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Sui Y, Nguyen HB, Thai TQ, Ikenaka K, Ohno N. Mitochondrial Dynamics in Physiology and Pathology of Myelinated Axons. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:145-163. [PMID: 31760643 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential roles in neurons and abnormal functions of mitochondria have been implicated in neurological disorders including myelin diseases. Since mitochondrial functions are regulated and maintained by their dynamic behavior involving localization, transport, and fusion/fission, modulation of mitochondrial dynamics would be involved in physiology and pathology of myelinated axons. In fact, the integration of multimodal imaging in vivo and in vitro revealed that mitochondrial localization and transport are differentially regulated in nodal and internodal regions in response to the changes of metabolic demand in myelinated axons. In addition, the mitochondrial behavior in axons is modulated as adaptive responses to demyelination irrespective of the cause of myelin loss, and the behavioral modulation is partly through interactions with cytoskeletons and closely associated with the pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases. Furthermore, the behavior and functions of axonal mitochondria are modulated in congenital myelin disorders involving impaired interactions between axons and myelin-forming cells, and, together with the inflammatory environment, implicated in axonal degeneration and disease phenotypes. Further studies on the regulatory mechanisms of the mitochondrial dynamics in myelinated axons would provide deeper insights into axo-glial interactions mediated through myelin ensheathment, and effective manipulations of the dynamics may lead to novel therapeutic strategies protecting axonal and neuronal functions and survival in primary diseases of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sui
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.
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52
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Fischbach F, Nedelcu J, Leopold P, Zhan J, Clarner T, Nellessen L, Beißel C, van Heuvel Y, Goswami A, Weis J, Denecke B, Schmitz C, Hochstrasser T, Nyamoya S, Victor M, Beyer C, Kipp M. Cuprizone-induced graded oligodendrocyte vulnerability is regulated by the transcription factor DNA damage-inducible transcript 3. Glia 2018; 67:263-276. [PMID: 30511355 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are integral to efficient neuronal signaling. Loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes is a central feature of many neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The results of neuropathological studies suggest that oligodendrocytes react with differing sensitivity to toxic insults, with some cells dying early during lesion development and some cells being resistant for weeks. This proposed graded vulnerability has never been demonstrated but provides an attractive window for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, the biochemical pathways associated with graded oligodendrocyte vulnerability have not been well explored. We used immunohistochemistry and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (3D-SEM) to show that cuprizone-induced metabolic stress results in an "out of phase" degeneration of oligodendrocytes. Although expression induction of stress response transcription factors in oligodendrocytes occurs within days, subsequent oligodendrocyte apoptosis continues for weeks. In line with the idea of an out of phase degeneration of oligodendrocytes, detailed ultrastructural reconstructions of the axon-myelin unit demonstrate demyelination of single internodes. In parallel, genome wide array analyses revealed an active unfolded protein response early after initiation of the cuprizone intoxication. In addition to the cytoprotective pathways, the pro-apoptotic transcription factor DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3) was induced early in oligodendrocytes. In advanced lesions, DDIT3 was as well expressed by activated astrocytes. Toxin-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, demyelination, microgliosis, astrocytosis, and acute axonal damage were less intense in the Ddit3-null mutants. This study identifies DDIT3 as an important regulator of graded oligodendrocyte vulnerability in a MS animal model. Interference with this stress cascade might offer a promising therapeutic approach for demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fischbach
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Nedelcu
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrizia Leopold
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara Nellessen
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Beißel
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yasemin van Heuvel
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anand Goswami
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Aachen (IZKF Aachen), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Hochstrasser
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Stella Nyamoya
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marion Victor
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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53
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Radecki DZ, Johnson EL, Brown AK, Meshkin NT, Perrine SA, Gow A. Corticohippocampal Dysfunction In The OBiden Mouse Model Of Primary Oligodendrogliopathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16116. [PMID: 30382234 PMCID: PMC6208344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite concerted efforts over decades, the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. Autoimmunity, environmental-challenges, molecular mimicry and viral hypotheses have proven equivocal because early-stage disease is typically presymptomatic. Indeed, most animal models of MS also lack defined etiologies. We have developed a novel adult-onset oligodendrogliopathy using a delineated metabolic stress etiology in myelinating cells, and our central question is, “how much of the pathobiology of MS can be recapitulated in this model?” The analyses described herein demonstrate that innate immune activation, glial scarring, cortical and hippocampal damage with accompanying electrophysiological, behavioral and memory deficits naturally emerge from disease progression. Molecular analyses reveal neurofilament changes in normal-appearing gray matter that parallel those in cortical samples from MS patients with progressive disease. Finally, axon initial segments of deep layer pyramidal neurons are perturbed in entorhinal/frontal cortex and hippocampus from OBiden mice, and computational modeling provides insight into vulnerabilities of action potential generation during demyelination and early remyelination. We integrate these findings into a working model of corticohippocampal circuit dysfunction to predict how myelin damage might eventually lead to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z Radecki
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Johnson
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ashley K Brown
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Nicholas T Meshkin
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Alexander Gow
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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54
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Ferrer I. Oligodendrogliopathy in neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates: The forgotten partner. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:24-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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55
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Mariano V, Domínguez-Iturza N, Neukomm LJ, Bagni C. Maintenance mechanisms of circuit-integrated axons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:162-173. [PMID: 30241058 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult, circuit-integrated neurons must be maintained and supported for the life span of their host. The attenuation of either maintenance or plasticity leads to impaired circuit function and ultimately to neurodegenerative disorders. Over the last few years, significant discoveries of molecular mechanisms were made that mediate the formation and maintenance of axons. Here, we highlight intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that ensure the health and survival of axons. We also briefly discuss examples of mutations associated with impaired axonal maintenance identified in specific neurological conditions. A better understanding of these mechanisms will therefore help to define targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Mariano
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nuria Domínguez-Iturza
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas J Neukomm
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
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56
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Kiryu-Seo S, Kiyama H. Mitochondrial behavior during axon regeneration/degeneration in vivo. Neurosci Res 2018; 139:42-47. [PMID: 30179641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, mitochondrial dynamics beyond function during axon regeneration/degeneration have received attention. Axons have an effective delivery system of mitochondria shuttling between soma and axonal terminals, due to their polarized structure. The proper axonal transport of mitochondria, coordinated with mitochondrial fission/fusion and clearance, is vital for supplying high power energy in injured axons. Many researchers have studied mitochondrial dynamics using in vitro cultured cells with significant progress reported. However, the in vitro culture system is missing a physiological environment including glial cells, immune cells, and endothelial cells, whose communications are indispensable to nerve regeneration/degeneration. In line with this, the understanding of mitochondrial behavior in injured axon in vivo is necessary for promoting the physiological understanding of damaged axons and the development of a therapeutic strategy. In this review, we focus on recent insights into in vivo mitochondrial dynamics during axonal regeneration/degeneration, and introduce the advances of mouse strains to visualize mitochondria in a neuron-specific or an injury-specific manner, which are extremely useful for nerve regeneration/degeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Kiryu-Seo
