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Scalschi L, Sanmartín M, Camañes G, Troncho P, Sánchez-Serrano JJ, García-Agustín P, Vicedo B. Silencing of OPR3 in tomato reveals the role of OPDA in callose deposition during the activation of defense responses against Botrytis cinerea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:304-15. [PMID: 25407262 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is likely to play signaling roles in plant defense that do not depend on its further conversion to the phytohormone jasmonic acid. To elucidate the role of OPDA in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plant defense, we have silenced the 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) gene. Two independent transgenic tomato lines (SiOPR3-1 and SiOPR3-2) showed significantly reduced OPR3 expression upon infection with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, SiOPR3 plants are more susceptible to this pathogen, and this susceptibility is accompanied by a significant decrease in OPDA levels and by the production of JA-Ile being almost abolished. OPR3 silencing also leads to a major reduction in the expression of other genes of the jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling pathways after infection. These results confirm that in tomato plants, as in Arabidopsis, OPR3 determines OPDA availability for JA biosynthesis. In addition, we show that an intact JA biosynthetic pathway is required for proper callose deposition, as its pathogen-induced accumulation is reduced in SiOPR3 plants. Interestingly, OPDA, but not JA, treatment restored basal resistance to B. cinerea and induced callose deposition in SiOPR3-1 and SiOPR3-2 transgenic plants. These results provide clear evidence that OPDA by itself plays a major role in the basal defense of tomato plants against this necrotrophic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
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Farmer EE, Gasperini D, Acosta IF. The squeeze cell hypothesis for the activation of jasmonate synthesis in response to wounding. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:282-8. [PMID: 25453132 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are lipid mediators that control defence gene expression in response to wounding and other environmental stresses. These small molecules can accumulate at distances up to several cm from sites of damage and this is likely to involve cell-to-cell jasmonate transport.Also, and independently of jasmonate synthesis, transport and perception, different long distance wound signals that stimulate distal jasmonate synthesis are propagated at apparent speeds of several cm min–1 to tissues distal to wounds in a mechanism that involves clade 3 GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes. A search for jasmonate synthesis enzymes that might decode these signals revealed LOX6, a lipoxygenase that is necessary for much of the rapid accumulation of jasmonic acid at sites distal to wounds. Intriguingly, the LOX6 promoter is expressed in a distinct niche of cells that are adjacent to mature xylem vessels,a location that would make these contact cells sensitive to the release of xylem water column tension upon wounding. We propose a model in which rapid axial changes in xylem hydrostatic pressure caused by wounding travel through the vasculature and lead to slower,radially dispersed pressure changes that act in a clade 3 GLR-dependent mechanism to promote distal jasmonate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Christeller JT, Galis I. α-linolenic acid concentration and not wounding per se is the key regulator of octadecanoid (oxylipin) pathway activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 83:117-25. [PMID: 25129550 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using an in vitro system composed of crushed leaf tissues to simulate the wounding response in rice leaves, we established that synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) can only occur in unwounded tissue and, in wounded tissue, that only the chloroplast-located section of the octadecanoid pathway is active, resulting in the accumulation of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). We further showed that OPDA accumulation in vitro was inhibited by 90% using the general lipase inhibitor, tetrahydrolipstatin, indicating that production of α-linolenic acid was the rate-limiting step in octadecanoid pathway activity in rice following wounding and the enzyme capacity for an active pathway was already present. We confirmed this result by showing that added α-linolenic acid stimulated OPDA synthesis in vitro and stimulated OPDA, JA and JA-Ile synthesis in vivo in unwounded tissue. Thus, the response to wounding can be mimicked by the provision of free α-linolenic acid. Our results draw attention to the key importance of lipase activity in initiation of JA and JA-Ile biosynthesis and our lack of knowledge of the cognate lipase(s), lipase substrate identity and mechanism(s) of activation in wounded and unwounded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Christeller
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-10-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-10-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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Koramutla MK, Kaur A, Negi M, Venkatachalam P, Bhattacharya R. Elicitation of jasmonate-mediated host defense in Brassica juncea (L.) attenuates population growth of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). PLANTA 2014; 240:177-94. [PMID: 24771023 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The productivity of Brassica oilseeds is severely affected by its major pest: aphids. Unavailability of resistance source within the crossable germplasms has stalled the breeding efforts to derive aphid resistant cultivars. In this study, jasmonate-mediated host defense in Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. was evaluated and compared with regard to its elicitation in response to mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) and the defense elicitor methyl jasmonate (MeJ). Identification of jasmonate-induced unigenes in B. juncea revealed that most are orthologous to aphid-responsive genes, identified in taxonomically diverse plant-aphid interactions. The unigenes largely represented genes related to signal transduction, response to biotic and abiotic stimuli and homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in addition to genes related to cellular and metabolic processes involved in cell organization, biogenesis, and development. Gene expression studies revealed induction of the key jasmonate biosynthetic genes (LOX, AOC, 12-OPDR), redox genes (CAT3 and GST6), and other downstream defense genes (PAL, ELI3, MYR, and TPI) by several folds, both in response to MeJ and plant-wounding. However, interestingly aphid infestation even after 24 h did not elicit any activation of these genes. In contrast, when the jasmonate-mediated host defense was elicited by exogenous application of MeJ the treated B. juncea plants showed a strong antibiosis effect on the infesting aphids and reduced the growth of aphid populations. The level of redox enzymes CAT, APX, and SOD, involved in ROS homeostasis in defense signaling, and several defense enzymes viz. POD, PPO, and PAL, remained high in treated plants. We conclude that in B. juncea, the jasmonate activated endogenous-defense, which is not effectively activated in response to mustard aphids, has the potential to reduce population growth of mustard aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Koramutla
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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56
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Expression of Allene Oxide Cyclase fromPharbitis nilupon Theobroxide Treatment. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1007-13. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Furch ACU, Zimmermann MR, Kogel KH, Reichelt M, Mithöfer A. Direct and individual analysis of stress-related phytohormone dispersion in the vascular system of Cucurbita maxima after flagellin 22 treatment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1176-1182. [PMID: 24387138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
• The stress-related phytohormones, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and the three jasmonates, jasmonic acid (JA), cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA), and (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), were investigated in phloem and xylem exudates of Cucurbita maxima. • Phloem and xylem exudates were separately collected and analysed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. • We show direct evidence for all three jasmonates, ABA, and SA in both phloem and xylem exudates of C. maxima. JA and JA-Ile concentrations are higher in xylem (JA: c(xylem) ≈ 199.5 nM, c(phloem) ≈ 43.9 nM; JA-Ile: c(xylem) ≈ 7.9 nM, c(phloem) ≈ 1.6 nM), whereas ABA and SA concentrations are higher in phloem exudates (ABA: c(xylem) ≈ 37.1 nM, c(phloem) ≈ 142.6 nM; SA: c(xylem) ≈ 61.6 nM, c(phloem) ≈ 1319 nM). During bacteria-derived flagellin 22 (flg22)-triggered remote root-to-shoot signalling, phytohormone concentration changed rapidly both in phloem and xylem. • The unequal distribution of phytohormones suggests that phloem and xylem have distinct roles in defence responses. Our data shed light on systemic phytohormone signalling and help explain how plants cope with environmental challenges by lateral exchange between phloem and xylem. Our analysis is a starting point for further investigations of how phytohormones contribute to phloem- and xylem-based defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C U Furch
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Matthias R Zimmermann
- Institute for Botany, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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58
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Zhao Y, Dong W, Zhang N, Ai X, Wang M, Huang Z, Xiao L, Xia G. A wheat allene oxide cyclase gene enhances salinity tolerance via jasmonate signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1068-76. [PMID: 24326670 PMCID: PMC3912080 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.227595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the two branches of the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway is catalyzed by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase I, and the other is involved in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis. The former is known to be active in the response to salinity tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum), but the participation of the latter in this response has not been established as yet. Here, the salinity-responsive bread wheat gene TaAOC1, which encodes an allene oxide cyclase involved in the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway, was constitutively expressed in both bread wheat and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In both species, transgenic lines exhibited an enhanced level of tolerance to salinity. The transgenic plants accumulated a higher content of JA and developed shorter roots. Both the shortened roots and the salinity tolerance were abolished in a background lacking a functional AtMYC2, a key component of the JA and abscisic acid signaling pathway, but were still expressed in a background deficient with respect to abscisic acid synthesis. We provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, suggesting that JA is also involved in the plant salinity response and that the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway has a regulatory role over this response.
