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Macpherson AJ, Geuking MB, McCoy KD. Homeland security: IgA immunity at the frontiers of the body. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:160-7. [PMID: 22410243 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin produced in mammals, and is mostly secreted across mucous membranes. At these frontiers, which are constantly assaulted by pathogenic and commensal microbes, IgA provides part of a layered system of immune protection. In this review, we describe how IgA induction occurs through both T-dependent and T-independent mechanisms, and how IgA is generated against the prodigious load of commensal microbes after mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) have sampled a tiny fraction of the microbial consortia in the intestinal lumen. To function in this hostile environment, IgA must be induced behind the 'firewall' of the mesenteric lymph nodes to generate responses that integrate microbial stimuli, rather than the classical prime-boost effects characteristic of systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, DKF, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Montgomery BC, Cortes HD, Mewes-Ares J, Verheijen K, Stafford JL. Teleost IgSF immunoregulatory receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1223-1237. [PMID: 21414352 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In all animals innate immunity is the first line of immune defense from invading pathogens. The prototypical innate cellular responses such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and cellular cytotoxicity are elicited by leukocytes in a diverse range of animals including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals reinforcing the importance of such primordial defense mechanisms. In mammals, these responses are intricately controlled and coordinated at the cellular level by distinct subsets of immunoregulatory receptors. Many of these surface proteins belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and in mammals elaborate immunoregulatory receptor networks play a major role in the control of infectious diseases. Recent examination of teleost immunity has begun to further illustrate the complexities of these receptor networks in lower vertebrates. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control how immunoregulatory receptors influence cellular decision making in ectothermic vertebrates. This review focuses on several families of recently discovered immunoglobulin superfamily members in fish that share structural, phylogenetic and in some cases functional relationships with mammalian immunoregulatory receptors. Further characterization of these teleost innate immune receptor families will provide detailed information regarding the conservation and importance of innate immune defense strategies throughout vertebrate evolution.
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Levy M, Petreshock EP, Mandell C, Deysine M, Katzka I, Aufses AH. The response of the local immunoglobulin system to malignant lesions of the stomach: A new diagnostic test. Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.2820360610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Local immune status and tumour marker expression in the human larynx. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2010:1-4. [PMID: 19460196 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215109005003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the local immune status and tumour marker expression in secretions and related tissue specimens from the laryngeal ventricle, comparing individuals with and without head and neck cancer. Laryngeal secretion and mucosal tissue specimens were collected during laryngeal microsurgery or surgical laryngectomy. The laryngeal secretions were found to contain immunological factors such as immunoglobulins G and A and secretory immunoglobulin A. A high level of the tumour marker Cyfra 21-1 was also detected in laryngeal secretions and mucosal tissue. Lows levels of secretory immunoglobulin A and Cyfra 21-1 were seen in the laryngeal mucosal tissue of controls and patients who had previously undergone radiation therapy. The level of secretory immunoglobulin A in laryngeal secretions closely correlated to the level of this immunoglobulin in mucosal tissue. These results indicate that local immunity is present in the human larynx; furthermore, it is strongly affected both by the presence of malignancy and by laryngeal cancer treatments such as irradiation.