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University. 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University. 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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57
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Naughton SX, Hernandez CM, Beck WD, Poddar I, Yanasak N, Lin PC, Terry AV. Repeated exposures to diisopropylfluorophosphate result in structural disruptions of myelinated axons and persistent impairments of axonal transport in the brains of rats. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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58
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Stassart RM, Möbius W, Nave KA, Edgar JM. The Axon-Myelin Unit in Development and Degenerative Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:467. [PMID: 30050403 PMCID: PMC6050401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are electrically excitable, cable-like neuronal processes that relay information between neurons within the nervous system and between neurons and peripheral target tissues. In the central and peripheral nervous systems, most axons over a critical diameter are enwrapped by myelin, which reduces internodal membrane capacitance and facilitates rapid conduction of electrical impulses. The spirally wrapped myelin sheath, which is an evolutionary specialisation of vertebrates, is produced by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells; in most mammals myelination occurs during postnatal development and after axons have established connection with their targets. Myelin covers the vast majority of the axonal surface, influencing the axon's physical shape, the localisation of molecules on its membrane and the composition of the extracellular fluid (in the periaxonal space) that immerses it. Moreover, myelinating cells play a fundamental role in axonal support, at least in part by providing metabolic substrates to the underlying axon to fuel its energy requirements. The unique architecture of the myelinated axon, which is crucial to its function as a conduit over long distances, renders it particularly susceptible to injury and confers specific survival and maintenance requirements. In this review we will describe the normal morphology, ultrastructure and function of myelinated axons, and discuss how these change following disease, injury or experimental perturbation, with a particular focus on the role the myelinating cell plays in shaping and supporting the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M. Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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59
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Lancaster E, Li J, Hanania T, Liem R, Scheideler MA, Scherer SS. Myelinated axons fail to develop properly in a genetically authentic mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E. Exp Neurol 2018; 308:13-25. [PMID: 29940160 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2E (CMT2E) harboring a heterozygous p.Asn98Ser (p.N98S) Nefl mutation, whose human counterpart results in a severe, early-onset neuropathy. Behavioral, electrophysiological, and pathological analyses were done on separate cohorts of NeflN98S/+ mutant mice and their wild type Nefl+/+ littermates between 8 and 48 weeks of age. The motor performance of NeflN98S/+ mice, as evidenced by altered balance and gait measures, was impaired at every age examined (from 6 to 25 weeks of age). At all times examined, myelinated axons were smaller and contained markedly fewer neurofilaments in NeflN98S/+ mice, in all examined aspects of the PNS, from the nerve roots to the distal ends of the sciatic and caudal nerves. Similarly, the myelinated axons in the various tracts of the spinal cord and in the optic nerves were smaller and contained fewer neurofilaments in mutant mice. The myelinated axons in both the PNS and the CNS of mutant mice had relatively thicker myelin sheaths. The amplitude and the nerve conduction velocity of the caudal nerves were reduced in proportion with the diminished sizes of myelinated axons. Conspicuous aggregations of neurofilaments were only seen in primary sensory and motor neurons, and were largely confined to the cell bodies and proximal axons. There was evidence of axonal degeneration and regeneration of myelinated axons, mostly in distal nerves. In summary, the p.N98S mutation causes a profound reduction of neurofilaments in the myelinated axons of the PNS and CNS, resulting in substantially reduced axonal diameters, particularly of large myelinated axons, and distal axon loss in the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Taleen Hanania
- Psychogenics Inc 215 College Road Paramus, NJ 07652, United States
| | - Ronald Liem
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | | | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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60
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Nyamoya S, Leopold P, Becker B, Beyer C, Hustadt F, Schmitz C, Michel A, Kipp M. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr17 Expression in Two Multiple Sclerosis Remyelination Models. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1109-1123. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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61
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Altered distribution of ATG9A and accumulation of axonal aggregates in neurons from a mouse model of AP-4 deficiency syndrome. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007363. [PMID: 29698489 PMCID: PMC5940238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive lower limb spasticity. Mutations in subunits of the heterotetrameric (ε-β4-μ4-σ4) adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) complex cause an autosomal recessive form of complicated HSP referred to as "AP-4 deficiency syndrome". In addition to lower limb spasticity, this syndrome features intellectual disability, microcephaly, seizures, thin corpus callosum and upper limb spasticity. The pathogenetic mechanism, however, remains poorly understood. Here we report the characterization of a knockout (KO) mouse for the AP4E1 gene encoding the ε subunit of AP-4. We find that AP-4 ε KO mice exhibit a range of neurological phenotypes, including hindlimb clasping, decreased motor coordination and weak grip strength. In addition, AP-4 ε KO mice display a thin corpus callosum and axonal swellings in various areas of the brain and spinal cord. Immunohistochemical analyses show that the transmembrane autophagy-related protein 9A (ATG9A) is more concentrated in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and depleted from the peripheral cytoplasm both in skin fibroblasts from patients with mutations in the μ4 subunit of AP-4 and in various neuronal types in AP-4 ε KO mice. ATG9A mislocalization is associated with increased tendency to accumulate mutant huntingtin (HTT) aggregates in the axons of AP-4 ε KO neurons. These findings indicate that the AP-4 ε KO mouse is a suitable animal model for AP-4 deficiency syndrome, and that defective mobilization of ATG9A from the TGN and impaired autophagic degradation of protein aggregates might contribute to neuroaxonal dystrophy in this disorder.
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62
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The Extracellular Environment of the CNS: Influence on Plasticity, Sprouting, and Axonal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2952386. [PMID: 29849554 PMCID: PMC5932463 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2952386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular environment of the central nervous system (CNS) becomes highly structured and organized as the nervous system matures. The extracellular space of the CNS along with its subdomains plays a crucial role in the function and stability of the CNS. In this review, we have focused on two components of the neuronal extracellular environment, which are important in regulating CNS plasticity including the extracellular matrix (ECM) and myelin. The ECM consists of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and tenascins, which are organized into unique structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs associate with the neuronal cell body and proximal dendrites of predominantly parvalbumin-positive interneurons, forming a robust lattice-like structure. These developmentally regulated structures are maintained in the adult CNS and enhance synaptic stability. After injury, however, CSPGs and tenascins contribute to the structure of the inhibitory glial scar, which actively prevents axonal regeneration. Myelin sheaths and mature adult oligodendrocytes, despite their important role in signal conduction in mature CNS axons, contribute to the inhibitory environment existing after injury. As such, unlike the peripheral nervous system, the CNS is unable to revert to a “developmental state” to aid neuronal repair. Modulation of these external factors, however, has been shown to promote growth, regeneration, and functional plasticity after injury. This review will highlight some of the factors that contribute to or prevent plasticity, sprouting, and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury.
