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Pan Y, Du X, Zhao F, Xu B. Magnetic nanoparticles for the manipulation of proteins and cells. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2912-42. [PMID: 22318454 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15315g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the rapidly developing areas of nanobiotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one type of the most well-established nanomaterials because of their biocompatibility and the potential applications as alternative contrast enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While the development of MNPs as alternative contrast agents for MRI application has moved quickly to testing in animal models and clinical trials, other applications of biofunctional MNPs have been explored extensively at the stage of qualitative or conceptual demonstration. In this critical review, we summarize the development of two straightforward applications of biofunctional MNPs--manipulating proteins and manipulating cells--in the last five years or so and hope to provide a relatively comprehensive assessment that may help the future developments. Specifically, we start with the examination of the strategy for the surface functionalization of MNPs because the applications of MNPs essentially depend on the molecular interactions between the functional molecules on the MNPs and the intended biological targets. Then, we discuss the use of MNPs for manipulating proteins since protein interactions are critical for biological functions. Afterwards, we evaluate the development of the use of MNPs to manipulate cells because the response of MNPs to a magnetic field offers a unique way to modulate cellular behavior in a non-contact or "remote" mode (i.e. the magnet exerts force on the cells without direct contact). Finally, we provide a perspective on the future directions and challenges in the development of MNPs for these two applications. By reviewing the examples of the design and applications of biofunctional MNPs, we hope that this article will provide a reference point for the future development of MNPs that address the present challenges and lead to new opportunities in nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology (137 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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Targeted Endothelial Gene Delivery by Ultrasonic Destruction of Magnetic Microbubbles Carrying Lentiviral Vectors. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1282-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Trueck C, Zimmermann K, Mykhaylyk O, Anton M, Vosen S, Wenzel D, Fleischmann BK, Pfeifer A. Optimization of magnetic nanoparticle-assisted lentiviral gene transfer. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1255-69. [PMID: 22274554 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting of specific cells and tissues is of great interest for clinical relevant gene- and cell-based therapies. We use magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with a ferrimagnetic core (Fe(3)O(4)) with different coatings to optimize MNP-assisted lentiviral gene transfer with focus on different endothelial cell lines. METHODS Lentiviral vector (LV)/MNP binding was characterized for various MNPs by different methods (e.g. magnetic responsiveness measurement). Transduced cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and iron recovery. Cell transduction and cell positioning under physiological flow conditions were performed using different in vitro and ex vivo systems. RESULTS Analysis of diverse MNPs with different coatings resulted in identification of nanoparticles with improved LV association and enhanced transduction properties of complexes in several endothelial cell lines. The magnetic moments of LV/MNP complexes are high enough to achieve local gene targeting of perfused endothelial cells. Perfusion of a mouse aorta with LV/MNP transduced cells under clinically relevant flow conditions led to local cell attachment at the intima of the vessel. CONCLUSION MNP-guided lentiviral transduction of endothelial cells can be significantly enhanced and localized by using optimized MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Trueck
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Formulation and in vitro characterization of composite biodegradable magnetic nanoparticles for magnetically guided cell delivery. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1232-41. [PMID: 22274555 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cells modified with magnetically responsive nanoparticles (MNP) can provide the basis for novel targeted therapeutic strategies. However, improvements are required in the MNP design and cell treatment protocols to provide adequate magnetic properties in balance with acceptable cell viability and function. This study focused on select variables controlling the uptake and cell compatibility of biodegradable polymer-based MNP in cultured endothelial cells. METHODS Fluorescent-labeled MNP were formed using magnetite and polylactide as structural components. Their magnetically driven sedimentation and uptake were studied fluorimetrically relative to cell viability in comparison to non-magnetic control conditions. The utility of surface-activated MNP forming affinity complexes with replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) for transduction achieved concomitantly with magnetic cell loading was examined using the green fluorescent protein reporter. RESULTS A high-gradient magnetic field was essential for sedimentation and cell binding of albumin-stabilized MNP, the latter being rate-limiting in the MNP loading process. Cell loading up to 160 pg iron oxide per cell was achievable with cell viability >90%. Magnetically driven uptake of MNP-Ad complexes can provide high levels of transgene expression potentially useful for a combined cell/gene therapy. CONCLUSIONS Magnetically responsive endothelial cells for targeted delivery applications can be obtained rapidly and efficiently using composite biodegradable MNP.