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Pfeiffer JK. Innate host barriers to viral trafficking and population diversity: lessons learned from poliovirus. Adv Virus Res 2010; 77:85-118. [PMID: 20951871 PMCID: PMC3234684 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385034-8.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus is an error-prone enteric virus spread by the fecal-oral route and rarely invades the central nervous system (CNS). However, in the rare instances when poliovirus invades the CNS, the resulting damage to motor neurons is striking and often permanent. In the prevaccine era, it is likely that most individuals within an epidemic community were infected; however, only 0.5% of infected individuals developed paralytic poliomyelitis. Paralytic poliomyelitis terrified the public and initiated a huge research effort, which was rewarded with two outstanding vaccines. During research to develop the vaccines, many questions were asked: Why did certain people develop paralysis? How does the virus move from the gut to the CNS? What limits viral trafficking to the CNS in the vast majority of infected individuals? Despite over 100 years of poliovirus research, many of these questions remain unanswered. The goal of this chapter is to review our knowledge of how poliovirus moves within and between hosts, how host barriers limit viral movement, how viral population dynamics impact viral fitness and virulence, and to offer hypotheses to explain the rare incidence of paralytic poliovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Prevention of infections by vaccination remains a compelling goal to improve public health. Most infections involve the mucosae, but the development of vaccines against many of these pathogens has yet to be successful. Mucosal vaccines would make immunization procedures easier, be better suited for mass administration, and most efficiently induce immune exclusion - a term coined for non-inflammatory antibody shielding of internal body surfaces - mediated principally by secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The exported antibodies are polymeric, mainly IgA dimers (pIgA) - produced by local plasma cells stimulated by antigens that target the mucosae. SIgA was early shown to be complexed with an epithelial glycoprotein - the secretory component (SC). In 1974, a common SC-dependent transport of pIgA and pentameric IgM was proposed. From the basolateral surface, pIg-SC complexes are taken up by endocytosis and finally extruded into the lumen. Membrane SC is now referred to as polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). In 1980, it was shown to be synthesized as a larger transmembrane protein - first cloned from rabbit and then from human. Mice deficient for pIgR showed that this is the only receptor responsible for epithelial transport of IgA and IgM. In the gut, induction of B cells occurs in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, particularly the Peyer's patches, but also in mesenteric lymph nodes. Plasma cell differentiation is accomplished in the lamina propria to which the memory/effector cells home. The airways also receive such cells from nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue - but by different homing receptors. Such compartmentalization is a challenge for development of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Division and Institute of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Ramos-Bello D, Llorente L. [Fiftieth anniversary of the description of the chemical structure of antibodies]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:280-4. [PMID: 21794629 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the antitoxic property of serum in 1890 by Emil von Behring and the introduction of the term "Antikörper" by Paul Ehrlich in 1891 referring to one of the most relevant mechanisms of defense of the adaptive immune system, i.e., the humoral immune response mediators, mark the beginning of modern immunology. The "Y" structure was described 50 years ago by Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter. Thus, on the fiftieth anniversary of the description of the chemical structure of antibodies, we consider it appropriate to celebrate this fact by sketching a brief outline and review of these epoch-making achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Ramos-Bello
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México DF, México
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Bäck O. Studies on the lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium of the chicken. 1. Ontogeny. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION A, PATHOLOGY 2009; 80:84-90. [PMID: 4634715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Heremans JF, Crabbé PA, Masson PL. Biological significance of exocrine gamma-A-immunoglobulin. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009; 445:84-8. [PMID: 4160696 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb02343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ballieux RE, Stoop JW, Zegers BJ. Comparative studies on polymer-type serum and exocrine IgA. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 2009; 5:179-90. [PMID: 4179185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1968.tb01736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Harboe M, Pande H, Brandtzaeg P, Tveter KJ, Hjort PF. Synthesis of donor type gamma-G-globulin following thymus transplantation in hypo-gamma-globulinaemia with severe lymphocytopenia. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 2009; 3:351-74. [PMID: 4163435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1966.tb02379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kuribayashi T, Seita T, Matsumoto M, Furuhata K, Tagata K, Yamamoto S. Bovine colostral antibody against verotoxin 2 derived from Escherichia coli O157:H7: resistance to proteases and effects in beagle dogs. Comp Med 2009; 59:163-167. [PMID: 19389308 PMCID: PMC2703148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A bovine colostral antibody against verotoxin (VT) 2 of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was administered orally to beagle dogs. The antibody remained in the dogs' small intestine for at least 2 h, whereas little serum antibody remained 1.5 h after administration. Furthermore, the antibody activity of secretory IgA did not change until 2 h after administration; however, the activity of IgG and IgM antibodies decreased by approximately 60% and 40% at 2 h after administration, respectively. Seven beagle dogs inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 producing VT2 were administered bovine colostral antibody or bovine colostral whey without antibody. With administration of bovine colostral whey without antibody, the amount of VT2 in feces decreased gradually after administration and increased again at 5 d after inoculation, whereas bovine colostral antibody significantly reduced the amount of VT2 in feces on the day after administration. In addition, 9 beagle dogs were given bovine colostral antibody, bovine plasma antibody, or saline. The amount of VT2 in feces again decreased significantly more rapidly after administration of bovine colostral antibody than after administration of bovine plasma antibody or saline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katsunori Furuhata
- Microbiology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Seo GY, Youn J, Kim PH. IL-21 ensures TGF-beta 1-induced IgA isotype expression in mouse Peyer's patches. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 85:744-50. [PMID: 19168593 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0708450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that TGF-beta1 induces IgA and IgG2b class-switching recombination in murine B cells. In the present study, we assessed the activity of IL-21 along with TGF-beta1 in Ig synthesis by murine spleen B cells. IL-21 showed antiproliferative activity on LPS-activated splenic B cells, comparable with that of TGF-beta1. IL-21 alone had little effect on IgA secretion and decreased other isotypes. Likewise, IL-21 also did not alter the TGF-beta1-induced IgA synthesis and concurrently diminished the syntheses of IgM and IgG2a, which were repressed by TGF-beta1. Unexpectedly, IL-21 inhibited the TGF-beta1-induced IgG2b production. This IL-21 effect was examined using B cells from IL-21R knockout mice, where the IgA production profile was paralleled by that seen in wild-type B cells. However, the inhibitory effect of IL-21 on TGF-beta1-induced IgG2b synthesis was not seen in the IL-21R(-/-) mouse, suggesting that IL-21 causes TGF-beta1-stimulated B cells to decrease IgG2b synthesis. Expression patterns of Ig germ-line alpha(GL alpha)/GL gamma 2b transcripts under the influence of TGF-beta1 and IL-21 were paralleled by IgA/IgG2b secretion. This was also observed in the activities of GL(alpha) and GL(gamma 2b) promoters. These results indicate that IL-21 decreases IgG2b secretion mainly through inhibition of GL(gamma 2b) transcription and is ultimately associated with selective IgA secretion induced by TGF-beta1. Our results showed that IL-21 was expressed in greater magnitude in Peyer's patches (PP) than in spleen. These results suggest that IL-21 has an important effect on selective IgA(+) B cell commitment in PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goo-Young Seo
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Hermsen JL, Sano Y, Kudsk KA. Food fight! Parenteral nutrition, enteral stimulation and gut-derived mucosal immunity. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:17-30. [PMID: 18521625 PMCID: PMC2739933 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-008-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutrition support is an integral component of modern patient care. Type and route of nutritional support impacts clinical infectious outcomes in critically injured patients. DISCUSSION This article reviews the relationships between type and route of nutrition and gut-derived mucosal immunity in both the clinical and laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hermsen
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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70
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MASON IANS, MASON KENNETHV, LLOYD DAVIDH. A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals Staphylococcus intermedins, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis. Vet Dermatol 2008; 7:119-132. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1996.tb00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in mammals exceeds all other isotypes, and it is mostly exported across mucous membranes. The discovery of IgA and the realization that it dominates humoral mucosal immunity, in contrast to the IgG dominance of the systemic immune system, was early evidence for the distinct nature of mucosal immunology. It is now clear that IgA can function in high-affinity modes for neutralization of toxins and pathogenic microbes, and as a low-affinity system to contain the dense commensal microbiota within the intestinal lumen. The basic map of induction of IgA B cells in the Peyer's patches, which then circulate through the lymph and bloodstream to seed the mucosa with precursors of plasma cells that produce dimeric IgA for export through the intestinal epithelium, has been known for more than 30 years. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying selective IgA induction of mucosal B cells for IgA production and the immune geography of their homing characteristics. We also review the functionality of secretory IgA directed against both commensal organisms and pathogens.
