51
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Huang K, Qin F, Liu H, Ye H, Qiu CW, Hong M, Luk'yanchuk B, Teng J. Planar Diffractive Lenses: Fundamentals, Functionalities, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704556. [PMID: 29672949 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional objective lenses in modern microscopy, based on the refraction of light, are restricted by the Rayleigh diffraction limit. The existing methods to overcome this limit can be categorized into near-field (e.g., scanning near-field optical microscopy, superlens, microsphere lens) and far-field (e.g., stimulated emission depletion microscopy, photoactivated localization microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) approaches. However, they either operate in the challenging near-field mode or there is the need to label samples in biology. Recently, through manipulation of the diffraction of light with binary masks or gradient metasurfaces, some miniaturized and planar lenses have been reported with intriguing functionalities such as ultrahigh numerical aperture, large depth of focus, and subdiffraction-limit focusing in far-field, which provides a viable solution for the label-free superresolution imaging. Here, the recent advances in planar diffractive lenses (PDLs) are reviewed from a united theoretical account on diffraction-based focusing optics, and the underlying physics of nanofocusing via constructive or destructive interference is revealed. Various approaches of realizing PDLs are introduced in terms of their unique performances and interpreted by using optical aberration theory. Furthermore, a detailed tutorial about applying these planar lenses in nanoimaging is provided, followed by an outlook regarding future development toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Huapeng Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Minghui Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Boris Luk'yanchuk
- Data Storage Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-01, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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52
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Heine J, Wurm CA, Keller-Findeisen J, Schönle A, Harke B, Reuss M, Winter FR, Donnert G. Three dimensional live-cell STED microscopy at increased depth using a water immersion objective. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:053701. [PMID: 29864829 DOI: 10.1063/1.5020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Modern fluorescence superresolution microscopes are capable of imaging living cells on the nanometer scale. One of those techniques is stimulated emission depletion (STED) which increases the microscope's resolution many times in the lateral and the axial directions. To achieve these high resolutions not only close to the coverslip but also at greater depths, the choice of objective becomes crucial. Oil immersion objectives have frequently been used for STED imaging since their high numerical aperture (NA) leads to high spatial resolutions. But during live-cell imaging, especially at great penetration depths, these objectives have a distinct disadvantage. The refractive index mismatch between the immersion oil and the usually aqueous embedding media of living specimens results in unwanted spherical aberrations. These aberrations distort the point spread functions (PSFs). Notably, during z- and 3D-STED imaging, the resolution increase along the optical axis is majorly hampered if at all possible. To overcome this limitation, we here use a water immersion objective in combination with a spatial light modulator for z-STED measurements of living samples at great depths. This compact design allows for switching between objectives without having to adapt the STED beam path and enables on the fly alterations of the STED PSF to correct for aberrations. Furthermore, we derive the influence of the NA on the axial STED resolution theoretically and experimentally. We show under live-cell imaging conditions that a water immersion objective leads to far superior results than an oil immersion objective at penetration depths of 5-180 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Heine
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian A Wurm
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Keller-Findeisen
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönle
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Harke
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Reuss
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska R Winter
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Donnert
- Abberior Instruments GmbH, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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53
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Li C, Liu S, Wang W, Liu W, Kuang C, Liu X. Recent research on stimulated emission depletion microscopy for reducing photobleaching. J Microsc 2018; 271:4-16. [PMID: 29600565 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is a useful tool in investigation for super-resolution realm. By silencing the peripheral fluorophores of the excited spot, leaving only the very centre zone vigorous for fluorescence, the effective point spread function (PSF) could be immensely squeezed and subcellular structures, such as organelles, become discernable. Nevertheless, because of the low cross-section of stimulated emission and the short fluorescence lifetime, the depletion power density has to be extremely higher than the excitation power density and molecules are exposed in high risk of photobleaching. The existence of photobleaching greatly limits the research of STED in achieving higher resolution and more delicate imaging quality, as well as long-term and dynamic observation. Since the first experimental implementation of STED microscopy, researchers have lift out variety of methods and techniques to alleviate the problem. This paper would present some researches via conventional methods which have been explored and utilised relatively thoroughly, such as fast scanning, time-gating, two-photon excitation (TPE), triplet relaxation (T-Rex) and background suppression. Alternatively, several up-to-date techniques, especially adaptive illumination, would also be unveiled for discussion in this paper. The contrast and discussion of these modalities would play an important role in ameliorating the research of STED microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - W Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - W Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - C Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - X Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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54
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Vangindertael J, Camacho R, Sempels W, Mizuno H, Dedecker P, Janssen KPF. An introduction to optical super-resolution microscopy for the adventurous biologist. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:022003. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aaae0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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55
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Emerging views of the nucleus as a cellular mechanosensor. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:373-381. [PMID: 29467443 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to respond to mechanical forces is critical for numerous biological processes. Emerging evidence indicates that external mechanical forces trigger changes in nuclear envelope structure and composition, chromatin organization and gene expression. However, it remains unclear if these processes originate in the nucleus or are downstream of cytoplasmic signals. Here we discuss recent findings that support a direct role of the nucleus in cellular mechanosensing and highlight novel tools to study nuclear mechanotransduction.
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56
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Vicidomini G, Bianchini P, Diaspro A. STED super-resolved microscopy. Nat Methods 2018; 15:173-182. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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57
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Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy for Single Cell Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1068:59-71. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0502-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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58
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Gregor I, Spiecker M, Petrovsky R, Großhans J, Ros R, Enderlein J. Rapid nonlinear image scanning microscopy. Nat Methods 2017; 14:1087-1089. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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59
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Diffraction-Unlimited Fluorescence Imaging with an EasySTED Retrofitted Confocal Microscope. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28924657 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7265-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The easySTED technology provides the means to retrofit a confocal microscope to a diffraction-unlimited stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope.Although commercial STED systems are available today, for many users of confocal laser scanning microscopes the option of retrofitting their confocal system to a STED system ready for diffraction-unlimited imaging may present an attractive option. The easySTED principle allowing for a joint beam path of excitation and depletion light promises some advantages concerning technical complexity and alignment effort for such an STED upgrade. In the one beam path design of easySTED the use of a common laser source, either a supercontinuum source or two separate lasers coupled into the same single-mode fiber, becomes feasible. The alignment of the focal light distribution of the STED beam relative to that of the excitation beam in all three spatial dimensions is therefore omitted respectively reduced to coupling the STED laser into the common single-mode fiber. Thus, only minor modifications need to be applied to the beam path in the confocal microscope to be upgraded. Those comprise adding polarization control elements and the easySTED waveplate, and adapting the beamsplitter to the excitation/STED wavelength combination.