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Savatin DV, Gramegna G, Modesti V, Cervone F. Wounding in the plant tissue: the defense of a dangerous passage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:470. [PMID: 25278948 PMCID: PMC4165286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to agents such as herbivores and environmental mechanical stresses that cause wounding and open the way to the invasion by microbial pathogens. Wounding provides nutrients to pathogens and facilitates their entry into the tissue and subsequent infection. Plants have evolved constitutive and induced defense mechanisms to properly respond to wounding and prevent infection. The constitutive defenses are represented by physical barriers, i.e., the presence of cuticle or lignin, or by metabolites that act as toxins or deterrents for herbivores. Plants are also able to sense the injured tissue as an altered self and induce responses similar to those activated by pathogen infection. Endogenous molecules released from wounded tissue may act as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) that activate the plant innate immunity. Wound-induced responses are both rapid, such as the oxidative burst and the expression of defense-related genes, and late, such as the callose deposition, the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and of hydrolytic enzymes (i.e., chitinases and gluganases). Typical examples of DAMPs involved in the response to wounding are the peptide systemin, and the oligogalacturonides, which are oligosaccharides released from the pectic component of the cell wall. Responses to wounding take place both at the site of damage (local response) and systemically (systemic response) and are mediated by hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felice Cervone
- *Correspondence: Felice Cervone, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza–University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy e-mail:
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60
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Hilou A, Zhang H, Franken P, Hause B. Do jasmonates play a role in arbuscular mycorrhiza-induced local bioprotection of Medicago truncatula against root rot disease caused by Aphanomyces euteiches? MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:45-54. [PMID: 23812608 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioprotective effects of mycorrhization with two different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis, against Aphanomyces euteiches, the causal agent of root rot in legumes, were studied in Medicago truncatula using phenotypic and molecular markers. Previous inoculation with an AM-fungus reduced disease symptoms as well as the amount of pathogen within roots, as determined by the levels of A. euteiches rRNA or transcripts of the gene sterol C24 reductase. Inoculation with R. irregularis was as efficient as that with F. mosseae. To study whether jasmonates play a regulatory role in bioprotection of M. truncatula by the AM fungi, composite plants harboring transgenic roots were used to modulate the expression level of the gene encoding M. truncatula allene oxide cyclase 1, a key enzyme in jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Neither an increase nor a reduction in allene oxide cyclase levels resulted in altered bioprotection by the AM fungi against root infection by A. euteiches. These data suggest that jasmonates do not play a major role in the local bioprotective effect of AM fungi against the pathogen A. euteiches in M. truncatula roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Hilou
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
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61
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Adams III WW, Cohu CM, Amiard V, Demmig-Adams B. Associations between the acclimation of phloem-cell wall ingrowths in minor veins and maximal photosynthesis rate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:24. [PMID: 24567735 PMCID: PMC3915099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The companion cells (CCs) and/or phloem parenchyma cells (PCs) in foliar minor veins of some species exhibit invaginations that are amplified when plants develop in high light (HL) compared to low light (LL). Leaves of plants that develop under HL also exhibit greater maximal rates of photosynthesis compared to those that develop under LL, suggesting that the increased membrane area of CCs and PCs of HL-acclimated leaves may provide for greater levels of transport proteins facilitating enhanced sugar export. Furthermore, the degree of wall invagination in PCs (Arabidopsis thaliana) or CCs (pea) of fully expanded LL-acclimated leaves increased to the same level as that present in HL-acclimated leaves 7 days following transfer to HL, and maximal photosynthesis rates of transferred leaves of both species likewise increased to the same level as in HL-acclimated leaves. In contrast, transfer of Senecio vulgaris from LL to HL resulted in increased wall invagination in CCs, but not PCs, and such leaves furthermore exhibited only partial upregulation of photosynthetic capacity following LL to HL transfer. Moreover, a significant linear relationship existed between the level of cell wall ingrowths and maximal photosynthesis rates across all three species and growth light regimes. A positive linear relationship between these two parameters was also present for two ecotypes (Sweden, Italy) of the winter annual A. thaliana in response to growth at different temperatures, with significantly greater levels of PC wall ingrowths and higher rates of photosynthesis in leaves that developed at cooler versus warmer temperatures. Treatment of LL-acclimated plants with the stress hormone methyl jasmonate also resulted in increased levels of wall ingrowths in PCs of A. thaliana and S. vulgaris but not in CCs of pea and S. vulgaris. The possible role of PC wall ingrowths in sugar export versus as physical barriers to the movement of pathogens warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Adams III
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
- *Correspondence: William W. Adams III, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA e-mail:
| | - Christopher M. Cohu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
| | - Véronique Amiard
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic CenterTemuco, Chile
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
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Yan L, Zhai Q, Wei J, Li S, Wang B, Huang T, Du M, Sun J, Kang L, Li CB, Li C. Role of tomato lipoxygenase D in wound-induced jasmonate biosynthesis and plant immunity to insect herbivores. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003964. [PMID: 24348260 PMCID: PMC3861047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to insect attack and mechanical wounding, plants activate the expression of genes involved in various defense-related processes. A fascinating feature of these inducible defenses is their occurrence both locally at the wounding site and systemically in undamaged leaves throughout the plant. Wound-inducible proteinase inhibitors (PIs) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) provide an attractive model to understand the signal transduction events leading from localized injury to the systemic expression of defense-related genes. Among the identified intercellular molecules in regulating systemic wound response of tomato are the peptide signal systemin and the oxylipin signal jasmonic acid (JA). The systemin/JA signaling pathway provides a unique opportunity to investigate, in a single experimental system, the mechanism by which peptide and oxylipin signals interact to coordinate plant systemic immunity. Here we describe the characterization of the tomato suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses8 (spr8) mutant, which was isolated as a suppressor of (pro)systemin-mediated signaling. spr8 plants exhibit a series of JA-dependent immune deficiencies, including the inability to express wound-responsive genes, abnormal development of glandular trichomes, and severely compromised resistance to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and Botrytis cinerea. Map-based cloning studies demonstrate that the spr8 mutant phenotype results from a point mutation in the catalytic domain of TomLoxD, a chloroplast-localized lipoxygenase involved in JA biosynthesis. We present evidence that overexpression of TomLoxD leads to elevated wound-induced JA biosynthesis, increased expression of wound-responsive genes and, therefore, enhanced resistance to insect herbivory attack and necrotrophic pathogen infection. These results indicate that TomLoxD is involved in wound-induced JA biosynthesis and highlight the application potential of this gene for crop protection against insects and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhe Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Institute of Vegetable, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Minmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Bao Li
- Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Action of jasmonates in plant stress responses and development--applied aspects. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:31-9. [PMID: 24095665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are lipid-derived compounds acting as key signaling compounds in plant stress responses and development. The JA co-receptor complex and several enzymes of JA biosynthesis have been crystallized, and various JA signal transduction pathways including cross-talk to most of the plant hormones have been intensively studied. Defense to herbivores and necrotrophic pathogens are mediated by JA. Other environmental cues mediated by JA are light, seasonal and circadian rhythms, cold stress, desiccation stress, salt stress and UV stress. During development growth inhibition of roots, shoots and leaves occur by JA, whereas seed germination and flower development are partially affected by its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). Based on these numerous JA mediated signal transduction pathways active in plant stress responses and development, there is an increasing interest in horticultural and biotechnological applications. Intercropping, the mixed growth of two or more crops, mycorrhization of plants, establishment of induced resistance, priming of plants for enhanced insect resistance as well as pre- and post-harvest application of JA are few examples. Additional sources for horticultural improvement, where JAs might be involved, are defense against nematodes, biocontrol by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, altered composition of rhizosphere bacterial community, sustained balance between growth and defense, and improved plant immunity in intercropping systems. Finally, biotechnological application for JA-induced production of pharmaceuticals and application of JAs as anti-cancer agents were intensively studied.
