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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the phenotype and function of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells and vascular cells. Cardiac injury triggers the generation of bioactive TGFβ from latent stores, through mechanisms involving proteases, integrins and specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Activated TGFβ signals through the SMAD intracellular effectors or through non-SMAD cascades. In the infarcted heart, the anti-inflammatory and fibroblast-activating actions of TGFβ have an important role in repair; however, excessive or prolonged TGFβ signalling accentuates adverse remodelling, contributing to cardiac dysfunction. Cardiac pressure overload also activates TGFβ cascades, which initially can have a protective role, promoting an ECM-preserving phenotype in fibroblasts and preventing the generation of injurious, pro-inflammatory ECM fragments. However, prolonged and overactive TGFβ signalling in pressure-overloaded cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts can promote cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. In the atria, TGFβ-mediated fibrosis can contribute to the pathogenic substrate for atrial fibrillation. Overactive or dysregulated TGFβ responses have also been implicated in cardiac ageing and in the pathogenesis of diabetic, genetic and inflammatory cardiomyopathies. This Review summarizes the current evidence on the role of TGFβ signalling in myocardial diseases, focusing on cellular targets and molecular mechanisms, and discussing challenges and opportunities for therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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52
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From dissection of fibrotic pathways to assessment of drug interactions to reduce cardiac fibrosis and heart failure. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100036. [PMID: 34909666 PMCID: PMC8663973 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by extracellular matrix deposition in the cardiac interstitium, and this contributes to cardiac contractile dysfunction and progression of heart failure. The main players involved in this process are the cardiac fibroblasts, which, in the presence of pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic stimuli, undergo a complete transformation acquiring a more proliferative, a pro-inflammatory and a secretory phenotype. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and suggests potential strategies to monitor the effects of specific drugs designed to slow down the progression of this disease by specifically targeting the fibroblasts.
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53
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Suppression of the fibrotic encapsulation of silicone implants by inhibiting the mechanical activation of pro-fibrotic TGF-β. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1437-1456. [PMID: 34031559 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fibrotic encapsulation of implants involves the mechanical activation of myofibroblasts and of pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Here, we show that both softening of the implant surfaces and inhibition of the activation of TGF-β1 reduce the fibrotic encapsulation of subcutaneous silicone implants in mice. Conventionally stiff silicones (elastic modulus, ~2 MPa) coated with a soft silicone layer (elastic modulus, ~2 kPa) reduced collagen deposition as well as myofibroblast activation without affecting the numbers of macrophages and their polarization states. Instead, fibroblasts around stiff implants exhibited enhanced intracellular stress, increased the recruitment of αv and β1 integrins, and activated TGF-β1 signalling. In vitro, the recruitment of αv integrin to focal adhesions and the activation of β1 integrin and of TGF-β were higher in myofibroblasts grown on latency-associated peptide (LAP)-coated stiff silicones than on soft silicones. Antagonizing αv integrin binding to LAP through the small-molecule inhibitor CWHM-12 suppressed active TGF-β signalling, myofibroblast activation and the fibrotic encapsulation of stiff subcutaneous implants in mice.
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54
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Yokosaki Y, Nishimichi N. New Therapeutic Targets for Hepatic Fibrosis in the Integrin Family, α8β1 and α11β1, Induced Specifically on Activated Stellate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12794. [PMID: 34884600 PMCID: PMC8657911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A huge effort has been devoted to developing drugs targeting integrins over 30 years, because of the primary roles of integrins in the cell-matrix milieu. Five αv-containing integrins, in the 24 family members, have been a central target of fibrosis. Currently, a small molecule against αvβ1 is undergoing a clinical trial for NASH-associated fibrosis as a rare agent aiming at fibrogenesis. Latent TGFβ activation, a distinct talent of αv-integrins, has been intriguing as a therapeutic target. None of the αv-integrin inhibitors, however, has been in the clinical market. αv-integrins commonly recognize an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, and thus the pharmacophore of inhibitors for the 5-integrins is based on the same RGD structure. The RGD preference of the integrins, at the same time, dilutes ligand specificity, as the 5-integrins share ligands containing RGD sequence such as fibronectin. With the inherent little specificity in both drugs and targets, "disease specificity" has become less important for the inhibitors than blocking as many αv-integrins. In fact, an almighty inhibitor for αv-integrins, pan-αv, was in a clinical trial. On the contrary, approved integrin inhibitors are all specific to target integrins, which are expressed in a cell-type specific manner: αIIbβ3 on platelets, α4β1, α4β7 and αLβ2 on leukocytes. Herein, "disease specific" integrins would serve as attractive targets. α8β1 and α11β1 are selectively expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and distinctively induced upon culture activation. The exceptional specificity to activated HSCs reflects a rather "pathology specific" nature of these new integrins. The monoclonal antibodies against α8β1 and α11β1 in preclinical examinations may illuminate the road to the first medical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yokosaki
- Integrin-Matrix Biomedical Science, Translational Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
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55