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60
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Oracz J, Westphal V, Radzewicz C, Sahl SJ, Hell SW. Photobleaching in STED nanoscopy and its dependence on the photon flux applied for reversible silencing of the fluorophore. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11354. [PMID: 28900102 PMCID: PMC5595794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In STED (stimulated emission depletion) nanoscopy, the resolution and signal are limited by the fluorophore de-excitation efficiency and photobleaching. Here, we investigated their dependence on the pulse duration and power of the applied STED light for the popular 750 nm wavelength. In experiments with red- and orange-emitting dyes, the pulse duration was varied from the sub-picosecond range up to continuous-wave conditions, with average powers up to 200 mW at 80 MHz repetition rate, i.e. peak powers up to 1 kW and pulse energies up to 2.5 nJ. We demonstrate the dependence of bleaching on pulse duration, which dictates the optimal parameters of how to deliver the photons required for transient fluorophore silencing. Measurements with the dye ATTO647N reveal that the bleaching of excited molecules scales with peak power with a single effective order ~1.4. This motivates peak power reduction while maintaining the number of STED-light photons, in line with the superior resolution commonly achieved for nanosecond STED pulses. Other dyes (ATTO590, STAR580, STAR635P) exhibit two distinctive bleaching regimes for constant pulse energy, one with strong dependence on peak power, one nearly independent. We interpret the results within a photobleaching model that guides quantitative predictions of resolution and bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Oracz
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pastera 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Volker Westphal
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Czesław Radzewicz
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pastera 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Steffen J Sahl
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan W Hell
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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61
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Abstract
Fluorescence nanoscopy uniquely combines minimally invasive optical access to the internal nanoscale structure and dynamics of cells and tissues with molecular detection specificity. While the basic physical principles of 'super-resolution' imaging were discovered in the 1990s, with initial experimental demonstrations following in 2000, the broad application of super-resolution imaging to address cell-biological questions has only more recently emerged. Nanoscopy approaches have begun to facilitate discoveries in cell biology and to add new knowledge. One current direction for method improvement is the ambition to quantitatively account for each molecule under investigation and assess true molecular colocalization patterns via multi-colour analyses. In pursuing this goal, the labelling of individual molecules to enable their visualization has emerged as a central challenge. Extending nanoscale imaging into (sliced) tissue and whole-animal contexts is a further goal. In this Review we describe the successes to date and discuss current obstacles and possibilities for further development.
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62
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Abstract
The concepts called STED/RESOLFT superresolve features by a light-driven transfer of closely packed molecules between two different states, typically a nonfluorescent "off" state and a fluorescent "on" state at well-defined coordinates on subdiffraction scales. For this, the applied light intensity must be sufficient to guarantee the state difference for molecules spaced at the resolution sought. Relatively high intensities have therefore been applied throughout the imaging to obtain the highest resolutions. At regions where features are far enough apart that molecules could be separated with lower intensity, the excess intensity just adds to photobleaching. Here, we introduce DyMIN (standing for Dynamic Intensity Minimum) scanning, generalizing and expanding on earlier concepts of RESCue and MINFIELD to reduce sample exposure. The principle of DyMIN is that it only uses as much on/off-switching light as needed to image at the desired resolution. Fluorescence can be recorded at those positions where fluorophores are found within a subresolution neighborhood. By tuning the intensity (and thus resolution) during the acquisition of each pixel/voxel, we match the size of this neighborhood to the structures being imaged. DyMIN is shown to lower the dose of STED light on the scanned region up to ∼20-fold under common biological imaging conditions, and >100-fold for sparser 2D and 3D samples. The bleaching reduction can be converted into accordingly brighter images at <30-nm resolution.
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63
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Soltys JN, Meyer SA, Schumann H, Gibson EA, Restrepo D, Bennett JL. Determining the Spatial Relationship of Membrane-Bound Aquaporin-4 Autoantibodies by STED Nanoscopy. Biophys J 2017; 112:1692-1702. [PMID: 28445760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the spatial relationship of individual proteins in dense assemblies remains a challenge for superresolution nanoscopy. The organization of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) into large plasma membrane assemblies provides an opportunity to image membrane-bound AQP4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG) and evaluate changes in their spatial distribution due to alterations in AQP4 isoform expression and AQP4-IgG epitope specificity. Using stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy, we imaged secondary antibody labeling of monoclonal AQP4-IgGs with differing epitope specificity bound to isolated tetramers (M1-AQP4) and large orthogonal arrays of AQP4 (M23-AQP4). Imaging secondary antibodies bound to M1-AQP4 allowed us to infer the size of individual AQP4-IgG binding events. This information was used to model the assembly of larger AQP4-IgG complexes on M23-AQP4 arrays. A scoring algorithm was generated from these models to characterize the spatial arrangement of bound AQP4-IgG antibodies, yielding multiple epitope-specific patterns of bound antibodies on M23-AQP4 arrays. Our results delineate an approach to infer spatial relationships within protein arrays using stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy, offering insight into how information on single antibody fluorescence events can be used to extract information from dense protein assemblies under a biologic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Soltys
- Medical Scientist Training and Neuroscience Graduate Training Programs, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephanie A Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hannah Schumann
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emily A Gibson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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64
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Wang C, Taki M, Sato Y, Fukazawa A, Higashiyama T, Yamaguchi S. Super-Photostable Phosphole-Based Dye for Multiple-Acquisition Stimulated Emission Depletion Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10374-10381. [PMID: 28741935 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy can provide structural details of cells with an optical resolution beyond the diffraction limit, it has become an indispensable tool in cell biology. However, the intense STED laser beam usually causes rapid photobleaching of the employed fluorescent dyes, which significantly limits the utility of STED microscopy from a practical perspective. Herein we report a new design of super-photostable dye, PhoxBright 430 (PB430), comprising a fully ring-fused π-conjugated skeleton with an electron-accepting phosphole P-oxide unit. We previously developed a super-photostable dye C-Naphox by combining the phosphole unit with an electron-donating triphenylamine moiety. In PB430, removal of the amino group alters the transition type from intramolecular charge transfer character to π-π* transition character, which gives rise to intense fluorescence insensitive to molecular environment in terms of fluorescence colors and intensity, and bright fluorescence even in aqueous media. PB430 also furnishes high solubility in water, and is capable of labeling proteins with maintaining high fluorescence quantum yields. This dye exhibits outstanding resistance to photoirradiation even under the STED conditions and allows continuous acquisition of STED images. Indeed, using a PB430-conjugated antibody, we succeed in attaining a 3-D reconstruction of super-resolution STED images as well as photostability-based multicolor STED imaging of fluorescently labeled cytoskeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wang