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Wenzel D, Rieck S, Vosen S, Mykhaylyk O, Trueck C, Eberbeck D, Trahms L, Zimmermann K, Pfeifer A, Fleischmann BK. Identification of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Combined Positioning and Lentiviral Transduction of Endothelial Cells. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1242-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Silica-iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles modified for gene delivery: a search for optimum and quantitative criteria. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1344-65. [PMID: 22222384 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To optimize silica-iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles with surface phosphonate groups decorated with 25-kD branched polyethylenimine (PEI) for gene delivery. METHODS Surface composition, charge, colloidal stabilities, associations with adenovirus, magneto-tranduction efficiencies, cell internalizations, in vitro toxicities and MRI relaxivities were tested for the particles decorated with varying amounts of PEI. RESULTS Moderate PEI-decoration of MNPs results in charge reversal and destabilization. Analysis of space and time resolved concentration changes during centrifugation clearly revealed that at >5% PEI loading flocculation gradually decreases and sufficient stabilization is achieved at >10%. The association with adenovirus occurred efficiently at levels over 5% PEI, resulting in the complexes stable in 50% FCS at a PEI-to-iron w/w ratio of ≥7%; the maximum magneto-transduction efficiency was achieved at 9-12% PEI. Primary silica iron oxide nanoparticles and those with 11.5% PEI demonstrated excellent r(2)* relaxivity values (>600 s(-1)(mM Fe)(-1)) for the free and cell-internalized particles. CONCLUSIONS Surface decoration of the silica-iron oxide nanoparticles with a PEI-to-iron w/w ratio of 10-12% yields stable aqueous suspensions, allows for efficient viral gene delivery and labeled cell detection by MRI.
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Kilgus C, Heidsieck A, Ottersbach A, Roell W, Trueck C, Fleischmann BK, Gleich B, Sasse P. Local gene targeting and cell positioning using magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic tips: comparison of mathematical simulations with experiments. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1380-91. [PMID: 22207208 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnets can be used to enhance gene transfer or cell attachment but gene or cell delivery to confined areas has not been addressed. We therefore searched for an optimal method to simulate and perform local gene targeting and cell delivery in vitro. METHODS Localized gene transfer or cell positioning was achieved using permanent magnets with newly designed soft iron tips and MNP/lentivirus complexes or MNP-loaded cells, respectively. Their distribution was simulated with a mathematical model calculating magnetic flux density gradients and particle trajectories. RESULTS Soft iron tips generated strong confined magnetic fields and could be reliably used for local (~500 μm diameter) gene targeting and positioning of bone marrow cells or cardiomyocytes. The calculated distribution of MNP/lentivirus complexes and MNP-loaded cells concurred very well with the experimental results of local gene expression and cell attachment, respectively. CONCLUSION MNP-based gene targeting and cell positioning can be reliably performed in vitro using magnetic soft iron tips, and computer simulations are effective methods to predict and optimize experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kilgus
- Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Magnetorelaxometry assisting biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1189-202. [PMID: 22161287 PMCID: PMC3332344 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Due to their biocompatibility and small size, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) can be guided to virtually every biological environment. MNP are susceptible to external magnetic fields and can thus be used for transport of drugs and genes, for heat generation in magnetic hyperthermia or for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging of biological tissue. At the same time, their magnetic properties allow one to develop sensitive and specific measurement methods to non-invasively detect MNP, to quantify MNP distribution in tissue and to determine their binding state. In this article, we review the application of magnetorelaxometry (MRX) for MNP detection. The underlying physical properties of MNP responsible for the generation of the MRX signal with its characteristic parameters of relaxation amplitude and relaxation time are described. Existing single and multi-channel MRX devices are reviewed. Finally, we thoroughly describe some applications of MRX to cellular MNP quantification, MNP organ distribution and MNP-based binding assays. Providing specific MNP signals, a detection limit down to a few nanogram MNP, in-vivo capability in conscious animals and measurement times of a few seconds, MRX is a valuable tool to improve the application of MNP for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Magnetic Nanoparticles Enhance Adenovirus Transduction In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1203-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Plank C, Zelphati O, Mykhaylyk O. Magnetically enhanced nucleic acid delivery. Ten years of magnetofection-progress and prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1300-31. [PMID: 21893135 PMCID: PMC7103316 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes or even to repair defective genes. Hence, nucleic acids are unique substances for research and therapy. To exploit their potential, they need to be delivered into cells which can be a challenging task in many respects. During the last decade, nanomagnetic methods for delivering and targeting nucleic acids have been developed, methods which are often referred to as magnetofection. In this review we summarize the progress and achievements in this field of research. We discuss magnetic formulations of vectors for nucleic acid delivery and their characterization, mechanisms of magnetofection, and the application of magnetofection in viral and nonviral nucleic acid delivery in cell culture and in animal models. We summarize results that have been obtained with using magnetofection in basic research and in preclinical animal models. Finally, we describe some of our recent work and end with some conclusions and perspectives.
