysis showed that unmedicated BD participants had decreased Pi compared with both HC (17%; p=0.038) and medicated BD (24%; p=0.022). The unmedicated BD group had increased PCr compared with medicated BD (11%; p=0.032). The PCr/Pi ratio was increased in unmedicated BD compared with HC (24%; p=0.013) and with medicated BD (39%; p=0.002). No differences in β-NTP or pH were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the view that frontal lobe mitochondrial function is altered in adolescent BD and may have implications for the use of Pi as a biomarker. These findings join volumetric studies of the amygdala, and proton MRS studies of n-acetyl aspartate in pointing to potential differences in neurobiology between pediatric and adult BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Shi
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Douglas G Kondo
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Young-Hoon Sung
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tracy L Hellem
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kristen K Fiedler
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eun-Kee Jeong
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rebekah S Huber
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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57
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Structure–function relationships in human d-amino acid oxidase. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1833-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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58
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Chen J, Xu Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, Xu C, Zhang K, Shen Y, Xu Q. Genotypic association of the DAOA gene with resting-state brain activity in major depression. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:361-73. [PMID: 22851402 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system may contribute to the pathophysiology of major depression (MDD). While the D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) gene can affect glutamatergic function, its genetic associations with MDD and abnormal resting-state brain activity have yet to be elucidated. A total of 488 patients with MDD and 480 controls were recruited to examine MDD association for the DAOA gene in a Chinese population, of whom 53 medication-free patients and 46 well-matched controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging for regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis. The differences in ReHo between genotypes of interest were initially tested by the Student's t test, and the 2 × 2 (genotypes × disease status) ANOVA was then performed to identify the main effects of genotypes, disease status, and their interactions in MDD. Allelic association of the DAOA gene with MDD was observed for rs2391191, rs3918341, and rs778294 and haplotypic association for 2- and 3-SNP haplotypes. Six clusters in the cerebellum, right middle frontal gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus showed genotypic association between altered ReHo and rs2391191. The main effects of rs2391191 genotypes were found in the right culmen and right middle frontal gyrus. The left uvula and left middle temporal gyrus showed a genotypes × disease status interaction. Our results suggest that the DAOA gene may confer genetic risk of MDD. Genotypic effect of rs2391191 and its interaction with disease status may contribute to the altered ReHo in patients with MDD. Glutamatergic modulation may play an important role in alteration of the resting-state brain activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, No.5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
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59
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Abstract
Major psychiatric illnesses such as mood disorders and schizophrenia are chronic, recurrent mental illnesses that affect the lives of millions of individuals. Although these disorders have traditionally been viewed as 'neurochemical diseases', it is now clear that they are associated with impairments of synaptic plasticity and cellular resilience. Although most patients with these disorders do not have classic mitochondrial disorders, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that impaired mitochondrial function may affect key cellular processes, thereby altering synaptic functioning and contributing to the atrophic changes that underlie the deteriorating long-term course of these illnesses. Enhancing mitochondrial function could represent an important avenue for the development of novel therapeutics and also presents an opportunity for a potentially more efficient drug-development process.
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60
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Chiesa A, Pae CU, Porcelli S, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Park MH, Jun TY, Serretti A. DAOA Variants on Diagnosis and Response to Treatment in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:258-65. [DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether selected D-amino acid oxidase activator ( DAOA) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs3916966, rs3916967, rs2391191, rs3916968, rs7139958, rs9558571, rs778293) are associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), and whether they can predict clinical outcomes in Korean in-patients treated with antidepressants and mood stabilizers, respectively. METHODS: In total, 145 patients with MDD, 132 patients with BD and 170 psychiatrically healthy controls were genotyped for the DAOA SNPs. Baseline and final clinical assessments included the Montgomery—Asberg Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale for patients with MDD and BD, respectively. RESULTS: There was no association between DAOA SNP genotypes or alleles with diagnosis, clinical improvement, response rates or remission rates for MDD and BD. Haplotype analyses found no association with MDD or BD diagnosis or clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the DAOA SNPs investigated may not affect MDD or BD phenotype, clinical symptoms or other clinical factors, and are unlikely to be involved in MDD or BD development and treatment outcomes. Given the study's limitations, further investigation should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chiesa
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C-U Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Porcelli
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Han
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Kyounggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - S-J Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - AA Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - MH Park
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Kyounggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - T-Y Jun
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Serretti
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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61
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Prata DP, Papagni SA, Mechelli A, Fu CHY, Kambeitz J, Picchioni M, Kane F, Kalidindi S, McDonald C, Kravariti E, Toulopoulou T, Bramon E, Walshe M, Murray R, Collier DA, McGuire PK. Effect of D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA; G72) on brain function during verbal fluency. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 33:143-53. [PMID: 21391259 PMCID: PMC6870192 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The D-Amino acid oxidase activator (G72 or DAOA) is believed to play a key role in the regulation of central glutamatergic transmission which is seen to be altered in psychosis. It is thought to regulate D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), which metabolizes D-serine, a co-agonist of NMDA-type glutamate receptors and to be involved in dendritic arborization. Linkage, genetic association and expression studies have implicated the G72 gene in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. AIMS To examine the influence of G72 variation on brain function in the healthy population. METHOD Fifty healthy volunteers were assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a verbal fluency task. Regional brain activation and task-dependent functional connectivity during word generation was compared between different rs746187 genotypes. RESULTS G72 rs746187 genotype had a significant effect on activation in the left postcentral and supramarginal gyri (FWE P < 0.05), and on the task-dependent functional coupling of this region with the retrosplenial cingulate gyrus (FWE P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results may reflect an effect of G72 on glutamatergic transmission, mediated by an influence on D-amino acid oxidase activity, on brain areas particularly relevant to the hypoglutamatergic model of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Prata
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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Andreou D, Saetre P, Werge T, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Sedvall GC, Hall H, Terenius L, Jönsson EG. D-amino acid oxidase activator gene (DAOA) variation affects cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid concentrations in healthy Caucasians. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262:549-56. [PMID: 22454242 PMCID: PMC3464385 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) protein regulates the function of D-amino oxidase (DAO), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (D-DOPA) and D-serine. D-DOPA is converted to L-3,4-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine, whereas D-serine participates in glutamatergic transmission. We hypothesized that DAOA polymorphisms are associated with dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline turnover in the human brain. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms, previously reported to be associated with schizophrenia, were genotyped. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were drawn by lumbar puncture, and the concentrations of the major dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA), the major serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and the major noradrenaline metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured. Two of the investigated polymorphisms, rs3918342 and rs1421292, were significantly associated with CSF HVA concentrations. Rs3918342 was found to be nominally associated with CSF 5-HIAA concentrations. None of the polymorphisms were significantly associated with MHPG concentrations. Our results indicate that DAOA gene variation affects dopamine turnover in healthy individuals, suggesting that disturbed dopamine turnover is a possible mechanism behind the observed associations between genetic variation in DAOA and behavioral phenotypes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Saetre