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Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-58. [PMID: 23558912 PMCID: PMC3662512 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1445] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Dong W, Wang M, Xu F, Quan T, Peng K, Xiao L, Xia G. Wheat oxophytodienoate reductase gene TaOPR1 confers salinity tolerance via enhancement of abscisic acid signaling and reactive oxygen species scavenging. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1217-28. [PMID: 23321418 PMCID: PMC3585591 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.211854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs) are classified into the two subgroups OPRI and OPRII. The latter proteins participate in jasmonic acid synthesis, while the function of the former ones is as yet unclear. We describe here the characterization of the OPRI gene TaOPR1, isolated from the salinity-tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar SR3. Salinity stress induced a higher level of TaOPR1 expression in the seedling roots of cv SR3 than in its parental cultivar, JN177. This induction was abolished when abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis was inhibited. The overexpression of TaOPR1 in wheat significantly enhanced the level of salinity tolerance, while its heterologous expression in Arabidopsis alleviated root growth restriction in the presence of salinity and oxidants and raised the sensitivity to ABA. In Arabidopsis, TaOPR1 promoted ABA synthesis and the ABA-dependent stress-responsive pathway, partially rescued the sensitivity of the Arabidopsis aba2 mutant defective in ABA synthesis to salinity, and improved the activities of reactive oxygen species scavengers and the transcription of their encoding genes while reducing malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species levels. TaOPR1 did not interact with jasmonate synthesis or the jasmonate signaling pathway. Rather than serving purely as an antioxidant, we believe that TaOPR1 acts during episodes of abiotic stress response as a signaling compound associated with the regulation of the ABA-mediated signaling network.
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Heinrich M, Hettenhausen C, Lange T, Wünsche H, Fang J, Baldwin IT, Wu J. High levels of jasmonic acid antagonize the biosynthesis of gibberellins and inhibit the growth of Nicotiana attenuata stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:591-606. [PMID: 23190261 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hormones play pivotal roles in regulating plant development, growth, and stress responses, and cross-talk among different hormones fine-tunes various aspects of plant physiology. Jasmonic acid (JA) is important for plant defense against herbivores and necrotic fungi and also regulates flower development; in addition, Arabidopsis mutants over-producing JA usually have stunted stems and wound-induced jasmonates suppress Arabidopsis growth, suggesting that JA is also involved in stem elongation. Gibberellins (GAs) promote stem and leaf growth and modulate seed germination, flowering time, and the development of flowers, fruits, and seeds. However, little is known about the interaction between the JA and GA pathways. Two calcium-dependent protein kinases, CDPK4 and CDPK5, are important suppressors of JA accumulation in a wild tobacco species, Nicotiana attenuata. The stems of N. attenuata silenced in CDPK4 and CDPK5 (irCDPK4/5 plants) had dramatically increased levels of JA and exhibited stunted elongation and had very high contents of secondary metabolites. Genetic analysis indicated that the high JA levels in irCDPK4/5 stems accounted for the suppressed stem elongation and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Supplementation of GA(3) to irCDPK4/5 plants largely restored normal stem growth to wild-type levels. Measures of GA levels indicated that over-accumulation of JA in irCDPK4/5 stems inhibited the biosynthesis of GAs. Finally, we show that JA antagonizes GA biosynthesis by strongly inhibiting the transcript accumulation of GA20ox and possibly GA13ox, the key genes in GA production, demonstrating that high JA levels antagonize GA biosynthesis in stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Heinrich
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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Salinas M, Capel C, Alba JM, Mora B, Cuartero J, Fernández-Muñoz R, Lozano R, Capel J. Genetic mapping of two QTL from the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium L. controlling resistance against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:83-92. [PMID: 22903693 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel source of resistance to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) was found in Solanum pimpinellifolium L. accession TO-937 and thereby a potential source of desirable traits that could be introduced into new tomato varieties. This resistance was found to be controlled by a major locus modulated by minor loci of unknown location in the genome of this wild tomato. We first applied a bulked segregant analysis (BSA) approach in an F(4) population as a method for rapidly identifying a genomic region of 17 cM on chromosome 2, flanked by two simple sequence repeat markers, harboring Rtu2.1, one of the major QTL involved in the spider mite resistance. A population of 169 recombinant inbred lines was also evaluated for spider mite infestation and a highly saturated genetic map was developed from this population. QTL mapping corroborated that chromosome 2 harbored the Rtu2.1 QTL in the same region that our previous BSA findings pointed out, but an even more robust QTL was found in the telomeric region of this chromosome. This QTL, we termed Rtu2.2, had a LOD score of 15.43 and accounted for more than 30% of the variance of two-spotted spider mite resistance. Several candidate genes involved in trichome formation, synthesis of trichomes exudates and plant defense signaling have been sequenced. However, either the lack of polymorphisms between the parental lines or their map position, away from the QTL, led to their rejection as candidate genes responsible for the two-spotted spider mite resistance. The Rtu2 QTL not only serve as a valuable target for marker-assisted selection of new spider mite-resistant tomato varieties, but also as a starting point for a better understanding of the molecular genetic functions underlying the resistance to this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Salinas
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada (Genética), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Chauvin A, Caldelari D, Wolfender JL, Farmer EE. Four 13-lipoxygenases contribute to rapid jasmonate synthesis in wounded Arabidopsis thaliana leaves: a role for lipoxygenase 6 in responses to long-distance wound signals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:566-575. [PMID: 23171345 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Damage-inducible defenses in plants are controlled in part by jasmonates, fatty acid-derived regulators that start to accumulate within 30 s of wounding a leaf. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we sought to identify the 13-lipoxygenases (13-LOXs) that initiate wound-induced jasmonate synthesis within a 190-s timeframe in Arabidopsis thaliana in 19 single, double, triple and quadruple mutant combinations derived from the four 13-LOX genes in this plant. All four 13-LOXs were found to contribute to jasmonate synthesis in wounded leaves: among them LOX6 showed a unique behavior. The relative contribution of LOX6 to jasmonate synthesis increased with distance from a leaf tip wound, and LOX6 was the only 13-LOX necessary for the initiation of early jasmonate synthesis in leaves distal to the wounded leaf. Herbivory assays that compared Spodoptera littoralis feeding on the lox2-1 lox3B lox4A lox6A quadruple mutant and the lox2-1 lox3B lox4A triple mutant revealed a role for LOX6 in defense of the shoot apical meristem. Consistent with this, we found that LOX6 promoter activity was strong in the apical region of rosettes. The LOX6 promoter was active in and near developing xylem cells and in expression domains we term subtrichomal mounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Chauvin
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Caldelari
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gu XC, Chen JF, Xiao Y, Di P, Xuan HJ, Zhou X, Zhang L, Chen WS. Overexpression of allene oxide cyclase promoted tanshinone/phenolic acid production in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:2247-59. [PMID: 22926031 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study provides a desirable candidate gene resource (SmAOC) to increase the content of valuable natural products via appropriate JA pathway genetic engineering. Jasmonates (JAs) are important signal molecules in plants. They regulate transcripts of defense and secondary biosynthetic metabolite genes in response to environmental stresses. Currently, JAs are widely used as elicitors to improve the content of useful secondary metabolism in plants. Synthesis of the naturally occurring enantiomer of various jasmonates is catalyzed by allene oxide cyclase (AOC, EC 5.3.99.6). Here, we cloned and characterized the AOC gene (SmAOC) from Salvia miltiorrhiza. As expected, SmAOC expression was induced by abiotic stimuli such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ultraviolet radiation (UV) and low temperature (4 °C) in S. miltiorrhiza plantlets. To demonstrate whether the engineered internal JAs pool by overexpressing AOC gene could promote secondary metabolism production, the SmAOC was incorporated into S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The results revealed that SmAOC overexpression significant enhanced the yields of tanshinone IIA, rosmarinic acid (RA) and lithospermic acid B (LAB) in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. In addition, expression levels for key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of diterpenes and phenolic acids were also altered. These suggest that genetic manipulation of AOC would be helpful for improving the production of valuable secondary metabolites by regulating the biosynthesis of JAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ce Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