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63
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Correale J, Ysrraelit MC, Benarroch EE. Metabolic coupling of axons and glial cells. Neurology 2018; 90:737-744. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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64
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Sun J, Zhou H, Bai F, Zhang Z, Ren Q. Remyelination: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:597-612. [PMID: 28453483 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a lipid-rich multilamellar membrane that wraps around long segments of neuronal axons and it increases the conduction of action potentials, transports the necessary trophic support to the neuronal axons, and reduces the energy consumed by the neuronal axons. Together with axons, myelin is a prerequisite for the higher functions of the central nervous system and complex forms of network integration. Myelin impairments have been suggested to lead to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive decline. Accumulating evidence, including brain imaging and postmortem and genetic association studies, has implicated myelin impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing data link myelin impairments with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation, which are both present in patients with AD. Moreover, aging and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) may be involved in the myelin impairments observed in patients with AD. Decreased neuronal activity, increased Aβ levels, and inflammation further damage myelin in patients with AD. Furthermore, treatments that promote myelination contribute to the recovery of neuronal function and improve cognition. Therefore, strategies targeting myelin impairment may provide therapeutic opportunities for patients with AD.
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65
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Groh J, Friedman HC, Orel N, Ip CW, Fischer S, Spahn I, Schäffner E, Hörner M, Stadler D, Buttmann M, Varallyay C, Solymosi L, Sendtner M, Peterson AC, Martini R. Pathogenic inflammation in the CNS of mice carrying human PLP1 mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 25:4686-4702. [PMID: 28173160 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive forms of multiple sclerosis lead to chronic disability, substantial decline in quality of life and reduced longevity. It is often suggested that they occur independently of inflammation. Here we investigated the disease progression in mouse models carrying PLP1 point mutations previously found in patients displaying clinical features of multiple sclerosis. These mouse models show loss-of-function of PLP1 associated with neuroinflammation; the latter leading to clinically relevant axonal degeneration, neuronal loss and brain atrophy as demonstrated by inactivation of the recombination activating gene 1. Moreover, these pathological hallmarks were substantially amplified when we attenuated immune regulation by inactivation of the programmed cell death-1 gene. Our observations support the view that primary oligodendroglial abnormalities can evoke pathogenically relevant neuroinflammation that drives neurodegeneration, as observed in some forms of multiple sclerosis but also in other, genetically-mediated neurodegenerative disorders of the human nervous system. As many potent immunomodulatory drugs have emerged during the last years, it is tempting to consider immunomodulation as a treatment option not only for multiple sclerosis, but also for so far non-treatable, genetically-mediated disorders of the nervous system accompanied by pathogenic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hana C Friedman
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Ludmer Research and Training Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nadiya Orel
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Irene Spahn
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Erik Schäffner
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Hörner
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - David Stadler
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Buttmann
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Csanad Varallyay
- Division of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - László Solymosi
- Division of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alan C Peterson
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Ludmer Research and Training Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders with the common feature of prominent lower-extremity spasticity, resulting from a length-dependent axonopathy of corticospinal upper motor neurons. The HSPs exist not only in "pure" forms but also in "complex" forms that are associated with additional neurologic and extraneurologic features. The HSPs are among the most genetically diverse neurologic disorders, with well over 70 distinct genetic loci, for which about 60 mutated genes have already been identified. Numerous studies elucidating the molecular pathogenesis underlying HSPs have highlighted the importance of basic cellular functions - especially membrane trafficking, mitochondrial function, organelle shaping and biogenesis, axon transport, and lipid/cholesterol metabolism - in axon development and maintenance. An encouragingly small number of converging cellular pathogenic themes have been identified for the most common HSPs, and some of these pathways present compelling targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Blackstone
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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67
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Sun J, Zhou H, Bai F, Ren Q, Zhang Z. Myelin injury induces axonal transport impairment but not AD-like pathology in the hippocampus of cuprizone-fed mice. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30003-17. [PMID: 27129150 PMCID: PMC5058659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are progressive neurological disorders with myelin injury and memory impairment. However, whether myelin impairment could cause AD-like neurological pathology remains unclear. To explore neurological pathology following myelin injury, we assessed cognitive function, the expression of myelin proteins, axonal transport-associated proteins, axonal structural proteins, synapse-associated proteins, tau and beta amyloid and the status of neurons, using the cuprizone mouse model of demyelination. We found the mild impairment of learning ability in cuprizone-fed mice and the decreased expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) in the hippocampus. And anti-LINGO-1 improved learning ability and partly restored MBP level. Furthermore, we also found kinesin light chain (KLC), neurofilament light chain (NFL) and neurofilament heavy chain (NF200) were declined in demyelinated hippocampus, which could be partly improved by treatment with anti-LINGO-1. However, we did not observe the increased expression of beta amyloid, hyperphosphorylation of tau and loss of neurons in demyelinated hippocampus. Our results suggest that demyelination might lead to the impairment of neuronal transport, but not cause increased level of hyperphosphorylated tau and beta amyloid. Our research demonstrates remyelination might be an effective pathway to recover the function of neuronal axons and cognition in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Sun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingguo Ren
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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68
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Behavioral Changes in Mice Lacking Interleukin-33. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0147-17. [PMID: 29379874 PMCID: PMC5788055 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0147-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. IL-33 is expressed in nuclei and secreted as alarmin upon cellular damage to deliver a danger signal to the surrounding cells. Previous studies showed that IL-33 is expressed in the brain and that it is involved in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in both humans and rodents. Nevertheless, the role of IL-33 in physiological brain function and behavior remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the behaviors of mice lacking IL-33 (Il33−/− mice). IL-33 is constitutively expressed throughout the adult mouse brain, mainly in oligodendrocyte-lineage cells and astrocytes. Notably, Il33−/− mice exhibited reduced anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the open field test (OFT), as well as deficits in social novelty recognition, despite their intact sociability, in the three-chamber social interaction test. The immunoreactivity of c-Fos proteins, an indicator of neuronal activity, was altered in several brain regions implicated in anxiety-related behaviors, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala, and piriform cortex (PCX), in Il33−/− mice after the EPM. Altered c-Fos immunoreactivity in Il33−/− mice was not correlated with IL-33 expression in wild-type (WT) mice nor was IL-33 expression affected by the EPM in WT mice. Thus, our study has revealed that Il33−/− mice exhibit multiple behavioral deficits, such as reduced anxiety and impaired social recognition. Our findings also indicate that IL-33 may regulate the development and/or maturation of neuronal circuits, rather than control neuronal activities in adult brains.