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Werge
- Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- TOP Project, Division of Psychiatry, Ullevål University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,TOP Project, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry Section Vinderen, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ,Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Göran C. Sedvall
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Hall
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ,Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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63
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Nishikawa T. Analysis of free d-serine in mammals and its biological relevance. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3169-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chiesa A, Pae CU, Porcelli S, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Park MH, Serretti A. DAOA variants and schizophrenia: influence on diagnosis and treatment outcomes. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2011; 15:303-10. [PMID: 22122005 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2011.589518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study explored whether d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) variants were associated with schizophrenia and whether they could predict the clinical outcomes of patients treated with various antipsychotics. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-one (221) patients with schizophrenia and 170 psychiatrically healthy controls were genotyped for seven DAOA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3916966, rs3916967, rs2391191, rs3916968, rs7139958, rs9558571 and rs778293). We also administered baseline and final clinical measures, including the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), to patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS None of the SNPs under investigation was associated with the development of schizophrenia. However, the rs7139958 AA and rs9558571 TT as well as the rs7139958 A and rs9558571 T genotypes were associated with higher scores on the PANSS positive subscale among patients with schizophrenia, possibly reflecting their greater susceptibility to the development of more severe positive symptoms. No other allele, genotype, or haplotype under investigation was significantly associated with any of the clinical parameters, including clinical improvement, in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that rs7139958 and rs9558571 SNPs may be associated with more severe baseline positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, further research is needed to draw more definitive conclusions given the limitations of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Chiesa
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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65
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Otte DM, Sommersberg B, Kudin A, Guerrero C, Albayram Ö, Filiou MD, Frisch P, Yilmaz Ö, Drews E, Turck CW, Bilkei-Gorzó A, Kunz WS, Beck H, Zimmer A. N-acetyl cysteine treatment rescues cognitive deficits induced by mitochondrial dysfunction in G72/G30 transgenic mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2233-43. [PMID: 21716263 PMCID: PMC3176560 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have implicated the evolutionary novel, anthropoid primate-specific gene locus G72/G30 in psychiatric diseases. This gene encodes the protein LG72 that has been discussed to function as a putative activator of the peroxisomal enzyme D-amino-acid-oxidase (DAO) and as a mitochondrial protein. We recently generated 'humanized' bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice (G72Tg) expressing G72 transcripts in cells throughout the brain. These mice exhibit several behavioral phenotypes related to psychiatric diseases. Here we show that G72Tg mice have a reduced activity of mitochondrial complex I, with a concomitantly increased production of reactive oxygen species. Affected neurons display deficits in short-term plasticity and an impaired capability to sustain synaptic activity. These deficits lead to an impairment in spatial memory, which can be rescued by pharmacological treatment with the glutathione precursor N-acetyl cysteine. Our results implicate LG72-induced mitochondrial and synaptic defects as a possible pathomechanism of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David-Marian Otte
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alexei Kudin
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Catalina Guerrero
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Önder Albayram
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Pamela Frisch
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Öznur Yilmaz
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Drews
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz Beck
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Tel: +49 228 688 5303, Fax: +49 228 688 5301, E-mail:
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Sacchi S, Cappelletti P, Giovannardi S, Pollegioni L. Evidence for the interaction of d-amino acid oxidase with pLG72 in a glial cell line. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Nixon DC, Prust MJ, Sambataro F, Tan HY, Mattay VS, Weinberger DR, Callicott JH. Interactive effects of DAOA (G72) and catechol-O-methyltransferase on neurophysiology in prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:1006-8. [PMID: 21215384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that genetic polymorphisms of D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) (M24; rs1421292; T-allele) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) (Val¹⁵⁸Met; rs4680) likely enhance susceptibility to schizophrenia. Previously, clinical association between DAOA M24 (T-allele) and a functionally inefficient 3-marker COMT haplotype (that included COMT Val¹⁵⁸Met) uncovered epistatic effects on risk for schizophrenia. Therefore, we projected that healthy control subjects with risk genotypes for both DAOA M24 (T/T) and COMT Val¹⁵⁸Met (Val/Val) would produce prefrontal inefficiency, a critical physiological marker of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in schizophrenic patients influenced by both familial and heritable factors. METHODS With 3T blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we analyzed in SPM5 the proposed interaction of DAOA and COMT in 82 healthy volunteers performing an N-back executive working memory paradigm (2-back > 0-back). RESULTS As predicted, we detected a functional gene x gene interaction between DAOA and COMT in the DLPFC. CONCLUSIONS The neuroimaging findings here of inefficient information processing in the prefrontal cortex seem to echo prior statistical epistasis between risk alleles for DAOA and COMT, albeit within a small sample. These in vivo results suggest that deleterious genotypes for DAOA and COMT might contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, perhaps through combined glutamatergic and dopaminergic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon C Nixon
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Somerville SM, Lahti AC, Conley RR, Roberts RC. Mitochondria in the striatum of subjects with schizophrenia: relationship to treatment response. Synapse 2011; 65:215-24. [PMID: 20665724 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental illness with neuropathology in many regions, including the striatum. The typical symptoms of this disease are psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions), cognitive impairments, and the deficit syndrome. Not all patients respond to treatment and, in those who do, only psychotic symptoms are improved. Imaging studies support a biological distinction between treatment response and resistance, but postmortem examinations of this issue are rare. This study tests the hypotheses that abnormalities in mitochondria, the energy producing organelles in the cell, may correlate with treatment response. Postmortem striatal tissue was obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection. The density of mitochondria (in various neuropil compartments) and the number of mitochondria per synapse (all types of synapses combined) were tallied using electron microscopy and stereology in striatum from SZ subjects (rated treatment responsive or not) and normal controls. The number of mitochondria per synapse was significantly different among groups for both the caudate nucleus (P < 0.025) and putamen (P < 0.002). Compared to controls, treatment-responsive SZ subjects had a 37-43% decrease in the number of mitochondria per synapse in the caudate nucleus and putamen. In the putamen, treatment-responsive subjects also had decreases in this measure compared to treatment-resistant subjects (34%). Our results provide further support for a biological distinction between treatment response and treatment resistance in SZ. Because treatment responders have fewer mitochondria per synapse than controls, although the treatment-resistant subjects have similar results to that of controls, fewer mitochondria per synapse may be related to treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahza M Somerville