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73
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Brandtzaeg P, Kiyono H, Pabst R, Russell MW. Terminology: nomenclature of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:31-7. [PMID: 19079158 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2007.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of mucosal immunity has great potential in vaccinology and immunotherapy. However, the mucosal immune system is more complex than the systemic counterpart, both in terms of anatomy (inductive and effector tissues) and effectors (cells and molecules). Therefore, immunologists entering this field need a precise terminology as a crucial means of communication. Abbreviations for mucosal immune-function molecules related to the secretory immunoglobulin A system were defined by the Society for Mucosal Immunolgy Nomenclature Committee in 1997, and are briefly recapitulated in this article. In addition, we recommend and justify standard nomenclature and abbreviations for discrete mucosal immune-cell compartments, belonging to, and beyond, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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74
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Abstract
Two major antibody classes operate in saliva: secretory IgA (SIgA) and IgG. The former is synthesized as dimeric IgA by plasma cells (PCs) in salivary glands and is exported by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). Most IgG in saliva is derived from serum (mainly via gingival crevices), although some is locally produced. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) do not contribute equally to mucosal PCs throughout the body. Thus, enteric immunostimulation is an inadequate mode of stimulating salivary IgA antibodies, which are poorly associated with the intestinal SIgA response, for instance after enteric cholera vaccination. Nevertheless, the IgA response in submandibular/sublingual glands is better related to B cell induction in GALT than the parotid response. Such disparity is suggested by the elevated levels of IgA in submandibular secretions of AIDS patients, paralleling their highly upregulated intestinal IgA system. Moreover, in patients with active celiac disease, IgA antibodies to disease-precipitating gliadin are reliably represented in whole saliva but not in parotid secretion. Parotid SIgA may be more consistently linked to immune induction in palatine tonsils and adenoids (human NALT), as supported by the homing molecule profile of NALT-derived B cell blasts. Also several other variables influence the levels of antibodies in oral secretions. These include difficulties with reproducibility and standardization of immunoassays, the impact of flow rate, acute or chronic stress, protein loss during sample handling, and uncontrolled admixture of serum-derived IgG and monomeric IgA. Despite such problems, saliva remains an interesting biological fluid with great scientific and clinical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department and Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Norway.
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Hamburger AE, Bjorkman PJ, Herr AB. Structural insights into antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 308:173-204. [PMID: 16922091 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30657-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal regions of the body are responsible for defense against environmental pathogens. Particularly in the lumen of the gut, antibody-mediated immune responses are critical for preventing invasion by pathogens. In this chapter, we review structural studies that have illuminated various aspects of mucosal immunity. Crystal structures of IgA1-Fc and IgA-binding fragments of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and Fc alphaRI, combined with models of intact IgA and IgM from solution scattering studies, reveal potential mechanisms for immune exclusion and induction of inflammatory responses. Other recent structures yield insights into bacterial mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hamburger
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 114-96, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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79
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Tomita H, Nakashima T, Maeda A, Umeno H, Sato K. Age related changes in the distribution of laryngeal glands in the human adult larynx. Auris Nasus Larynx 2006; 33:289-94. [PMID: 16580162 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the defense status of glandular tissue in the human adult larynx, we examined the glandular distribution, concentration and the ratio of the mucous glands in the subglottic and supraglottic larynx. METHODS One-hundred and seven adult larynges were examined. The area of the mucosa and glands were measured using an image analyzing system. The correlations of the concentration as well as the ratio of the mucous glands with age were analyzed. RESULTS The ratio of the areas occupied by the glandular acini of the subglottis was almost equal to that of infants as we reported earlier. The concentration of the laryngeal glands decreased in higher-aged adults at the level of the supraglottis, but not at the level of the subglottis. CONCLUSIONS In comparison to infants, the ratio of laryngeal glands of the human subglottic larynx is rather constant in human adults. However, the supraglottic larynx seems to be influenced by increasing age. The changes deserved in the laryngeal glands predominantly occur in the supraglottic larynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideichiro Tomita
