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Interaction of engineered nanomaterials with the immune system: Health-related safety and possible benefits. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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52
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Understanding the Role of Anti-PEG Antibodies in the Complement Activation by Doxil in Vitro. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071700. [PMID: 30002298 PMCID: PMC6100003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusion reactions (IRs) are common immune-mediated side effects in patients treated with a variety of drug products, including, but not limited to, nanotechnology formulations. The mechanism of IRs is not fully understood. One of the best studied mechanisms of IRs to nanomedicines is the complement activation. However, it is largely unknown why some patients develop reactions to nanomedicines while others do not, and why some nanoparticles are more reactogenic than others. One of the theories is that the pre-existing anti-polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibodies initiate the complement activation and IRs in patients. In this study, we investigated this hypothesis in the case of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil), which, when used in a clinical setting, is known to induce IRs; referred to as complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) in sensitive individuals. We conducted the study in vitro using plasma derived from C57BL/6 mice and twenty human donor volunteers. We used mouse plasma to test a library of well-characterized mouse monoclonal antibodies with different specificity and affinity to PEG as it relates to the complement activation by Doxil. We determined the levels of pre-existing polyclonal antibodies that bind to PEG, methoxy-PEG, and PEGylated liposomes in human plasma, and we also assessed complement activation by Doxil and concentrations of complement inhibitory factors H and I in these human plasma specimens. The affinity, specificity, and other characteristics of the human polyclonal antibodies are not known at this time. Our data demonstrate that under in vitro conditions, some anti-PEG antibodies contribute to the complement activation by Doxil. Such contribution, however, needs to be considered in the context of other factors, including, but not limited to, antibody class, type, clonality, epitope specificity, affinity, and titer. In addition, our data contribute to the knowledge base used to understand and improve nanomedicine safety.
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Parhiz H, Khoshnejad M, Myerson JW, Hood E, Patel PN, Brenner JS, Muzykantov VR. Unintended effects of drug carriers: Big issues of small particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 130:90-112. [PMID: 30149885 PMCID: PMC6588191 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular host defense mechanisms including diverse phagocytes, leukocytes, and immune cells have evolved over millions of years to protect the body from microbes and other external and internal threats. These policing forces recognize engineered sub-micron drug delivery systems (DDS) as such a threat, and react accordingly. This leads to impediment of the therapeutic action, extensively studied and discussed in the literature. Here, we focus on side effects of DDS interactions with host defenses. We argue that for nanomedicine to reach its clinical potential, the field must redouble its efforts in understanding the interaction between drug delivery systems and the host defenses, so that we can engineer safer interventions with the greatest potential for clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Parhiz
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Makan Khoshnejad
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob W Myerson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hood
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Priyal N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine (CT3N), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Atkinson SP, Andreu Z, Vicent MJ. Polymer Therapeutics: Biomarkers and New Approaches for Personalized Cancer Treatment. J Pers Med 2018; 8:E6. [PMID: 29360800 PMCID: PMC5872080 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer therapeutics (PTs) provides a potentially exciting approach for the treatment of many diseases by enhancing aqueous solubility and altering drug pharmacokinetics at both the whole organism and subcellular level leading to improved therapeutic outcomes. However, the failure of many polymer-drug conjugates in clinical trials suggests that we may need to stratify patients in order to match each patient to the right PT. In this concise review, we hope to assess potential PT-specific biomarkers for cancer treatment, with a focus on new studies, detection methods, new models and the opportunities this knowledge will bring for the development of novel PT-based anti-cancer strategies. We discuss the various "hurdles" that a given PT faces on its passage from the syringe to the tumor (and beyond), including the passage through the bloodstream, tumor targeting, tumor uptake and the intracellular release of the active agent. However, we also discuss other relevant concepts and new considerations in the field, which we hope will provide new insight into the possible applications of PT-related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Atkinson
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Zoraida Andreu
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
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55
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Marlowe JL, Akopian V, Karmali P, Kornbrust D, Lockridge J, Semple S. Recommendations of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group's Formulated Oligonucleotide Subcommittee for the Safety Assessment of Formulated Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics. Nucleic Acid Ther 2017; 27:183-196. [PMID: 28609186 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of lipid formulations has greatly improved the ability to effectively deliver oligonucleotides and has been instrumental in the rapid expansion of therapeutic development programs using oligonucleotide drugs. However, the development of such complex multicomponent therapeutics requires the implementation of unique, scientifically sound approaches to the nonclinical development of these drugs, based upon a hybrid of knowledge and experiences drawn from small molecule, protein, and oligonucleotide therapeutic drug development. The relative paucity of directly applicable regulatory guidance documents for oligonucleotide therapeutics in general has resulted in the generation of multiple white papers from oligonucleotide drug development experts and members of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group (OSWG). The members of the Formulated Oligonucleotide Subcommittee of the OSWG have utilized their collective experience working with a variety of formulations and their associated oligonucleotide payloads, as well as their insights into regulatory considerations and expectations, to generate a series of consensus recommendations for the pharmacokinetic characterization and nonclinical safety assessment of this unique class of therapeutics. It should be noted that the focus of Subcommittee discussions was on lipid nanoparticle and other types of particulate formulations of therapeutic oligonucleotides and not on conjugates or other types of modifications of oligonucleotide structure intended to facilitate delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Marlowe
- 1 Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean Semple
- 6 Arbutus Biopharma Corporation , Burnaby, Canada
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56
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Nano-ophthalmology: Applications and considerations. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1459-1472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Nanoemulsion: Concepts, development and applications in drug delivery. J Control Release 2017; 252:28-49. [PMID: 28279798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are biphasic dispersion of two immiscible liquids: either water in oil (W/O) or oil in water (O/W) droplets stabilized by an amphiphilic surfactant. These come across as ultrafine dispersions whose differential drug loading; viscoelastic as well as visual properties can cater to a wide range of functionalities including drug delivery. However there is still relatively narrow insight regarding development, manufacturing, fabrication and manipulation of nanoemulsions which primarily stems from the fact that conventional aspects of emulsion formation and stabilization only partially apply to nanoemulsions. This general deficiency sets up the premise for current review. We attempt to explore varying intricacies, excipients, manufacturing techniques and their underlying principles, production conditions, structural dynamics, prevalent destabilization mechanisms, and drug delivery applications of nanoemulsions to spike interest of those contemplating a foray in this field.