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Balcke GU, Handrick V, Bergau N, Fichtner M, Henning A, Stellmach H, Tissier A, Hause B, Frolov A. An UPLC-MS/MS method for highly sensitive high-throughput analysis of phytohormones in plant tissues. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:47. [PMID: 23173950 PMCID: PMC3573895 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are the key metabolites participating in the regulation of multiple functions of plant organism. Among them, jasmonates, as well as abscisic and salicylic acids are responsible for triggering and modulating plant reactions targeted against pathogens and herbivores, as well as resistance to abiotic stress (drought, UV-irradiation and mechanical wounding). These factors induce dramatic changes in phytohormone biosynthesis and transport leading to rapid local and systemic stress responses. Understanding of underlying mechanisms is of principle interest for scientists working in various areas of plant biology. However, highly sensitive, precise and high-throughput methods for quantification of these phytohormones in small samples of plant tissues are still missing. RESULTS Here we present an LC-MS/MS method for fast and highly sensitive determination of jasmonates, abscisic and salicylic acids. A single-step sample preparation procedure based on mixed-mode solid phase extraction was efficiently combined with essential improvements in mobile phase composition yielding higher efficiency of chromatographic separation and MS-sensitivity. This strategy resulted in dramatic increase in overall sensitivity, allowing successful determination of phytohormones in small (less than 50 mg of fresh weight) tissue samples. The method was completely validated in terms of analyte recovery, sensitivity, linearity and precision. Additionally, it was cross-validated with a well-established GC-MS-based procedure and its applicability to a variety of plant species and organs was verified. CONCLUSION The method can be applied for the analyses of target phytohormones in small tissue samples obtained from any plant species and/or plant part relying on any commercially available (even less sensitive) tandem mass spectrometry instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Ulrich Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Handrick
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Nick Bergau
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Mandy Fichtner
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Anja Henning
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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Miransari M, Abrishamchi A, Khoshbakht K, Niknam V. Plant hormones as signals in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 34:123-33. [PMID: 23113535 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.731684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are non-specific symbionts developing mutual and beneficial symbiosis with most terrestrial plants. Because of the obligatory nature of the symbiosis, the presence of the host plant during the onset and proceeding of symbiosis is necessary. However, AM fungal spores are able to germinate in the absence of the host plant. The fungi detect the presence of the host plant through some signal communications. Among the signal molecules, which can affect mycorrhizal symbiosis are plant hormones, which may positively or adversely affect the symbiosis. In this review article, some of the most recent findings regarding the signaling effects of plant hormones, on mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis are reviewed. This may be useful for the production of plants, which are more responsive to mycorrhizal symbiosis under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miransari
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University , Tehran , Iran
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Matsuura H, Takeishi S, Kiatoka N, Sato C, Sueda K, Masuta C, Nabeta K. Transportation of de novo synthesized jasmonoyl isoleucine in tomato. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 83:25-33. [PMID: 22898385 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives are thought to be involved in mobile forms of defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the distal transport of JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) that is synthesized de novo in response to leaf wounding in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants was investigated. JA-[¹³C₆]Ile was recovered in distal untreated leaves after wounded leaves were treated with [¹³C₆]Ile. However, as [¹³C₆]Ile was also recovered in the distal untreated leaves, whether JA-Ile was synthesized in the wounded or in the untreated leaves was unclear. Hence, stem exudates were analyzed to obtain more detailed information. When [¹³C₆]Ile and [²H₆]JA were applied separately into the wounds on two different leaves, JA-[¹³C₆]Ile and [²H₆]JA-Ile were detected in the stem exudates but [²H₆]JA-[¹³C₆]Ile was not, indicating that JA was conjugated with Ile in the wounded leaf and that the resulting JA-Ile was then transported into systemic tissues. The [²H₃]JA-Ile that was applied exogenously to the wounded tissues reached distal untreated leaves within 10 min. Additionally, applying [²H₃]JA-Ile to the wounded leaves at concentrations of 10 and 60 nmol/two leaves induced the accumulation of PIN II, LAP A, and JAZ3 mRNA in the distal untreated leaves of the spr2 mutant S. lycopersicum plants. These results demonstrate the transportation of de novo synthesized JA-Ile and suggest that JA-Ile may be a mobile signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Matsuura
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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Stenzel I, Otto M, Delker C, Kirmse N, Schmidt D, Miersch O, Hause B, Wasternack C. ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (AOC) gene family members of Arabidopsis thaliana: tissue- and organ-specific promoter activities and in vivo heteromerization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6125-38. [PMID: 23028017 PMCID: PMC3481204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are important signals in plant stress responses and plant development. An essential step in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) is catalysed by ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (AOC) which establishes the naturally occurring enantiomeric structure of jasmonates. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four genes encode four functional AOC polypeptides (AOC1, AOC2, AOC3, and AOC4) raising the question of functional redundancy or diversification. Analysis of transcript accumulation revealed an organ-specific expression pattern, whereas detailed inspection of transgenic lines expressing the GUS reporter gene under the control of individual AOC promoters showed partially redundant promoter activities during development: (i) In fully developed leaves, promoter activities of AOC1, AOC2, and AOC3 appeared throughout all leaf tissue, but AOC4 promoter activity was vascular bundle-specific; (ii) only AOC3 and AOC4 showed promoter activities in roots; and (iii) partially specific promoter activities were found for AOC1 and AOC4 in flower development. In situ hybridization of flower stalks confirmed the GUS activity data. Characterization of single and double AOC loss-of-function mutants further corroborates the hypothesis of functional redundancies among individual AOCs due to a lack of phenotypes indicative of JA deficiency (e.g. male sterility). To elucidate whether redundant AOC expression might contribute to regulation on AOC activity level, protein interaction studies using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) were performed and showed that all AOCs can interact among each other. The data suggest a putative regulatory mechanism of temporal and spatial fine-tuning in JA formation by differential expression and via possible heteromerization of the four AOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Stenzel
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carolin Delker
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nils Kirmse
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana Schmidt
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Otto Miersch
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claus Wasternack
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Yang DH, Hettenhausen C, Baldwin IT, Wu J. Silencing Nicotiana attenuata calcium-dependent protein kinases, CDPK4 and CDPK5, strongly up-regulates wound- and herbivory-induced jasmonic acid accumulations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1591-607. [PMID: 22715110 PMCID: PMC3425199 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) plays a pivotal role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivore attack usually elicits dramatic increases in JA concentrations, which in turn activate the accumulation of metabolites that function as defenses against herbivores. Although almost all enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of JA have been identified and characterized, the mechanism by which plants regulate JA biosynthesis remains unclear. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are plant-specific proteins that sense changes in [Ca(2+)] to activate downstream responses. We created transgenic Nicotiana attenuata plants, in which two CDPKs, NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5, were simultaneously silenced (IRcdpk4/5 plants). IRcdpk4/5 plants were stunted and aborted most of their flower primordia. Importantly, after wounding or simulated herbivory, IRcdpk4/5 plants accumulated exceptionally high JA levels. When NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 were silenced individually, neither stunted growth nor high JA levels were observed, suggesting that NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 have redundant roles. Attack from Manduca sexta larvae on IRcdpk4/5 plants induced high levels of defense metabolites that slowed M. sexta growth. We found that NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 affect plant resistance against insects in a JA- and JA-signaling-dependent manner. Furthermore, IRcdpk4/5 plants showed overactivation of salicylic-acid-induced protein kinase, a mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in various stress responses, and genetic analysis indicated that the increased salicylic-acid-induced protein kinase activity in IRcdpk4/5 plants was a consequence of the exceptionally high JA levels and was dependent on CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1. This work reveals the critical roles of CDPKs in modulating JA homeostasis and highlights the complex duet between JA and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Sekhon RS, Childs KL, Santoro N, Foster CE, Buell CR, de Leon N, Kaeppler SM. Transcriptional and metabolic analysis of senescence induced by preventing pollination in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1730-44. [PMID: 22732243 PMCID: PMC3425209 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional and metabolic changes were evaluated during senescence induced by preventing pollination in the B73 genotype of maize (Zea mays). Accumulation of free glucose and starch and loss of chlorophyll in leaf was manifested early at 12 d after anthesis (DAA), while global transcriptional and phenotypic changes were evident only at 24 DAA. Internodes exhibited major transcriptomic changes only at 30 DAA. Overlaying expression data onto metabolic pathways revealed involvement of many novel pathways, including those involved in cell wall biosynthesis. To investigate the overlap between induced and natural senescence, transcriptional data from induced senescence in maize was compared with that reported for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) undergoing natural and sugar-induced senescence. Notable similarities with natural senescence in Arabidopsis included up-regulation of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), ethylene and jasmonic acid biosynthetic genes, APETALA2, ethylene-responsive element binding protein, and no apical meristem transcription factors. However, differences from natural senescence were highlighted by unaltered expression of a subset of the SAGs, and cytokinin, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid biosynthesis genes. Key genes up-regulated during sugar-induced senescence in Arabidopsis, including a cysteine protease (SAG12) and three flavonoid biosynthesis genes (PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1 (PAP1), PAP2, and LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN DIOXYGENASE), were also induced, suggesting similarities in senescence induced by pollination prevention and sugar application. Coexpression analysis revealed networks involving known senescence-related genes and novel candidates; 82 of these were shared between leaf and internode networks, highlighting similarities in induced senescence in these tissues. Insights from this study will be valuable in systems biology of senescence in maize and other grasses.
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Goetz S, Hellwege A, Stenzel I, Kutter C, Hauptmann V, Forner S, McCaig B, Hause G, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Hause B. Role of cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid in tomato embryo development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1715-27. [PMID: 22337921 PMCID: PMC3320180 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins including jasmonates are signaling compounds in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) most mutants affected in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling are male sterile, whereas the JA-insensitive tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant jai1 is female sterile. The diminished seed formation in jai1 together with the ovule-specific accumulation of the JA biosynthesis enzyme allene oxide cyclase (AOC), which correlates with elevated levels of JAs, suggest a role of oxylipins in tomato flower/seed development. Here, we show that 35S::SlAOC-RNAi lines with strongly reduced AOC in ovules exhibited reduced seed set similarly to the jai1 plants. Investigation of embryo development of wild-type tomato plants showed preferential occurrence of AOC promoter activity and AOC protein accumulation in the developing seed coat and the embryo, whereas 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was the dominant oxylipin occurring nearly exclusively in the seed coat tissues. The OPDA- and JA-deficient mutant spr2 was delayed in embryo development and showed an increased programmed cell death in the developing seed coat and endosperm. In contrast, the mutant acx1a, which accumulates preferentially OPDA and residual amount of JA, developed embryos similar to the wild type, suggesting a role of OPDA in embryo development. Activity of the residual amount of JA in the acx1a mutant is highly improbable since the known reproductive phenotype of the JA-insensitive mutant jai1 could be rescued by wound-induced formation of OPDA. These data suggest a role of OPDA or an OPDA-related compound for proper embryo development possibly by regulating carbohydrate supply and detoxification.
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Tsuwamoto R, Harada T. The Arabidopsis CORI3 promoter contains two cis-acting regulatory regions required for transcriptional activity in companion cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:1723-33. [PMID: 21559970 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Companion cells are metabolically active and functionally specialized cells that behave as terminals for the transport of materials between phloem and the surrounding tissue. Although previous research has clarified the distinct function of companion cells, it is still largely unknown how plants establish and maintain the special identity of these cells. To shed further light on this issue, we carried out expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. To minimize the difficulty of dissociating and gathering intact companion cells, vascular strings with an abundant content of companion cells were excised from the petioles of Brassica napus. By random sequencing with a string-specific cDNA library derived by suppression subtractive hybridization between the string itself and the petiole from which it had been removed, we identified 377 ESTs and assembled them into 247 EST groups. The most frequent EST was ExBdl-102 (15 of 377 ESTs), which showed the highest sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis CORI3 (CORONATINE INDUCED 3) gene. The CORI3 promoter:GUS showed predominant expression in the vascular tissue of Arabidopsis. Through transient expression assay using Brassica vasculature and gene-gun-mediated transient assay, we found two integrated cis-regulatory regions of the CORI3 promoter. This work has provided not only string-specific EST information and shown that two novel cis-regulatory regions sustain transcriptional activity in companion cells, but also a series of procedures for efficiently examining the transcriptional framework of companion cells by exploiting the histochemical advantage of B. napus as an experimental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tsuwamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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80
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Stitz M, Gase K, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Ectopic expression of AtJMT in Nicotiana attenuata: creating a metabolic sink has tissue-specific consequences for the jasmonate metabolic network and silences downstream gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:341-54. [PMID: 21753114 PMCID: PMC3165883 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.178582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To create a metabolic sink in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, we generated transgenic Nicotiana attenuata lines ectopically expressing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) jasmonic acid O-methyltransferase (35S-jmt) and additionally silenced in other lines the N. attenuata methyl jasmonate esterase (35S-jmt/ir-mje) to reduce the deesterification of methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Basal jasmonate levels did not differ between transgenic and wild-type plants; however, after wounding and elicitation with Manduca sexta oral secretions, the bursts of JA, jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), and their metabolites that are normally observed in the lamina, midvein, and petiole of elicited wild-type leaves were largely absent in both transformants but replaced by a burst of endogenous MeJA that accounted for almost half of the total elicited jasmonate pools. In these plants, MeJA became a metabolic sink that affected the jasmonate metabolic network and its spread to systemic leaves, with major effects on 12-oxo-phytodieonic acid, JA, and hydroxy-JA in petioles and on JA-Ile in laminas. Alterations in the size of jasmonate pools were most obvious in systemic tissues, especially petioles. Expression of threonine deaminase and trypsin proteinase inhibitor, two JA-inducible defense genes, was strongly decreased in both transgenic lines without influencing the expression of JA biosynthesis genes that were uncoupled from the wounding and elicitation with M. sexta oral secretions-elicited JA-Ile gradient in elicited leaves. Taken together, this study provides support for a central role of the vasculature in the propagation of jasmonates and new insights into the versatile spatiotemporal characteristics of the jasmonate metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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81
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Owiti J, Grossmann J, Gehrig P, Dessimoz C, Laloi C, Hansen MB, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H. iTRAQ-based analysis of changes in the cassava root proteome reveals pathways associated with post-harvest physiological deterioration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:145-56. [PMID: 21435052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The short storage life of harvested cassava roots is an important constraint that limits the full potential of cassava as a commercial food crop in developing countries. We investigated the molecular changes during physiological deterioration of cassava root after harvesting using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) of proteins in soluble and non-soluble fractions prepared during a 96 h post-harvest time course. Combining bioinformatic approaches to reduce information redundancy for unsequenced or partially sequenced plant species, we established a comprehensive proteome map of the cassava root and identified quantitatively regulated proteins. Up-regulation of several key proteins confirmed that physiological deterioration of cassava root after harvesting is an active process, with 67 and 170 proteins, respectively, being up-regulated early and later after harvesting. This included regulated proteins that had not previously been associated with physiological deterioration after harvesting, such as linamarase, glutamic acid-rich protein, hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, glycine-rich RNA binding protein, β-1,3-glucanase, pectin methylesterase, maturase K, dehydroascorbate reductase, allene oxide cyclase, and proteins involved in signal pathways. To confirm the regulation of these proteins, activity assays were performed for selected enzymes. Together, our results show that physiological deterioration after harvesting is a highly regulated complex process involving proteins that are potential candidates for biotechnology approaches to reduce such deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Owiti