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69
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Pan S, Chan JR. Regulation and dysregulation of axon infrastructure by myelinating glia. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3903-3916. [PMID: 29114067 PMCID: PMC5716274 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pan and Chan discuss the role of myelinating glia in axonal development and the impact of demyelination on axon degeneration. Axon loss and neurodegeneration constitute clinically debilitating sequelae in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms of secondary degeneration are not well understood. Myelinating glia play a fundamental role in promoting the maturation of the axon cytoskeleton, regulating axon trafficking parameters, and imposing architectural rearrangements such as the nodes of Ranvier and their associated molecular domains. In the setting of demyelination, these changes may be reversed or persist as maladaptive features, leading to axon degeneration. In this review, we consider recent insights into axon–glial interactions during development and disease to propose that disruption of the cytoskeleton, nodal architecture, and other components of axon infrastructure is a potential mediator of pathophysiological damage after demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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70
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McKenzie AT, Moyon S, Wang M, Katsyv I, Song WM, Zhou X, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Aaker J, Zhao Y, Beckmann N, Wang P, Zhu J, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, Katsel P, Haroutunian V, Schadt EE, Popko B, Casaccia P, Zhang B. Multiscale network modeling of oligodendrocytes reveals molecular components of myelin dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:82. [PMID: 29110684 PMCID: PMC5674813 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin are critical for normal brain function and have been implicated in neurodegeneration. Several lines of evidence including neuroimaging and neuropathological data suggest that Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be associated with dysmyelination and a breakdown of OL-axon communication. METHODS In order to understand this phenomenon on a molecular level, we systematically interrogated OL-enriched gene networks constructed from large-scale genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data obtained from human AD postmortem brain samples. We then validated these networks using gene expression datasets generated from mice with ablation of major gene expression nodes identified in our AD-dysregulated networks. RESULTS The robust OL gene coexpression networks that we identified were highly enriched for genes associated with AD risk variants, such as BIN1 and demonstrated strong dysregulation in AD. We further corroborated the structure of the corresponding gene causal networks using datasets generated from the brain of mice with ablation of key network drivers, such as UGT8, CNP and PLP1, which were identified from human AD brain data. Further, we found that mice with genetic ablations of Cnp mimicked aspects of myelin and mitochondrial gene expression dysregulation seen in brain samples from patients with AD, including decreased protein expression of BIN1 and GOT2. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a molecular blueprint of the dysregulation of gene expression networks of OL in AD and identifies key OL- and myelination-related genes and networks that are highly associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. McKenzie
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Sarah Moyon
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, The City University of New York, Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Igor Katsyv
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Won-Min Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Integrated Proteomics Core Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Joshua Aaker
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Yongzhong Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Noam Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - James J. Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Integrated Proteomics Core Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, The City University of New York, Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room S8-111, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Lüders KA, Patzig J, Simons M, Nave KA, Werner HB. Genetic dissection of oligodendroglial and neuronalPlp1function in a novel mouse model of spastic paraplegia type 2. Glia 2017; 65:1762-1776. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja A. Lüders
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Cellular Neuroscience; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
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72
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Axonal transport deficits in multiple sclerosis: spiraling into the abyss. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:1-14. [PMID: 28315956 PMCID: PMC5486629 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transport of mitochondria and other cellular components along the axonal microtubule cytoskeleton plays an essential role in neuronal survival. Defects in this system have been linked to a large number of neurological disorders. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and associated models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), alterations in axonal transport have been shown to exist before neurodegeneration occurs. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have linked several motor proteins to MS susceptibility, while neuropathological studies have shown accumulations of proteins and organelles suggestive for transport deficits. A reduced effectiveness of axonal transport can lead to neurodegeneration through inhibition of mitochondrial motility, disruption of axoglial interaction or prevention of remyelination. In MS, demyelination leads to dysregulation of axonal transport, aggravated by the effects of TNF-alpha, nitric oxide and glutamate on the cytoskeleton. The combined effect of all these pathways is a vicious cycle in which a defective axonal transport system leads to an increase in ATP consumption through loss of membrane organization and a reduction in available ATP through inhibition of mitochondrial transport, resulting in even further inhibition of transport. The persistent activity of this positive feedback loop contributes to neurodegeneration in MS.