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58
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Chupani L, Zusková E, Niksirat H, Panáček A, Lünsmann V, Haange SB, von Bergen M, Jehmlich N. Effects of chronic dietary exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the serum protein profile of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1504-1511. [PMID: 27916310 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been dramatically used in industry, biology, and medicine. Despite their interesting physico-chemical properties for application in various industrial, medical, and consumer products, safe use of ZnO NPs are under challenges due to the inadequate information related to their toxicological endpoints. Proteomics was applied to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of dietary exposure to ZnO NPs on serum proteome profile of juvenile common carp, (Cyprinus carpio). Therefore, ZnO NPs solution (500mgkg-1 of feed) was added to a commercial carp feed for six weeks. We compared the serum proteome profile from 7 controls and 7 treated fish. In addition, zinc accumulation were measured in intestine, liver, gill and brain. In total, we were able to identify 326 proteins from 6845 distinct peptides. As a result of the data analysis, the abundance levels of four proteins were significantly altered (fold change (fc) ≥2 and p<0.05) after dietary exposure to ZnO NPs. The protein levels of the complement component C4-2 (fc 2.5) and the uncharacterised protein encoded by kng1 (fc 5.8) were increased and major histocompatibility class I (fc 4.9) and the uncharacterised protein encoded by lum (fc 3.5) were decreased (fc 2.5). Molecular pathway analysis revealed four canonical pathways including acute-phase response signalling, liver and retinoid X receptors activation, and intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin activation pathways as significantly regulated in the treated fish. No significant difference was observed for zinc accumulation in exposed fish compared to controls. In summary, despite no apparent accumulation, ZnO NPs exposure to common carp probably disturbs the fish homeostasis by affecting proteins of the haematological and the immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifeh Chupani
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Eliška Zusková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Panáček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vanessa Lünsmann
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig, Germany; Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
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Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Bernal-Ramírez J, Lozano O, Oropeza-Almazán Y, Castillo EC, Garza JR, García N, Vela J, García-García A, Ortega E, Torre-Amione G, Ornelas-Soto N, García-Rivas G. Silica nanoparticles induce cardiotoxicity interfering with energetic status and Ca 2+ handling in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 312:H645-H661. [PMID: 28130337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00564.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that nanoparticles that have been used to improve or create new functional properties for common products may pose potential risks to human health. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) has emerged as a promising therapy vector for the heart. However, its potential toxicity and mechanisms of damage remain poorly understood. This study provides the first exploration of SiO2-induced toxicity in cultured cardiomyocytes exposed to 7- or 670-nm SiO2 particles. We evaluated the mechanism of cell death in isolated adult cardiomyocytes exposed to 24-h incubation. The SiO2 cell membrane association and internalization were analyzed. SiO2 showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration for the 7 nm (99.5 ± 12.4 µg/ml) and 670 nm (>1,500 µg/ml) particles, which indicates size-dependent toxicity. We evaluated cardiomyocyte shortening and intracellular Ca2+ handling, which showed impaired contractility and intracellular Ca2+ transient amplitude during β-adrenergic stimulation in SiO2 treatment. The time to 50% Ca2+ decay increased 39%, and the Ca2+ spark frequency and amplitude decreased by 35 and 21%, respectively, which suggest a reduction in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity. Moreover, SiO2 treatment depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased ATP production by 55%. Notable glutathione depletion and H2O2 generation were also observed. These data indicate that SiO2 increases oxidative stress, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and low energy status; these underlie reduced SERCA activity, shortened Ca2+ release, and reduced cell shortening. This mechanism of SiO2 cardiotoxicity potentially plays an important role in the pathophysiology mechanism of heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Silica particles are used as novel nanotechnology-based vehicles for diagnostics and therapeutics for the heart. However, their potential hazardous effects remain unknown. Here, the cardiotoxicity of silica nanoparticles in rat myocytes has been described for the first time, showing an impairment of mitochondrial function that interfered directly with Ca2+ handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrique Guerrero-Beltrán
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnológico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza-García, México
| | - Judith Bernal-Ramírez
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Omar Lozano
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México.,Namur Nanosafety Centre, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Research Centre for the Physics of Matter and Radiation, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Yuriana Oropeza-Almazán
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Elena Cristina Castillo
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Jesús Roberto Garza
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Noemí García
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnológico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza-García, México
| | - Jorge Vela
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Alejandra García-García
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca Nuevo León, México
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Guillermo Torre-Amione
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnológico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza-García, México.,Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Nancy Ornelas-Soto
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Centro del Agua, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México; .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnológico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza-García, México
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60
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In vitro toxicity assessment of oral nanocarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:381-401. [PMID: 27544694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating properties of nanomaterials opened new frontiers in medicine. Nanocarriers are useful systems in transporting drugs to site-specific targets. The unique physico-chemical characteristics making nanocarriers promising devices to treat diseases may also be responsible for potential adverse effects. In order to develop functional nano-based drug delivery systems, efficacy and safety should be carefully evaluated. To date, no common testing strategy to address nanomaterial toxicological challenges has been generated. Different cell culture models are currently used to evaluate nanocarrier safety using conventional in vitro assays, but overall they have generated a huge amount of conflicting data. In this review we describe state-of-the-art approaches for in vitro testing of orally administered nanocarriers, highlighting the importance of developing harmonized and validated standard operating procedures. These procedures should be applied in a safe-by-design context with the aim to reduce and/or eliminate the uncertainties and risks associated with nanomedicine development.
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61
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Őrfi E, Szebeni J. The immune system of the gut and potential adverse effects of oral nanocarriers on its function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:402-409. [PMID: 27693367 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial effort in modern pharmacotherapy to use nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (nDDS) for improving the oral absorption of drugs. An often neglected circumstance regarding this approach is that the gut is a major part of the immune system that may be vulnerable for immune-cell toxicity, or mediate humoral immune response against various components of nDDS, recognized as foreign. This review recapitulates the structure and function of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), i.e., the enteral section of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and reminds how virus-like nDDS may potentially induce immunogenicity just as attenuated or killed viruses do in oral vaccines. Furthermore, we present examples for immune toxicities of emulsifiers and polymer-containing micelles, manifested in complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA). A major message of the review is that early testing of immunogenicity or other adverse immune effects of nDDS in appropriate test systems or models may be prudent to recognize the risk of rare immune problems that may surface in late-stage clinical trials or after marketing of nDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Őrfi
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Department of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, and SeroScience Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Department of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, and SeroScience Ltd, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Nanobiotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Miskolc University, Miskolc, Hungary; SeroScience Ltd., Budapest, Hungary.
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62
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Turjeman K, Barenholz Y. Liposomal nano-drugs based on amphipathic weak acid steroid prodrugs for treatment of inflammatory diseases. J Drug Target 2016; 24:805-820. [PMID: 27750439 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1236262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroids are the most efficacious anti-inflammatory agents. However, their toxicities and side-effects compromise their clinical application. Various strategies and major efforts were dedicated for formulating viable liposomal glucocorticosteroids (GCs), so far none of these were approved. OBJECTIVES To evaluate these approaches for formulating GC-delivery systems, especially liposomes, and with focus on the Barenholz Lab experience. METHODS We developed PEGylated nano-liposomes (NSSL) remotely loaded with water-soluble amphipathic weak acid GC-prodrugs. Their remote loading results in high, efficient and stable loading to the level that enables human clinical use. We characterized them for their physical chemistry and stability. We demonstrated their therapeutic efficacy in relevant animal models and studied their pharmacokinetics (PK), biodistribution (BD) and pharmacodynamics advantages over the free pro-drugs. RESULTS Our steroidal nano-drugs demonstrate much superior PK, BD, tolerability and therapeutic efficacies compared to the free pro-drugs and to most drugs currently used to treat these diseases. These nano-drugs act as robust immune-suppressors, affecting cytokines secretion and diminishing hemorrhage and edema. CONCLUSIONS The combination of improved physical-chemistry, PK, BD, tolerability and therapeutic efficacy of these steroidal nano-drugs over the pro-drugs "as-is" support their further clinical development as potential therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Turjeman