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8501, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8501, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8501, Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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65
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Saurabh S, Perez AM, Comerci CJ, Shapiro L, Moerner WE. Super-Resolution Microscopy and Single-Protein Tracking in Live Bacteria Using a Genetically Encoded, Photostable Fluoromodule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28627757 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Visualization of dynamic protein structures in live cells is crucial for understanding the mechanisms governing biological processes. Fluorescence microscopy is a sensitive tool for this purpose. In order to image proteins in live bacteria using fluorescence microscopy, one typically genetically fuses the protein of interest to a photostable fluorescent tag. Several labeling schemes are available to accomplish this. Particularly, hybrid tags that combine a fluorescent or fluorogenic dye with a genetically encoded protein (such as enzymatic labels) have been used successfully in multiple cell types. However, their use in bacteria has been limited due to challenges imposed by a complex bacterial cell wall. Here, we describe the use of a genetically encoded photostable fluoromodule that can be targeted to cytosolic and membrane proteins in the Gram negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Additionally, we summarize methods to use this fluoromodule for single protein imaging and super-resolution microscopy using stimulated emission depletion. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Saurabh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Adam M Perez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Colin J Comerci
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lucy Shapiro
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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66
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Roubinet B, Weber M, Shojaei H, Bates M, Bossi ML, Belov VN, Irie M, Hell SW. Fluorescent Photoswitchable Diarylethenes for Biolabeling and Single-Molecule Localization Microscopies with Optical Superresolution. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6611-6620. [PMID: 28437075 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A modular assembly of water-soluble diarylethenes (DAEs), applicable as biomarkers for optical nanoscopy, is reported. Reversibly photoswitchable 1,2-bis(2-alkyl-6-phenyl-1-benzothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentenes possessing a fluorescent "closed" form were decorated with one or two methoxy group(s) attached to the para-position(s) of phenyl ring(s) and two, four, or eight carboxylic acid groups. Antibody conjugates of these DAEs feature low aggregation, efficient photoswitching in aqueous buffers, specific staining of cellular structures, and photophysical properties (high emission efficiencies and low cycloreversion quantum yields) enabling their application in superresolution microscopy. Images of tubulin, vimentin, and nuclear pore complexes are presented. The superresolution images can also be acquired by using solely 488 nm light without additional photoactivation with UV light. These DAEs exhibit reversible photoswitching without requiring any additives to the imaging media and open new paths toward the modular design of fluorescent dyes for bioimaging with optical superresolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Roubinet
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heydar Shojaei
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Bates
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariano L Bossi
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vladimir N Belov
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Research Center for Smart Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University , Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Stefan W Hell
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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67
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Merino D, Mallabiabarrena A, Andilla J, Artigas D, Zimmermann T, Loza-Alvarez P. STED imaging performance estimation by means of Fourier transform analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2472-2482. [PMID: 28663885 PMCID: PMC5480492 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to relatively high powers used in STED, biological samples may be affected by the illumination in the process of image acquisition. Similarly, the performance of the system may be limited by the sample itself. Optimization of the STED parameters taking into account the sample itself is therefore a complex task as there is no clear methodology that can determine the image improvement in an objective and quantitative manner. In this work, a method based on Fourier transform formalism is presented to analyze the performance of a STED system. The spatial frequency distribution of pairs of confocal and STED images are compared to obtain an objective parameter, the Azimuth Averaged Spectral Content Spread (AASCS), that is related to the performance of the system in which the sample is also considered. The method has been first tested on samples of beads, and then applied to cell samples labeled with multiple fluorescent dyes. The results show that a single parameter, the AASCS, can be used to determine the optimal settings for STED image acquisition in an objective way, only by using the information provided by the images from the sample themselves. The AASCS also helps minimize the depletion power, for better preservation of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Merino
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 308860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Arrate Mallabiabarrena
- Advanced Light Microscopy Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | - Jordi Andilla
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 308860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - David Artigas
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 308860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Timo Zimmermann
- Advanced Light Microscopy Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 308860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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68
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Adler RA, Wang C, Fukazawa A, Yamaguchi S. Tuning the Photophysical Properties of Photostable Benzo[b]phosphole P-Oxide-Based Fluorophores. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8718-8725. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A. Adler
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical
Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical
Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical
Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science, and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical
Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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69
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Cremer C, Szczurek A, Schock F, Gourram A, Birk U. Super-resolution microscopy approaches to nuclear nanostructure imaging. Methods 2017; 123:11-32. [PMID: 28390838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome has been decoded, but we are still far from understanding the regulation of all gene activities. A largely unexplained role in these regulatory mechanisms is played by the spatial organization of the genome in the cell nucleus which has far-reaching functional consequences for gene regulation. Until recently, it appeared to be impossible to study this problem on the nanoscale by light microscopy. However, novel developments in optical imaging technology have radically surpassed the limited resolution of conventional far-field fluorescence microscopy (ca. 200nm). After a brief review of available super-resolution microscopy (SRM) methods, we focus on a specific SRM approach to study nuclear genome structure at the single cell/single molecule level, Spectral Precision Distance/Position Determination Microscopy (SPDM). SPDM, a variant of localization microscopy, makes use of conventional fluorescent proteins or single standard organic fluorophores in combination with standard (or only slightly modified) specimen preparation conditions; in its actual realization mode, the same laser frequency can be used for both photoswitching and fluorescence read out. Presently, the SPDM method allows us to image nuclear genome organization in individual cells down to few tens of nanometer (nm) of structural resolution, and to perform quantitative analyses of individual small chromatin domains; of the nanoscale distribution of histones, chromatin remodeling proteins, and transcription, splicing and repair related factors. As a biomedical research application, using dual-color SPDM, it became possible to monitor in mouse cardiomyocyte cells quantitatively the effects of ischemia conditions on the chromatin nanostructure (DNA). These novel "molecular optics" approaches open an avenue to study the nuclear landscape directly in individual cells down to the single molecule level and thus to test models of functional genome architecture at unprecedented resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Cremer