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73
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Cumberworth SL, Barrie JA, Cunningham ME, de Figueiredo DPG, Schultz V, Wilder-Smith AJ, Brennan B, Pena LJ, Freitas de Oliveira França R, Linington C, Barnett SC, Willison HJ, Kohl A, Edgar JM. Zika virus tropism and interactions in myelinating neural cell cultures: CNS cells and myelin are preferentially affected. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:50. [PMID: 28645311 PMCID: PMC5481922 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent global outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been linked to severe neurological disorders affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively). The pathobiology underlying these diverse clinical phenotypes are the subject of intense research; however, even the principal neural cell types vulnerable to productive Zika infection remain poorly characterised. Here we used CNS and PNS myelinating cultures from wild type and Ifnar1 knockout mice to examine neuronal and glial tropism and short-term consequences of direct infection with a Brazilian variant of ZIKV. Cell cultures were infected pre- or post-myelination for various intervals, then stained with cell-type and ZIKV-specific antibodies. In bypassing systemic immunity using ex vivo culture, and the type I interferon response in Ifnar1 deficient cells, we were able to evaluate the intrinsic infectivity of neural cells. Through systematic quantification of ZIKV infected cells in myelinating cultures, we found that ZIKV infection is enhanced in the absence of the type I interferon responses and that CNS cells are considerably more susceptible to infection than PNS cells. In particular, we demonstrate that CNS axons and myelinating oligodendrocytes are especially vulnerable to injury. These results have implications for understanding the pathobiology of neurological symptoms associated with ZIKV infection. Furthermore, we provide a quantifiable ex vivo infection model that can be used for fundamental and therapeutic studies on viral neuroinvasion and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A Barrie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Madeleine E Cunningham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniely Paulino Gomes de Figueiredo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Verena Schultz
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Adrian J Wilder-Smith
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lindomar J Pena
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Department of Virology, UFPE Campus-Cidade Universitária, Recife/PE, Brazil
| | | | - Christopher Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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Groh J, Martini R. Neuroinflammation as modifier of genetically caused neurological disorders of the central nervous system: Understanding pathogenesis and chances for treatment. Glia 2017; 65:1407-1422. [PMID: 28568966 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically caused neurological disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are usually orphan diseases with poor or even fatal clinical outcome and few or no treatments that will improve longevity or at least quality of life. Neuroinflammation is common to many of these disorders, despite the fact that a plethora of distinct mutations and molecular changes underlie the disorders. In this article, data from corresponding animal models are analyzed to define the roles of innate and adaptive inflammation as modifiers and amplifiers of disease. We describe both common and distinct patterns of neuroinflammation in genetically mediated CNS disorders and discuss the contrasting mechanisms that lead to adverse versus neuroprotective effects. Moreover, we identify the juxtaparanode as a neuroanatomical compartment commonly associated with inflammatory cells and ongoing axonopathic changes, in models of diverse diseases. The identification of key immunological effector pathways that amplify neuropathic features should lead to realistic possibilities for translatable therapeutic interventions using existing immunomodulators. Moreover, evidence emerges that neuroinflammation is not only able to modify primary neural damage-related symptoms but also may lead to unexpected clinical outcomes such as neuropsychiatric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, Würzburg, D-97080, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, Würzburg, D-97080, Germany
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75
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Yin X, Kidd GJ, Ohno N, Perkins GA, Ellisman MH, Bastian C, Brunet S, Baltan S, Trapp BD. Proteolipid protein-deficient myelin promotes axonal mitochondrial dysfunction via altered metabolic coupling. J Cell Biol 2017; 215:531-542. [PMID: 27872255 PMCID: PMC5119941 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors show that central nervous system myelin lacking proteolipid protein (PLP) induces mitochondrial dysfunction, including altered motility, degeneration, and ectopic smooth endoplasmic reticulum interactions, leading to axonal structural defects and degeneration. Mutated PLP occurs in hereditary spastic paraplegia, and these cellular effects provide potential insight into the pathology of the disease. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurological syndrome characterized by degeneration of central nervous system (CNS) axons. Mutated HSP proteins include myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) and axon-enriched proteins involved in mitochondrial function, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) structure, and microtubule (MT) stability/function. We characterized axonal mitochondria, SER, and MTs in rodent optic nerves where PLP is replaced by the peripheral nerve myelin protein, P0 (P0-CNS mice). Mitochondrial pathology and degeneration were prominent in juxtaparanodal axoplasm at 1 mo of age. In wild-type (WT) optic nerve axons, 25% of mitochondria–SER associations occurred on extensions of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Mitochondria–SER associations were reduced by 86% in 1-mo-old P0-CNS juxtaparanodal axoplasm. 1-mo-old P0-CNS optic nerves were more sensitive to oxygen-glucose deprivation and contained less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) than WT nerves. MT pathology and paranodal axonal ovoids were prominent at 6 mo. These data support juxtaparanodal mitochondrial degeneration, reduced mitochondria–SER associations, and reduced ATP production as causes of axonal ovoid formation and axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Yin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Grahame J Kidd
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Guy A Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chinthasagar Bastian
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Sylvain Brunet
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Selva Baltan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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76
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Screening for novel central nervous system biomarkers in veterans with Gulf War Illness. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 61:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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77
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Sleigh JN, Vagnoni A, Twelvetrees AE, Schiavo G. Methodological advances in imaging intravital axonal transport. F1000Res 2017; 6:200. [PMID: 28344778 PMCID: PMC5333613 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10433.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal transport is the active process whereby neurons transport cargoes such as organelles and proteins anterogradely from the cell body to the axon terminal and retrogradely in the opposite direction. Bi-directional transport in axons is absolutely essential for the functioning and survival of neurons and appears to be negatively impacted by both aging and diseases of the nervous system, such as Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The movement of individual cargoes along axons has been studied
in vitro in live neurons and tissue explants for a number of years; however, it is currently unclear as to whether these systems faithfully and consistently replicate the
in vivo situation. A number of intravital techniques originally developed for studying diverse biological events have recently been adapted to monitor axonal transport in real-time in a range of live organisms and are providing novel insight into this dynamic process. Here, we highlight these methodological advances in intravital imaging of axonal transport, outlining key strengths and limitations while discussing findings, possible improvements, and outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Sleigh
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alessio Vagnoni
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alison E Twelvetrees
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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78
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Ornelas IM, McLane LE, Saliu A, Evangelou AV, Khandker L, Wood TL. Heterogeneity in oligodendroglia: Is it relevant to mouse models and human disease? J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1421-1433. [PMID: 27557736 PMCID: PMC5513674 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There are many lines of evidence indicating that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocyte populations in the central nervous system (CNS) are heterogeneous based on their developmental origins as well as from morphological and molecular criteria. Whether these distinctions reflect functional heterogeneity is less clear and has been the subject of considerable debate. Recent findings, particularly from knockout mouse models, have provided new evidence for regional variations in myelination phenotypes, particularly between brain and spinal cord. These data raise the possibility that oligodendrocytes in these regions have different functional capacities and/or ability to compensate for loss of a specific gene. The goal of this review is to briefly revisit the evidence for oligodendrocyte heterogeneity and then to present data from transgenic and demyelinating mouse models suggesting functional heterogeneity in myelination, demyelination, and remyelination in the CNS and, finally, to discuss the implications of these findings for human diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis M Ornelas
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Lauren E McLane
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Aminat Saliu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Angelina V Evangelou
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Luipa Khandker
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey.