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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Prinsloo E, Oosthuizen V, Muramoto K, Naude RJ. In vitro refolding of recombinant human free secretory component using equilibrium gradient dialysis. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 47:179-85. [PMID: 16288892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human secretory component (SC) is associated with secretory immunoglobulins (IgA and IgM) and serves to protect the immunoglobulin in the harsh mucosal environment. SC is derived from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) which transports polymeric immunoglobulins across epithelial cells into secretions. In this present study, we describe the first cloning, expression, in vitro refolding and purification of a free form of human secretory component (rSC) containing the five functional ligand binding domains using Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Free rSC was refolded from inclusion bodies by equilibrium dialysis after purification by nickel affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions. Refolded rSC was purified by gel filtration chromatography. Surface plasmon resonance and dot blot association analysis have shown that purified rSC binds IgM with a physiological equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 4.6x10(-8) M and shares structural similarity to native SC. This provides an important step in the elucidation of the structure of this immunologically important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Prinsloo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Campus, Summerstrand, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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Kaetzel CS. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor: bridging innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal surfaces. Immunol Rev 2005; 206:83-99. [PMID: 16048543 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Secretory antibodies of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) class form the first line of antigen-specific immune protection against inhaled, ingested, and sexually transmitted pathogens and antigens at mucosal surfaces. Epithelial transcytosis of polymeric IgA (pIgA) is mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). At the apical surface, the extracellular ligand-binding region of pIgR, known as secretory component (SC), is cleaved and released in free form or as a component of secretory IgA (SIgA). SC has innate anti-microbial properties, and it protects SIgA from proteolytic degradation. Expression of pIgR is regulated by microbial products through Toll-like receptor signaling and by host factors such as cytokines and hormones. Recent studies of the structure of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of pIgR have revealed mechanisms by which it binds pIgA and other ligands. During transcytosis, pIgA has been shown to neutralize pathogens and antigens within intracellular vesicular compartments. The recent identification of disease-associated polymorphisms in human pIgR near the cleavage site may help to unravel the mystery of how pIgR is cleaved to SC. The identification of novel functions for SC and SIgA has expanded our view of the immunobiology of pIgR, a key component of the mucosal immune system that bridges innate and adaptive immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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Weltzin R. The therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:1271-83. [PMID: 15992030 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.8.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to develop a vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the major cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children, have been unsuccessful. Passive immunisation with antibody to RSV has been found to be an effective alternative method for prophylaxis. The product currently in use for RSV passive immunisation, a preparation of purified human IgG containing virus-neutralising activity, requires monthly iv. infusions. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently under development as an alternative means of treatment that would require lower doses. The first such mAb was recently approved for RSV prophylaxis in the USA. The mucosal delivery of antibodies is also effective and a mAb nose drop treatment for immunoprophylaxis is under development. The potential of passive immunisation for the treatment of existing RSV infections is not clear. Antibody treatment following infection clearly suppresses viral replication but it may not reduce disease once inflammatory processes have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weltzin
- OraVax, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Dion C, Montagne P, Bene MC, Faure G. Measurement of faecal immunoglobulin a levels in young children. J Clin Lab Anal 2004; 18:195-9. [PMID: 15103685 PMCID: PMC6807979 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A nephelometric immunoassay was developed to quantify immunoglobulin A (IgA) in children's stools. This method enables IgA in faecal protein extracts to be measured over a large range of concentrations (1.61-51.50 mg/L) with good accuracy (linear recovery in dilution-overloading assay) and precision (within- and between-run coefficients of variation (CVs) of 1-6%). An excellent recovery (105%) was obtained in stool samples overloaded by purified colostral IgA, demonstrating that the method used for faecal IgA extraction is adapted, not to induce significant IgA degradation, and probably allow a complete extraction of IgA. The amount of faecal IgA, as determined in stool samples from 125 children (6-24 months old), was an average of 14 mg per 100 g of stools (about 10% of the total protein stool content), with large individual variation (3-30 mg per 100 g of stools). No correlation was observed between faecal IgA amounts and the children's age or sex. Such an immunoassay could enable exhaustive noninvasive investigations of the maturation of the intestinal immune system, as well as accurate studies of the effect of oral dietary supplementation on IgA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Dion
- Group de Recherche en Immunopathologie (GRIP), Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Paul Montagne