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Delyagina E, Li W, Ma N, Steinhoff G. Magnetic targeting strategies in gene delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1593-604. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery is a process of the insertion of transgenes into cells with the purpose to obtain the expression of encoded protein. The therapeutic application of this process is termed gene therapy, which is becoming a promising instrument to treat genetic and acquired diseases. Although numerous methods of gene transfer have already been developed, including biological, physical and chemical approaches, the optimal strategy has to be discovered. Importantly, it should be effective, selective and safe to be translated to the clinic. Magnetic targeting has been demonstrated as an effective strategy to decrease side effects of gene transfer, while increasing the selectivity and efficiency of the applied vector. This article will focus on the latest progress in the development of different magnetic vectors, based on both viral and nonviral gene delivery agents. It will also include a description of magnetic targeting applications in stem cells and in vivo, which has gained interest in recent years due to the rapid development of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenya Delyagina
- Reference & Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Reference & Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Reference & Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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HERRANZ FERNANDO, ALMARZA ELENA, RODRÍGUEZ IGNACIO, SALINAS BEATRIZ, ROSELL YAMILKA, DESCO MANUEL, BULTE JEFFW, RUIZ-CABELLO JESÚS. The application of nanoparticles in gene therapy and magnetic resonance imaging. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:577-91. [PMID: 21484943 PMCID: PMC3422774 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The combination of nanoparticles, gene therapy, and medical imaging has given rise to a new field known as gene theranostics, in which a nanobioconjugate is used to diagnose and treat the disease. The process generally involves binding between a vector carrying the genetic information and a nanoparticle, which provides the signal for imaging. The synthesis of this probe generates a synergic effect, enhancing the efficiency of gene transduction and imaging contrast. We discuss the latest approaches in the synthesis of nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging, gene therapy strategies, and their conjugation and in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- FERNANDO HERRANZ
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Física II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Imagen Médica, Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañ ón,” Madrid, Spain
| | - ELENA ALMARZA
- División de Hematopoyesis y Terapia Génica, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - IGNACIO RODRÍGUEZ
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Física II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - BEATRIZ SALINAS
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Física II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Imagen Médica, Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañ ón,” Madrid, Spain
| | - YAMILKA ROSELL
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Física II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - MANUEL DESCO
- Laboratorio de Imagen Médica, Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañ ón,” Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - JEFF W. BULTE
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - JESÚS RUIZ-CABELLO
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Física II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Chorny M, Fishbein I, Forbes S, Alferiev I. Magnetic nanoparticles for targeted vascular delivery. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:613-20. [PMID: 21721100 DOI: 10.1002/iub.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic targeting has shown promise to improve the efficacy and safety of different classes of therapeutic agents by enabling their active guidance to the site of disease and minimizing dissemination to nontarget tissues. However, its translation into clinic has proven difficult because of inherent limitations of traditional approaches inapplicable for deep tissue targeting in human subjects and a need for developing well-characterized and fully biocompatible magnetic carrier formulations. A novel magnetic targeting scheme based on the magnetizing effect of deep-penetrating uniform fields is presented as an example of a strategy providing a potentially clinically viable solution for preventing injury-triggered reobstruction of stented blood vessels (in-stent restenosis). The design of optimized magnetic carrier formulations and experimental results showing the feasibility of uniform field-controlled targeting for site-specific vascular delivery of small-molecule pharmaceuticals, biotherapeutics, and cells are discussed in the context of antirestenotic therapy. The versatility of this approach applicable to different classes of therapeutic agents exerting their antirestenotic effects through distinct mechanisms prompts exploring the utility of uniform field-mediated magnetic stent targeting for combination therapies with enhanced efficiencies and improved safety profiles. Additional improvements in terms of site specificity and protracted carrier retention at the site of injury may be expected from the development and use of magnetic carriers exhibiting affinity for arterial wall-specific antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chorny
- Division of Cardiology Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
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64
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Nucleic acid delivery using magnetic nanoparticles: the Magnetofection™ technology. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:471-82. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, gene therapy has received considerable interest as a potential method for the treatment of numerous inherited and acquired diseases. However, successes have so far been hampered by several limitations, including safety issues of viral-based nucleic acid vectors and poor in vivo efficiency of nonviral vectors. Magnetofection™ has been introduced as a novel and powerful tool to deliver genetic material into cells. This technology is defined as the delivery of nucleic acids, either ‘naked’ or packaged (as complexes with lipids or polymers, and viruses) using magnetic nanoparticles under the guidance of an external magnetic field. This article first discusses the principles of the Magnetofection technology and its benefits as compared with standard transfection methods. A number of relevant examples of its use, both in vitro and in vivo, will then be highlighted. Future trends in the development of new magnetic nanoparticle formulations will also be outlined.