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79
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Abstract
The mechanisms by which axonal degeneration occurs, even in the presence of apparently normal myelin sheaths, remain unknown. In this issue, Yin et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201607099) study mutant mice in which proteolipid protein is replaced by the peripheral myelin protein P0 and describe a number of early axonal abnormalities, which together suggest that aberrant mitochondrial energy metabolism precedes axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Beirowski
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Elisabetta Babetto
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
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80
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Walsh DM, Merson TD, Landman KA, Hughes BD. Evidence for Cooperative Selection of Axons for Myelination by Adjacent Oligodendrocytes in the Optic Nerve. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165673. [PMID: 27829049 PMCID: PMC5102443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that regulate the topographic arrangement of myelin internodes along axons remain largely uncharacterized. Recent clonal analysis of oligodendrocyte morphologies in the mouse optic nerve revealed that adjacent oligodendrocytes frequently formed adjacent internodes on one or more axons in common, whereas oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve were never observed to myelinate the same axon more than once. By modelling the process of axonal selection at the single cell level, we demonstrate that internode length and primary process length constrain the capacity of oligodendrocytes to myelinate the same axon more than once. On the other hand, probabilistic analysis reveals that the observed juxtaposition of myelin internodes among common sets of axons by adjacent oligodendrocytes is highly unlikely to occur by chance. Our analysis may reveal a hitherto unknown level of communication between adjacent oligodendrocytes in the selection of axons for myelination. Together, our analyses provide novel insights into the mechanisms that define the spatial organization of myelin internodes within white matter at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh M. Walsh
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tobias D. Merson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kerry A. Landman
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Barry D. Hughes
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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81
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Douglas JN, Gardner LA, Salapa HE, Lalor SJ, Lee S, Segal BM, Sawchenko PE, Levin MC. Antibodies to the RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1 contribute to neurodegeneration in a model of central nervous system autoimmune inflammatory disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:178. [PMID: 27391474 PMCID: PMC4938923 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration is believed to be the primary cause of permanent, long-term disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. The cause of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis appears to be multifactorial. One mechanism that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis is the targeting of neuronal and axonal antigens by autoantibodies. Multiple sclerosis patients develop antibodies to the RNA-binding protein, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1), which is enriched in neurons. We hypothesized that anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies would contribute to neurodegeneration in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. METHODS Following induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by direct immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, mice were injected with anti-hnRNP A1 or control antibodies. Animals were examined clinically, and the central nervous system (CNS) tissues were tested for neurodegeneration with Fluoro-Jade C, a marker of degenerating neural elements. RESULTS Injection of anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies in mice with EAE worsened clinical disease, altered the clinical disease phenotype, and caused neurodegeneration preferentially in the ventral spinocerebellar tract and deep white matter of the cerebellum in the CNS. Neurodegeneration in mice injected with hnRNP A1-M9 antibodies compared to control groups was consistent with "dying back" axonal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that antibodies to the RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1 contribute to neurodegeneration in immune-mediated disease of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N. Douglas
- />Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Room 415, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- />The Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Lidia A. Gardner
- />Research Service, VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN USA
- />Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Room 415, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- />The Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Hannah E. Salapa
- />Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Room 415, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- />The Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Stephen J. Lalor
- />Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Sangmin Lee
- />Research Service, VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN USA
- />Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Room 415, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- />The Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Benjamin M. Segal
- />Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- />Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Paul E. Sawchenko
- />Laboratory of Neuronal Structure & Function, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Michael C. Levin
- />Research Service, VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN USA
- />Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Room 415, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- />The Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
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82
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Demyelination induces transport of ribosome-containing vesicles from glia to axons: evidence from animal models and MS patient brains. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:495-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-3990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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83
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Tomassy GS, Dershowitz LB, Arlotta P. Diversity Matters: A Revised Guide to Myelination. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:135-147. [PMID: 26442841 PMCID: PMC4727993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary success of the vertebrate nervous system is largely due to a unique structural feature--the myelin sheath, a fatty envelope that surrounds the axons of neurons. By increasing the speed by which electrical signals travel along axons, myelin facilitates neuronal communication between distant regions of the nervous system. We review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of myelin as well as its homeostasis in adulthood. We discuss how finely tuned neuron-oligodendrocyte interactions are central to myelin formation during development and in the adult, and how these interactions can have profound implications for the plasticity of the adult brain. We also speculate how the functional diversity of both neurons and oligodendrocytes may impact on the myelination process in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Srubek Tomassy
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Lori Bowe Dershowitz
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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84
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Patzig J, Kusch K, Fledrich R, Eichel MA, Lüders KA, Möbius W, Sereda MW, Nave KA, Martini R, Werner HB. Proteolipid protein modulates preservation of peripheral axons and premature death when myelin protein zero is lacking. Glia 2015; 64:155-74. [PMID: 26393339 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein zero (P0) is the major structural component of peripheral myelin. Lack of this adhesion protein from Schwann cells causes a severe dysmyelinating neuropathy with secondary axonal degeneration in humans with the neuropathy Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS) and in the corresponding mouse model (P0(null)-mice). In the mammalian CNS, the tetraspan-membrane protein PLP is the major structural myelin constituent and required for the long-term preservation of myelinated axons, which fails in hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG type-2) and the relevant mouse model (Plp(null)-mice). The Plp-gene is also expressed in Schwann cells but PLP is of very low abundance in normal peripheral myelin; its function has thus remained enigmatic. Here we show that the abundance of PLP but not of other tetraspan myelin proteins is strongly increased in compact peripheral myelin of P0(null)-mice. To determine the functional relevance of PLP expression in the absence of P0, we generated P0(null)*Plp(null)-double-mutant mice. Compared with either single-mutant, P0(null)*Plp(null)-mice display impaired nerve conduction, reduced motor functions, and premature death. At the morphological level, axonal segments were frequently non-myelinated but in a one-to-one relationship with a hypertrophic Schwann cell. Importantly, axonal numbers were reduced in the vital phrenic nerve of P0(null)*Plp(null)-mice. In the absence of P0, thus, PLP also contributes to myelination by Schwann cells and to the preservation of peripheral axons. These data provide a link between the Schwann cell-dependent support of peripheral axons and the oligodendrocyte-dependent support of central axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Fledrich
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria A Eichel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja A Lüders
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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85