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Catonsville 21228, USA
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69
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Müller DJ, Zai CC, Shinkai T, Strauss J, Kennedy JL. Association between the DAOA/G72 gene and bipolar disorder and meta-analyses in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13:198-207. [PMID: 21443574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA, or G72) is involved in the oxidation of D-serine, an endogenous modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and thus represents an important candidate in psychotic disorders. Several studies reported the DAOA/G72 gene to be associated with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD); however, the associated polymorphisms varied between SZ and BD. This study attempts to replicate the DAOA/G72 findings in BD and to conduct subgroup analyses based on the presence or absence of psychotic symptoms. METHODS Five polymorphisms of the DAOA/G72 gene (rs1341402, rs1935062, rs2391191, rs947267, and rs778294) were analysed for association with BD in a family-based study design (303 core families including 916 individuals). We also conducted a meta-analysis of DAOA/G72 polymorphisms in BD and SZ. RESULTS Marker rs1935062 was significantly associated with BD diagnosis in our sample (Z-score for C-allele= -2.33, p=0.02, uncorrected for genome-wide multiple comparisons). When we examined the subset of BD patients with psychotic symptoms (157 families), no significant results were obtained. Our meta-analysis yielded negative findings for DAOA/G72 markers in BD and positive findings for marker rs2391191 in SZ in East Asians. However, significant heterogeneity across studies limits interpretation. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that suggests a possible role of the DAOA/G72 gene in BD and SZ. Marker rs1935062 may be specifically associated with BD, while marker rs2391191 may be associated with SZ but not with BD. Together with previous studies, these findings suggest that the DAOA/G72 gene confers susceptibility to both BD and SZ, but that different polymorphisms may potentially differentiate between these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Müller
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Labrie V, Wong AHC, Roder JC. Contributions of the D-serine pathway to schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1484-503. [PMID: 21295046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The glutamate neurotransmitter system is one of the major candidate pathways for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and increased understanding of the pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of this system may lead to novel treatments. Glutamatergic hypofunction, particularly at the NMDA receptor, has been hypothesized to underlie many of the symptoms of schizophrenia, including psychosis, negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. This review will focus on D-serine, a co-agonist at the NMDA receptor that in combination with glutamate, is required for full activation of this ion channel receptor. Evidence implicating D-serine, NMDA receptors and related molecules, such as D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), G72 and serine racemase (SRR), in the etiology or pathophysiology of schizophrenia is discussed, including knowledge gained from mouse models with altered D-serine pathway genes and from preliminary clinical trials with D-serine itself or compounds modulating the D-serine pathway. Abnormalities in D-serine availability may underlie glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia, and the development of new treatments acting through the D-serine pathway may significantly improve outcomes for many schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Labrie
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Filiou MD, Turck CW, Martins-de-Souza D. Quantitative proteomics for investigating psychiatric disorders. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 5:38-49. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Clay HB, Sillivan S, Konradi C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and pathology in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 29:311-24. [PMID: 20833242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are severe psychiatric illnesses with a combined prevalence of 4%. A disturbance of energy metabolism is frequently observed in these disorders. Several pieces of evidence point to an underlying dysfunction of mitochondria: (i) decreased mitochondrial respiration; (ii) changes in mitochondrial morphology; (iii) increases in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms and in levels of mtDNA mutations; (iv) downregulation of nuclear mRNA molecules and proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration; (v) decreased high-energy phosphates and decreased pH in the brain; and (vi) psychotic and affective symptoms, and cognitive decline in mitochondrial disorders. Furthermore, transgenic mice with mutated mitochondrial DNA polymerase show mood disorder-like phenotypes. In this review, we will discuss the genetic and physiological components of mitochondria and the evidence for mitochondrial abnormalities in BPD and SZ. We will furthermore describe the role of mitochondria during brain development and the effect of current drugs for mental illness on mitochondrial function. Understanding the role of mitochondria, both developmentally as well as in the ailing brain, is of critical importance to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley B Clay
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Pae CU, Chiesa A, Serretti A. Influence of DAOA gene variants on antipsychotic response after switch to aripiprazole. Psychiatry Res 2010; 178:430-2. [PMID: 20471098 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated possible influences of 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the d-amino acid oxidase activator (rs2391191, rs947267, rs3918342) on clinical outcomes and side effects in 86 Korean schizophrenia patients treated with aripiprazole for 8weeks, finding that individuals carrying rs2391191 A allele had significantly lower brief psychiatric rating scale scores than subjects carrying the G allele at each time point. Further research is needed to determine the role of DAOA on the response to antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Un Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Bucheon, Kyonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
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Gawlik M, Wehner I, Mende M, Jung S, Pfuhlmann B, Knapp M, Stöber G. The DAOA/G30 locus and affective disorders: haplotype based association study in a polydiagnostic approach. BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10:59. [PMID: 20667145 PMCID: PMC2921107 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DAOA/G30 (D-amino acid oxidase activator) gene complex at chromosomal region 13q32-33 is one of the most intriguing susceptibility loci for the major psychiatric disorders, although there is no consensus about the specific risk alleles or haplotypes across studies. METHODS In a case-control sample of German descent (affective psychosis: n = 248; controls: n = 188) we examined seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around DAOA/G30 (rs3916966, rs1935058, rs2391191, rs1935062, rs947267, rs3918342, and rs9558575) for genetic association in a polydiagnostic approach (ICD 10; Leonhard's classification). RESULTS No single marker showed evidence of overall association with affective disorder neither in ICD10 nor Leonhard's classification. Haplotype analysis revealed no association with recurrent unipolar depression or bipolar disorder according to ICD10, within Leonhard's classification manic-depression was associated with a 3-locus haplotype (rs2391191, rs1935062, and rs3916966; P = 0.022) and monopolar depression with a 5-locus combination at the DAOA/G30 core region (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION Our data revealed potential evidence for partially overlapping risk haplotypes at the DAOA/G30 locus in Leonhard's affective psychoses, but do not support a common genetic contribution of the DAOA/G30 gene complex to the pathogenesis of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Gawlik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ingeborg Wehner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Meinhard Mende
- Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Jung
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Würzburg, Lindleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Pfuhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Stöber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Pollegioni L, Sacchi S. Metabolism of the neuromodulator D-serine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2387-404. [PMID: 20195697 PMCID: PMC11115609 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, accumulating evidence has indicated that D-serine is the endogenous ligand for the glycine-modulatory binding site on the NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in various brain areas. D-Serine is synthesized in glial cells and neurons by the pyridoxal-5' phosphate-dependent enzyme serine racemase, and it is released upon activation of glutamate receptors. The cellular concentration of this novel messenger is regulated by both serine racemase isomerization and elimination reactions, as well as by its selective degradation catalyzed by the flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the metabolism of D-serine in human brain at the molecular and cellular levels, with a specific emphasis on the brain localization and regulatory pathways of D-serine, serine racemase, and D-amino acid oxidase. Furthermore, we discuss how D-serine is involved with specific pathological conditions related to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors over- or down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Cataldo AM, McPhie DL, Lange NT, Punzell S, Elmiligy S, Ye NZ, Froimowitz MP, Hassinger LC, Menesale EB, Sargent LW, Logan DJ, Carpenter AE, Cohen BM. Abnormalities in mitochondrial structure in cells from patients with bipolar disorder. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:575-85. [PMID: 20566748 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem, genetic, brain imaging, and peripheral cell studies all support decreased mitochondrial activity as a factor in the manifestation of Bipolar Disorder (BD). Because abnormal mitochondrial morphology is often linked to altered energy metabolism, we investigated whether changes in mitochondrial structure were present in brain and peripheral cells of patients with BD. Mitochondria from patients with BD exhibited size and distributional abnormalities compared with psychiatrically-healthy age-matched controls. Specifically, in brain, individual mitochondria profiles had significantly smaller areas, on average, in BD samples (P = 0.03). In peripheral cells, mitochondria in BD samples were concentrated proportionately more within the perinuclear region than in distal processes (P = 0.0008). These mitochondrial changes did not appear to be correlated with exposure to lithium. Also, these abnormalities in brain and peripheral cells were independent of substantial changes in the actin or tubulin cytoskeleton with which mitochondria interact. The observed changes in mitochondrial size and distribution may be linked to energy deficits and, therefore, may have consequences for cell plasticity, resilience, and survival in patients with BD, especially in brain, which has a high-energy requirement. The findings may have implications for diagnosis, if they are specific to BD, and for treatment, if they provide clues as to the underlying pathophysiology of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Cataldo
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Herms S, Diaconu CC, Jamra RA, Meier S, Bleotu C, Neagu AI, Prelipceanu D, Sima D, Gherghel M, Mihailescu R, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Cichon S, Mühleisen TW. Possible association of different G72/G30 SNPs with mood episodes and persecutory delusions in bipolar I Romanian patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:657-63. [PMID: 20230869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The G72/G30 gene is one of the common loci shared both by schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Studies accumulating since the discovery of this gene complex produced controversial results in both disorders in different populations. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between the G72/G30 gene and bipolar I disorder (BPI) in the Romanian population paying special attention to the association of G72/G30 with lifetime psychosis and in particular with persecutory delusions in BPI patients. METHOD Fourteen G72/G30-SNPs were genotyped in a Romanian sample of 198 BPI patients and 180 controls screened for psychiatric disorders. Statistical analysis was performed with FAMHAP and HAPLOVIEW-v3.32. The significance level of the results was corrected through permutations in 100,000 simulations. RESULTS None of the fourteen SNPs was associated with the global diagnosis of BPI in our total patient sample or with the psychotic BPI subtype. When confining the psychotic phenotype to persecutory delusions, we observed trends to association for SNPs previously associated with schizophrenia and persecutory delusions in BPI [M21 (P=0.080); M22 (P=0.092; P=0.042 under dominant transmission model); M24 (P=0.092)]. Four SNPs reached nominal significance in the non-psychotic BPI subgroup [rs3916965 (M12) (P=0.044), rs1935057 (P=0.037), rs3916967 (M14) (P=0.043), and rs2391191 (M15, non-synonymous) (P=0.043)]. After correction through permutations, the haploblock GA including M14 and M15 showed a trend to association with BPI (P=0.0524; OR=1.82) in the non-psychotic BPI subgroup. CONCLUSION We report a potential association of different G72/G30-SNPs with non-psychotic mood episodes and with persecutory delusions in BPI Romanian patients. The results represent a first partial replication of two studies: Williams et al. (2006) and Schulze et al. (2005). The results have just a suggestive value since the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was not applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Psychiatric Hospital, Sos. Berceni, 10, R-041914, Bucharest, Romania.
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Mössner R, Schuhmacher A, Wagner M, Quednow BB, Frommann I, Kühn KU, Schwab SG, Rietschel M, Falkai P, Wölwer W, Ruhrmann S, Bechdolf A, Gaebel W, Klosterkötter J, Maier W. DAOA/G72 predicts the progression of prodromal syndromes to first episode psychosis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 260:209-15. [PMID: 19763662 PMCID: PMC3128744 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic factors determining the progression of prodromal syndromes to first episode schizophrenia have remained enigmatic to date. In a unique prospective multicentre trial, we assessed whether variants at the D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA)/G72 locus influence progression to psychosis. Young subjects with a prodromal syndrome were observed prospectively for up to 2 years to assess the incidence of progression to schizophrenia or first episode psychosis. Of the 82 probands with a prodromal syndrome, 21 probands experienced progression to psychosis within the observation period. Assessment of nine common variants in the DAOA/G72 locus yielded two variants with the predictive value for symptom progression: all four probands with the rs1341402 CC genotype developed psychosis compared with 17 out of 78 probands with the TT or CT genotypes (chi(2) = 12.348; df = 2; p = 0.002). The relative risk for progression to psychosis was significantly increased in the CC genotype: RR = 4.588 (95% CI = 2.175-4.588). Similarly, for rs778294, 50% of probands with the AA genotype, but only 22% of probands with a GG or GA genotype progressed to psychosis (chi(2) = 7.027; df = 2; p = 0.030). Moreover, haplotype analysis revealed a susceptibility haplotype for progression to psychosis. This is one of the first studies to identify a specific genetic factor for the progression of prodromal syndromes to schizophrenia, and further underscores the importance of the DAOA/G72 gene for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainald Mössner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Anna Schuhmacher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Boris B. Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany ,University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Frommann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Kühn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sibylle G. Schwab
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany ,Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | | | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wölwer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Bechdolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Hartz SM, Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Librant A, Rudd D, Epping EA, Wassink TH. G72 influences longitudinal change in frontal lobe volume in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:640-647. [PMID: 19760675 PMCID: PMC2908546 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder characterized by a variety of structural brain abnormalities that appear to progress across the course of illness. Schizophrenia also is highly heritable, and one gene that has emerged as a possible susceptibility factor is G72. G72 influences brain development and activity by an as-yet unclear mechanism, and multiple studies have reported associations between G72 and schizophrenia. We were interested in linking these domains of investigation by determining whether G72 also influences the rate of longitudinal structural brain changes in individuals with schizophrenia. As part of the Iowa Longitudinal Study of Recent Onset Psychoses, we genotyped four G72 polymorphisms previously associated with schizophrenia in 110 subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder from whom we had obtained two brain MRI scans an average of 3 years apart. The four polymorphisms captured three haplotypes, one of which was strongly associated with an increased rate of frontal lobe volume decrement. This same haplotype was also associated with more severe psychotic symptoms at the time of the second scan. These data thus suggest that variation in G72 modulates the progressive brain changes that characterize schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Nancy C Andreasen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amy Librant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Danielle Rudd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eric A Epping
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavoenzyme that metabolizes certain D-amino acids, notably the endogenous N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist, D-serine. As such, it has the potential to modulate the function of NMDAR and to contribute to the widely hypothesized involvement of NMDAR signalling in schizophrenia. Three lines of evidence now provide support for this possibility: DAO shows genetic associations with the disorder in several, although not all, studies; the expression and activity of DAO are increased in schizophrenia; and DAO inactivation in rodents produces behavioural and biochemical effects, suggestive of potential therapeutic benefits. However, several key issues remain unclear. These include the regional, cellular and subcellular localization of DAO, the physiological importance of DAO and its substrates other than D-serine, as well as the causes and consequences of elevated DAO in schizophrenia. Herein, we critically review the neurobiology of DAO, its involvement in schizophrenia, and the therapeutic value of DAO inhibition. This review also highlights issues that have a broader relevance beyond DAO itself: how should we weigh up convergent and cumulatively impressive, but individually inconclusive, pieces of evidence regarding the role that a given gene may have in the aetiology, pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia?
