51
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van Leeuwen M, Beeby A, Fernandes I, Ashworth SH. The photochemistry and photophysics of a series of alpha octa(alkyl-substituted) silicon, zinc and palladium phthalocyanines. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 13:62-9. [PMID: 24196234 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical and photochemical measurements have been made on a series of novel alpha octa(alkyl-substituted) silicon, zinc and palladium phthalocyanines for which the synthesis is outlined. Fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes, triplet quantum yields and lifetimes and singlet delta oxygen quantum yields were measured in 1% v/v pyridine in toluene. The effects of varying central atom and addition of alkyl substituents relative to unsubstituted parent molecules, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc), are discussed. All phthalocyanines studied exhibit absorption and emission maxima in the region of 680-750 nm with molar absorptivity of the Q-band ~10(5) M(-1) cm(-1). The series of compounds also exhibited triplet quantum yields of 0.65-0.95 and singlet oxygen quantum yields of 0.49-0.93.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda van Leeuwen
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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52
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Huang D, Sun J, Ma L, Zhang C, Zhao J. Preparation of ketocoumarins as heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers for triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:872-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp25416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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53
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Charge-separated excited states in platinum(II) chromophores: Photophysics, formation, stabilization and utilization in solar energy conversion. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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54
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Gao L, Fei J, Zhao J, Li H, Cui Y, Li J. Hypocrellin-loaded gold nanocages with high two-photon efficiency for photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy in vitro. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8030-40. [PMID: 22931130 DOI: 10.1021/nn302634m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new bioconjugate nanostructure was constructed by using photosensitizer-incorporated mixed lipid-coated gold nanocages for two-photon photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy in vitro with high efficiency. Scanning electron microscopic and transmission electron microscopic images reveal that the precursors and bioconjugate nanostructure as-prepared are narrowly dispersed and possess uniform morphologies. The relevant energy dispersion X-ray analysis and UV-vis spectra indicate that the bioconjugate nanostructure above was assembled successfully and has a strong absorption in the near-infrared region. Fluorescence and electronic spin resonance results show that the gold nanocage in the bioconjugate nanostructure can dramatically quench the photosensitizer and inhibit the production of singlet oxygen, which is supposed to alleviate the photosensitizers' unwanted side effects originating from their nontargeted distribution. We have demonstrated that as the nanocomplex is internalized by cancer cells, under two-photon illumination, photodynamic anticancer treatment is dramatically enhanced by the photothermal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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55
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Williams GOS, Chen JSY, Euser TG, Russell PSJ, Jones AC. Photonic crystal fibre as an optofluidic reactor for the measurement of photochemical kinetics with sub-picomole sensitivity. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3356-3361. [PMID: 22767267 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal fibre constitutes an optofluidic system in which light can be efficiently coupled into a solution-phase sample, contained within the hollow core of the fibre, over long path-lengths. This provides an ideal arrangement for the highly sensitive monitoring of photochemical reactions by absorption spectroscopy. We report here the use of UV/vis spectroscopy to measure the kinetics of the photochemical and thermal cis-trans isomerisation of sub-picomole samples of two azo dyes within the 19-μm diameter core of a photonic crystal fibre, over a path length of 30 cm. Photoisomerisation quantum yields are the first reported for "push-pull" azobenzenes in solution at room temperature; such measurements are challenging because of the fast thermal isomerisation process. Rate constants obtained for thermal isomerisation are in excellent agreement with those established previously in conventional cuvette-based measurements. The high sensitivity afforded by this intra-fibre method enables measurements in solvents in which the dyes are too insoluble to permit conventional cuvette-based measurements. The results presented demonstrate the potential of photonic crystal fibres as optofluidic elements in lab-on-a-chip devices for photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth O S Williams
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, King's Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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56
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Pimenta FM, Jensen RL, Holmegaard L, Esipova TV, Westberg M, Breitenbach T, Ogilby PR. Singlet-Oxygen-Mediated Cell Death Using Spatially-Localized Two-Photon Excitation of an Extracellular Sensitizer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10234-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304954m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederico M. Pimenta
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Rasmus L. Jensen
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Lotte Holmegaard
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Tatiana V. Esipova
- Department of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael Westberg
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Thomas Breitenbach
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Center for
Oxygen Microscopy
and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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57
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Monteiro CJ, Pereira MM, Gonçalves NPF, Carvalho CG, Neves ÂC, Abreu AR, Arnaut LG, Silva AM. Separation and atropisomer isolation of ortho-halogenated tetraarylporphyrins by HPLC: Full characterization using 1D and 2D NMR. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The separation and isolation of the four atropisomers of ortho-halogenated tetraarylporphyrins by semi-preparative HPLC is described. Full characterization and assignment of all 1 H and 13 C resonances of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-fluoro or 2-chlorophenyl)porphyrins and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-fluoro or chloro-5-N-ethylsulfamoylphenyl)porphyrins by 1D and 2D NMR techniques is reported. The outcome is an unequivocal evidence of the chlorosulfonation of meso-tetra(2-haloaryl)porphyrins on the 5′-position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nuno P. F. Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Luzitin SA, R. Bayer 16, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla G. Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Luzitin SA, R. Bayer 16, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ângela C.B. Neves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur R. Abreu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Luzitin SA, R. Bayer 16, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Luzitin SA, R. Bayer 16, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur M.S. Silva
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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58
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Dąbrowski JM, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Urbańska K, Simões S, Stochel G, Cortes L. Combined effects of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in photodynamic therapy with photostable bacteriochlorins: evidence from intracellular fluorescence and increased photodynamic efficacy in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1188-200. [PMID: 22285766 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides of halogenated bacteriochlorins bearing Cl or F substituents in the ortho positions of the phenyl rings have adequate properties for photodynamic therapy, including strong absorption in the near-infrared (λ(max) ≈ 750 nm, ε ≈ 10(5) M(-1) cm(-1)), controlled photodecomposition, large cellular uptake, intracellular localization in the endoplasmic reticulum, low cytotoxicity, and high phototoxicity against A549 and S91 cells. The roles of type I and type II photochemical processes are assessed by singlet oxygen luminescence and intracellular hydroxyl radical detection. Phototoxicity of halogenated sulfonamide bacteriochlorins does not correlate with singlet oxygen quantum yields and must be mediated both by electron transfer (superoxide ion, hydroxyl radicals) and by energy transfer (singlet oxygen). The photodynamic efficacy is enhanced when cellular death is induced by both singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals.