- Group de Recherche en Immunopathologie (GRIP), Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Marie Christine Bene
- Group de Recherche en Immunopathologie (GRIP), Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Gilbert Faure
- Group de Recherche en Immunopathologie (GRIP), Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
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89
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Gleeson M, Cripps AW. Development of mucosal immunity in the first year of life and relationship to sudden infant death syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 42:21-33. [PMID: 15325394 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The common mucosal immune system (CMIS) is an interconnecting network of immune structures that provides effective immunity to mucosal surfaces. The structures of the mucosal immune system are fully developed in utero by 28 weeks gestation, but in the absence of intrauterine infection, activation does not occur until after birth. Mucosal immune responses occur rapidly in the first weeks of life in response to extensive antigenic exposure. Maturation of the mucosal immune system and establishment of protective immunity varies between individuals but is usually fully developed in the first year of life, irrespective of gestational age at birth. In addition to exposure to pathogenic and commensal bacteria, the major modifier of the developmental patterns in the neonatal period is infant feeding practices. A period of heightened immune responses occurs during the maturation process, particularly between 1 and 6 months, which coincides with the age range during which most cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occur. A hyper-immune mucosal response has been a common finding in infants whose death is classified as SIDS, particularly if in association with a prior upper respiratory infection. Inappropriate mucosal immune responses to an otherwise innocuous common antigen and the resulting inflammatory processes have been proposed as factors contributing to SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Gleeson
- Department of Immunology, Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Locked Bag #1, Hunter Region Mail Center, NSW, 2310, Australia.
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90
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Banerjee S, Figueiredo FC, Easty DL, Dick AD, Nicholls SM. Development of organised conjunctival leucocyte aggregates after corneal transplantation in rats. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 87:1515-22. [PMID: 14660464 PMCID: PMC1920569 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.12.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the development of lymphoid aggregates in the conjunctiva after corneal transplantation in rats. METHODS LEW or PVG strain corneas were transplanted orthotopically to PVG rats. Cornea and conjunctiva were examined clinically for up to 42 days. Eyes were removed with attached conjunctiva on days 10 and 15 after transplantation (before and during rejection), together with normal eyes, fixed, paraffin embedded, and examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Clinically, the temporal half of the upper palpebral conjunctiva of recipients of 10/19 allografts and 1/10 isografts developed pronounced swelling, correlating with inflammation and rejection. Histologically, the swelling comprised leucocytic aggregates with an altered overlying epithelium. Aggregates contained granulocytes, macrophages, and cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD4, and CD8, all more numerous in allograft associated conjunctiva. Class II+ cells were more abundant at the surface, whereas macrophages and T cells were more numerous in the deeper stroma. There were few B cells. There was greater CD54 expression by vascular endothelium in allograft associated aggregates. Cells expressing TNFalpha and IFNgamma but not IL1beta were present in stromal and superficial areas. CONCLUSIONS Corneal transplantation in rats induces the development of organised conjunctival leucocytic aggregates in a fixed location that are significantly more pronounced in recipients of allografts compared with isografts and show characteristics of a Th1 type immune response. These aggregates have characteristics of conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue and may be sites of presentation of graft antigens and lymphocyte proliferation at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Banerjee
- Division of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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91
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Vancíková Z, Lodinová-Zádníková R, Radl J, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H. The early postnatal development of salivary antibody and immunoglobulin response in children orally colonized with a nonpathogenic, probiotic strain of E. coli. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 48:281-7. [PMID: 12800517 DOI: 10.1007/bf02930970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of levels of secretory immunoglobulins (SIgs) in newborns' saliva was examined under physiological conditions and after artificial colonization with nonpathogenic, probiotic bacterial strain E. coli O83. Higher levels of secretory immunoglobulin M (SIgM) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were detected in the saliva of breast-fed children when compared with those of bottle-fed infants. SIgM was found earlier than SIgA, the levels of both SIgM and SIgA decreased after weaning. Breastfeeding actively stimulates local immunity on mucosal membranes of newborn infants. Early mucosal colonization with nonpathogenic E. coli bacteria stimulates the mucosal immune system to produce specific antibodies as well as nonspecific secretory immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Vancíková
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, 150 00 Prague, Czechia.
