51
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Wang T, Zhang N, Ge Y, Wang C, Hang Z, Zhang Z. Pyrene Functionalized Mechanochromic Elastomer with Switchable White Fluorescence. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Yuanmeng Ge
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Changchun Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Zusheng Hang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Zewu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
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52
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Peterson GI, Lee J, Choi TL. Multimechanophore Graft Polymers: Mechanochemical Reactions at Backbone–Arm Junctions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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53
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Hu X, Zeng T, Husic CC, Robb MJ. Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release from a Masked Furfuryl Carbonate. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15018-15023. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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54
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Cho W, Park C. Design of Mechanized Nanocomposites for Exploring New Chemical Motions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wansu Cho
- Department of Industrial ChemistryPukyong National University 365 Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu Busan 48547 Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyoung Park
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun Daegu Republic of Korea
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55
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Barbee MH, Wang J, Kouznetsova T, Lu M, Craig SL. Mechanochemical Ring-Opening of Allylic Epoxides. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith H. Barbee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Meilin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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56
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Sagara Y, Karman M, Seki A, Pannipara M, Tamaoki N, Weder C. Rotaxane-Based Mechanophores Enable Polymers with Mechanically Switchable White Photoluminescence. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:874-881. [PMID: 31139723 PMCID: PMC6535770 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Three mechanoresponsive polyurethane elastomers whose blue, green, and orange photoluminescence can be reversibly turned on by mechanical force were prepared and combined to create a blend that exhibits deformation-induced white photoluminescence. The three polyurethanes contain rotaxane-based supramolecular mechanoluminophores based on π-extended pyrene, anthracene, or 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) luminophores, respectively, and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide as an electronically matched quencher. Each polymer shows instantly reversible, strain-dependent switching of its photoluminescence intensity when stretched and relaxed, as deformation leads to a spatial separation of the luminophore and quencher. The present study shows that the photoluminescence color can easily be tailored by variation of the luminophore and also by combining several mechanophores in one material and demonstrates that adaptability is a key advantage of supramolecular approaches to create mechanoresponsive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Marc Karman
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Atsushi Seki
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, Guraiger, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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57
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Lee DC, Kensy VK, Maroon CR, Long BK, Boydston AJ. The Intrinsic Mechanochemical Reactivity of Vinyl‐Addition Polynorbornene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences University of Washington 3946 W Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98105 USA
| | - Victoria K. Kensy
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195-1700 USA
| | - Christopher R. Maroon
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee 320 Buehler Hall Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee 320 Buehler Hall Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195-1700 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
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58
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Lee DC, Kensy VK, Maroon CR, Long BK, Boydston AJ. The Intrinsic Mechanochemical Reactivity of Vinyl-Addition Polynorbornene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5639-5642. [PMID: 30753753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the discovery of the intrinsic mechanochemical reactivity of vinyl-addition polynorbornene (VA-PNB), which has strained bicyclic ring repeat units along the polymer backbone. VA-PNBs with three different side chains were found to undergo ring-opening olefination upon sonication in dilute solutions. The sonicated polymers exhibited spectroscopic signatures consistent with conversion of the bicyclic norbornane repeat units into the ring-open isomer typical of polynorbornene made by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP-PNB). Thermal analysis and evaluation of chain-scission kinetics suggest that sonication of VA-PNB results in chain segments containing a statistical mixture of vinyl-added and ROMP-type repeat units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences, University of Washington, 3946 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Victoria K Kensy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Christopher R Maroon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 320 Buehler Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA
| | - Brian K Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 320 Buehler Hall, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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59
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Chen Q, Yang Q, Gao P, Chi B, Nie J, He Y. Photopolymerization of Coumarin-Containing Reversible Photoresponsive Materials Based on Wavelength Selectivity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Baihong Chi
- Beijing Institute of Satellite Information Engineering, Beijing 100086, P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yong He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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60
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Lin Y, Chang CC, Craig SL. Mechanical generation of isocyanate by mechanically induced retro [2 + 2] cycloaddition of a 1,2-diazetidinone mechanophore. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00262f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical activation of a 1,2-diazetidinone mechanophore via ultrasonic sonication leads to the formation of isocyanate and imine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- Durham
- USA
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61