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany; Department of Physics, University of Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), and Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. http://www.optics.imb-mainz.de
| | - Aleksander Szczurek
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Schock
- Department of Physics, University of Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), and Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amine Gourram
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Udo Birk
- Superresolution Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany; Department of Physics, University of Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany; Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), and Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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70
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Hebisch E, Wagner E, Westphal V, Sieber JJ, Lehnart SE. A protocol for registration and correction of multicolour STED superresolution images. J Microsc 2017; 267:160-175. [PMID: 28370211 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multicolour fluorescence imaging by STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) superresolution microscopy with doughnut-shaped STED laser beams based on different wavelengths for each colour channel requires precise image registration. This is especially important when STED imaging is used for co-localisation studies of two or more native proteins in biological specimens to analyse nanometric subcellular spatial arrangements. We developed a robust postprocessing image registration protocol, with the aim to verify and ultimately optimise multicolour STED image quality. Importantly, this protocol will support any subsequent quantitative localisation analysis at nanometric scales. Henceforth, using an approach that registers each colour channel present during STED imaging individually, this protocol reliably corrects for optical aberrations and inadvertent sample drift. To achieve the latter goal, the protocol combines the experimental sample information, from corresponding STED and confocal images using the same optical beam path and setup, with that of an independent calibration sample. As a result, image registration is based on a strategy that maximises the cross-correlation between sequentially acquired images of the experimental sample, which are strategically combined by the protocol. We demonstrate the general applicability of the image registration protocol by co-staining of the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel in primary mouse cardiomyocytes. To validate this new approach, we identify user-friendly criteria, which - if fulfilled - support optimal image registration. In summary, we introduce a new method for image registration and rationally based postprocessing steps through a highly standardised protocol for multicolour STED imaging, which directly supports the reproducibility of protein co-localisation analyses. Although the reference protocol is discussed exemplarily for two-colour STED imaging, it can be readily expanded to three or more colours and STED channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hebisch
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - E Wagner
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - V Westphal
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J J Sieber
- Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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71
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Richter KN, Rizzoli SO, Jähne S, Vogts A, Lovric J. Review of combined isotopic and optical nanoscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:020901. [PMID: 28466025 PMCID: PMC5400889 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.2.020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the detailed substructure of the cell is beyond the ability of conventional optical microscopy. Electron microscopy, therefore, has been the only option for such studies for several decades. The recent implementation of several super-resolution optical microscopy techniques has rendered the investigation of cellular substructure easier and more efficient. Nevertheless, optical microscopy only provides an image of the present structure of the cell, without any information on its long-temporal changes. These can be investigated by combining super-resolution optics with a nonoptical imaging technique, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, which investigates the isotopic composition of the samples. The resulting technique, combined isotopic and optical nanoscopy, enables the investigation of both the structure and the "history" of the cellular elements. The age and the turnover of cellular organelles can be read by isotopic imaging, while the structure can be analyzed by optical (fluorescence) approaches. We present these technologies, and we discuss their implementation for the study of biological samples. We conclude that, albeit complex, this type of technology is reliable enough for mass application to cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina N. Richter
- University of Göttingen Medical Center, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- University of Göttingen Medical Center, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jähne
- University of Göttingen Medical Center, Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angela Vogts
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jelena Lovric
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gothenburg, Sweden
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72
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Blom
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dept Applied Physics, SciLifeLab, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jerker Widengren
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dept Applied Physics, Albanova Univ Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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73
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Amplified stimulated emission in upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution nanoscopy. Nature 2017; 543:229-233. [DOI: 10.1038/nature21366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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74
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Strong signal increase in STED fluorescence microscopy by imaging regions of subdiffraction extent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2125-2130. [PMID: 28193881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621495114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobleaching remains a limiting factor in superresolution fluorescence microscopy. This is particularly true for stimulated emission depletion (STED) and reversible saturable/switchable optical fluorescence transitions (RESOLFT) microscopy, where adjacent fluorescent molecules are distinguished by sequentially turning them off (or on) using a pattern of light formed as a doughnut or a standing wave. In sample regions where the pattern intensity reaches or exceeds a certain threshold, the molecules are essentially off (or on), whereas in areas where the intensity is lower, that is, around the intensity minima, the molecules remain in the initial state. Unfortunately, the creation of on/off state differences on subdiffraction scales requires the maxima of the intensity pattern to exceed the threshold intensity by a large factor that scales with the resolution. Hence, when recording an image by scanning the pattern across the sample, each molecule in the sample is repeatedly exposed to the maxima, which exacerbates bleaching. Here, we introduce MINFIELD, a strategy for fundamentally reducing bleaching in STED/RESOLFT nanoscopy through restricting the scanning to subdiffraction-sized regions. By safeguarding the molecules from the intensity of the maxima and exposing them only to the lower intensities (around the minima) needed for the off-switching (on-switching), MINFIELD largely avoids detrimental transitions to higher molecular states. A bleaching reduction by up to 100-fold is demonstrated. Recording nanobody-labeled nuclear pore complexes in Xenopus laevis cells showed that MINFIELD-STED microscopy resolved details separated by <25 nm where conventional scanning failed to acquire sufficient signal.