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research , Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Yechezkel Barenholz
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research , Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
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63
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Swaminathan G, Thoryk EA, Cox KS, Smith JS, Wolf JJ, Gindy ME, Casimiro DR, Bett AJ. A Tetravalent Sub-unit Dengue Vaccine Formulated with Ionizable Cationic Lipid Nanoparticle induces Significant Immune Responses in Rodents and Non-Human Primates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34215. [PMID: 27703172 PMCID: PMC5050434 DOI: 10.1038/srep34215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus has emerged as an important arboviral infection worldwide. As a complex pathogen, with four distinct serotypes, the development of a successful Dengue virus vaccine has proven to be challenging. Here, we describe a novel Dengue vaccine candidate that contains truncated, recombinant, Dengue virus envelope protein from all four Dengue virus serotypes (DEN-80E) formulated with ionizable cationic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Immunization studies in mice, Guinea pigs, and in Rhesus macaques, revealed that LNPs induced high titers of Dengue virus neutralizing antibodies, with or without co-administration or encapsulation of a Toll-Like Receptor 9 agonist. Importantly, LNPs were also able to boost DEN-80E specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Cytokine and chemokine profiling revealed that LNPs induced strong chemokine responses without significant induction of inflammatory cytokines. In addition to being highly efficacious, the vaccine formulation proved to be well-tolerated, demonstrating no elevation in any of the safety parameters evaluated. Notably, reduction in cationic lipid content of the nanoparticle dramatically reduced the LNP's ability to boost DEN-80E specific immune responses, highlighting the crucial role for the charge of the LNP. Overall, our novel studies, across multiple species, reveal a promising tetravalent Dengue virus sub-unit vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Swaminathan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thoryk
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Kara S Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jayanthi J Wolf
- Safety Assessment &Regulatory Affairs, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Marian E Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Danilo R Casimiro
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew J Bett
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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64
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Murphy CM, Williams C, Quinn ME, Nicholson B, Shoe T, Beuhler MC, Kerns WP. Pilot Trial of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Treatment for Severe Nifedipine-Induced Shock. J Med Toxicol 2016; 12:380-385. [PMID: 27501853 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies and human case reports show promise in using lipid rescue to treat refractory calcium channel antagonist toxicity. However, the majority of research and clinical experience has focused on non-dihydropyridine agents. Thus, we sought to investigate the value of lipid emulsion (ILE) therapy for dihydropyridine-induced shock. This IACUC-approved study utilized seven swine that were sedated with alpha-chloralose, mechanically ventilated, and instrumented for drug delivery and hemodynamic measures. After stabilization and basal measures, nifedipine (0.01875 mg/kg/min) was infused until imminent cardiac arrest (seizure, end tidal CO2 < 10 mmHg, bradydysrhythmia, or pulseless electrical activity). Animals then received a 7 mL/kg bolus of 20% lipid emulsion via central catheter. Lipid circulation was visually confirmed by the presence of fat in peripheral arterial blood. Hemodynamics were continuously monitored until 10 min after lipid bolus. Surviving animals were euthanized. Pre- and post-lipid treatment parameters were analyzed using the Wilxocon signed rank test (p <0.05 significant). Nifedipine toxicity was characterized by vasodilatory hypotension, impaired vascular contractility, and tachycardia with terminal bradycardia. The median time to imminent cardiac arrest from start of nifedipine infusion was 218 min. Lipid treatment did not improve hemodynamics or restore circulation in any animal. There was no benefit from lipid rescue in this model of nifedipine toxicity. Further study of ILE for dihydropyridine toxicity is warranted but initial animal model results are not promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Murphy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Cliff Williams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Michael E Quinn
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Brian Nicholson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Shoe
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - William P Kerns
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Yingchoncharoen P, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What Is Yet to Come. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:701-87. [PMID: 27363439 PMCID: PMC4931871 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries around the world. However, the efficacy of current standard treatments for a variety of cancers is suboptimal. First, most cancer treatments lack specificity, meaning that these treatments affect both cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Second, many anticancer agents are highly toxic, and thus, limit their use in treatment. Third, a number of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are highly hydrophobic, which limits their utility in cancer therapy. Finally, many chemotherapeutic agents exhibit short half-lives that curtail their efficacy. As a result of these deficiencies, many current treatments lead to side effects, noncompliance, and patient inconvenience due to difficulties in administration. However, the application of nanotechnology has led to the development of effective nanosized drug delivery systems known commonly as nanoparticles. Among these delivery systems, lipid-based nanoparticles, particularly liposomes, have shown to be quite effective at exhibiting the ability to: 1) improve the selectivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents; 2) lower the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs to normal tissues, and thus, reduce their toxic side effects; 3) increase the solubility of hydrophobic drugs; and 4) offer a prolonged and controlled release of agents. This review will discuss the current state of lipid-based nanoparticle research, including the development of liposomes for cancer therapy, different strategies for tumor targeting, liposomal formulation of various anticancer drugs that are commercially available, recent progress in liposome technology for the treatment of cancer, and the next generation of lipid-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatsapong Yingchoncharoen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Duan J, Hu H, Li Q, Jiang L, Zou Y, Wang Y, Sun Z. Combined toxicity of silica nanoparticles and methylmercury on cardiovascular system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 44:120-7. [PMID: 27163730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the combined toxicity of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and methylmercury (MeHg) on cardiovascular system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Ultraviolet absorption analysis showed that the co-exposure system had high absorption and stability. The dosages used in this study were based on the NOAEL level. Zebrafish embryos exposed to the co-exposure of SiNPs and MeHg did not show any cardiovascular malformation or atrioventricular block, but had an inhibition effect on bradycardia. Using o-Dianisidine for erythrocyte staining, the cardiac output of zebrafish embryos was decreased gradually in SiNPs, MeHg, co-exposure groups, respectively. Co-exposure of SiNPs and MeHg enhanced the vascular endothelial damage in Tg(fli-1:EGFP) transgenic zebrafish line. Moreover, the co-exposure significantly activated the oxidative stress and inflammatory response in neutrophils-specific Tg(mpo:GFP) transgenic zebrafish line. This study suggested that the combined toxic effects of SiNPs and MeHg on cardiovascular system had more severe toxicity than the single exposure alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Hejing Hu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Qiuling Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lizhen Jiang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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Amniotic Fluid Embolism: Anaphylactic Reactions With Idiosyncratic Adverse Response. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2016; 70:511-7. [PMID: 26314236 DOI: 10.1097/ogx.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but severe emergency in obstetrics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathophysiology of AFE. METHODS A search was conducted between 1966 and 2014 through the English-language literature (online MEDLINE PubMed database) using the keyword amniotic fluid embolism combined with anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid, complement activation, mast cells, fetal antigens, and idiosyncratic. RESULTS Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare clinical entity but a severe obstetric emergency that can be lethal even in previously healthy women in labor or in the early postpartum period. There appears to be at least 2 mechanisms. First, adverse reactions in AFE are usually unexpected and fetal antigen dose dependent. Given the disastrous entry of amniotic fluid into the maternal circulation, they experience a sudden cardiopulmonary collapse (mechanical obstruction subtype). Second, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions of the remaining AFE are also relatively unexpected and fetal antigen dose independent and can occur at the first exposure to amniotic fluid components. They are associated with complement activation and subsequent postpartum hemorrhage. Cardiac mast cells constitute a central pathogenesis of anaphylactic (immunoglobulin E-dependent) and anaphylactoid (immunoglobulin E-independent) reactions. CONCLUSIONS Recent immunologic studies provide a new approach to the study of the pathophysiology of AFE.