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Universitätstraβe 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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82
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Mielke K, Forner S, Kramell R, Conrad U, Hause B. Cell-specific visualization of jasmonates in wounded tomato and Arabidopsis leaves using jasmonate-specific antibodies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:1069-1080. [PMID: 21561458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are well-characterized signals in the development of plants and their response to abiotic and biotic stresses, such as touch and wounding by herbivores. A gap in our knowledge on jasmonate-induced processes, however, is the cellular localization of jasmonates. Here, a novel antibody-based approach was developed to visualize jasmonates in cross-sections of plant material. Antibodies raised in rabbits against BSA-coupled jasmonic acid (JA) are specific for JA, its methyl ester and isoleucine conjugate. They do not bind to 12-oxophytodienoic acid, 12-hydoxy-JA or coronatine. These antibodies were used in combination with newly established fixation and embedding methods. Jasmonates were rapidly and uniformly distributed within all cells near the site of damage of a mechanically wounded tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf. Leaf tissue distally located to the wound site exhibited identical distribution, but had a lower signal intensity. The occurrence of jasmonates in all cell types of a wounded leaf was accompanied by transcript accumulation of early JA-induced genes visualized by in situ hybridization. With these new antibodies, a powerful tool is available to detect cell-specifically the occurrence of jasmonates in any jasmonate-dependent stress response or developmental process of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Mielke
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Forner
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Robert Kramell
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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83
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Lozano-Durán R, Rosas-Díaz T, Gusmaroli G, Luna AP, Taconnat L, Deng XW, Bejarano ER. Geminiviruses subvert ubiquitination by altering CSN-mediated derubylation of SCF E3 ligase complexes and inhibit jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1014-32. [PMID: 21441437 PMCID: PMC3082251 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.080267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Viruses must create a suitable cell environment and elude defense mechanisms, which likely involves interactions with host proteins and subsequent interference with or usurpation of cellular machinery. Here, we describe a novel strategy used by plant DNA viruses (Geminiviruses) to redirect ubiquitination by interfering with the activity of the CSN (COP9 signalosome) complex. We show that geminiviral C2 protein interacts with CSN5, and its expression in transgenic plants compromises CSN activity on CUL1. Several responses regulated by the CUL1-based SCF ubiquitin E3 ligases (including responses to jasmonates, auxins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid) are altered in these plants. Impairment of SCF function is confirmed by stabilization of yellow fluorescent protein-GAI, a substrate of the SCF(SLY1). Transcriptomic analysis of these transgenic plants highlights the response to jasmonates as the main SCF-dependent process affected by C2. Exogenous jasmonate treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana plants disrupts geminivirus infection, suggesting that the suppression of the jasmonate response might be crucial for infection. Our findings suggest that C2 affects the activity of SCFs, most likely through interference with the CSN. As SCFs are key regulators of many cellular processes, the capability of viruses to selectively interfere with or hijack the activity of these complexes might define a novel and powerful strategy in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Tabata Rosas-Díaz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Giuliana Gusmaroli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Ana P. Luna
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ludivine Taconnat
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1165, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8114, UEVE, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain
- Address correspondence to
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84
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Hind SR, Pulliam SE, Veronese P, Shantharaj D, Nazir A, Jacobs NS, Stratmann JW. The COP9 signalosome controls jasmonic acid synthesis and plant responses to herbivory and pathogens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:480-91. [PMID: 21265900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multi-protein complex that regulates the activities of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). CRLs ubiquitinate proteins in order to target them for proteasomal degradation. The CSN is required for proper plant development. Here we show that the CSN also has a profound effect on plant defense responses. Silencing of genes for CSN subunits in tomato plants resulted in a mild morphological phenotype and reduced expression of wound-responsive genes in response to mechanical wounding, attack by Manduca sexta larvae, and Prosystemin over-expression. In contrast, expression of pathogenesis-related genes was increased in a stimulus-independent manner in these plants. The reduced wound response in CSN-silenced plants corresponded with reduced synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), but levels of salicylic acid (SA) were unaltered. As a consequence, these plants exhibited reduced resistance against herbivorous M. sexta larvae and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, susceptibility to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was not altered in CSN-silenced plants. These data demonstrate that the CSN orchestrates not only plant development but also JA-dependent plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Hind
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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85
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Degenhardt DC, Refi-Hind S, Stratmann JW, Lincoln DE. Systemin and jasmonic acid regulate constitutive and herbivore-induced systemic volatile emissions in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:2024-37. [PMID: 20970815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants that overexpress the Prosystemin gene (35S::PS) and plants with a mutation in the JA biosynthetic pathway (def1) are known to exhibit a constitutive or reduced wound response, respectively. Here it is demonstrated that several independent 35S::PS lines emit high levels of specific volatiles in addition to increased accumulation of proteinase inhibitors (PIs). Furthermore, the temporal dynamics of systemically induced volatile compounds including green-leaf volatiles, terpenes, and shikimic acid-derivatives from 35S::PS and def1 plants in response to herbivore wounding and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA) are described. Application of JA induced defense protein accumulation and volatile emissions in wild type plants, but did not further increase systemic volatile emissions from 35S::PS plants. Wounding by Manduca sexta larvae induced synthesis of defense proteins and emission of volatiles in wild type plants, but not in def1 plants. Application of jasmonic acid restored the local and systemic accumulation of defense proteins in def1, as well as enhanced herbivore-induced volatile emissions. These results provide strong support for the role of prosystemin- and JA-signaling in the regulation of volatile emissions in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Degenhardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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86
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Stumpe M, Göbel C, Faltin B, Beike AK, Hause B, Himmelsbach K, Bode J, Kramell R, Wasternack C, Frank W, Reski R, Feussner I. The moss Physcomitrella patens contains cyclopentenones but no jasmonates: mutations in allene oxide cyclase lead to reduced fertility and altered sporophyte morphology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:740-9. [PMID: 20704658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
• Two cDNAs encoding allene oxide cyclases (PpAOC1, PpAOC2), key enzymes in the formation of jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursor (9S,13S)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (cis-(+)-OPDA), were isolated from the moss Physcomitrella patens. • Recombinant PpAOC1 and PpAOC2 show substrate specificity against the allene oxide derived from 13-hydroperoxy linolenic acid (13-HPOTE); PpAOC2 also shows substrate specificity against the allene oxide derived from 12-hydroperoxy arachidonic acid (12-HPETE). • In protonema and gametophores the occurrence of cis-(+)-OPDA, but neither JA nor the isoleucine conjugate of JA nor that of cis-(+)-OPDA was detected. • Targeted knockout mutants for PpAOC1 and for PpAOC2 were generated, while double mutants could not be obtained. The ΔPpAOC1 and ΔPpAOC2 mutants showed reduced fertility, aberrant sporophyte morphology and interrupted sporogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stumpe
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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87
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Heil M, Ton J. Systemic Resistance Induction by Vascular and Airborne Signaling. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02167-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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88