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75
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Qin F, Huang K, Wu J, Teng J, Qiu CW, Hong M. A Supercritical Lens Optical Label-Free Microscopy: Sub-Diffraction Resolution and Ultra-Long Working Distance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1602721. [PMID: 27991699 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A planar metalens for achieving super-resolution imaging in far-field is proposed. This metalens, which has a non-sub-wavelength feature size, can be fabricated by conventional laser pattern generator. The imaging process is purely physical and captured in real time, without any pre- and post-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Kun Huang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Minghui Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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76
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Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells is organized in nucleoids containing DNA and various proteins. This review discusses questions of organization and structural dynamics of nucleoids as well as their protein components. The structures of mt-nucleoid from different organisms are compared. The currently accepted model of nucleoid organization is described and questions needing answers for better understanding of the fine mechanisms of the mitochondrial genetic apparatus functioning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kolesnikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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77
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Minoshima M, Kikuchi K. Photostable and photoswitching fluorescent dyes for super-resolution imaging. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:639-652. [PMID: 28083655 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is a recently developed imaging tool for biological researches. Several methods have been developed for detection of fluorescence signals from molecules in a subdiffraction-limited area, breaking the diffraction limit of the conventional optical microscopies and allowing visualization of detailed macromolecular structures in cells. As objectives are exposed to intense laser in the optical systems, fluorophores for super-resolution microscopy must be tolerated even under severe light irradiation conditions. The fluorophores must also be photoactivatable and photoswitchable for single-molecule localization-based super-resolution microscopy, because the number of active fluorophores must be controlled by light irradiation. This has led to growing interest in these properties in the development of fluorophores. In this mini-review, we focus on the development of photostable and photoswitching fluorescent dyes for super-resolution microscopy. We introduce recent efforts, including improvement of fluorophore photostability and control of photoswitching behaviors of fluorophores based on photochemical and photophysical processes. Understanding and manipulation of chemical reactions in excited fluorophores can develop highly photostable and efficiently photoswitchable fluorophores that are suitable for super-resolution imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Minoshima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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78
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79
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Dirk BS, Van Nynatten LR, Dikeakos JD. Where in the Cell Are You? Probing HIV-1 Host Interactions through Advanced Imaging Techniques. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100288. [PMID: 27775563 PMCID: PMC5086620 DOI: 10.3390/v8100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses must continuously evolve to hijack the host cell machinery in order to successfully replicate and orchestrate key interactions that support their persistence. The type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is a prime example of viral persistence within the host, having plagued the human population for decades. In recent years, advances in cellular imaging and molecular biology have aided the elucidation of key steps mediating the HIV-1 lifecycle and viral pathogenesis. Super-resolution imaging techniques such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) and photoactivation and localization microscopy (PALM) have been instrumental in studying viral assembly and release through both cell-cell transmission and cell-free viral transmission. Moreover, powerful methods such as Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) have shed light on the protein-protein interactions HIV-1 engages within the host to hijack the cellular machinery. Specific advancements in live cell imaging in combination with the use of multicolor viral particles have become indispensable to unravelling the dynamic nature of these virus-host interactions. In the current review, we outline novel imaging methods that have been used to study the HIV-1 lifecycle and highlight advancements in the cell culture models developed to enhance our understanding of the HIV-1 lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan S Dirk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Logan R Van Nynatten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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80
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Eggeling C, Honigmann A. Closing the gap: The approach of optical and computational microscopy to uncover biomembrane organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2558-2568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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81
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Hung ST, Bhuyan A, Schademan K, Steverlynck J, McCluskey MD, Koeckelberghs G, Clays K, Kuzyk MG. Spectroscopic studies of the mechanism of reversible photodegradation of 1-substituted aminoanthraquinone-doped polymers. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:114902. [PMID: 27004896 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of reversible photodegradation of 1-substituted aminoanthraquinones doped into poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene is investigated. Time-dependent density functional theory is employed to predict the transition energies and corresponding oscillator strengths of the proposed reversibly and irreversibly damaged dye species. Ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to characterize which species are present. FTIR spectroscopy indicates that both dye and polymer undergo reversible photodegradation when irradiated with a visible laser. These findings suggest that photodegradation of 1-substituted aminoanthraquinones doped in polymers originates from interactions between dyes and photoinduced thermally degraded polymers, and the metastable product may recover or further degrade irreversibly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ting Hung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814, USA
| | - Ankita Bhuyan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814, USA
| | - Kyle Schademan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814, USA
| | - Joost Steverlynck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Matthew D McCluskey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814, USA
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Clays
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814, USA
| | - Mark G Kuzyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814, USA
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82
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Xiong Y, Rivera-Fuentes P, Sezgin E, Vargas Jentzsch A, Eggeling C, Anderson HL. Photoswitchable Spiropyran Dyads for Biological Imaging. Org Lett 2016; 18:3666-9. [PMID: 27456166 PMCID: PMC5010358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a small-molecule dyad consisting of a far-red-emitting silicon rhodamine dye that is covalently linked to a photochromic spironaphthothiopyran unit, which serves as a photoswitchable quencher, is reported. This system can be switched reversibly between the fluorescent and nonfluorescent states using visible light at wavelengths of 405 and 630 nm, respectively, and it works effectively in aqueous solution. Live-cell imaging demonstrates that this dyad has several desirable features, including excellent membrane permeability, fast and reversible modulation of fluorescence by visible light, and good contrast between the bright and dark states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Pablo Rivera-Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit and Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit and Wolfson Imaging Centre Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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83
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Castello M, Tortarolo G, Hernández IC, Bianchini P, Buttafava M, Boso G, Tosi A, Diaspro A, Vicidomini G. Gated-sted microscopy with subnanosecond pulsed fiber laser for reducing photobleaching. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:785-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Castello
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy; Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 Genoa 16163 Italy
- Department of Informatics Bioengineering Robotics and Systems Engineering; University of Genoa; Via Opera Pia 13 16145 Genoa Italy
| | - Giorgio Tortarolo
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy; Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 Genoa 16163 Italy
- Department of Informatics Bioengineering Robotics and Systems Engineering; University of Genoa; Via Opera Pia 13 16145 Genoa Italy
| | | | - Paolo Bianchini
- Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 Genoa 16163 Italy
| | - Mauro Buttafava
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Gianluca Boso
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Alberto Tosi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 Genoa 16163 Italy
- Department of Physics; University of Genoa; Via Dodecaneso 33 Genoa 16146 Italy
- Nikon Imaging Center; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 Genoa 16163 Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vicidomini
- Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy; Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 Genoa 16163 Italy
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84
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Apurv Chaitanya N, Chaitanya Kumar S, Devi K, Samanta GK, Ebrahim-Zadeh M. Ultrafast optical vortex beam generation in the ultraviolet. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2715-2718. [PMID: 27304271 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of ultrafast vortex beams in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) wavelength range at 266 nm, for the first time to our knowledge. Using a Yb-fiber-based green source in combination with two spiral phase plates of orders 1 and 2, we were able to generate picosecond Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams at 532 nm. Subsequently, these LG beams were frequency doubled by single-pass, second-harmonic generation in a 10 mm-long β-BaB2O4 crystal to generate ultrafast vortex beams at 266 nm with a vortex order as high as 12, providing up to 383 mW of DUV power at a single-pass, green-to-DUV conversion efficiency of 5.2%. The generated picosecond UV vortex beam has a spectral width of 1.02 nm with a passive power stability better than 1.2% rms over >1.5 h.