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Lawrence J, Cameron D, Argyle D. Species differences in tumour responses to cancer chemotherapy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0233. [PMID: 26056373 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted drug development, cancer remains a disease of high morbidity and mortality. The treatment of human cancer patients with chemotherapy has become commonplace and accepted over the past 100 years. In recent years, and with a similar incidence of cancer to people, the use of cancer chemotherapy drugs in veterinary patients such as the dog has also become accepted clinical practice. The poor predictability of tumour responses to cancer chemotherapy drugs in rodent models means that the standard drug development pathway is costly, both in terms of money and time, leading to many drugs failing in Phase I and II clinical trials. This has led to the suggestion that naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs may offer an alternative model system to inform rational drug development in human oncology. In this review, we will explore the species variation in tumour responses to conventional chemotherapy and highlight our understanding of the differences in pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics between humans and dogs. Finally, we explore the potential hurdles that need to be overcome to gain the greatest value from comparative oncology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lawrence
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David Cameron
- University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2LF, UK
| | - David Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
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Mocan T, Matea CT, Iancu C, Agoston-Coldea L, Mocan L, Orasan R. Hypersensitivity and nanoparticles: update and research trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:216-9. [PMID: 27152071 PMCID: PMC4849378 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology holds a great promise for a wide range of medical-intent applications (diagnostic, treatment and prophylaxis of various diseases). Their advantages are due to their size, versatility and potential for multiple simultaneous applications. However, concerns have been formulated by scientific world due to insufficient data on toxicity of nanomaterials. One area of interest is represented by the interactions between nanoparticles and the components of the immune system. We review herein reported data on hypersensitivity reactions. The role exerted by nanoparticles in both immunostimulation and immunosuppression in allergen-driven mechanisms was studied, as well as future trends in worldwide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Mocan
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian T Matea
- Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Iancu
- Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; 3Department of Surgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucia Agoston-Coldea
- Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Mocan
- Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; 3Department of Surgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Remus Orasan
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Nanomedicine Department, Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Ghaghada KB, Sato AF, Starosolski ZA, Berg J, Vail DM. Computed Tomography Imaging of Solid Tumors Using a Liposomal-Iodine Contrast Agent in Companion Dogs with Naturally Occurring Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152718. [PMID: 27031614 PMCID: PMC4816501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Companion dogs with naturally occurring cancer serve as an important large animal model in translational research because they share strong similarities with human cancers. In this study, we investigated a long circulating liposomal-iodine contrast agent (Liposomal-I) for computed tomography (CT) imaging of solid tumors in companion dogs with naturally occurring cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional animal ethics committees approved the study and written informed consent was obtained from all owners. Thirteen dogs (mean age 10.1 years) with a variety of masses including primary and metastatic liver tumors, sarcomas, mammary carcinoma and lung tumors, were enrolled in the study. CT imaging was performed pre-contrast and at 15 minutes and 24 hours after intravenous administration of Liposomal-I (275 mg/kg iodine dose). Conventional contrast-enhanced CT imaging was performed in a subset of dogs, 90 minutes prior to administration of Liposomal-I. Histologic or cytologic diagnosis was obtained for each dog prior to admission into the study. RESULTS Liposomal-I resulted in significant (p < 0.05) enhancement and uniform opacification of the vascular compartment. Non-renal, reticulo-endothelial systemic clearance of the contrast agent was demonstrated. Liposomal-I enabled visualization of primary and metastatic liver tumors. Sub-cm sized liver lesions grossly appeared as hypo-enhanced compared to the surrounding normal parenchyma with improved lesion conspicuity in the post-24 hour scan. Large liver tumors (> 1 cm) demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of intra-tumoral signal with visibly higher signal enhancement at the post-24 hour time point. Extra-hepatic, extra-splenic tumors, including histiocytic sarcoma, anaplastic sarcoma, mammary carcinoma and lung tumors, were visualized with a heterogeneous enhancement pattern in the post-24 hour scan. CONCLUSIONS The long circulating liposomal-iodine contrast agent enabled prolonged visualization of small and large tumors in companion dogs with naturally occurring cancer. The study warrants future work to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Liposomal-I agent in various types of naturally occurring canine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan B. Ghaghada
- The Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy F. Sato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zbigniew A. Starosolski
- The Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John Berg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Kester M, Bassler J, Fox TE, Carter CJ, Davidson JA, Parette MR. Preclinical development of a C6-ceramide NanoLiposome, a novel sphingolipid therapeutic. Biol Chem 2016; 396:737-47. [PMID: 25838296 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the therapeutic potential of sphingolipids, the ability to develop this class of compounds as active pharmaceutical ingredients has been hampered by issues of solubility and delivery. Beyond these technical hurdles, significant challenges in completing the necessary preclinical studies to support regulatory review are necessary for commercialization. This review seeks to identify the obstacles and potential solutions in the translation of a novel liposomal technology from the academic bench to investigational new drug (IND) stage by discussing the preclinical development of the Ceramide NanoLiposome (CNL), which is currently being developed as an anticancer drug for the initial indication of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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Comparison of complement activation-related pseudoallergy in miniature and domestic pigs: foundation of a validatable immune toxicity model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:933-943. [PMID: 26767512 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) is an acute adverse immune reaction caused by many nanomedicines. There is a regulatory need for a sensitive and standardizable in vivo predictive assay. While domestic pigs are a sensitive animal model, miniature pigs are favored in toxicological studies yet their utility as a CARPA model has not yet been explored. Herein, we used liposomal doxorubicin and amphotericin B (Doxil/Caelyx and AmBisome), Cremophor EL and zymosan as CARPA triggers to induce reactions in miniature and domestic pigs, and compared the hemodynamic, hematological, biochemical, and skin alterations. The changes observed after administration of the test agents were very similar in both pig strains, suggesting that miniature pigs are a sensitive, reproducible, and, hence, validatable animal model for CARPA regulatory testing. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR With the advances in nanomedicine research, many new agents are now tested for use in clinical setting. Nonetheless, complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) is a well known phenomenon which can be caused by nanoparticles. In this study, the authors looked at and compared the use of domestic pigs versus miniature pigs as experimental animals for toxicological studies. Their findings confirmed the possible use of miniature pigs for regulatory testing.
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Dobrovolskaia MA. Pre-clinical immunotoxicity studies of nanotechnology-formulated drugs: Challenges, considerations and strategy. J Control Release 2015; 220:571-83. [PMID: 26348388 PMCID: PMC4688153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assorted challenges in physicochemical characterization, sterilization, depyrogenation, and in the assessment of pharmacology, safety, and efficacy profiles accompany pre-clinical development of nanotechnology-formulated drugs. Some of these challenges are not unique to nanotechnology and are common in the development of other pharmaceutical products. However, nanoparticle-formulated drugs are biochemically sophisticated, which causes their translation into the clinic to be particularly complex. An understanding of both the immune compatibility of nanoformulations and their effects on hematological parameters is now recognized as an important step in the (pre)clinical development of nanomedicines. An evaluation of nanoparticle immunotoxicity is usually performed as a part of a traditional toxicological assessment; however, it often requires additional in vitro and in vivo specialized immuno- and hematotoxicity tests. Herein, I review literature examples and share the experience with the NCI Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory assay cascade used in the early (discovery-level) phase of pre-clinical development to summarize common challenges in the immunotoxicological assessment of nanomaterials, highlight considerations and discuss solutions to overcome problems that commonly slow or halt the translation of nanoparticle-formulated drugs toward clinical trials. Special attention will be paid to the grand-challenge related to detection, quantification and removal of endotoxin from nanoformulations, and practical considerations related to this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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Sercombe L, Veerati T, Moheimani F, Wu SY, Sood AK, Hua S. Advances and Challenges of Liposome Assisted Drug Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:286. [PMID: 26648870 PMCID: PMC4664963 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1362] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of liposomes to assist drug delivery has already had a major impact on many biomedical areas. They have been shown to be beneficial for stabilizing therapeutic compounds, overcoming obstacles to cellular and tissue uptake, and improving biodistribution of compounds to target sites in vivo. This enables effective delivery of encapsulated compounds to target sites while minimizing systemic toxicity. Liposomes present as an attractive delivery system due to their flexible physicochemical and biophysical properties, which allow easy manipulation to address different delivery considerations. Despite considerable research in the last 50 years and the plethora of positive results in preclinical studies, the clinical translation of liposome assisted drug delivery platforms has progressed incrementally. In this review, we will discuss the advances in liposome assisted drug delivery, biological challenges that still remain, and current clinical and experimental use of liposomes for biomedical applications. The translational obstacles of liposomal technology will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sercombe
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Tejaswi Veerati
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fatemeh Moheimani
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA ; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA ; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Hua
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