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Wu J, Baldwin IT. Herbivory-induced signalling in plants: perception and action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1161-74. [PMID: 19183291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants and herbivores have been interacting for millions of years. Over time, plants have evolved mechanisms to defend against herbivore attacks. Herbivore-challenged plants reconfigure their metabolism to produce compounds that are toxic, repellant or anti-digestive for the herbivores. Some compounds are volatile signals that attract the predators of herbivores. All these responses are tightly regulated by a signalling network triggered by the plant's perception machinery. Several compounds that specifically elicit herbivory-induced responses in plants have been isolated from herbivore oral secretions and oviposition fluids. Elicitor perception is rapidly followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation; plants also elevate the concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and modulate phytohormone levels accordingly. In addition to these reactions in the herbivore-attacked regions of a leaf, defence responses are also mounted in unattacked parts of the attacked leaf and as well in unattacked leaves. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding how plants recognize herbivory, the involvement of several important signalling pathways that mediate the responses to herbivore attack and the signals that transduce local into systemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wu
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
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89
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Göbel C, Feussner I. Methods for the analysis of oxylipins in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1485-503. [PMID: 19735927 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant oxylipins comprise a highly diverse and complex class of molecules that are derived from lipid oxidation. The initial oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids may either occur by enzymatic or chemical reactions. A large variety of oxylipin classes are generated by an array of alternative reactions further converting hydroperoxy fatty acids. The structural diversity of oxylipins is further increased by their occurrence either as free fatty acid derivatives or as esters in complex lipids. Lipid peroxidation is common to all biological systems, appearing in developmentally regulated processes and as a response to environmental changes. The oxylipins formed may perform various biological roles; some of them have signaling functions. In order to elucidate the roles of oxylipins in a given biological context, comprehensive analytical assays are available for determining the oxylipin profiles of plant tissues. This review summarizes indirect methods to estimate the general peroxidation state of a sample and more sophisticated techniques for the identification, structure determination and quantification of oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Göbel
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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90
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Hause B, Schaarschmidt S. The role of jasmonates in mutualistic symbioses between plants and soil-born microorganisms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1589-99. [PMID: 19700177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many plants are able to develop mutualistic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Whereas the former is widely distributed among most of the land plants, the latter is restricted to species of ten plant families, including the legumes. The establishment of both associations is based on mutual recognition and a high degree of coordination at the morphological and physiological level. This requires the activity of a number of signals, including jasmonates. Here, recent knowledge on the putative roles of jasmonates in both mutualistic symbioses will be reviewed. Firstly, the action of jasmonates will be discussed in terms of the initial signal exchange between symbionts and in the resulting plant signaling cascade common for nodulation and mycorrhization. Secondly, the putative role of jasmonates in the autoregulation of the endosymbioses will be outlined. Finally, aspects of function of jasmonates in the fully established symbioses will be presented. Various processes will be discussed that are possibly mediated by jasmonates, including the redox status of nodules and the carbohydrate partitioning of mycorrhizal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Department of Secondary Metabolism, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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91
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Schaller A, Stintzi A. Enzymes in jasmonate biosynthesis - structure, function, regulation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1532-8. [PMID: 19703696 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are a growing class of lipid-derived signaling molecules with diverse functions ranging from the initiation of biotic and abiotic stress responses to the regulation of plant growth and development. Jasmonate biosynthesis originates from polyunsaturated fatty acids in chloroplast membranes. In a first lipoxygenase-catalyzed reaction molecular oxygen is introduced to yield their 13-hydroperoxy derivatives. These fatty acid hydroperoxides are converted by allene oxide synthase and allene oxide cyclase to 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) and dinor-OPDA, i.e. the first cyclic intermediates of the pathway. In the subsequent step, the characteristic cyclopentanone ring structure of jasmonates is established by OPDA reductase. Until recently, jasmonic acid has been viewed as the end product of the pathway and as the bioactive hormone. It becomes increasingly clear, however, that biological activity extends to and may even differ between the various jasmonic acid metabolites and conjugates as well as its biosynthetic precursors. It has also become clear that oxygenated fatty acids give rise to a vast variety of bioactive compounds including but not limited to jasmonates. Recent insights into the structure, function, and regulation of the enzymes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis help to explain how this variety is generated while specificity is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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92
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Koo AJ, Howe GA. The wound hormone jasmonate. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1571-80. [PMID: 19695649 PMCID: PMC2784233 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues are highly vulnerable to injury by herbivores, pathogens, mechanical stress, and other environmental insults. Optimal plant fitness in the face of these threats relies on complex signal transduction networks that link damage-associated signals to appropriate changes in metabolism, growth, and development. Many of these wound-induced adaptive responses are triggered by de novo synthesis of the plant hormone jasmonate (JA). Recent studies provide evidence that JA mediates systemic wound responses through distinct cell autonomous and non-autonomous pathways. In both pathways, bioactive JAs are recognized by an F-box protein-based receptor system that couples hormone binding to ubiquitin-dependent degradation of transcriptional repressor proteins. These results provide a framework for understanding how plants recognize and respond to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J.K. Koo
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Gregg A. Howe
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Corresponding author: Tel.: 1-517-355-5159; Fax: 1-517-353-9168. E-mail address:
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93
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Gutjahr C, Paszkowski U. Weights in the balance: jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling in root-biotroph interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:763-72. [PMID: 19522558 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-7-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Work on the interaction of aerial plant parts with pathogens has identified the signaling molecules jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) as important players in induced defense of the plant against invading organisms. Much less is known about the role of JA and SA signaling in root infection. Recent progress has been made in research on plant interactions with biotrophic mutualists and parasites that exclusively associate with roots, namely arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses on one hand and nematode and parasitic plant interactions on the other hand. Here, we review these recent advances relating JA and SA signaling to specific stages of root colonization and discuss how both signaling molecules contribute to a balance between compatibility and defense in mutualistic as well as parasitic biotroph-root interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gutjahr
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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94
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Vandenborre G, Miersch O, Hause B, Smagghe G, Wasternack C, Van Damme EJM. Spodoptera littoralis-induced lectin expression in tobacco. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1142-55. [PMID: 19416954 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The induced defense response in plants towards herbivores is mainly regulated by jasmonates and leads to the accumulation of so-called jasmonate-induced proteins. Recently, a jasmonate (JA) inducible lectin called Nicotiana tabacum agglutinin or NICTABA was discovered in tobacco (N. tabacum cv Samsun) leaves. Tobacco plants also accumulate the lectin after insect attack by caterpillars. To study the functional role of NICTABA, the accumulation of the JA precursor 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), JA as well as different JA metabolites were analyzed in tobacco leaves after herbivory by larvae of the cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and correlated with NICTABA accumulation. It was shown that OPDA, JA as well as its methyl ester can trigger NICTABA accumulation. However, hydroxylation of JA and its subsequent sulfation and glucosylation results in inactive compounds that have lost the capacity to induce NICTABA gene expression. The expression profile of NICTABA after caterpillar feeding was recorded in local as well as in systemic leaves, and compared to the expression of several genes encoding defense proteins, and genes encoding a tobacco systemin and the allene oxide cyclase, an enzyme in JA biosynthesis. Furthermore, the accumulation of NICTABA was quantified after S. littoralis herbivory and immunofluorescence microscopy was used to study the localization of NICTABA in the tobacco leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Vandenborre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