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92
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Abstract
Transcytosis, the vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other, is a strategy used by multicellular organisms to selectively move material between two environments without altering the unique compositions of those environments. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of the different cell types using transcytosis in vivo, the variety of cargo moved, and the diverse pathways for delivering that cargo. We evaluate in vitro models that are currently being used to study transcytosis. Caveolae-mediated transcytosis by endothelial cells that line the microvasculature and carry circulating plasma proteins to the interstitium is explained in more detail, as is clathrin-mediated transcytosis of IgA by epithelial cells of the digestive tract. The molecular basis of vesicle traffic is discussed, with emphasis on the gaps and uncertainties in our understanding of the molecules and mechanisms that regulate transcytosis. In our view there is still much to be learned about this fundamental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Tuma
- Hunterian 119, Department of Cell Biology, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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93
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Knop E, Knop N. A functional unit for ocular surface immune defense formed by the lacrimal gland, conjunctivaand lacrimal drainage system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 506:835-44. [PMID: 12614000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erich Knop
- Department for Cell Biology in Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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94
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Richards SM, Liu M, Sullivan BD, Sullivan DA. Gender-related differences in gene expression of the lacrimal gland. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 506:121-7. [PMID: 12613898 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Richards
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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95
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin A is the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype in mucosal secretions. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the sites, mechanisms and functions of intestinal IgA synthesis in mice. On the basis of these recent findings, we propose an updated model for the induction and regulation of IgA responses in the gut. In addition, we discuss new insights into the role of IgA in the maintenance of gut homeostasis and into the reciprocal interactions between gut B cells and the bacterial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidonia Fagarasan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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96
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Tanaka M, Nakashima T, Uemura T. A survey of the pattern of glandular distribution in the larynges of human infants. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2002; 251 Suppl 1:S80-6. [PMID: 11894784 DOI: 10.1007/bf02565227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the development of glandular structures and the pattern of distribution of serous and mucous-type glands in the larynges of 77 human infants obtained at autopsy. The subglottic larynx was subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis, using an image binarization procedure. The areas of mucosa and inner space of the subglottic larynx tended to increase with age. The area occupied by the glands differed considerably in younger infants and the areas of total glands and serous-type glands increased with age. There was no correlation between the area of the mucous glands and age. These findings indicate that local immune function of the secretory glandular system in the larynx of human infants increases with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812, Japan
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97
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Blackwell NM, Else KJ. A comparison of local and peripheral parasite-specific antibody production in different strains of mice infected with Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunol 2002; 24:203-11. [PMID: 12010485 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2002.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The serum parasite-specific antibody responses of different mouse strains infected with Trichuris muris reflect the nature of the T-helper response mounted by the host, in that resistant Th2-responding strains, such as BALB/K, produce immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and susceptible predominantly Th1-responding strains, such as AKR, produce IgG2a and IgG1. However, the kinetics of antibody production in the sera, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, do not reflect infection status in that resistant strains can expel their worm burdens before antibodies are detectable in the sera. Here, we show that parasite-specific antibody production by in vitro lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells (MLN) not only correlate with serum antibody isotypes, but also follow expulsion kinetics. Additionally, the antibody levels seen locally match changes in absolute B220+ cell numbers in the MLN (determined by flow cytometry) and changes in MLN parasite-specific plasma cells in the MLN (determined by ELISPOT). These results show that B cell responses are tightly regulated locally in both resistant and susceptible strains of mice infected with T. muris.