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Duan J, Yu Y, Li Y, Li Y, Liu H, Jing L, Yang M, Wang J, Li C, Sun Z. Low-dose exposure of silica nanoparticles induces cardiac dysfunction via neutrophil-mediated inflammation and cardiac contraction in zebrafish embryos. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:575-85. [PMID: 26551753 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity mechanism of nanoparticles on vertebrate cardiovascular system is still unclear, especially on the low-level exposure. This study was to explore the toxic effect and mechanisms of low-dose exposure of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) on cardiac function in zebrafish embryos via the intravenous microinjection. The dosage of SiNPs was based on the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of malformation assessment in zebrafish embryos. The mainly cardiac toxicity phenotypes induced by SiNPs were pericardial edema and bradycardia but had no effect on atrioventricular block. Using o-Dianisidine for erythrocyte staining, the cardiac output of zebrafish embryos was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Microarray analysis and bioinformatics analysis were performed to screen the differential expression genes and possible pathway involved in cardiac function. SiNPs induced whole-embryo oxidative stress and neutrophil-mediated cardiac inflammation in Tg(mpo:GFP) zebrafish. Inflammatory cells were observed in atrium of SiNPs-treated zebrafish heart by histopathological examination. In addition, the expression of TNNT2 protein, a cardiac contraction marker in heart tissue had been down-regulated compared to control group using immunohistochemistry. Confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blot assays, results showed that SiNPs inhibited the calcium signaling pathway and cardiac muscle contraction via the down-regulated of related genes, such as ATPase-related genes (atp2a1l, atp1b2b, atp1a3b), calcium channel-related genes (cacna1ab, cacna1da) and the regulatory gene tnnc1a for cardiac troponin C. Moreover, the protein level of TNNT2 was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. For the first time, our results demonstrated that SiNPs induced cardiac dysfunction via the neutrophil-mediated cardiac inflammation and cardiac contraction in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Duan
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Yang Yu
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Yang Li
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Yanbo Li
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Hongcui Liu
- c Hunter Biotechnology Inc. , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province , P.R. China
| | - Li Jing
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Man Yang
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Ji Wang
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
| | - Chunqi Li
- c Hunter Biotechnology Inc. , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province , P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- a School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China .,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China , and
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Szebeni J, Fishbane S, Hedenus M, Howaldt S, Locatelli F, Patni S, Rampton D, Weiss G, Folkersen J. Hypersensitivity to intravenous iron: classification, terminology, mechanisms and management. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5025-36. [PMID: 26265306 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) iron therapy is widely used in iron deficiency anaemias when oral iron is not tolerated or ineffective. Administration of IV-iron is considered a safe procedure, but severe hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) can occur at a very low frequency. Recently, new guidelines have been published by the European Medicines Agency with the intention of making IV-iron therapy safer; however, the current protocols are still non-specific, non-evidence-based empirical measures which neglect the fact that the majority of IV-iron reactions are not IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions. The field would benefit from new specific and effective methods for the prevention and treatment of these HSRs, and the main goal of this review was to highlight a possible new approach based on the assumption that IV-iron reactions represent complement activation-related pseudo-allergy (CARPA), at least in part. The review compares the features of IV-iron reactions to those of immune and non-immune HSRs caused by a variety of other infused drugs and thus make indirect inferences on IV-iron reactions. The process of comparison highlights many unresolved issues in allergy research, such as the unsettled terminology, multiple redundant classifications and a lack of validated animal models and lege artis clinical studies. Facts and arguments are listed in support of the involvement of CARPA in IV-iron reactions, and the review addresses the mechanism of low reactogenic administration protocols (LRPs) based on slow infusion. It is suggested that consideration of CARPA and the use of LRPs might lead to useful new additions to the management of high-risk IV-iron patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Nanobiotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Miskolc University, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - S Fishbane
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Hedenus
- Department for Internal Medicine, Sundsvalls Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - S Howaldt
- Research Institute for IBD, HaFCED GmbH & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Locatelli
- Department of Nephrology, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | - S Patni
- Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Rampton
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - G Weiss
- Department for Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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77
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Kiessling F. Science to Practice: Molecularly Targeted US of Inflammation—Important Steps toward Clinical Translation. Radiology 2015; 276:621-3. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015150589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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78
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Liu Y, Pang Y, Toh MR, Chiu GNC. Dual-functionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimers with poly(ethylene glycol) conjugation and thiolation improved blood compatibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:1492-502. [PMID: 26303576 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the blood compatibility of dual-functionalized poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers. METHODS The cationic PAMAM dendrimer of generation 4.0 (PM4.0) were functionalized by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugation or by thiolation or the combination of both methods. Various in-vitro assays including immune cell cytotoxicity, haemoglobin release, serum albumin binding, complement activation and coagulation times were used to characterize the compatibility with blood components. KEY FINDINGS Although thiolation of polymers has been reported as a strategy to reduce platelet activation or aggregation, thiolation of PM4.0 alone did not offer any protective effect against the dendrimer toxicity on blood components or functions. PEGylation was able to reduce the toxic effect and interactions of the unmodified and thiolated PM4.0 on various blood components and functions; yet, PEGylated PM4.0 displayed prolonged prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times. Among various PM4.0 derivatives, dual-functionalized PM4.0 with PEG and thiol groups displayed the least toxicity to various blood components and functions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that comprehensive studies of dendrimer biocompatibility should be performed so as to establish the safe dose window for systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanzhen Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming R Toh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gigi N C Chiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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79
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Adipose tissue macrophages in non-rodent mammals: a comparative study. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:461-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fettiplace MR, Weinberg G. Past, Present, and Future of Lipid Resuscitation Therapy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 39:72S-83S. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607115595979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Fettiplace
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Research & Development Service, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guy Weinberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Research & Development Service, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Bedocs P, Capacchione J, Potts L, Chugani R, Weiszhar Z, Szebeni J, Buckenmaier CC. Hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous lipid emulsion in swine: relevance for lipid resuscitation studies. Anesth Analg 2015; 119:1094-101. [PMID: 25126705 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports in the recent experimental literature have provided contradicting results in different animal species regarding the efficacy of IV lipid emulsion (ILE) in the reversal of cardiovascular and central nervous system symptoms of local anesthetic and other lipophilic drug overdoses. In particular, ILE seemed to be effective in rats, rabbits, dogs, and humans, but not in swine, for which it not only failed to reverse the adverse effects of anesthetics, but the animals also developed a generalized cutaneous mottling or a dusky appearance immediately after ILE, suggestive of another type of toxicity. The latter symptoms arise in complement (C) activation-related pseudoallergy, a hypersensitivity reaction to particulate drugs and agents. METHODS Ten Yorkshire swine (15-20 kg) were sedated with ketamine and anesthetized with isoflurane. ILE 1.5 and 5 mL/kg 20% was administered via the ear vein while pulmonary arterial pressure, systemic arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and end-tidal CO2 were recorded continuously. Thromboxane was measured in blood collected at baseline and 2 and 10 minutes after injections. Complement activation by lipid emulsion was also assessed in vitro with soluble terminal complement complex (SC5b-9) and sheep red blood cell assays. RESULTS Significant increases were observed in the pulmonary pressure (median [interquartile range]) within minutes after the administration of ILE, both at doses 1.5 and 5 mL/kg (15 [12-16.5] to 18.5 [16-20] mm Hg, P = 0.0058 and 15.5 [13-17.25] to 39.5 [30.5-48.5], respectively). The systemic arterial blood pressure increased, and the heart rate decreased after both injections. Thromboxane B2 concentration (median [interquartile range]) in the blood plasma increased from a baseline of 617.3 [412.4-920] to 1132 [597.9-1417] pg/mL (P = 0.0055) and from 1276 [1200-2581] to 4046 [2946-8442] pg/mL (P = 0.0017) after the administration of 1.5 and 5 mL/kg ILE, respectively. Intralipid did not cause in vitro complement activation in human serum. CONCLUSIONS ILE causes clinically significant hemodynamic changes in pigs, in concert with significant increases in the plasma thromboxane concentration. However, the in vitro tests did not confirm involvement of the complement system in human sera, leaving the underlying mechanism of these findings in doubt. Nonetheless, the observed hemodynamic and biochemical effects of ILE serve as a caveat that the pig is not an ideal model for the study of interventions involving ILE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bedocs
- From the *Defense and Veterans Center for Integrative Pain Management; †Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University; ‡Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland; §Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; ∥Seroscience Ltd.; ¶Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest; and #Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Theoretical Health Sciences, Miskolc University, Miskolc, Hungary
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Khanna P, Ong C, Bay BH, Baeg GH. Nanotoxicity: An Interplay of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Cell Death. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:1163-1180. [PMID: 28347058 PMCID: PMC5304638 DOI: 10.3390/nano5031163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are emerging as a useful tool for a wide variety of biomedical, consumer and instrumental applications that include drug delivery systems, biosensors and environmental sensors. In particular, nanoparticles have been shown to offer greater specificity with enhanced bioavailability and less detrimental side effects as compared to the existing conventional therapies in nanomedicine. Hence, bionanotechnology has been receiving immense attention in recent years. However, despite the extensive use of nanoparticles today, there is still a limited understanding of nanoparticle-mediated toxicity. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that nanoparticles are closely associated with toxicity by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and/or the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. The homeostatic redox state of the host becomes disrupted upon ROS induction by nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are also known to up-regulate the transcription of various pro-inflammatory genes, including tumor necrosis factor-α and IL (interleukins)-1, IL-6 and IL-8, by activating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. These sequential molecular and cellular events are known to cause oxidative stress, followed by severe cellular genotoxicity and then programmed cell death. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying nanotoxicity are not fully understood. This lack of knowledge is a significant impediment in the use of nanoparticles in vivo. In this review, we will provide an assessment of signaling pathways that are involved in the nanoparticle- induced oxidative stress and propose possible strategies to circumvent nanotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Khanna
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Singapore 117 597, Singapore.