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95
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Fonseca S, Chini A, Hamberg M, Adie B, Porzel A, Kramell R, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Solano R. (+)-7-iso-Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine is the endogenous bioactive jasmonate. Nat Chem Biol 2009; 5:344-50. [PMID: 19349968 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-triggered activation of the jasmonate signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana requires SCF(COI1)-mediated proteasome degradation of JAZ repressors. (-)-JA-L-Ile is the proposed bioactive hormone, and SCF(COI1) is its likely receptor. We found that the biological activity of (-)-JA-L-Ile is unexpectedly low compared to coronatine and the synthetic isomer (+)-JA-L-Ile, which suggests that the stereochemical orientation of the cyclopentanone-ring side chains greatly affects receptor binding. Detailed GC-MS and HPLC analyses showed that the (-)-JA-L-Ile preparations currently used in ligand binding studies contain small amounts of the C7 epimer (+)-7-iso-JA-L-Ile. Purification of each of these molecules demonstrated that pure (-)-JA-L-Ile is inactive and that the active hormone is (+)-7-iso-JA-L-Ile, which is also structurally more similar to coronatine. In addition, we show that pH changes promote conversion of (+)-7-iso-JA-L-Ile to the inactive (-)-JA-L-Ile form, thus providing a simple mechanism that can regulate hormone activity through epimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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96
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Jiang K, Pi Y, Hou R, Jiang L, Sun X, Tang K. Promotion of nicotine biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco by overexpressing allene oxide cyclase from Hyoscyamus niger. PLANTA 2009; 229:1057-63. [PMID: 19214562 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites are a wide variety of low-molecular weight compounds whose productions are often enhanced in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Many of the responses are mediated by a class of hormones, named as jasmonates. In jasmonate biosynthetic pathway of plants, allene oxide cyclase (AOC, EC 5.3.99.6) catalyzes the most crucial step. Here a heterologous AOC gene from Hyoscyamus niger L. (black henbane), named HnAOC (GenBank accession No. AY708383), was overexpressed in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana to investigate the consequence on nicotine content. This study revealed that the transcription of HnAOC in tobacco resulted in overexpression of nicotine biosynthetic pathway genes and higher yield of nicotine, with the maximum of 4.8-fold over control. Therefore, it indicated that without the cost of extrinsic hormones, genetic manipulation of jasmonate biosynthetic pathway genes could be an alternative approach in metabolic engineering for the production of valuable secondary metabolites, which were induced by jasmonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keji Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Morgan-Tan International Center for Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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97
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Mugford SG, Yoshimoto N, Reichelt M, Wirtz M, Hill L, Mugford ST, Nakazato Y, Noji M, Takahashi H, Kramell R, Gigolashvili T, Flügge UI, Wasternack C, Gershenzon J, Hell R, Saito K, Kopriva S. Disruption of adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate kinase in Arabidopsis reduces levels of sulfated secondary metabolites. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:910-27. [PMID: 19304933 PMCID: PMC2671714 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.065581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants can metabolize sulfate by two pathways, which branch at the level of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS). APS can be reduced to sulfide and incorporated into Cys in the primary sulfate assimilation pathway or phosphorylated by APS kinase to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, which is the activated sulfate form for sulfation reactions. To assess to what extent APS kinase regulates accumulation of sulfated compounds, we analyzed the corresponding gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of T-DNA insertion knockout lines for each of the four isoforms did not reveal any phenotypical alterations. However, when all six combinations of double mutants were compared, the apk1 apk2 plants were significantly smaller than wild-type plants. The levels of glucosinolates, a major class of sulfated secondary metabolites, and the sulfated 12-hydroxyjasmonate were reduced approximately fivefold in apk1 apk2 plants. Although auxin levels were increased in the apk1 apk2 mutants, as is the case for most plants with compromised glucosinolate synthesis, typical high auxin phenotypes were not observed. The reduction in glucosinolates resulted in increased transcript levels for genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis and accumulation of desulfated precursors. It also led to great alterations in sulfur metabolism: the levels of sulfate and thiols increased in the apk1 apk2 plants. The data indicate that the APK1 and APK2 isoforms of APS kinase play a major role in the synthesis of secondary sulfated metabolites and are required for normal growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Mugford
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Ines Centre, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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98
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Pi Y, Jiang K, Cao Y, Wang Q, Huang Z, Li L, Hu L, Li W, Sun X, Tang K. Allene oxide cyclase from Camptotheca acuminata improves tolerance against low temperature and salt stress in tobacco and bacteria. Mol Biotechnol 2009; 41:115-22. [PMID: 18850307 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Allene oxide cyclase (AOC, E 5.3.99.6) is an essential enzyme in jasmonate (JA) biosynthetic pathway. An AOC gene (defined as CaAOC, Database Accession No. AY863428) had been isolated from Camptotheca acuminata in previous work. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that mRNA expression of CaAOC was induced by salt stress (120 mM NaCl) and low temperature (4 degrees C). In order to further investigate the role of AOC gene in the processes, CaAOC was introduced into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the transgenic lines were subjected to the examination of tolerance against salt stress and low temperature. Under salt stress, the chlorophyll content in transgenic tobacco was higher than that of in the wild plants. The electrolyte leakage test revealed that transgenic tobacco plants were more resistant to low temperature over control. Furthermore, 5'-truncated CaAOC was inserted into pET30 and then expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21DE3 (pLysS). Interestingly, the transformants could grow on 2YT agar containing 400 mM NaCl. Although these mechanisms are not clear yet, this study suggested that CaAOC could not only be a potential target gene in the engineering of plants and bacteria for improved endurance against salt stress, but also be quite useful in enhancing plant tolerance to cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Morgan-Tan International Center for Life Sciences, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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99
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Ahkami AH, Lischewski S, Haensch KT, Porfirova S, Hofmann J, Rolletschek H, Melzer M, Franken P, Hause B, Druege U, Hajirezaei MR. Molecular physiology of adventitious root formation in Petunia hybrida cuttings: involvement of wound response and primary metabolism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:613-25. [PMID: 19076299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root formation (ARF) in the model plant Petunia hybrida cv. Mitchell has been analysed in terms of anatomy, gene expression, enzymatic activities and levels of metabolites. This study focuses on the involvement of wound response and primary metabolism. Microscopic techniques were complemented with targeted transcript, enzyme and metabolite profiling using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Northern blot, enzymatic assays, chromatography and mass spectrometry. Three days after severance from the stock plants, first meristematic cells appeared which further developed into root primordia and finally adventitious roots. Excision of cuttings led to a fast and transient increase in the wound-hormone jasmonic acid, followed by the expression of jasmonate-regulated genes such as cell wall invertase. Analysis of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates showed a continuous accumulation during ARF. A broad metabolite profiling revealed a strong increase in organic acids and resynthesis of essential amino acids. Substantial changes in enzyme activities and metabolite levels indicate that specific enzymes and metabolites might play a crucial role during ARF. Three metabolic phases could be defined: (i) sink establishment phase characterized by apoplastic unloading of sucrose and being probably mediated by jasmonates; (ii) recovery phase; and (iii) maintenance phase, in which a symplastic unloading occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Ahkami
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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100
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Heil M, Walters DR. Chapter 15 Ecological Consequences of Plant Defence Signalling. ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH 2009. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2296(09)51015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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