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81
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Cherlyn SYT, Woon PS, Liu JJ, Ong WY, Tsai GC, Sim K. Genetic association studies of glutamate, GABA and related genes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a decade of advance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:958-77. [PMID: 20060416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are debilitating neurobehavioural disorders likely influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors and which can be seen as complex disorders of synaptic neurotransmission. The glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission systems have been implicated in both diseases and we have reviewed extensive literature over a decade for evidence to support the association of glutamate and GABA genes in SZ and BD. Candidate-gene based population and family association studies have implicated some ionotrophic glutamate receptor genes (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B and GRIK3), metabotropic glutamate receptor genes (such as GRM3), the G72/G30 locus and GABAergic genes (e.g. GAD1 and GABRB2) in both illnesses to varying degrees, but further replication studies are needed to validate these results. There is at present no consensus on specific single nucleotide polymorphisms or haplotypes associated with the particular candidate gene loci in these illnesses. The genetic architecture of glutamate systems in bipolar disorder need to be better studied in view of recent data suggesting an overlap in the genetic aetiology of SZ and BD. There is a pressing need to integrate research platforms in genomics, epistatic models, proteomics, metabolomics, neuroimaging technology and translational studies in order to allow a more integrated understanding of glutamate and GABAergic signalling processes and aberrations in SZ and BD as well as their relationships with clinical presentations and treatment progress over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Ying Tan Cherlyn
- Institute of Mental Health/Woodbridge Hospital, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747, Singapore
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82
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Jansen A, Krach S, Krug A, Markov V, Thimm M, Paulus FM, Zerres K, Stöcker T, Shah NJ, Nöthen MM, Treutlein J, Rietschel M, Kircher T. The effect of G72 genotype on neural correlates of memory encoding and retrieval. Neuroimage 2009; 53:1001-6. [PMID: 20005295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the G72 (also named d-amino acid oxidase activator, DAOA) gene increase the vulnerability for schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Three recent genetic neuroimaging studies showed that variation in G72 influences the brain activity in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), supporting the hypothesis that G72 might play a modulatory role on brain activity in MTL structures. In the present study we therefore investigated the effect of G72 on the neural correlates of long-term memory encoding and retrieval in a large sample of healthy subjects (n=83) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. A face encoding and a face retrieval memory task were chosen because on the one hand they specifically activate MTL structures and on the other hand they tap into memory processes that are compromised in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. Despite a strong a-priori hypothesis of genotype group activation differences in the MTL along with a large sample size we did neither find an effect of G72 genotype status on brain activity in the MTL nor in any other brain regions. The present data therefore do not support the view of a general modulatory role of G72 on MTL brain activity, at least not in the domain of long-term memory encoding and retrieval. Our results highlight the importance of replication studies in genetic neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jansen
- Section of BrainImaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
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83
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Logue MW, Durner M, Heiman GA, Hodge SE, Hamilton SP, Knowles JA, Fyer AJ, Weissman MM. A linkage search for joint panic disorder/bipolar genes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:1139-46. [PMID: 19308964 PMCID: PMC3058784 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is comorbidity and a possible genetic connection between Bipolar disease (BP) and panic disorder (PD). Genes may exist that increase risk to both PD and BP. We explored this possibility using data from a linkage study of PD (120 multiplex families; 37 had > or =1 BP member). We calculated 2-point lodscores maximized over male and female recombination fractions by classifying individuals with PD and/or BP as affected (PD + BP). Additionally, to shed light on possible heterogeneity, we examine the pedigrees containing a bipolar member (BP+) separately from those that do not (BP-), using a Predivided-Sample Test (PST). Linkage evidence for common genes for PD + BP was obtained on chromosomes 2 (lodscore = 4.6) and chromosome 12 (lodscore = 3.6). These locations had already been implicated using a PD-only diagnosis, although at both locations this was larger when a joint PD + BP diagnosis was used. Examining the BP+ families and BP- families separately indicates that both BP+ and BP- pedigrees are contributing to the peaks on chromosomes 2 and 12. However, the PST indicates different evidence of linkage is obtained from BP+ and BP- pedigrees on chromosome 13. Our findings are consistent with risk loci for the combined PD + BP phenotype on chromosomes 2 and 12. We also obtained evidence of heterogeneity on chromosome 13. The regions on chromosomes 12 and 13 identified here have previously been implicated as regions of interest for multiple psychiatric disorders, including BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Logue
- Genetics Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Durner
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Susan E. Hodge
- Division of Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Steven P. Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Abby J. Fyer
- Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York,Correspondence to: Myrna M. Weissman, College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, NYS Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive Unit 24, New York, NY 10032.
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84
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Williams M. Commentary: Genome-based CNS drug discovery: d-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) as a novel target for antipsychotic medications: Progress and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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85
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Gomez L, Wigg K, Feng Y, Kiss E, Kapornai K, Tamás Z, Mayer L, Baji I, Daróczi G, Benák I, Kothencné VO, Dombovári E, Kaczvinszk E, Besnyo M, Gádoros J, King N, Székely J, Kovacs M, Vetró A, Kennedy JL, Barr CL. G72/G30 (DAOA) and juvenile-onset mood disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:1007-12. [PMID: 19089835 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome 13q region has been linked to bipolar disorder in a number of genome scans as well as focused linkage studies. Previously we identified linkage to the 13q32 region in a genome scan of 146 affected sibling pair families from Hungary with juvenile-onset mood disorders. Within this region are the overlapping genes G72/G30, with G72 now officially named as D-amino-acid oxidase activator (DAOA). This locus has been associated with panic disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. In this study, we tested for association to 11 markers in these genes and mood disorders in a sample of 646 nuclear families identified with a proband with onset of a mood disorder before 14.9 years of age. We identified evidence for association to three markers within the gene (rs2391191, rs3918341, rs1935062), two of which had been associated with bipolar disorder in previous studies. When corrected for the number of markers tested, the results were no longer significant, however the prior evidence for association of this gene in multiple studies points to this gene as a potential contributor to juvenile-onset mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Gomez
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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86
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Jansen A, Krach S, Krug A, Markov V, Eggermann T, Zerres K, Thimm M, Nöthen MM, Treutlein J, Rietschel M, Kircher T. Effect of the G72 (DAOA) putative risk haplotype on cognitive functions in healthy subjects. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9:60. [PMID: 19778423 PMCID: PMC2761379 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-9-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last years, several susceptibility genes for psychiatric disorders have been identified, among others G72 (also named D-amino acid oxidase activator, DAOA). Typically, the high-risk variant of a vulnerability gene is associated with decreased cognitive functions already in healthy individuals. In a recent study however, a positive effect of the high-risk variant of G72 on verbal working memory was reported. In the present study, we therefore examined the relationship between G72 genotype status and a broad range of cognitive functions in 423 healthy individuals. METHODS The G72 carrier status was assessed by the two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) M23 and M24. Subjects were divided into three risk groups (low, intermediate and high risk). RESULTS G72 status influenced a number of cognitive functions, such as verbal working memory, attention, and, at a trend level, spatial working memory and executive functions. Interestingly, the high-risk allele carriers scored better than one or even both other groups. CONCLUSION Our data show that the putative high-risk haplotype (i.e. homozygote C/C-allele carriers in SNP M23 and homozygote T/T-allele carriers in SNP M24) is in healthy individuals not necessarily associated with worse performance in cognitive functions, but even with better performance in some domains. Further work is required to identify the mechanisms of G72 on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jansen