| | - Cynthia Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Singapore 117 597, Singapore.
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Singapore 117 597, Singapore.
| | - Gyeong Hun Baeg
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Singapore 117 597, Singapore.
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Wang H, Felt SA, Machtaler S, Guracar I, Luong R, Bettinger T, Tian L, Lutz AM, Willmann JK. Quantitative Assessment of Inflammation in a Porcine Acute Terminal Ileitis Model: US with a Molecularly Targeted Contrast Agent. Radiology 2015; 276:809-17. [PMID: 25965901 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015142478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of ultrasonography (US) performed with dual-selectin-targeted contrast agent microbubbles (MBs) for assessment of inflammation in a porcine acute terminal ileitis model, with histologic findings as a reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study had institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval. Acute terminal ileitis was established in 19 pigs; four pigs served as control pigs. The ileum was imaged with clinical-grade dual P- and E-selectin-targeted MBs (MBSelectin) at increasing doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 20 × 10(8) MB per kilogram of body weight) and with control nontargeted MBs (MBControl). For reproducibility testing, examinations were repeated twice after the MBSelectin and MBControl injections. After imaging, scanned ileal segments were analyzed ex vivo both for inflammation grade (by using hematoxylin-eosin staining) and for expression of selectins (by using quantitative immunofluorescence analysis). Statistical analysis was performed by using the t test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS Imaging signal increased linearly (P < .001) between a dose of 0.5 and a dose of 5.0 × 10(8) MB/kg and plateaued between a dose of 10 and a dose of 20 × 10(8) MB/kg. Imaging signals were reproducible (ICC = 0.70), and administration of MBSelectin in acute ileitis resulted in a significantly higher (P < .001) imaging signal compared with that in control ileum and MBControl. Ex vivo histologic grades of inflammation correlated well with in vivo US signal (ρ = 0.79), and expression levels of both P-selectin (37.4% ± 14.7 [standard deviation] of vessels positive; P < .001) and E-selectin (31.2% ± 25.7) in vessels in the bowel wall of segments with ileitis were higher than in control ileum (5.1% ± 3.7 for P-selectin and 4.8% ± 2.3 for E-selectin). CONCLUSION Quantitative measurements of inflammation obtained by using dual-selectin-targeted US are reproducible and correlate well with the extent of inflammation at histologic examination in a porcine acute ileitis model as a next step toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijun Wang
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
| | - Stephen A Felt
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
| | - Steven Machtaler
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
| | - Ismayil Guracar
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
| | - Richard Luong
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
| | - Thierry Bettinger
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
| | - Lu Tian
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
| | - Amelie M Lutz
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
| | - Jürgen K Willmann
- From the Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Room H1307; Stanford, CA 94305-5621 (H.W., S.M., A.M.L., J.K.W.); Department of Comparative Medicine (S.A.F., R.L.) and Department of Health, Research and Policy (L.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Ultrasound Business Unit, Siemens Healthcare, Mountain View, Calif (I.G.); and Bracco Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland (T.B.)
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Dézsi L, Rosivall L, Hamar P, Szebeni J, Szénási G. Rodent models of complement activation-related pseudoallergy: Inducers, symptoms, inhibitors and reaction mechanisms. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractComplement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) is a hypersensitivity reaction to intravenous administration of nanoparticle-containing medicines (nanomedicines). This review focuses on CARPA in rodent models: rats, mice, guinea pigs and rabbits. Information on all aspects of hypersensitivity reactions caused by known complement activators (zymosan, cobra venom factor) and different nanomedicines (liposomes, other drug carrier nanocarriers) in these species has been compiled and analyzed, trying to highlight the similarities and differences. What is most common in all species’ reactions to i.v. complement activators, liposomes and other nanoparticles is a dose-dependent hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary disturbance manifested in acute, reversible rise or fall of blood pressure and respiratory distress that can lead to shock. Other symptoms include heart rate changes, leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration due to fluid extravasation (rise of hematocrit) and rise of plasma thromboxane B2. The results of a recent rat study are detailed, which show that rats are 2–3 orders of magnitude less sensitive to liposome-induced CARPA than pigs or hypersensitive humans. It is concluded that CARPA can be studied in rodent models, but they do not necessarily mimic the human reactions in terms of symptom spectrum and sensitivity.
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Urbanics R, Bedőcs P, Szebeni J. Lessons learned from the porcine CARPA model: constant and variable responses to different nanomedicines and administration protocols. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPigs provide a sensitive and quantitative animal model of complement (C) activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) caused by liposomes and a wide range of nanoparticulate drugs or drug nanocarriers (nanomedicines). The tetrad of symptoms (hemodynamic, hematological, laboratory and skin changes) that arise within minutes after i.v. injection of reactogenic nanomedicines (RNMs) are highly reproducible among different pigs but the presence, direction and relative severity of symptoms are very different with different RNMs and their administration schedule. Bolus administration of RNMs usually trigger pulmonary hypertension with or without various degrees of systemic hyper- or hypotension, tachy-or bradycardia, arrhythmia, blood cell and inflammatory mediator changes and skin rash. These reactions can be rapid or protracted, and fully tachyphylactic, semi-tachyphylactic or non-tachyphylactic. Slow infusion usually diminishes the reactions and/or entail delayed, protracted and less severe hemodynamic and other changes. The goal of this review is to present some technical details of the porcine CARPA model, point out its constant and variable parameters, show examples of different reactions, highlight the unique features and capabilities of the model and evaluate its utility in preclinical safety assessment. The information obtained in this model enables the understanding of the complex pathomechanism of CARPA involving simultaneous anaphylatoxin and inflammatory mediator actions at multiple sites in different organs.
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Patkó Z, Szebeni J. Blood cell changes in complement activation-related pseudoallergy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2015-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe characteristic physiological changes in complement (C) activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) include thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis and leukopenia with or without compensatory leukocytosis. In the background of these phenomena it is known that anaphylatoxins, the triggers of CARPA, can activate white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets, and that this activation can lead to the binding of these cells to each other and also to capillary endothelial cells, entailing microthrombus formation and circulatory blockage mainly in the pulmonary and coronary microcirculation. These changes are key contributors to the hemodynamic alterations in CARPA, and can lead to anaphylactic shock. The goal of this review was to catalogue the blood cell changes in man and different animals undergoing CARPA and focus on some details of the molecular and cellular interactions among anaphylatoxins, other C activation byproducts, platelets, WBCs (mainly monocytes), macrophages and endothelial cells and these cells’ secretory products during CARPA. By discussing the inhibitors of different steps of the complex interplay between reaction mediators and cell surface receptors, the review might help in identifying possible novel drugs candidates against CARPA.