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Watabe T, Ishizuki K, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Mechanochromic dendrimers: the relationship between primary structure and mechanochromic properties in the bulk. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6831-6834. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03011e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical-type mechanochromic dendrimers were developed and their mechano-responsivity drastically increased in higher-generation dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ishizuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
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62
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Yang W, Wang S, Li R, Xu J, Hao W. Mechano-responsive fluorescent hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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63
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Kim TA, Robb MJ, Moore JS, White SR, Sottos NR. Mechanical Reactivity of Two Different Spiropyran Mechanophores in Polydimethylsiloxane. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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64
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Lin Y, Barbee MH, Chang CC, Craig SL. Regiochemical Effects on Mechanophore Activation in Bulk Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15969-15975. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Meredith H. Barbee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chia-Chih Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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65
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66
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Karman M, Verde-Sesto E, Weder C, Simon YC. Mechanochemical Fluorescence Switching in Polymers Containing Dithiomaleimide Moieties. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1099-1104. [PMID: 35632942 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that display useful mechanochemical responses, such as changes of their fluorescence characteristics, are attracting great interest. Here, we introduce the fluorescent dithiomaleimide (DTM) motif as a mechanofluorophore and report the mechanoresponse of two polymer types containing this motif. Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and poly(ε-caprolactone)s (PCL) featuring one DTM moiety in the center of each chain (PMA-DTM and PCL-DTM) were synthesized by controlled radical and coordination-insertion ring-opening polymerizations using bifunctional DTM-containing initiators. Upon ultrasonic treatment of PMA-DTM or PCL-DTM of sufficiently high initial molecular weight, both the molecular weight and the fluorescence intensity decreased with similar kinetics, while no significant fluorescence changes were observed for DTM-free reference polymers. The results show that the DTM motif can serve as a mechanophore that displays a mechanically induced fluorescence turn-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Karman
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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67
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Karman M, Verde-Sesto E, Weder C. Mechanochemical Activation of Polymer-Embedded Photoluminescent Benzoxazole Moieties. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1028-1033. [PMID: 35650956 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite an increasing number of studies that have investigated mechanochemical effects in polymers, the number of polymers whose fluorescence characteristics change upon exposure to mechanical stress is still limited. We here report the investigation of a mechanofluorophore based on an aliphatic ester of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole. The free benzoxazole displays green photoluminescence, which is associated with an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process, whereas aliphatic esters of this compound emit blue light. When poly(methyl acrylate) containing an esterified benzoxazole mechanophore at the center of each chain molecule was exposed to ultrasound, a significant reduction of the molecular weight and pronounced changes of the photoluminescence emission and UV-vis absorption spectra were observed. The optical changes and the fact that the time-traces for molecular weight decrease and formation of the ESIPT capable species mirror each other indicate that the mechanophore is preferentially cleaved upon sonication and that such cleavage restores the 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole motif. The concept of mechanical activation of ester-protected ESIPT dyes, and more broadly of other hydroxyl group carrying fluorophores that change their emission properties upon ester formation and cleavage, should be general and allow access to a range of other mechanofluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Karman
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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68
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Stauch T. Mechanical Switching of Aromaticity and Homoaromaticity in Molecular Optical Force Sensors for Polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:7340-7344. [PMID: 29575402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sensing of mechanical stress in polymers is indispensable for investigating the origin and propagation of cracks that lead to material failure and for designing mechanically responsive polymers. Here the unique approaches of using the force-induced switching of aromaticity and homoaromaticity in molecular optical force sensors for the real-time measurement of mechanical forces acting in stretched polymers are suggested. The mechanical switching of aromaticity in Dewar benzene is an irreversible event, whereas the degree of π-orbital overlap in homoaromatic compounds like homotropylium can be adjusted progressively over a wide range of forces. Using computational methods, it is demonstrated that both approaches lead to significant changes in the visible part of the UV/Vis spectra of the force sensors upon application of weak forces (pN-nN). Polymers that incorporate such molecular force sensors therefore change their color well before material failure occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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69
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Fritze UF, Craig SL, von Delius M. Disulfide-centered poly(methyl acrylates): Four different stimuli to cleave a polymer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urs F. Fritze
- University of Ulm, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11; Ulm 89081 Germany
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry; 3221 French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive; Durham North Carolina 27708
| | - Max von Delius
- University of Ulm, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11; Ulm 89081 Germany
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70
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Bowser BH, Craig SL. Empowering mechanochemistry with multi-mechanophore polymer architectures. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00720a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-mechanophore polymers provide advantages in characterization and function relative to chain-centered, single mechanophore polymers.