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Myelin damage and repair in pathologic CNS: challenges and prospects. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:35. [PMID: 26283909 PMCID: PMC4515562 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in oligodendrocyte cell death and progressive demyelination. Demyelinated axons undergo considerable physiological changes and molecular reorganizations that collectively result in axonal dysfunction, degeneration and loss of sensory and motor functions. Endogenous adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural stem/progenitor cells contribute to the replacement of oligodendrocytes, however, the extent and quality of endogenous remyelination is suboptimal. Emerging evidence indicates that optimal remyelination is restricted by multiple factors including (i) low levels of factors that promote oligodendrogenesis; (ii) cell death among newly generated oligodendrocytes, (iii) inhibitory factors in the post-injury milieu that impede remyelination, and (iv) deficient expression of key growth factors essential for proper re-construction of a highly organized myelin sheath. Considering these challenges, over the past several years, a number of cell-based strategies have been developed to optimize remyelination therapeutically. Outcomes of these basic and preclinical discoveries are promising and signify the importance of remyelination as a mechanism for improving functions in CNS injuries. In this review, we provide an overview on: (1) the precise organization of myelinated axons and the reciprocal axo-myelin interactions that warrant properly balanced physiological activities within the CNS; (2) underlying cause of demyelination and the structural and functional consequences of demyelination in axons following injury and disease; (3) the endogenous mechanisms of oligodendrocyte replacement; (4) the modulatory role of reactive astrocytes and inflammatory cells in remyelination; and (5) the current status of cell-based therapies for promoting remyelination. Careful elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of demyelination in the pathologic CNS is a key to better understanding the impact of remyelination for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Scott M Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
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86
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Ioannidou K, Edgar JM, Barnett SC. Time-Lapse Imaging of Glial-Axonal Interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 72:2.23.1-2.23.14. [PMID: 26131661 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0223s72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is formed by oligodendrocytes that are derived from precursor cells, known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Successive stages of OPC interactions with the axons can be visualized in vitro and ex vivo using mixed neural cell cultures and pieces of intact spinal cord, respectively. OPCs and their differentiation can be imaged using cell-type-specific markers or green fluorescent protein (GFP) tags. This protocol describes methodology for generating these two systems for time-lapse imaging of dynamic cell interactions using fluorescent and 2-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Ludwig Centre for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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87
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Abstract
Myelination of axons in the nervous system of vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, one of the best-understood concepts in neurophysiology. However, it took a long while to recognize the mechanistic complexity both of myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and of their cellular interactions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of myelin biogenesis, its lifelong plasticity, and the reciprocal interactions of myelinating glia with the axons they ensheath. In the central nervous system, myelination is also stimulated by axonal activity and astrocytes, whereas myelin clearance involves microglia/macrophages. Once myelinated, the long-term integrity of axons depends on glial supply of metabolites and neurotrophic factors. The relevance of this axoglial symbiosis is illustrated in normal brain aging and human myelin diseases, which can be studied in corresponding mouse models. Thus, myelinating cells serve a key role in preserving the connectivity and functions of a healthy nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
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88
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Abstract
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, although this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granular neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet, remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this review, we will review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails and the consequences of its failure; and discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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89
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Delving into the complexity of hereditary spastic paraplegias: how unexpected phenotypes and inheritance modes are revolutionizing their nosology. Hum Genet 2015; 134:511-38. [PMID: 25758904 PMCID: PMC4424374 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are rare neurodegenerative diseases sharing the degeneration of the corticospinal tracts as the main pathological characteristic. They are considered one of the most heterogeneous neurological disorders. All modes of inheritance have been described for the 84 different loci and 67 known causative genes implicated up to now. Recent advances in molecular genetics have revealed clinico-genetic heterogeneity of these disorders including their clinical and genetic overlap with other diseases of the nervous system. The systematic analysis of a large set of genes, including exome sequencing, is unmasking unusual phenotypes or inheritance modes associated with mutations in HSP genes and related genes involved in various neurological diseases. A new nosology may emerge after integration and understanding of these new data to replace the current classification. Collectively, functions of the known genes implicate the disturbance of intracellular membrane dynamics and trafficking as the consequence of alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics, lipid metabolism and organelle structures, which represent in fact a relatively small number of cellular processes that could help to find common curative approaches, which are still lacking.
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90
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Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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91
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Mayer JA, Griffiths IR, Goldman JE, Smith CM, Cooksey E, Radcliff AB, Duncan ID. Modeling the natural history of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 75:115-30. [PMID: 25562656 PMCID: PMC4492172 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major gaps in our understanding of the leukodystrophies result from their rarity and the lack of tissue for the interdisciplinary studies required to extend our knowledge of the pathophysiology of the diseases. This study details the natural evolution of changes in the CNS of the shaking pup (shp), a model of the classical form of the X-linked disorder Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, in particular in glia, myelin, and axons, which is likely representative of what occurs over time in the human disease. The mutation in the proteolipid protein gene, PLP1, leads to a delay in differentiation, increased cell death, and a marked distension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in oligodendrocytes. However, over time, more oligodendrocytes differentiate and survive in the spinal cord leading to an almost total recovery of myelination, In contrast, the brain remains persistently hypomyelinated. These data suggest that shp oligodendrocytes may be more functional than previously realized and that their early recruitment could have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mayer
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ian R Griffiths
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chelsey M Smith
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cooksey
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Abigail B Radcliff
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ian D Duncan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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92
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Role of ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in the maintenance of myelin and axonal integrity in the adult CNS. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16031-45. [PMID: 25429144 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3360-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes form myelin during postnatal development and then maintain a functional myelin sheath throughout adult life. While many regulators of developmental myelination have been identified, the signal transduction mechanisms that regulate oligodendrocyte functions in adulthood are not well understood. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and -2 (ERK1/2), downstream mediators of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), have emerged as prominent regulators of myelin formation. Here, we investigated whether these signaling molecules are also required for myelin maintenance in the adult CNS. Inducible conditional ablation of Erk1/2 in oligodendrocytes of the adult CNS resulted in a downregulation of myelin gene expression. Although myelin thickness was reduced and some axons were demyelinated, the majority of axons were wrapped by intact myelin sheaths that appeared structurally normal. However, late onset of progressive axonal degeneration, accompanied by astrogliosis, microglial activation, partial loss of oligodendrocytes, and functional impairment, occurred in the adult mice lacking ERK1/2 activity. Conditional ablation of Fibroblast Growth Factor receptors-1 and -2 (FGFR1/2) in oligodendrocytes also resulted in downregulation of myelin gene expression and development of axonal degeneration as the mice aged. Further, the level of the key transcription factor myelin gene regulatory factor (Myrf) was downregulated or upregulated in mice with genetic loss or gain of ERK1/2 function, respectively. Together, our studies demonstrate that ERK1/2-MAPK signaling is required for the long-term maintenance of myelin and axonal integrity in the adult CNS and suggest that FGFR1/2 and Myrf may, in part, contribute to signaling upstream and downstream of ERK1/2 in maintaining these oligodendrocyte functions during adulthood.