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Mészáros T, Szénási G, Rosivall L, Szebeni J, Dézsi L. Paradoxical rise of hemolytic complement in the blood of mice during zymosan- and liposome-induced CARPA: a pilot study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2015-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe complement (C) activating effect of zymosan and liposomal drugs (AmBisome, Caelyx) leads to significant C consumption in rats, dogs, pigs and other species in vivo, as reflected by a fall in hemolytic complement activity (HCA) of their plasma. However, the acute C activating effect of zymosan and liposomal drugs is unclear in the mouse. Therefore, using sheep red blood cells, we assayed the HCA of plasma obtained from apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE) as well as from background C57BL/6 (BL6) mice. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of C activators led to a significant rise (up to 40%) in HCA of the plasma. The HCA steadily rose up to 30 min in ApoE mice, while it peaked at 3 min in BL6 mice, returning to baseline thereafter. The elevated HCA after IV injection of C activators is “paradoxical” in mice, since it implies an increase rather than a decrease in C levels in the blood. One possible explanation of the phenomenon is hemoconcentration due to anaphylatoxin-induced capillary leakage, resulting in an apparent rise of HCA. In conclusion, these preliminary observations highlight, for the first time, a species-dependent opposing impact of C activation and the resulting anaphylatoxin actions on hemolytic complement activity.
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Dézsi L, Fülöp T, Mészáros T, Szénási G, Urbanics R, Vázsonyi C, Őrfi E, Rosivall L, Nemes R, Kok RJ, Metselaar JM, Storm G, Szebeni J. Features of complement activation-related pseudoallergy to liposomes with different surface charge and PEGylation: Comparison of the porcine and rat responses. J Control Release 2014; 195:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kornegay JN, Peterson JM, Bogan DJ, Kline W, Bogan JR, Dow JL, Fan Z, Wang J, Ahn M, Zhu H, Styner M, Guttridge DC. NBD delivery improves the disease phenotype of the golden retriever model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:18. [PMID: 25789154 PMCID: PMC4364341 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene and afflicts skeletal and cardiac muscles. Previous studies showed that DMD is associated with constitutive activation of NF-κB, and in dystrophin-deficient mdx and utrophin/dystrophin (utrn-/-;mdx) double knock out (dko) mouse models, inhibition of NF-κB with the Nemo Binding Domain (NBD) peptide led to significant improvements in both diaphragm and cardiac muscle function. Methods A trial in golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) canine model of DMD was initiated with four primary outcomes: skeletal muscle function, MRI of pelvic limb muscles, histopathologic features of skeletal muscles, and safety. GRMD and wild type dogs at 2 months of age were treated for 4 months with NBD by intravenous infusions. Results were compared with those collected from untreated GRMD and wild type dogs through a separate, natural history study. Results Results showed that intravenous delivery of NBD in GRMD dogs led to a recovery of pelvic limb muscle force and improvement of histopathologic lesions. In addition, NBD-treated GRMD dogs had normalized postural changes and a trend towards lower tissue injury on magnetic resonance imaging. Despite this phenotypic improvement, NBD administration over time led to infusion reactions and an immune response in both treated GRMD and wild type dogs. Conclusions This GRMD trial was beneficial both in providing evidence that NBD is efficacious in a large animal DMD model and in identifying potential safety concerns that will be informative moving forward with human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe N Kornegay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; The Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 4458, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer M Peterson
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel J Bogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; The Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Kline
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Janet R Bogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; The Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; The Gene Therapy Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mihye Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA ; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 460W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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90
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Szebeni J. Complement activation-related pseudoallergy: A stress reaction in blood triggered by nanomedicines and biologicals. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:163-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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New challenges and opportunities in nonclinical safety testing of biologics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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92
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Ganta S, Talekar M, Singh A, Coleman TP, Amiji MM. Nanoemulsions in translational research-opportunities and challenges in targeted cancer therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:694-708. [PMID: 24510526 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsion dosage form serves as a vehicle for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients and has attracted great attention in drug delivery and pharmacotherapy. In particular, nanoemulsions act as an excellent vehicle for poorly aqueous soluble drugs, which are otherwise difficult to formulate in conventional dosage forms. Nanoemulsions are submicron emulsions composed of generally regarded as safe grade excipients. Particle size at the nanoscale and larger surface area lead to some very interesting physical properties that can be exploited to overcome anatomical and physiological barriers associated in drug delivery to the complex diseases such as cancer. Along these lines, nanoemulsions have been engineered with specific attributes such as size, surface charge, prolonged blood circulation, target specific binding ability, and imaging capability. These attributes can be tuned to assist in delivering drug/imaging agents to the specific site of interest, based on active and passive targeting mechanisms. This review focuses on the current state of nanoemulsions in the translational research and its role in targeted cancer therapy. In addition, the production, physico-chemical characterization, and regulatory aspects of nanoemulsion are addressed.
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93
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Ferenz KB, Waack IN, Laudien J, Mayer C, Broecker-Preuss M, Groot HD, Kirsch M. Safety of poly (ethylene glycol)-coated perfluorodecalin-filled poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microcapsules following intravenous administration of high amounts in rats. RESULTS IN PHARMA SCIENCES 2014; 4:8-18. [PMID: 25756002 PMCID: PMC4050377 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The host response against foreign materials designates the biocompatibility of intravenously administered microcapsules and thus, widely affects their potential for subsequent clinical use as artificial oxygen/drug carriers. Therefore, body distribution and systemic parameters, as well as markers of inflammation and indicators of organ damage were carefully evaluated after administration of short-chained poly (vinyl alcohol, (PVA)) solution or poly (ethylene glycol (PEG))-shielded perfluorodecalin-filled poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide, PFD-filled PLGA) microcapsules into Wistar rats. Whereas PVA infusion was well tolerated, all animals survived the selected dose of 1247 mg microcapsules/kg body weight but showed marked toxicity (increased enzyme activities, rising pro-inflammatory cytokines and complement factors) and developed a mild metabolic acidosis. The observed hypotension emerging immediately after start of capsule infusion was transient and mean arterial blood pressure restored to baseline within 70 min. Microcapsules accumulated in spleen and liver (but not in other organs) and partly occluded hepatic microcirculation reducing sinusoidal perfusion rate by about 20%. Intravenous infusion of high amounts of PFD-filled PLGA microcapsules was tolerated temporarily but associated with severe side effects such as hypotension and organ damage. Short-chained PVA displays excellent biocompatibility and thus, can be utilized as emulsifier for the preparation of drug carriers designed for intravenous use.