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Magselectofection: an integrated method of nanomagnetic separation and genetic modification of target cells. Blood 2011; 117:e171-81. [PMID: 21357765 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-302646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research applications and cell therapies involving genetically modified cells require reliable, standardized, and cost-effective methods for cell manipulation. We report a novel nanomagnetic method for integrated cell separation and gene delivery. Gene vectors associated with magnetic nanoparticles are used to transfect/transduce target cells while being passaged and separated through a high gradient magnetic field cell separation column. The integrated method yields excellent target cell purity and recovery. Nonviral and lentiviral magselectofection is efficient and highly specific for the target cell population as demonstrated with a K562/Jurkat T-cell mixture. Both mouse and human enriched hematopoietic stem cell pools were effectively transduced by lentiviral magselectofection, which did not affect the hematopoietic progenitor cell number determined by in vitro colony assays. Highly effective reconstitution of T and B lymphocytes was achieved by magselectofected murine wild-type lineage-negative Sca-1(+) cells transplanted into Il2rg(-/-) mice, stably expressing GFP in erythroid, myeloid, T-, and B-cell lineages. Furthermore, nonviral, lentiviral, and adenoviral magselectofection yielded high transfection/transduction efficiency in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and was fully compatible with their differentiation potential. Upscaling to a clinically approved automated cell separation device was feasible. Hence, once optimized, validated, and approved, the method may greatly facilitate the generation of genetically engineered cells for cell therapies.
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Elsaesser A, Taylor A, de Yanés GS, McKerr G, Kim EM, O’Hare E, Howard CV. Quantification of nanoparticle uptake by cells using microscopical and analytical techniques. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:1447-57. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of nanoparticles in biological systems (i.e., cells, tissues and organs) is becoming a vital part of nanotoxicological and nanomedical fields. Dose is a key parameter when assessing behavior and any potential risk of nanomaterials. Various techniques for nanoparticle quantification in cells and tissues already exist but will need further development in order to make measurements reliable, reproducible and intercomparable between different techniques. Microscopy allows detection and location of nanoparticles in cells and has been used extensively in recent years to characterize nanoparticles and their pathways in living systems. Besides microscopical techniques (light microscopy and electron microscopy mainly), analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry, an established technique in trace element analysis, have been used in nanoparticle research. Other techniques require ‘labeled’ particles, fluorescently, radioactively or magnetically. However, these techniques lack spatial resolution and subcellular localization is not possible. To date, only electron microscopy offers the resolving power to determine accumulation of nanoparticles in cells due to its ability to image particles individually. So-called super-resolution light microscopy techniques are emerging to provide sufficient resolution on the light microscopy level to image or ‘see’ particles as individual particles. Nevertheless, all microscopy techniques require statistically sound sampling strategies in order to provide quantitative results. Stereology is a well-known sampling technique in various areas and, in combination with electron microscopy, proves highly successful with regard to quantification of nanoparticle uptake by cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Elsaesser
- Nano Systems Biology Group, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, UK
| | - Ashley Taylor
- Nano Systems Biology Group, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, UK
| | - Gesa Staats de Yanés
- Nano Systems Biology Group, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, UK
| | - George McKerr
- Nano Systems Biology Group, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, UK
| | - Eun-Mee Kim
- School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Eugene O’Hare
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Goetz SM, Dahmani C, Rudolph C, Weyh T. First Theoretic Analysis of Magnetic Drug Targeting in the Lung. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 57:2115-21. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2010.2051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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69
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Tresilwised N, Pithayanukul P, Mykhaylyk O, Holm PS, Holzmüller R, Anton M, Thalhammer S, Adigüzel D, Döblinger M, Plank C. Boosting Oncolytic Adenovirus Potency with Magnetic Nanoparticles and Magnetic Force. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1069-89. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100123t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Tresilwised
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Pimolpan Pithayanukul
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Olga Mykhaylyk
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Per Sonne Holm
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Regina Holzmüller