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98
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Abstract
Myeloma expression systems have been utilized successfully for the production of various recombinant proteins. In particular, myeloma cell lines have been exploited to express a variety of different antibodies for diagnostic applications as well as in the treatment of various human diseases. The use of myeloma cells for antibody production is advantageous because they are professional immunoglobulin-secreting cells and are able to make proper post-translational modifications. Proper glycosylation has been shown to be important for antibody function. Advances in genetic engineering and molecular biology techniques have made it possible to isolate murine and human variable regions of almost any desired specificity. Antibodies and antibody variants produced in myeloma cells have been extremely helpful in elucidating the amino acid residues and structural motifs that contribute to antibody function. Because of their domain nature, immunoglobulin genes can be easily manipulated to produce chimeric or humanized antibodies. These antibodies are less immunogenic in humans and also retain their specificity for antigen and biologic properties. In addition, novel proteins in which antibodies are fused to non-immunoglobulin sequences as well as secretory IgA have been produced in myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 611 S. Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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99
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Kende M, Yan C, Hewetson J, Frick MA, Rill WL, Tammariello R. Oral immunization of mice with ricin toxoid vaccine encapsulated in polymeric microspheres against aerosol challenge. Vaccine 2002; 20:1681-91. [PMID: 11858879 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal (oral) immunization of mice with carrier-delivered ricin toxoid (RT) vaccine was accomplished by one long (7 weeks) or two short (4 weeks) immunization schedules. For the long and short immunization schedule two lots of vaccine were administered prepared with the same procedure but at different occasions. The long schedule consisted of a total of seven doses of 50 microg of vaccine in microencapsulated (lot #108) or aqueous form administered on days 1, 2, 3, 28, 29, 30 and 49. With the short schedule a total of seven or six doses of 25 microg (lot #111) were administered on days 1, 2, 3, 14, 15, 16 and 30, or on 1, 2, 14, 15, 30, 31 and 32, respectively. Mice immunized orally with the long schedule, 50 microg of RT vaccine incorporated into poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolyde (DL-PLG) microspheres (MS) produced serum IgG, IgG2a and IgA ELISA antibodies. All mice immunized with RT in DL-PLG MS (RT-MS) were protected against a lethal ricin aerosol challenge. In contrast, with the same schedule and with the same dose, the aqueous vaccine (RT) failed to stimulate IgG, IgG2a and IgA antibodies, and these mice were not protected against an aerosol ricin toxin challenge. With the shorter immunization scheme, seven doses of 25 microg RT-MS stimulated a significant, though reduced, protection with the microencapsulated, but not with the aqueous vaccine. When the first and second 3-day cycles of the short immunization schedule was reduced to two doses, and the 3-day cycle was administered at the end of the schedule, neither RT-MS nor RT stimulated protection against the challenge. These results indicated that successful oral immunization with RT-MS depended on both the dose and the schedule, consisting of three consecutive days of administration in two cycles, 4 weeks apart. Altering this schedule and the dose, resulted in a reduced protection or no protection at all. Furthermore, under the conditions of this study, the advantage of the microencapsulated RT vaccine over the aqueous vaccine for effective oral immunization was well demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Kende
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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100
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Abstract
Dental caries continues to be a costly and prevalent oral disease. Research efforts towards developing a well tolerated and effective vaccine against dental caries were initiated following the demonstration of a specific bacterial aetiology for this disease. The cariogenic mutans streptococci are the principal bacteria causing this disease. Specific immune defence against these bacteria is provided mainly by secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibodies present in saliva, which are generated by the common mucosal immune system. Progress in the development of a vaccine against dental caries has increased due to both advancements in molecular biology and our understanding of the mucosal immune system and mucosal vaccines. Advancements in molecular biology have facilitated the cloning and functional characterisation of virulence factors of the mutans streptococci, including the cell-surface fibrillar proteins, which mediate adherence to the tooth surface, and the glucosyltransferase enzymes, which synthesise adhesive glucans and allow microbial accumulation on the teeth. Current strategies for immunisation against dental caries are using these virulence factors as key antigens and incorporating them into novel mucosal vaccine systems and delivering them with or without adjuvants to mucosal IgA inductive sites. The most popular routes of mucosal immunisation are via the oral or nasal route. The mucosal immune system is functional in newborn infants, who develop salivary IgA antibodies as they become colonised by oral micro-organisms. Mucosal immunisation strategies result in the induction of salivary IgA antibody responses and pose fewer problems than parenteral injection of antigen. Therefore, mucosal immunisation of infants prior to the appearance of their first teeth may be a well tolerated and effective way to induce immunity against the colonisation of teeth by mutans streptococci and protection against subsequent dental caries. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the recent progress on the development of a vaccine against infection by Streptococcus mutans for the prevention of dental caries, with emphasis on the mucosal immune system and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-2170, USA.
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