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59
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da Silva EFF, Pedersen BW, Breitenbach T, Toftegaard R, Kuimova MK, Arnaut LG, Ogilby PR. Irradiation- and sensitizer-dependent changes in the lifetime of intracellular singlet oxygen produced in a photosensitized process. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:445-61. [PMID: 22117929 DOI: 10.1021/jp206739y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen, O(2)(a(1)Δ(g)), was produced upon pulsed-laser irradiation of an intracellular photosensitizer and detected by its 1275 nm O(2)(a(1)Δ(g)) → O(2)(X(3)Σ(g)(-)) phosphorescence in time-resolved experiments using (1) individual mammalian cells on the stage of a microscope and (2) suspensions of mammalian cells in a 1 cm cuvette. Data were recorded using hydrophilic and, independently, hydrophobic sensitizers. The microscope-based single cell results are consistent with a model in which the behavior of singlet oxygen reflects the environment in which it is produced; nevertheless, the data also indicate that a significant fraction of a given singlet oxygen population readily crosses barriers between phase-separated intracellular domains. The singlet oxygen phosphorescence signals reflect the effects of singlet-oxygen-mediated damage on cell components which, at the limit, mean that data were collected from dead cells and, in some cases, reflect contributions from both intracellular and extracellular populations of singlet oxygen. Despite the irradiation-induced changes in the environment to which singlet oxygen is exposed, the "inherent" intracellular lifetime of singlet oxygen does not appear to change appreciably as the cell progresses toward death. The results obtained from cell suspensions reflect key features that differentiate cell ensemble from single cell experiments (e.g., the ensemble experiment is more susceptible to the effects of sensitizer that has leaked out of the cell). Overall, the data clearly indicate that measuring the intracellular lifetime of singlet oxygen in a O(2)(a(1)Δ(g)) → O(2)(X(3)Σ(g)(-)) phosphorescence experiment is a challenging endeavor that involves working with a dynamic system that is perturbed during the measurement. The most important aspect of this study is that it establishes a useful framework through which future singlet oxygen data from cells can be interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa F F da Silva
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Århus, Denmark
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60
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Abstract
Photo-induced damage to proteins occurs via multiple pathways. Direct damage induced by UVB (λ 280-320 nm) and UVA radiation (λ 320-400 nm) is limited to a small number of amino acid residues, principally tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), histidine (His) and disulfide (cystine) residues, with this occurring via both excited state species and radicals. Indirect protein damage can occur via singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)(1)Δ(g)), with this resulting in damage to Trp, Tyr, His, cystine, cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) residues. Although initial damage is limited to these residues multiple secondary processes, that occur both during and after radiation exposure, can result in damage to other intra- and inter-molecular sites. Secondary damage can arise via radicals (e.g. Trp, Tyr and Cys radicals), from reactive intermediates generated by (1)O(2) (e.g. Trp, Tyr and His peroxides) and via molecular reactions of photo-products (e.g. reactive carbonyls). These processes can result in protein fragmentation, aggregation, altered physical and chemical properties (e.g. hydrophobicity and charge) and modulated biological turnover. Accumulating evidence implicates these events in cellular and tissue dysfunction (e.g. apoptosis, necrosis and altered cell signaling), and multiple human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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61
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Pedersen BW, Sinks LE, Breitenbach T, Schack NB, Vinogradov SA, Ogilby PR. Single cell responses to spatially controlled photosensitized production of extracellular singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1077-91. [PMID: 21668871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The response of individual HeLa cells to extracellularly produced singlet oxygen was examined. The spatial domain of singlet oxygen production was controlled using the combination of a membrane-impermeable Pd porphyrin-dendrimer, which served as a photosensitizer, and a focused laser, which served to localize the sensitized production of singlet oxygen. Cells in close proximity to the domain of singlet oxygen production showed morphological changes commonly associated with necrotic cell death. The elapsed postirradiation "waiting period" before necrosis became apparent depended on: (1) the distance between the cell membrane and the domain irradiated, (2) the incident laser fluence and, as such, the initial concentration of singlet oxygen produced and (3) the lifetime of singlet oxygen. The data imply that singlet oxygen plays a key role in this process of light-induced cell death. The approach of using extracellularly generated singlet oxygen to induce cell death can provide a solution to a problem that often limits mechanistic studies of intracellularly photosensitized cell death: it can be difficult to quantify the effective light dose, and hence singlet oxygen concentration, when using an intracellular photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Oxygen Microscopy and Imaging, Aarhus University, Århus, Denmark
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62
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Goldbach RE, Rodriguez-Garcia I, van Lenthe JH, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. N-acetylmethionine and biotin as photocleavable protective groups for ruthenium polypyridyl complexes. Chemistry 2011; 17:9924-9. [PMID: 21796695 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roosmarijn E Goldbach
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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63
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Dąbrowski JM, Krzykawska M, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Monteiro CJP, Simões S, Urbańska K, Stochel G. Tissue Uptake Study and Photodynamic Therapy of Melanoma-Bearing Mice with a Nontoxic, Effective Chlorin. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1715-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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