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Martina Anton
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Stefan Thalhammer
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Denis Adigüzel
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Markus Döblinger
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Christian Plank
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, Helmholtz Zentrum München, AG NanoAnalytics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany
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Vats N, Wilhelm C, Rautou PE, Poirier-Quinot M, Péchoux C, Devue C, Boulanger CM, Gazeau F. Magnetic tagging of cell-derived microparticles: new prospects for imaging and manipulation of these mediators of biological information. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:727-38. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Submicron membrane fragments termed microparticles (MPs), which are released by apoptotic or activated cells, are newly considered as vectors of biological information and actors of pathology development. We propose the tagging of MPs with magnetic nanoparticles as a new approach allowing imaging, manipulation and targeting of cell-derived MPs. Materials & methods: MPs generated in vitro from human endothelial cells or isolated from atherosclerotic plaques were labeled using citrate-coated 8 nm iron-oxide nanoparticles. MPs were tagged with magnetic nanoparticles on their surface and detected as Annexin-V positive by flow cytometry. Results: Labeled MPs could be mobilized, isolated and manipulated at a distance in a magnetic field gradient. Magnetic mobility of labeled MPs was quantified by micromagnetophoresis. Interactions of labeled MPs with endothelial cells could be triggered and modulated by magnetic guidance. Nanoparticles served as tracers at different scales: at the subcellular level by electron microscopy, at the cellular level by histology and at the macroscopic level by MRI. Conclusion: Magnetic labeling of biogenic MPs opens new prospects for noninvasive monitoring and distal manipulations of these biological effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Vats
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS & Université Paris Diderot, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS & Université Paris Diderot, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, INSERM U970, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75737, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Marie Poirier-Quinot
- Laboratoire U2R2M, UMR8081, CNRS & Université Paris-Sud, Centre d’Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christine Péchoux
- Centre de Microscopie Électronique, Plateforme MIMA2, INRA, UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cécile Devue
- Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, INSERM U970, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75737, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, INSERM U970, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75737, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS & Université Paris Diderot, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
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71
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A combinatorial approach for targeted delivery using small molecules and reversible masking to bypass nonspecific uptake in vivo. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1085-97. [PMID: 20463761 PMCID: PMC2923228 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a multi-disciplinary approach combining molecular biology, delivery technology, combinatorial chemistry, and reversible masking to create improved systemic, targeted delivery of plasmid DNA while avoiding non-specific uptake in vivo. We initially used a well characterized model targeting the asialolglycoprotein receptor in the liver. Using our bilamellar invaginated vesicle (BIV) liposomal delivery system with reversible masking, we increased expression in the liver by 76-fold, nearly equaling expression in first-pass organs using non-targeted complexes, with no expression in other organs. The same technology was then applied to efficiently target delivery to a human tumor microenvironment model. We achieved efficient, targeted delivery by attachment of specific targeting ligands to the surface of our BIV complexes in conjunction with reversible masking to bypass non-specific tissues and organs. We identified ligands that target a human tumor microenvironment created in vitro by co-culturing primary human endothelial cells with human lung or pancreatic cancer cells. The model was confirmed by increased expression of tumor endothelial phenotypes including CD31 and VEGF-A, and prolonged survival of endothelial capillary-like structures. The co-cultures were used for high-throughput screening of a specialized small-molecule library to identify ligands specific for human tumor-associated endothelial cells in vitro. We identified small molecules that enhanced the transfection efficiency of tumor-associated endothelial cells, but not normal human endothelial cells or cancer cells. Intravenous injection of our targeted, reversibly masked complexes into mice, bearing human pancreatic tumor and endothelial cells, specifically increased transfection to this tumor microenvironment about 200-fold. Efficacy studies using our optimized targeted delivery of a plasmid encoding thrombospondin-1 eliminated tumors completely after five intravenous injections administered once every week.