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93
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Bando Y, Nomura T, Bochimoto H, Murakami K, Tanaka T, Watanabe T, Yoshida S. Abnormal morphology of myelin and axon pathology in murine models of multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2015; 81:16-27. [PMID: 25595039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination and axonal damage are responsible for neurological deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. However, the pathology of axonal damage in MS is not fully understood. In this study, histological analysis of morphological changes of axonal organelles during demyelination in murine models was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using an osmium-maceration method. In cuprizone-induced demyelination, SEM showed typical morphology of demyelination in the corpus callosum of mouse brain. In contrast, SEM displayed variations in ultrastructural abnormalities of myelin structures and axonal organelles in spinal cord white matter of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, an animal model of MS. Myelin detachment and excessive myelin formation were observed as typical morphological myelin abnormalities in EAE. In addition, well-developed axoplasmic reticulum-like structures and accumulated mitochondria were observed in tortuous degenerating/degenerated axons and the length of mitochondria in axons of EAE spinal cord was shorter compared with naïve spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry also revealed dysfunction of mitochondrial fusion/fission machinery in EAE spinal cord axons. Moreover, the number of Y-shaped mitochondria was significantly increased in axons of the EAE spinal cord. Axonal morphologies in myelin basic protein-deficient shiverer mice were similar to those in EAE. However, shiverer mice had "tortuous" (S-curve shaped mitochondria) and larger mitochondria compared with wild-type and EAE mice. Lastly, analysis of human MS patient autopsied brains also demonstrated abnormal myelin structures in demyelinating lesions. These results indicate that morphological abnormalities of myelin and axonal organelles play important role on the pathogenesis of axonal injury in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Bando
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Taichi Nomura
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Murakami
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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94
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Sorbara CD, Wagner NE, Ladwig A, Nikić I, Merkler D, Kleele T, Marinković P, Naumann R, Godinho L, Bareyre FM, Bishop D, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M. Pervasive axonal transport deficits in multiple sclerosis models. Neuron 2014; 84:1183-90. [PMID: 25433639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired axonal transport can contribute to axon degeneration and has been described in many neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neuroinflammatory disease, which is characterized by progressive axon degeneration-whether, when, and how axonal transport is affected in this condition is unknown. Here we used in vivo two-photon imaging to directly assay transport of organelles and the stability of microtubule tracks in individual spinal axons in mouse models of MS. We found widespread transport deficits, which preceded structural alterations of axons, cargos, or microtubules and could be reversed by acute anti-inflammatory interventions or redox scavenging. Our study shows that acute neuroinflammation induces a pervasive state of reversible axonal dysfunction, which coincides with acute disease symptoms. Moreover, perpetuated transport dysfunction, as we found in a model of progressive MS, led to reduced distal organelle supply and could thus contribute to axonal dystrophy in advanced stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Diamante Sorbara
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Naomi Elizabeth Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Ladwig
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ivana Nikić
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleele
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Petar Marinković
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Leanne Godinho
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Florence Martine Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Derron Bishop
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Muncie, Cooper Science Building, CL 215, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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95
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Tan B, Yu J, Yin Y, Jia G, Jiang W, Yu L. The Olig family affects central nervous system development and disease. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:329-36. [PMID: 25206819 PMCID: PMC4146145 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural cell differentiation and maturation is a critical step during central nervous system development. The oligodendrocyte transcription family (Olig family) is known to be an important factor in regulating neural cell differentiation. Because of this, the Olig family also affects acute and chronic central nervous system diseases, including brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and even gliomas. Improved understanding about the functions of the Olig family in central nervous system development and disease will greatly aid novel breakthroughs in central nervous system diseases. This review investigates the role of the Olig family in central nervous system development and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongwei Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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96
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Yin X, Kiryu-Seo S, Kidd GJ, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L, Trapp BD. Proteolipid protein cannot replace P0 protein as the major structural protein of peripheral nervous system myelin. Glia 2014; 63:66-77. [PMID: 25066805 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) of terrestrial vertebrates underwent a prominent molecular change when proteolipid protein (PLP) replaced P0 protein as the most abundant protein of CNS myelin. However, PLP did not replace P0 in peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin. To investigate the possible consequences of a PLP to P0 shift in PNS myelin, we engineered mice to express PLP instead of P0 in PNS myelin (PLP-PNS mice). PLP-PNS mice had severe neurological disabilities and died between 3 and 6 months of age. Schwann cells in sciatic nerves from PLP-PNS mice sorted axons into one-to-one relationships but failed to form myelin internodes. Mice with equal amounts of P0 and PLP had normal PNS myelination and lifespans similar to wild-type (WT) mice. When PLP was overexpressed with one copy of the P0 gene, sciatic nerves were hypomyelinated; mice displayed motor deficits, but had normal lifespans. These data support the hypothesis that while PLP can co-exist with P0 in PNS myelin, PLP cannot replace P0 as the major structural protein of PNS myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Yin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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97
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Wallerian degeneration: an emerging axon death pathway linking injury and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:394-409. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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98
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Ioannidou K, Anderson KI, Strachan D, Edgar JM, Barnett SC. Astroglial-axonal interactions during early stages of myelination in mixed cultures using in vitro and ex vivo imaging techniques. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:59. [PMID: 24886503 PMCID: PMC4024314 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Myelination is a very complex process that requires the cross talk between various neural cell types. Previously, using cytosolic or membrane associated GFP tagged neurospheres, we followed the interaction of oligodendrocytes with axons using time-lapse imaging in vitro and ex vivo and demonstrated dynamic changes in cell morphology. In this study we focus on GFP tagged astrocytes differentiated from neurospheres and their interactions with axons. RESULTS We show the close interaction of astrocyte processes with axons and with oligodendrocytes in mixed mouse spinal cord cultures with formation of membrane blebs as previously seen for oligodendrocytes in the same cultures. When GFP-tagged neurospheres were transplanted into the spinal cord of the dysmyelinated shiverer mouse, confirmation of dynamic changes in cell morphology was provided and a prevalence for astrocyte differentiation compared with oligodendroglial differentiation around the injection site. Furthermore, we were able to image GFP tagged neural cells in vivo after transplantation and the cells exhibited similar membrane changes as cells visualised in vitro and ex vivo. CONCLUSION These data show that astrocytes exhibit dynamic cell process movement and changes in their membrane topography as they interact with axons and oligodendrocytes during the process of myelination, with the first demonstration of bleb formation in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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99
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Petit B, Giraudet F, Béchon C, Bardin L, Avan P, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Bégou M. Mice with a deletion of the major central myelin protein exhibit hypersensitivity to noxious thermal stimuli: involvement of central sensitization. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 65:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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100
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Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of white matter diseases requires a thorough understanding of white matter maturation. These maturational changes are complex and require knowledge of the histologic background and time course of development. This article reviews the in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of myelination with emphasis on the appearance of different regions of the brain using various pulse sequences at different developmental time points. The appearance of white matter, using the MR pulse sequences that have been shown to be most useful during the stages of myelination, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Guleria
- Pediatric Radiology, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Lowder Building Ste. 306, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Teresa Gross Kelly
- Imaging, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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