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Key Words
- ALAT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase
- Artificial oxygen carriers
- BE, base excess
- Biocompatibility
- Biodegradable microcapsules
- C3, complement factor 3
- C4a, complement factor 4a
- CARPA, complement activation-related pseudoallergy
- CK, creatine kinase
- DAPI, 4',6-diamidin-2-phenylindol
- FITC-dextran, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 150,000
- IFN-?, interferon-gamma
- IL, interleukin
- IVM, intravital microscopy
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MAP, mean arterial blood pressure
- PEG, poly (ethylene glycol)
- PFD, perfluorodecalin
- PLA)
- PLGA, poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)
- PVA, poly (vinyl alcohol)
- Perfluorocarbon
- Poly (lactic/glycolic) acid (PLGA
- Poly (vinyl alcohol)
- TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- pO2, pCO2, oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja B Ferenz
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Indra N Waack
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Julia Laudien
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physical Chemistry, CeNIDE, Universitaetsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Martina Broecker-Preuss
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Illnesses, Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Herbert de Groot
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Michael Kirsch
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45122, Germany
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94
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Bogart LK, Pourroy G, Murphy CJ, Puntes V, Pellegrino T, Rosenblum D, Peer D, Lévy R. Nanoparticles for imaging, sensing, and therapeutic intervention. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3107-22. [PMID: 24641589 PMCID: PMC4123720 DOI: 10.1021/nn500962q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have the potential to contribute to new modalities in molecular imaging and sensing as well as in therapeutic interventions. In this Nano Focus article, we identify some of the current challenges and knowledge gaps that need to be confronted to accelerate the developments of various applications. Using specific examples, we journey from the characterization of these complex hybrid nanomaterials; continue with surface design and (bio)physicochemical properties, their fate in biological media and cells, and their potential for cancer treatment; and finally reflect on the role of animal models to predict their behavior in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara K. Bogart
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Genevieve Pourroy
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg IPCMS, UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Catherine J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Victor Puntes
- Insitut Català de Nanociencia I Nanotecnologia, campus UAB (CERCA-CSIC-ICREA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pellegrino
- Nanochemistry, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniel Rosenblum
- Laboratory of NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of NanoMedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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95
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Translation of TRO40303 from myocardial infarction models to demonstration of safety and tolerance in a randomized Phase I trial. J Transl Med 2014; 12:38. [PMID: 24507657 PMCID: PMC3923730 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although reperfusion injury has been shown to be responsible for cardiomyocytes death after an acute myocardial infarction, there is currently no drug on the market that reduces this type of injury. TRO40303 is a new cardioprotective compound that was shown to inhibit the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and reduce infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion in a rat model of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS In the rat model, the therapeutic window and the dose effect relationship were investigated in order to select the proper dose and design for clinical investigations. To evaluate post-ischemic functional recovery, TRO40303 was tested in a model of isolated rat heart. Additionally, TRO40303 was investigated in a Phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single intravenous ascending doses of the compound (0.5 to 13 mg/kg) in 72 healthy male, post-menopausal and hysterectomized female subjects at flow rates from 0.04 to 35 mL/min (EudraCT number: 2010-021453-39). This work was supported in part by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche. RESULTS In the vivo model, TRO40303 reduced infarct size by 40% at 1 mg/kg and by 50% at 3 and 10 mg/kg given by intravenous bolus and was only active when administered before reperfusion. Additionally, TRO40303 provided functional recovery and reduced oxidative stress in the isolated rat heart model.These results, together with pharmacokinetic based allometry to human and non-clinical toxicology data, were used to design the Phase I trial. All the tested doses and flow rates were well tolerated clinically. There were no serious adverse events reported. No relevant changes in vital signs, electrocardiogram parameters, laboratory tests or physical examinations were observed at any time in any dose group. Pharmacokinetics was linear up to 6 mg/kg and slightly ~1.5-fold, hyper-proportional from 6 to 13 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that TRO40303 can be safely administered by the intravenous route in humans at doses expected to be pharmacologically active. These results allowed evaluating the expected active dose in human at 6 mg/kg, used in a Phase II proof-of-concept study currently ongoing.
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96
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Everds NE, Tarrant JM. Unexpected hematologic effects of biotherapeutics in nonclinical species and in humans. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:280-302. [PMID: 23471185 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are expanding the arsenal of therapeutics available for treating and preventing disease. Although initially thought to have limited side effects due to the specificity of their binding, these drugs have now been shown to have potential for adverse drug reactions including effects on peripheral blood cell counts or function. Hematotoxicity caused by a biotherapeutic can be directly related to the activity of the biotherapeutic or can be indirect and due to autoimmunity, biological cascades, antidrug antibodies, or other immune system responses. Biotherapeutics can cause hematotoxicity primarily as a result of cellular activation, cytotoxicity, drug-dependent and independent immune responses, and sequelae from initiating cytokine and complement cascades. The underlying pathogenesis of biotherapeutic-induced hematotoxicity often is poorly understood. Nonclinical studies have generally predicted clinical hematotoxicity for recombinant cytokines and growth factors. However, most hematologic liabilities of biotherapeutics are not based on drug class but are species specific, immune-mediated, and of low incidence. Despite the potential for unexpected hematologic toxicity, the risk-benefit profile of most biotherapeutics is favorable; hematologic effects are readily monitorable and managed by dose modification, drug withdrawal, and/or therapeutic intervention. This article reviews examples of biotherapeutics that have unexpected hematotoxicity in nonclinical or clinical studies.
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97
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Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. Understanding the correlation between in vitro and in vivo immunotoxicity tests for nanomedicines. J Control Release 2013; 172:456-66. [PMID: 23742883 PMCID: PMC5831149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical characterization of novel nanotechnology-based formulations is often challenged by physicochemical characteristics, sterility/sterilization issues, safety and efficacy. Such challenges are not unique to nanomedicine, as they are common in the development of small and macromolecular drugs. However, due to the lack of a general consensus on critical characterization parameters, a shortage of harmonized protocols to support testing, and the vast variety of engineered nanomaterials, the translation of nanomedicines into clinic is particularly complex. Understanding the immune compatibility of nanoformulations has been identified as one of the important factors in (pre)clinical development and requires reliable in vitro and in vivo immunotoxicity tests. The generally low sensitivity of standard in vivo toxicity tests to immunotoxicities, inter-species variability in the structure and function of the immune system, high costs and relatively low throughput of in vivo tests, and ethical concerns about animal use underscore the need for trustworthy in vitro assays. Here, we consider the correlation (or lack thereof) between in vitro and in vivo immunotoxicity tests as a mean to identify useful in vitro assays. We review literature examples and case studies from the experience of the NCI Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, and highlight assays where predictability has been demonstrated for a variety of nanomaterials and assays with high potential for predictability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Scott E. McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
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98
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Bussy C, Methven L, Kostarelos K. Hemotoxicity of carbon nanotubes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:2127-34. [PMID: 24211768 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes may enter into the bloodstream and interact with blood components indirectly via translocation following unintended exposure or directly after an intended administration for biomedical purposes. Once introduced into systemic circulation, nanotubes will encounter various proteins, biomolecules or cells which have specific roles in the homeostasis of the circulatory system. It is therefore essential to determine whether those interactions will lead to adverse effects or not. Advances in the understanding of how carbon nanotubes interact with blood proteins, the complement system, red blood cells and the hemostatic system are reviewed in this article. While many studies on carbon nanotube health risk assessment and their biomedical applications have appeared in the last few years, reports on the hemocompatibility of these nanomaterials remain surprisingly limited. Yet, defining the hemotoxicological profile is a mandatory step toward the development of clinically-relevant medications or contrast agents based on carbon nanotubes.
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99
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Recent developments in liposome-based veterinary therapeutics. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2013; 2013:167521. [PMID: 24222862 PMCID: PMC3809611 DOI: 10.1155/2013/167521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanomedicine have been studied in the veterinary field and have found a wide variety of applications. The past decade has witnessed a massive surge of research interest in liposomes for delivery of therapeutic substances in animals. Liposomes are nanosized phospholipid vesicles that can serve as delivery platforms for a wide range of substances. Liposomes are easily formulated, highly modifiable, and easily administered delivery platforms. They are biodegradable and nontoxic and have long in vivo circulation time. This review focuses on recent and ongoing research that may have relevance for veterinary medicine. By examining the recent developments in liposome-based therapeutics in animal cancers, vaccines, and analgesia, this review depicts the current significance and future directions of liposome-based delivery in veterinary medicine.
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100
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Heinonen JA, Litonius E, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ, Rosenberg PH. Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Entraps Amitriptyline into Plasma and Can Lower its Brain Concentration - An Experimental Intoxication Study in Pigs. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:193-200. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juho A. Heinonen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Erik Litonius
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Janne T. Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; University of Helsinki and HUSLAB; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Pertti J. Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; University of Helsinki and HUSLAB; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Per H. Rosenberg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
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