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85
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Patton BR, Burke D, Owald D, Gould TJ, Bewersdorf J, Booth MJ. Three-dimensional STED microscopy of aberrating tissue using dual adaptive optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:8862-76. [PMID: 27137319 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.008862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
When imaging through tissue, the optical inhomogeneities of the sample generate aberrations that can prevent effective Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) imaging. This is particularly problematic for 3D-enhanced STED. We present here an adaptive optics implementation that incorporates two adaptive optic elements to enable correction in all beam paths, allowing performance improvement in thick tissue samples. We use this to demonstrate 3D STED imaging of complex structures in Drosophila melanogaster brains.
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86
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Li Z, Fang C, Su Y, Liu H, Lang F, Li X, Chen G, Lu D, Zhou J. Visualizing the replicating HSV-1 virus using STED super-resolution microscopy. Virol J 2016; 13:65. [PMID: 27062411 PMCID: PMC4826541 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Replication of viral genome is the central event during the lytic infectious cycle of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). However, the details of HSV-1 replication process are still elusive due to the limitations of current molecular and conventional fluorescent microscopy methods. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is one of the recently available super-resolution techniques allowing observation at sub-diffraction resolution. Methods To gain new insight into HSV-1 replication, we used a combination of stimulated emission depletion microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence (IF) to observe the HSV-1 replication process. Results Using two colored probes labeling the same region of HSV-1 genome, the two probes highly correlated in both pre-replication and replicating genomes. In comparison, when probes from different regions were used, the average distance between the two probes increased after the virus enters replication, suggesting that the HSV-1 genome undergoes dynamic structure changes from a compact to a relaxed formation and occupies larger space as it enters replication. Using FISH and IF, viral single strand binding protein ICP8 was seen closely positioned with HSV-1 genome. In contrast, ICP8 and host RNA polymerase II were less related. This result suggests that ICP8 marked regions of DNA replication are spatially separated from regions of active transcription, represented by the elongating form of RNA polymerase II within the viral replication compartments. Comparing HSV-1 genomes at early stage of replication with that in later stage, we also noted overall increases among different values. These results suggest stimulated emission depletion microscopy is capable of investigating events during HSV-1 replication. Conclusion 1) Replicating HSV-1 genome could be observed by super-resolution microscopy; 2) Viral genome expands spatially during replication; 3) Viral replication and transcription are partitioned into different sub-structures within the replication compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Fang
- Leica Microsystems Trading Limited, Shanghai, 201206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Leica Microsystems Trading Limited, Shanghai, 201206, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Leica Microsystems Trading Limited, Shanghai, 201206, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengchao Lang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jumin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People's Republic of China.
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87
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Abstract
The majority of studies of the living cell rely on capturing images using fluorescence microscopy. Unfortunately, for centuries, diffraction of light was limiting the spatial resolution in the optical microscope: structural and molecular details much finer than about half the wavelength of visible light (~200 nm) could not be visualized, imposing significant limitations on this otherwise so promising method. The surpassing of this resolution limit in far-field microscopy is currently one of the most momentous developments for studying the living cell, as the move from microscopy to super-resolution microscopy or 'nanoscopy' offers opportunities to study problems in biophysical and biomedical research at a new level of detail. This review describes the principles and modalities of present fluorescence nanoscopes, as well as their potential for biophysical and cellular experiments. All the existing nanoscopy variants separate neighboring features by transiently preparing their fluorescent molecules in states of different emission characteristics in order to make the features discernible. Usually these are fluorescent 'on' and 'off' states causing the adjacent molecules to emit sequentially in time. Each of the variants can in principle reach molecular spatial resolution and has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some require specific transitions and states that can be found only in certain fluorophore subfamilies, such as photoswitchable fluorophores, while other variants can be realized with standard fluorescent labels. Similar to conventional far-field microscopy, nanoscopy can be utilized for dynamical, multi-color and three-dimensional imaging of fixed and live cells, tissues or organisms. Lens-based fluorescence nanoscopy is poised for a high impact on future developments in the life sciences, with the potential to help solve long-standing quests in different areas of scientific research.