- Section of BrainImaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sören Krach
- Section of BrainImaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Markov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Markus Thimm
- Section of BrainImaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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87
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Zuliani R, Moorhead TWJ, Job D, McKirdy J, Sussmann JED, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM, Brambilla P, Hall J, McIntosh AM. Genetic variation in the G72 (DAOA) gene affects temporal lobe and amygdala structure in subjects affected by bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:621-7. [PMID: 19689504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the G72 (DAOA) gene is understood to convey susceptibility for bipolar disorder through an uncertain mechanism. Little is known about the structural brain phenotypes associated with this gene. We hypothesised that reductions in temporal lobe and amygdala gray matter would be associated with variation at two loci in the gene for which evidence of genetic linkage has been repeatedly demonstrated. METHODS We examined the temporal lobe and amygdala gray matter associations of the risk variants M23 and M24 at the 5' end of the gene encoding G72 in 81 controls and 38 people with bipolar disorder. RESULTS Genetic variation at both the M23 and M24 loci in G72 were associated with decreased gray matter density within the left temporal pole in people with bipolar disorder. M23 was also associated with reductions in right amygdala gray matter density. The genetic imaging associations were found only in patients with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation at single nucleotide polymorphisms in the G72 gene previously associated with bipolar disorder is related to reductions in temporal pole and amygdala gray matter structure in people with bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zuliani
- Clinica di Psichiatria, Psicologia Medica e Psicosomatica, DPMSC, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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88
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Candidate genes and their interactions with other genetic/environmental risk factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res Bull 2009; 83:86-92. [PMID: 19729054 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of causative factors for common, chronic disorders is a major focus of current human health science research. These disorders are likely to be caused by multiple etiological agents. Available evidence also suggests that interactions between the risk factors may explain some of their pathogenic effects. While progress in genomics and allied biological research has brought forth powerful analytic techniques, the predicted complexity poses daunting analytic challenges. The search for pathogenesis of schizophrenia shares most of these challenges. We have reviewed the analytic and logistic problems associated with the search for pathogenesis. Evidence for pathogenic interactions is presented for selected diseases and for schizophrenia. We end by suggesting 'recursive analyses' as a potential design to address these challenges. This scheme involves initial focused searches for interactions motivated by available evidence, typically involving identified individual risk factors, such as candidate gene variants. Putative interactions are tested rigorously for replication and for biological plausibility. Support for the interactions from statistical and functional analyses motivates a progressively larger array of interactants that are evaluated recursively. The risk explained by the interactions is assessed concurrently and further elaborate searches may be guided by the results of such analyses. By way of example, we summarize our ongoing analyses of dopaminergic polymorphisms, as well as infectious etiological factors in schizophrenia genesis.
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89
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Kotaka T, Ujike H, Okahisa Y, Takaki M, Nakata K, Kodama M, Inada T, Yamada M, Uchimura N, Iwata N, Sora I, Iyo M, Ozaki N, Kuroda S. G72 gene is associated with susceptibility to methamphetamine psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1046-9. [PMID: 19482054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine psychosis is considered as one of the pharmacological models of schizophrenia, and a hyperdopaminergic one. However, many lines of experimental evidence indicate that glutamatergic signaling is also involved in development of methamphetamine psychosis. Several genes related to glutamate function, e.g. the DTNBP1, G72, and GRM3 genes, were shown to be associated with schizophrenia susceptibility. Recently, we found significant association of the DTNBP1 gene with methamphetamine psychosis. This finding prompted us to examine the G72 gene encoding the d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA), which metabolizes d-serine, an NMDA co-agonist, in methamphetamine psychosis. Six SNPs of the G72 gene, which previously showed significant association with schizophrenia, were analyzed in 209 patients with methamphetamine psychosis and 291 age- and sex-matched normal controls. One SNP of M22 (rs778293) showed a significant association with methamphetamine psychosis (genotype: p=0.00016, allele: p=0.0015). Two haplotypes G-A of M12 (rs3916965)-M15 (rs2391191) (p=0.00024) and T-T of M23 (rs947267)-M24 (rs1421292) (p=0.00085) also showed associations with methamphetamine psychosis. The present findings suggest that the G72 gene may contribute to a predisposition to not only schizophrenia but also to methamphetamine psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kotaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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90
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Labrie V, Roder JC. The involvement of the NMDA receptor D-serine/glycine site in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:351-72. [PMID: 19695284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The NMDAR contains a D-serine/glycine site on the NR1 subunit that may be a promising therapeutic target for psychiatric illness. This review outlines the complex regulation of endogenous NMDAR D-serine/glycine site agonists and explores their contribution to schizophrenia pathogenesis and their potential clinical utility. Genetic studies have associated genes influencing NMDAR D-serine/glycine site activation with an increased susceptibility to schizophrenia. Postmortem studies have identified abnormalities in several transcripts affecting D-serine/glycine site activity, consistent with in vivo reports of alterations in levels of endogenous D-serine/glycine site agonists and antagonists. Genetically modified mice with aberrant NMDAR D-serine/glycine site function model certain features of the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, and similar behavioral abnormalities have been observed in other candidate genes models. Compounds that directly activate the NMDAR D-serine/glycine site or inhibit glycine transport have demonstrated beneficial effects in preclinical models and clinical trials. Future pharmacological approaches for schizophrenia treatment may involve targeting enzymes that affect D-serine synthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Labrie
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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91
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Bass NJ, Datta SR, McQuillin A, Puri V, Choudhury K, Thirumalai S, Lawrence J, Quested D, Pimm J, Curtis D, Gurling HM. Evidence for the association of the DAOA (G72) gene with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder but not for the association of the DAO gene with schizophrenia. Behav Brain Funct 2009; 5:28. [PMID: 19586533 PMCID: PMC2717980 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous linkage and association studies have implicated the D-amino acid oxidase activator gene (DAOA)/G30 locus or neighbouring region of chromosome 13q33.2 in the genetic susceptibility to both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) gene located at 12q24.11 have also been found to show allelic association with schizophrenia. Methods We used the case control method to test for genetic association with variants at these loci in a sample of 431 patients with schizophrenia, 303 patients with bipolar disorder and 442 ancestrally matched supernormal controls all selected from the UK population. Results Ten SNPs spanning the DAOA locus were genotyped in these samples. In addition three SNPs were genotyped at the DAO locus in the schizophrenia sample. Allelic association was detected between the marker rs3918342 (M23), 3' to the DAOA gene and both schizophrenia (χ2 = 5.824 p = 0.016) and bipolar disorder (χ2 = 4.293 p = 0.038). A trend towards association with schizophrenia was observed for two other DAOA markers rs3916967 (M14, χ2 = 3.675 p = 0.055) and rs1421292 (M24; χ2 = 3.499 p = 0.062). A test of association between a three marker haplotype comprising of the SNPs rs778293 (M22), rs3918342 (M23) and rs1421292 (M24) and schizophrenia gave a global empirical significance of p = 0.015. No evidence was found to confirm the association of genetic markers at the DAO gene with schizophrenia. Conclusion Our results provide some support for a role for DAOA in susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Research Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK.