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72
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Kupatt C. Nonviral intercellular adhesion molecule-1 small interfering ribonucleic acid sequences transfection in vivo how ultrasound bursts into therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:914-6. [PMID: 20185043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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73
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Magnetic labeling, imaging and manipulation of endothelial progenitor cells using iron oxide nanoparticles. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:397-408. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), originating from bone marrow, play a significant role in the repair of ischemic tissue and injured blood vessels. They are also involved in tumor angiogenesis. The therapeutic potential of EPCs for regenerative medicine and cancer treatment calls for new methods for monitoring and controlling cell migration. This review focuses on promising magnetic methods based on the internalization of magnetic nanoparticles by EPCs. We first describe the cellular uptake of iron oxide nanoparticles depending on their surface properties. We thus review the use of MRI for the detection of labeled cells and for noninvasive follow-up of EPCs homing in sites of endothelium regeneration. Finally, we show that remotely applied magnetic forces may enable intracellular manipulation and may optimize cell-delivery strategies for localizing cell therapy to target sites.
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75
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Slevin M, Badimon L, Grau-Olivares M, Ramis M, Sendra J, Morrison M, Krupinski J. Combining nanotechnology with current biomedical knowledge for the vascular imaging and treatment of atherosclerosis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 6:444-50. [PMID: 20174673 DOI: 10.1039/b916175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of vasa vasorum (the microvessels supplying the major arteries) at specific sites in the adventitia initiates their proliferation or 'angiogenesis' concomitant with development of atherosclerotic plaques. Haemorrhagic, leaky blood vessels from unstable plaques proliferate abnormally, are of relatively large calibre but are immature neovessels poorly invested with smooth muscle cells and possess structural weaknesses which may contribute to instability of the plaque by facilitation of inflammatory cell infiltration and haemorrhagic complications. Weak neovascular beds in plaque intima as well as activated adventitial blood vessels are potential targets for molecular imaging and targeted drug therapy, however, the majority of tested, currently available imaging and therapeutic agents have been unsuccessful because of their limited capacity to reach and remain stably within the target tissue or cells in vivo. Nanoparticle technology together with magnetic resonance imaging has allowed the possibility of imaging of neovessels in coronary or carotid plaques, and infusion of nanoparticle suspensions using infusion catheters or implant-based drug delivery represents a novel and potentially much more efficient option for treatment. This review will describe the importance of angiogenesis in mediation of plaque growth and development of plaque instability and go on to investigate the possibility of future design of superparamagnetic/perfluorocarbon-derived nanoparticles for imaging of the vasculature in this disease or which could be directed to the adventitial vasa vasorum or indeed intimal microvessels and which can release active payloads directed against primary key external mitogens and intracellular signalling molecules in endothelial cells responsible for their activation with a view to inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Slevin
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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76
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Weber W, Lienhart C, Daoud-El Baba M, Grass RN, Kohler T, Müller R, Stark WJ, Fussenegger M. Magnet-guided transduction of mammalian cells and mice using engineered magnetic lentiviral particles. J Biotechnol 2009; 141:118-22. [PMID: 19433214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutic transgenes into specific cells remains a highly relevant challenge for tissue engineering and future gene-based therapies. We have designed streptavidin-pseudotyped lentiviral particles which upon coupling with biotinylated magnetic carbon-coated cobalt nanoparticles could be guided by magnetic fields to site-specifically transduce desired target cells in culture as well as in mice. Magnetic patterns projected onto monolayer cultures were replicated by fluorescent cells following targeted transduction by magnetic lentiviral particles engineered for constitutive expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Even after intravenous injection into mice magnetic GFP-transgenic lentiviral particles could be guided to a preferred transduction site in the animal using a magnetic field. Magnet-guided transgene delivery producing desired patterns of transduced cell populations may enable the design of defined tissue topologies and provide site-specific transduction of therapeutic transgenes for cell-specific interventions in future gene and cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Weber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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77
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Citations. Biotechniques 2009. [DOI: 10.2144/000113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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