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88
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Yang X, Xie H, Alonas E, Liu Y, Chen X, Santangelo PJ, Ren Q, Xi P, Jin D. Mirror-enhanced super-resolution microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5. [PMID: 27398242 PMCID: PMC4936537 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Axial excitation confinement beyond the diffraction limit is crucial to the development of next-generation, super-resolution microscopy. STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) nanoscopy offers lateral super-resolution using a donut-beam depletion, but its axial resolution is still over 500 nm. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy is widely used for single-molecule localization, but its ability to detect molecules is limited to within the evanescent field of ~ 100 nm from the cell attachment surface. We find here that the axial thickness of the point spread function (PSF) during confocal excitation can be easily improved to 110 nm by replacing the microscopy slide with a mirror. The interference of the local electromagnetic field confined the confocal PSF to a 110-nm spot axially, which enables axial super-resolution with all laser-scanning microscopes. Axial sectioning can be obtained with wavelength modulation or by controlling the spacer between the mirror and the specimen. With no additional complexity, the mirror-assisted excitation confinement enhanced the axial resolution six-fold and the lateral resolution two-fold for STED, which together achieved 19-nm resolution to resolve the inner rim of a nuclear pore complex and to discriminate the contents of 120 nm viral filaments. The ability to increase the lateral resolution and decrease the thickness of an axial section using mirror-enhanced STED without increasing the laser power is of great importance for imaging biological specimens, which cannot tolerate high laser power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Eric Alonas
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
- Advanced Cytometry Labs, ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Xuanze Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Advanced Cytometry Labs, ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Advanced Cytometry Labs, ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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89
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Wu Y, Wu X, Lu R, Zhang J, Toro L, Stefani E. Resonant Scanning with Large Field of View Reduces Photobleaching and Enhances Fluorescence Yield in STED Microscopy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14766. [PMID: 26424175 PMCID: PMC4589784 DOI: 10.1038/srep14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobleaching is a major limitation of superresolution Stimulated Depletion Emission (STED) microscopy. Fast scanning has long been considered an effective means to reduce photobleaching in fluorescence microscopy, but a careful quantitative study of this issue is missing. In this paper, we show that the photobleaching rate in STED microscopy can be slowed down and the fluorescence yield be enhanced by scanning with high speed, enabled by using large field of view in a custom-built resonant-scanning STED microscope. The effect of scanning speed on photobleaching and fluorescence yield is more remarkable at higher levels of depletion laser irradiance, and virtually disappears in conventional confocal microscopy. With ≥6 GW∙cm−2 depletion irradiance, we were able to extend the fluorophore survival time of Atto 647N and Abberior STAR 635P by ~80% with 8-fold wider field of view. We confirm that STED Photobleaching is primarily caused by the depletion light acting upon the excited fluorophores. Experimental data agree with a theoretical model. Our results encourage further increasing the linear scanning speed for photobleaching reduction in STED microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xundong Wu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular &Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ligia Toro
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular &Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Enrico Stefani
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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90
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Castro JB, Gould TJ. Neuro at the Nanoscale: Diffraction-Unlimited Imaging with STED Nanoscopy. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:897-907. [PMID: 26392517 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415610169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in fluorescence microscopy have pushed spatial resolution well beyond the classical limit imposed by diffraction. As a result, the field of nanoscopy has emerged, and diffraction-unlimited resolution is becoming increasingly common in biomedical imaging applications. In this review, we recap the principles behind STED nanoscopy that allow imaging beyond the diffraction limit, and highlight both historical and recent advances made in the field of neuroscience as a result of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Castro
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience , Bates College, Lewiston, Maine.(JBC)
| | - Travis J Gould
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine. (TJG)
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91
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Allen KW, Farahi N, Li Y, Limberopoulos NI, Walker DE, Urbas AM, Astratov VN. Overcoming the diffraction limit of imaging nanoplasmonic arrays by microspheres and microfibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:24484-96. [PMID: 26406653 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.024484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy by microspheres emerged as a simple and broadband imaging technique; however, the mechanisms of imaging are debated in the literature. Furthermore, the resolution values were estimated based on semi-quantitative criteria. The primary goals of this work are threefold: i) to quantify the spatial resolution provided by this method, ii) to compare the resolution of nanoplasmonic structures formed by different metals, and iii) to understand the imaging provided by microfibers. To this end, arrays of Au and Al nanoplasmonic dimers with very similar geometry were imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy at λ = 405 nm through high-index (n~1.9-2.2) liquid-immersed BaTiO3 microspheres and through etched silica microfibers. We developed a treatment of super-resolved images in label-free microscopy based on using point-spread functions with subdiffraction-limited widths. It is applicable to objects with arbitrary shapes and can be viewed as an integral form of the super-resolution quantification widely accepted in fluorescent microscopy. In the case of imaging through microspheres, the resolution ~λ/6-λ/7 is demonstrated for Au and Al nanoplasmonic arrays. In the case of imaging through microfibers, the resolution ~λ/6 with magnification M~2.1 is demonstrated in the direction perpendicular to the fiber with hundreds of times larger field-of-view in comparison to microspheres.
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92
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Tam J, Merino D. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) in comparison with stimulated emission depletion (STED) and other imaging methods. J Neurochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - David Merino
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques; Mediterranean Technology Park; Castelledefels Barcelona Spain
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93
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Abstract
A picture is worth a thousand words-This doesn't only apply to everyday life but also to the natural sciences. It is, therefore, probably not by chance that the historical beginning of modern natural sciences very much coincides with the invention of light microscopy. S. W. Hell shows in his Nobel Lecture that the diffraction resolution barrier has been overcome by using molecular state transitions (e.g. on/off) to make nearby molecules transiently discernible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Hell
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen (Germany).
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Optical Nanoscopy Division, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany).
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94
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Abstract
The increasing interest in "seeing" the molecular environment in biological systems has led to the recent quest for breaking the diffraction barrier in far-field fluorescence microscopy. The first nanoscopy method successfully applied to conventional biological probes was stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). It is based on a physical principle that instantly delivers diffraction-unlimited images, with no need for further computational processing: the excitation laser beam is overlaid with a doughnut-shaped depleting beam that switches off previously excited fluorophores, thereby resulting in what is effectively a smaller imaging volume. In this chapter we give an overview of several applications of STED microscopy to biological questions. We explain technical aspects of sample preparation and image acquisition that will help in obtaining good diffraction-unlimited pictures. We also present embedding techniques adapted for ultrathin sectioning, which allow optimal 3D resolutions in virtually all biological preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia H Revelo
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen, Germany,
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95
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Wu Y, Wu X, Toro L, Stefani E. Resonant-scanning dual-color STED microscopy with ultrafast photon counting: A concise guide. Methods 2015; 88:48-56. [PMID: 26123183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
STED (stimulated emission depletion) is a popular super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique. In this paper, we present a concise guide to building a resonant-scanning STED microscope with ultrafast photon-counting acquisition. The STED microscope has two channels, using a pulsed laser and a continuous-wave (CW) laser as the depletion laser source, respectively. The CW STED channel preforms time-gated detection to enhance optical resolution in this channel. We use a resonant mirror to attain high scanning speed and ultrafast photon counting acquisition to scan a large field of view, which help reduce photobleaching. We discuss some practical issues in building a STED microscope, including creating a hollow depletion beam profile, manipulating polarization, and monitoring optical aberration. We also demonstrate a STED image enhancement method using stationary wavelet expansion and image analysis methods to register objects and to quantify colocalization in STED microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States.