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92
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Hashimoto K, Fujita Y, Horio M, Kunitachi S, Iyo M, Ferraris D, Tsukamoto T. Co-administration of a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor potentiates the efficacy of D-serine in attenuating prepulse inhibition deficits after administration of dizocilpine. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:1103-6. [PMID: 19217074 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND D-Serine, an endogenous agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, orally administered D-serine is metabolized substantially by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), diminishing its oral bioavailability. In this study, we examined the effects of oral D-serine administration with or without a DAAO inhibitor, 5-chloro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol (CBIO), on the prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits after administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine. METHODS Vehicle or D-serine (30, 300, or 900 mg/kg) with or without CBIO (30 mg/kg) was orally administered to mice 1 hour before administration of dizocilpine (.1 mg/kg), and then the PPI of the acoustic startle response was measured. We measured the extracellular levels of D-serine in the frontal cortex after oral administration of D-serine with or without CBIO. RESULTS Coadministration of CBIO with D-serine (30 mg/kg), but not D-serine (30 mg/kg) alone, significantly attenuated dizocilpine-induced PPI deficits. Furthermore, coadministration of CBIO significantly increased the extracellular levels of D-serine in the frontal cortex after administration of D-serine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that coadministration of CBIO significantly enhanced the efficacy of D-serine in attenuating PPI deficits by administration of dizocilpine. Therefore, coadministration of D-serine and a DAAO inhibitor has therapeutic potential for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
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93
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Otte DM, Bilkei-Gorzó A, Filiou MD, Turck CW, Yilmaz O, Holst MI, Schilling K, Abou-Jamra R, Schumacher J, Benzel I, Kunz WS, Beck H, Zimmer A. Behavioral changes in G72/G30 transgenic mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19:339-48. [PMID: 19189879 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have implicated the evolutionary novel, primates-specific gene locus G72/G30 in schizophrenia, bipolar and panic disorders. It encodes for a protein LG72 whose function has been controversially discussed as putative regulator of the peroxisomal enzyme D-amino-acid-oxidase (DAO), or as a mitochondrial protein, which promotes robust mitochondrial fragmentation in mammalian cell lines including human and rat primary neurons. Because of this conserved function we here have generated "humanized" BAC transgenic mice (G72Tg) expressing alternatively spliced G72 and G30 transcripts, and the LG72 protein. G72 expression is prominent in granular cells of the cerebellum, the hippocampus, the cortex and the olfactory bulb. Most strikingly, G72Tg mice displayed deficits in sensorimotor gating which could be reversed with haloperidol, increased sensitivity to PCP, motor-coordination deficits, increased compulsive behaviors and deficits in smell identification. These results demonstrate that expression of the human G72/G30 gene locus in mice produces behavioral phenotypes that are relevant to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Otte
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn, Germany
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94
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Elevated cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: implications for the mitochondrial dysfunction hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:489-94. [PMID: 19103439 PMCID: PMC3752997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of lactate, a product of extra-mitochondrial glucose metabolism, is commonly elevated in individuals with mitochondrial disorders, especially those with neuropsychiatric symptoms. We tested the hypothesis that patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia would, on average, have elevated CSF lactate concentrations compared with healthy control subjects. METHODS The CSF lactate and CSF and plasma glucose concentrations were measured with a YSI (YSI, Yellow Springs, Ohio) 2300 STAT Plus Glucose & Lactate Analyzer in 15 samples from each of three groups of subjects: bipolar I disorder patients, schizophrenic patients, and healthy control subjects. RESULTS Mean CSF lactate concentrations were significantly higher in bipolar (1.76 +/- .38) and schizophrenic subjects (1.61 +/- .31) compared with control subjects (1.31 +/- .21 mmol/L). These differences persisted after adjusting means for CSF glucose concentration, which correlated positively with CSF lactate concentration. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of increased CSF lactate concentrations in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Elevated CSF lactate indicates increased extra-mitochondrial and anaerobic glucose metabolism and is consistent with impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Measuring CSF lactate concentration might help identify bipolar and schizophrenic patients with mitochondrial dysfunction who might benefit from research to elucidate and ultimately rectify possible mitochondrial pathology underlying these disorders.
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Benzel I, Kew JNC, Viknaraja R, Kelly F, de Belleroche J, Hirsch S, Sanderson TH, Maycox PR. Investigation of G72 (DAOA) expression in the human brain. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8:94. [PMID: 19077230 PMCID: PMC2630984 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-8-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms at the G72/G30 locus on chromosome 13q have been associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in more than ten independent studies. Even though the genetic findings are very robust, the physiological role of the predicted G72 protein has thus far not been resolved. Initial reports suggested G72 as an activator of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), supporting the glutamate dysfunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. However, these findings have subsequently not been reproduced and reports of endogenous human G72 mRNA and protein expression are extremely limited. In order to better understand the function of this putative schizophrenia susceptibility gene, we attempted to demonstrate G72 mRNA and protein expression in relevant human brain regions. METHODS The expression of G72 mRNA was studied by northern blotting and semi-quantitative SYBR-Green and Taqman RT-PCR. Protein expression in human tissue lysates was investigated by western blotting using two custom-made specific anti-G72 peptide antibodies. An in-depth in silico analysis of the G72/G30 locus was performed in order to try and identify motifs or regulatory elements that provide insight to G72 mRNA expression and transcript stability. RESULTS Despite using highly sensitive techniques, we failed to identify significant levels of G72 mRNA in a variety of human tissues (e.g. adult brain, amygdala, caudate nucleus, fetal brain, spinal cord and testis) human cell lines or schizophrenia/control post mortem BA10 samples. Furthermore, using western blotting in combination with sensitive detection methods, we were also unable to detect G72 protein in a number of human brain regions (including cerebellum and amygdala), spinal cord or testis. A detailed in silico analysis provides several lines of evidence that support the apparent low or absent expression of G72. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that native G72 protein is not normally present in the tissues that we analysed in this study. We also conclude that the lack of demonstrable G72 expression in relevant brain regions does not support a role for G72 in modulation of DAO activity and the pathology of schizophrenia via a DAO-mediated mechanism. In silico analysis suggests that G72 is not robustly expressed and that the transcript is potentially labile. Further studies are required to understand the significance of the G72/30 locus to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Benzel
- Psychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK
| | - James NC Kew
- Psychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK
| | | | - Fiona Kelly
- Core Discovery Technology Group, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Jacqueline de Belleroche
- Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Steven Hirsch
- Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thirza H Sanderson
- Biopharm Discovery Technology Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Peter R Maycox
- Psychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK
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96