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71
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Yuan Y, Chen YL. Visualized bond scission in mechanically activated polymers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-2002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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72
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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73
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Korchia L, Bouilhac C, Robin JJ, Lapinte V. Amphiphilic photo-induced triblock polyoxazoline through coumarin dimerization: Efficient synthetic tool for nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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74
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Duan HY, Wang YX, Wang LJ, Min YQ, Zhang XH, Du BY. An Investigation of the Selective Chain Scission at Centered Diels–Alder Mechanophore under Ultrasonication. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Duan
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu-Qin Min
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin-Yang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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75
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Wang F, Burck M, Diesendruck CE. Following Homolytic Mechanochemical Kinetics with a Pyrenyl Nitrone Spin Trap. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:42-45. [PMID: 35632876 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical stability of a polymer is a fundamental parameter when choosing the ideal material for many different uses where mechanical loading may induce molecular weight reduction. The use of mechanophores has significantly improved the detection of mechanochemical reaction, but their incorporation to different polymers can be synthetically challenging. Alternatively, we return to the old strategy of using spin traps to quantify the radicals produced as a consequence of mechanochemical homolytic bond scission events. Several new spin traps have been developed in recent decades, and pyrenyl nitrones have been shown to effectively bind radicals, providing a spectroscopic methodology to follow radical concentration. Here we demonstrate the use of these probes as excellent tools to follow mechanochemical chain scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Michal Burck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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76
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Imato K, Natterodt JC, Sapkota J, Goseki R, Weder C, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Dynamic covalent diarylbibenzofuranone-modified nanocellulose: mechanochromic behaviour and application in self-healing polymer composites. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface mechanochemistry of nanocelluloses modified with a dynamic covalent mechanophore is investigated, and self-healing composites with the celluloses are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
| | - J. C. Natterodt
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - J. Sapkota
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - R. Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
| | - C. Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - A. Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - H. Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8550
- Japan
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77
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Poplata S, Tröster A, Zou YQ, Bach T. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclobutanes by Olefin [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9748-815. [PMID: 27018601 PMCID: PMC5025837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is undisputedly the most important and most frequently used photochemical reaction. In this review, it is attempted to cover all recent aspects of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition chemistry with an emphasis on synthetically relevant, regio-, and stereoselective reactions. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was done in the field in the last 20 years (i.e., from 1995 to 2015). Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to mechanism and substrate classes. Cu(I) and PET (photoinduced electron transfer) catalysis are treated separately in sections 2 and 4 , whereas the vast majority of photocycloaddition reactions which occur by direct excitation or sensitization are divided within section 3 into individual subsections according to the photochemically excited olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saner Poplata
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Tröster
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - You-Quan Zou
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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78
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Zhang H, Gao F, Cao X, Li Y, Xu Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Mechanochromism and Mechanical-Force-Triggered Cross-Linking from a Single Reactive Moiety Incorporated into Polymer Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 South Siming Road Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab; G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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79
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Zhang H, Gao F, Cao X, Li Y, Xu Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Mechanochromism and Mechanical-Force-Triggered Cross-Linking from a Single Reactive Moiety Incorporated into Polymer Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3040-4. [PMID: 26805709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of small reactive moieties, the reactivity of which depends on externally imposed load (so-called mechanophores) into polymer chains offers access to a broad range of stress-responsive materials. Here, we report that polymers incorporating spirothiopyran (STP) manifest both green mechanochromism and load-induced addition reactions in solution and solid. Stretching a macromolecule containing colorless STP converts it into green thiomerocyanine (TMC), the mechanically activated thiolate moiety of which undergoes rapid thiol-ene click reactions with certain reactive C=C bonds to form a graft or a cross-link. The unique dual mechanochemical response of STP makes it of potentially great utility both for the design of new stress-responsive materials and for fundamental studies in polymer physics, for example, the dynamics of physical and mechanochemical remodeling of loaded materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P.R. China.
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab, G31, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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80
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Göstl R, Sijbesma RP. π-extended anthracenes as sensitive probes for mechanical stress. Chem Sci 2016; 7:370-375. [PMID: 28791098 PMCID: PMC5518546 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03297k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart molecular systems having the ability to report on mechanical strain or failure in polymers via alteration of their optical properties are of great interest in materials science. However, only limited attention has been devoted to targeted chromophore engineering to fine-tune their physicochemical properties. Here, we describe the synthesis of π-extended anthracenes that can be released from their respective maleimide Diels-Alder adducts through the application of mechanical stress in solution and in the solid state. We demonstrate the improvement of fluorescence quantum yield as well as the tuning of excitation and emission wavelengths while retaining their excellent mechanochemical properties laying the foundation for a new series of mechanophores whose spectral characteristics can be modularly adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Göstl
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
| | - R P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
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81
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Lenhardt JM, Black Ramirez AL, Lee B, Kouznetsova TB, Craig SL. Mechanistic Insights into the Sonochemical Activation of Multimechanophore Cyclopropanated Polybutadiene Polymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Lenhardt
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | | | - Bobin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Tatiana B. Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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82
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Robb MJ, Moore JS. A Retro-Staudinger Cycloaddition: Mechanochemical Cycloelimination of a β-Lactam Mechanophore. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10946-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Robb
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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