| | - Xundong Wu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States
| | - Ligia Toro
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States; Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States
| | - Enrico Stefani
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, United States
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96
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Klauss A, König M, Hille C. Upgrade of a Scanning Confocal Microscope to a Single-Beam Path STED Microscope. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130717. [PMID: 26091552 PMCID: PMC4475078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
By overcoming the diffraction limit in light microscopy, super-resolution techniques, such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, are experiencing an increasing impact on life sciences. High costs and technically demanding setups, however, may still hinder a wider distribution of this innovation in biomedical research laboratories. As far-field microscopy is the most widely employed microscopy modality in the life sciences, upgrading already existing systems seems to be an attractive option for achieving diffraction-unlimited fluorescence microscopy in a cost-effective manner. Here, we demonstrate the successful upgrade of a commercial time-resolved confocal fluorescence microscope to an easy-to-align STED microscope in the single-beam path layout, previously proposed as "easy-STED", achieving lateral resolution < λ/10 corresponding to a five-fold improvement over a confocal modality. For this purpose, both the excitation and depletion laser beams pass through a commercially available segmented phase plate that creates the STED-doughnut light distribution in the focal plane, while leaving the excitation beam unaltered when implemented into the joint beam path. Diffraction-unlimited imaging of 20 nm-sized fluorescent beads as reference were achieved with the wavelength combination of 635 nm excitation and 766 nm depletion. To evaluate the STED performance in biological systems, we compared the popular phalloidin-coupled fluorescent dyes Atto647N and Abberior STAR635 by labeling F-actin filaments in vitro as well as through immunofluorescence recordings of microtubules in a complex epithelial tissue. Here, we applied a recently proposed deconvolution approach and showed that images obtained from time-gated pulsed STED microscopy may benefit concerning the signal-to-background ratio, from the joint deconvolution of sub-images with different spatial information which were extracted from offline time gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Klauss
- Department of Physical Chemistry/ Applied Laser Sensing in Complex Biosystems (ALS ComBi), Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Hille
- Department of Physical Chemistry/ Applied Laser Sensing in Complex Biosystems (ALS ComBi), Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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97
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98
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Hernández IC, Buttafava M, Boso G, Diaspro A, Tosi A, Vicidomini G. Gated STED microscopy with time-gated single-photon avalanche diode. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2258-67. [PMID: 26114044 PMCID: PMC4473759 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy provides fluorescence imaging with sub-diffraction resolution. Experimentally demonstrated at the end of the 90s, STED microscopy has gained substantial momentum and impact only in the last few years. Indeed, advances in many fields improved its compatibility with everyday biological research. Among them, a fundamental step was represented by the introduction in a STED architecture of the time-gated detection, which greatly reduced the complexity of the implementation and the illumination intensity needed. However, the benefits of the time-gated detection came along with a reduction of the fluorescence signal forming the STED microscopy images. The maximization of the useful (within the time gate) photon flux is then an important aspect to obtain super-resolved images. Here we show that by using a fast-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), i.e. a detector able to rapidly (hundreds picoseconds) switch-on and -off can improve significantly the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the gated STED image. In addition to an enhancement of the image SNR, the use of the fast-gated SPAD reduces also the system complexity. We demonstrate these abilities both on calibration and biological sample. The experiments were carried on a gated STED microscope based on a STED beam operating in continuous-wave (CW), although the fast-gated SPAD is fully compatible with gated STED implementations based on pulsed STED beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Coto Hernández
- Nanoscopy, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa,
Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa,
Italy
| | - Mauro Buttafava
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan,
Italy
| | - Gianluca Boso
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan,
Italy
- Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, Chemin de Pinchat 22, 1211, Geneva 4,
Switzerland
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa,
Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa,
Italy
- Nikon Imaging Center, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa,
Italy
| | - Alberto Tosi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan,
Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vicidomini
- Nanoscopy, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa,
Italy
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99
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Kaye TG, Falk AR, Pittman M, Sereno PC, Martin LD, Burnham DA, Gong E, Xu X, Wang Y. Laser-stimulated fluorescence in paleontology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125923. [PMID: 26016843 PMCID: PMC4446324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence using ultraviolet (UV) light has seen increased use as a tool in paleontology over the last decade. Laser-stimulated fluorescence (LSF) is a next generation technique that is emerging as a way to fluoresce paleontological specimens that remain dark under typical UV. A laser's ability to concentrate very high flux rates both at the macroscopic and microscopic levels results in specimens fluorescing in ways a standard UV bulb cannot induce. Presented here are five paleontological case histories that illustrate the technique across a broad range of specimens and scales. Novel uses such as back-lighting opaque specimens to reveal detail and detection of specimens completely obscured by matrix are highlighted in these examples. The recent cost reductions in medium-power short wavelength lasers and use of standard photographic filters has now made this technique widely accessible to researchers. This technology has the potential to automate multiple aspects of paleontology, including preparation and sorting of microfossils. This represents a highly cost-effective way to address paleontology's preparatory bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Kaye
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda R. Falk
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Department of Biology, Weatherford, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Michael Pittman
- Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul C. Sereno
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Larry D. Martin
- Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Biodiversity Institute, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David A. Burnham
- Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Biodiversity Institute, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Enpu Gong
- Department of Geology, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- 1111 Army Navy Drive, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
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100
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Mücksch J, Spielmann T, Sisamakis E, Widengren J. Transient state imaging of live cells using single plane illumination and arbitrary duty cycle excitation pulse trains. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:392-400. [PMID: 24706633 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the applicability of Single Plane Illumination Microscopy to Transient State Imaging (TRAST), offering sensitive microenvironmental information together with optical sectioning and reduced overall excitation light exposure of the specimen. The concept is verified by showing that transition rates can be determined accurately for free dye in solution and that fluorophore transition rates can be resolved pixel-wise in live cells. Furthermore, we derive a new theoretical framework for analyzing TRAST data acquired with arbitrary duty cycle pulse trains. By this analysis it is possible to reduce the overall measurement time and thereby enhance the frame rates in TRAST imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Mücksch
- Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thiemo Spielmann
- Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evangelos Sisamakis
- Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jerker Widengren
- Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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