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Soronen P, Silander K, Antila M, Palo OM, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Kieseppä T, Ellonen P, Wedenoja J, Turunen JA, Pietiläinen OP, Hennah W, Lönnqvist J, Peltonen L, Partonen T, Paunio T. Association of a nonsynonymous variant of DAOA with visuospatial ability in a bipolar family sample. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:438-42. [PMID: 18466879 PMCID: PMC2685493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are hypothesized to share some genetic background. METHODS In a two-phase study, we evaluated the effect of five promising candidate genes for psychotic disorders, DAOA, COMT, DTNBP1, NRG1, and AKT1, on bipolar spectrum disorder, psychotic disorder, and related cognitive endophenotypes in a Finnish family-based sample ascertained for bipolar disorder. RESULTS In initial screening of 362 individuals from 63 families, we found only marginal evidence for association with the diagnosis-based dichotomous classification. Those associations did not strengthen when we genotyped the complete sample of 723 individuals from 180 families. We observed a significant association of DAOA variants rs3916966 and rs2391191 with visuospatial ability (Quantitative Transmission Disequilibrium Test [QTDT]; p = 4 x 10(-6) and 5 x 10(-6), respectively) (n = 159) with the two variants in almost complete linkage disequilibrium. The COMT variant rs165599 also associated with visuospatial ability, and in our dataset, we saw an additive effect of DAOA and COMT variants on this neuropsychological trait. CONCLUSIONS The ancestral allele (Arg) of the nonsynonymous common DAOA variant rs2391191 (Arg30Lys) was found to predispose to impaired performance. The DAOA gene may play a role in predisposing individuals to a mixed phenotype of psychosis and mania and to impairments in related neuropsychological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Soronen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland
| | - Mervi Antila
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Finland
| | - Outi M. Palo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland
| | - Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Finland,Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Kieseppä
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Finland
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni A. Turunen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - William Hennah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Finland,Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,The Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetta,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Finland,Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Address reprint requests to Tiina Paunio, M.D., Ph.D., National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, PO Box 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
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97
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Opgen-Rhein C, Lencz T, Burdick KE, Neuhaus AH, DeRosse P, Goldberg TE, Malhotra AK. Genetic variation in the DAOA gene complex: impact on susceptibility for schizophrenia and on cognitive performance. Schizophr Res 2008; 103:169-77. [PMID: 18541412 PMCID: PMC2605318 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic region coding for d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) is considered an intriguing susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. However, association studies have often resulted in conflicting findings, and the risk-conferring variants and their biological impact remain elusive. Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between DAOA variation and schizophrenia, and the influence of DAOA on cognitive performance. METHODS We analyzed block structure and association patterns of an approximately 173 kb region on chromosome 13q33, applying genotype data of 55 SNPs derived from Caucasian North American sample (178 cases, 144 healthy controls). Haplotypes were assigned using the program PHASE and frequencies compared between cases and controls. We applied MANOVA to investigate the relationship between the identified risk haplotype on cognitive performance. RESULTS We identified multiple haplotypes within the region containing the DAOA gene. Of these, one was significantly associated with schizophrenia, being over-represented in schizophrenia versus healthy controls. This haplotype was also associated with one aspect of cognitive performance, semantic fluency. Carriers of the risk haplotype showed better semantic fluency than non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS We report a significant effect of DAOA variation on risk for schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified a relationship between DAOA genetic variation and specific aspects of neurocognitive function. As the identified DAOA risk haplotype was associated with better performance on a semantic fluency measure, further work is required to identify the mechanism of DAOA action on CNS function, including the possibility of a role for balanced selection at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Opgen-Rhein
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité -University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Center for Translational Psychiatry, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Katherine E. Burdick
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Center for Translational Psychiatry, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Andres H Neuhaus
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité -University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States
| | - Terry E. Goldberg
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Center for Translational Psychiatry, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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98
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Sacchi S, Bernasconi M, Martineau M, Mothet JP, Ruzzene M, Pilone MS, Pollegioni L, Molla G. pLG72 modulates intracellular D-serine levels through its interaction with D-amino acid oxidase: effect on schizophrenia susceptibility. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:22244-56. [PMID: 18544534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709153200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genes coding for pLG72 and d-amino acid oxidase have recently been linked to the onset of schizophrenia. pLG72 was proposed as an activator of the human FAD-containing flavoprotein d-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO). In the brain this oxidizes d-serine, a potent activator of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. We have investigated the mechanistic regulation of hDAAO by pLG72. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that hDAAO and pLG72 are both expressed in astrocytes of the human cortex, where they most likely interact, considering their partial overlapping subcellular distribution and their coimmunoprecipitation. We demonstrated that the specific in vitro interaction of the two proteins yields a complex composed of 2 hDAAO homodimers and 2 pLG72 molecules. Binding of pLG72 did not affect the kinetic properties and FAD binding ability of hDAAO; instead, a time-dependent loss of hDAAO activity in the presence of an excess of pLG72 was found. The binding affects the tertiary structure of hDAAO, altering the amount of the active form. We finally demonstrated that overexpression of hDAAO in glioblastoma cells decreases the levels of d-serine, an effect that is null when pLG72 is coexpressed. These data indicate that pLG72 acts as a negative effector of hDAAO. Therefore, a decrease in the synaptic concentration of d-serine as the result of an anomalous increase in hDAAO activity related to hypoexpression of pLG72 may represent a molecular mechanism by which hDAAO and pLG72 are involved in schizophrenia susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
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99
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Shao L, Martin MV, Watson SJ, Schatzberg A, Akil H, Myers RM, Jones EG, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Mitochondrial involvement in psychiatric disorders. Ann Med 2008; 40:281-95. [PMID: 18428021 PMCID: PMC3098560 DOI: 10.1080/07853890801923753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings of mitochondrial abnormalities in brains from subjects with neurological disorders have led to a renewed search for mitochondrial abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. A growing body of evidence suggests that there is mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, including evidence from electron microscopy, imaging, gene expression, genotyping, and sequencing studies. Specific evidence of dysfunction such as increased common deletion and decreased gene expression in mitochondria in psychiatric illnesses suggests that direct examination of mitochondrial DNA from postmortem brain cells may provide further details of mitochondrial alterations in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shao
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
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100
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Abstract
Family and twin studies have consistently documented that bipolar disorder (BPD) is familial and heritable, but efforts to identify specific susceptibility genes have been complicated by the disorder's genetic and phenotypic complexity. Genetic linkage studies have implicated numerous chromosomal regions, but findings have been inconsistent. As with other complex disorders, it has become clear that linkage analysis lacks the power and precision to identify susceptibility loci for BPD. Candidate gene association studies have implicated several specific genes, but these studies have been limited by our incomplete understanding of the disorder's biology, and there have been few robustly replicated results. Within the past 2 years, a major advance in the genetics of complex disease has become feasible in the form of genome-wide association studies. Such studies, which require large sample sizes, have already proven successful in identifying susceptibility variants for a range of common medical disorders. Genome-wide association studies have begun to appear for BPD, and more are in progress. By providing an unbiased approach, this technology may reveal novel biological mechanisms underlying BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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