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Shihan MH, Novo SG, Wang Y, Sheppard D, Atakilit A, Arnold TD, Rossi NM, Faranda AP, Duncan MK. αVβ8 integrin targeting to prevent posterior capsular opacification. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145715. [PMID: 34554928 PMCID: PMC8663568 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic posterior capsular opacification (PCO), a major complication of cataract surgery, is driven by transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β). Previously, αV integrins were found to be critical for the onset of TGF-β–mediated PCO in vivo; however, the functional heterodimer was unknown. Here, β8 integrin–conditional knockout (β8ITG-cKO) lens epithelial cells (LCs) attenuated their fibrotic responses, while both β5 and β6 integrin–null LCs underwent fibrotic changes similar to WT at 5 days post cataract surgery (PCS). RNA-Seq revealed that β8ITG-cKO LCs attenuated their upregulation of integrins and their ligands, as well as known targets of TGF-β–induced signaling, at 24 hours PCS. Treatment of β8ITG-cKO eyes with active TGF-β1 at the time of surgery rescued the fibrotic response. Treatment of WT mice with an anti-αVβ8 integrin function blocking antibody at the time of surgery ameliorated both canonical TGF-β signaling and LC fibrotic response PCS, and treatment at 5 days PCS, after surgically induced fibrotic responses were established, largely reversed this fibrotic response. These data suggest that αVβ8 integrin is a major regulator of TGF-β activation by LCs PCS and that therapeutics targeting αVβ8 integrin could be effective for fibrotic PCO prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubul H Shihan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Samuel G Novo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicole M Rossi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Adam P Faranda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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56
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An GH, Lee J, Jin X, Chung J, Kim JC, Park JH, Kim M, Han C, Kim JH, Woo DH. Truncated Milk Fat Globule-EGF-like Factor 8 Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis via Inhibition of Integrin-TGFβ Receptor Interaction. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111529. [PMID: 34829758 PMCID: PMC8615163 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) protein is known as an immunomodulator in various diseases, and we previously demonstrated the anti-fibrotic role of MFG-E8 in liver disease. Here, we present a truncated form of MFG-E8 that provides an advanced therapeutic benefit in treating liver fibrosis. The enhanced therapeutic potential of the modified MFG-E8 was demonstrated in various liver fibrosis animal models, and the efficacy was further confirmed in human hepatic stellate cells and a liver spheroid model. In the subsequent analysis, we found that the modified MFG-E8 more efficiently suppressed transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling than the original form of MFG-E8, and it deactivated the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in the liver disease environment through interfering with the interactions between integrins (αvβ3 & αvβ5) and TGF-βRI. Furthermore, the protein preferentially delivered in the liver after administration, and the safety profiles of the protein were demonstrated in male and female rat models. Therefore, in conclusion, this modified MFG-E8 provides a promising new therapeutic strategy for treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Ho An
- Department of New Drug Development, NEXEL Co., Ltd., 8th Floor, 55 Magokdong-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07802, Korea; (G.H.A.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (J.-C.K.); (J.-H.P.); (M.K.); (C.H.)
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Science Campus, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jaehun Lee
- Department of New Drug Development, NEXEL Co., Ltd., 8th Floor, 55 Magokdong-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07802, Korea; (G.H.A.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (J.-C.K.); (J.-H.P.); (M.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Xiong Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Jin Ming Ave, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Jinwoo Chung
- Department of New Drug Development, NEXEL Co., Ltd., 8th Floor, 55 Magokdong-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07802, Korea; (G.H.A.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (J.-C.K.); (J.-H.P.); (M.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Joon-Chul Kim
- Department of New Drug Development, NEXEL Co., Ltd., 8th Floor, 55 Magokdong-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07802, Korea; (G.H.A.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (J.-C.K.); (J.-H.P.); (M.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Jung-Hyuck Park
- Department of New Drug Development, NEXEL Co., Ltd., 8th Floor, 55 Magokdong-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07802, Korea; (G.H.A.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (J.-C.K.); (J.-H.P.); (M.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of New Drug Development, NEXEL Co., Ltd., 8th Floor, 55 Magokdong-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07802, Korea; (G.H.A.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (J.-C.K.); (J.-H.P.); (M.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Choongseong Han
- Department of New Drug Development, NEXEL Co., Ltd., 8th Floor, 55 Magokdong-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07802, Korea; (G.H.A.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (J.-C.K.); (J.-H.P.); (M.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Science Campus, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (D.-H.W.)
| | - Dong-Hun Woo
- Department of New Drug Development, NEXEL Co., Ltd., 8th Floor, 55 Magokdong-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07802, Korea; (G.H.A.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (J.-C.K.); (J.-H.P.); (M.K.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (D.-H.W.)
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57
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Decaris ML, Schaub JR, Chen C, Cha J, Lee GG, Rexhepaj M, Ho SS, Rao V, Marlow MM, Kotak P, Budi EH, Hooi L, Wu J, Fridlib M, Martin SP, Huang S, Chen M, Muñoz M, Hom TF, Wolters PJ, Desai TJ, Rock F, Leftheris K, Morgans DJ, Lepist EI, Andre P, Lefebvre EA, Turner SM. Dual inhibition of α vβ 6 and α vβ 1 reduces fibrogenesis in lung tissue explants from patients with IPF. Respir Res 2021; 22:265. [PMID: 34666752 PMCID: PMC8524858 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE αv integrins, key regulators of transforming growth factor-β activation and fibrogenesis in in vivo models of pulmonary fibrosis, are expressed on abnormal epithelial cells (αvβ6) and fibroblasts (αvβ1) in fibrotic lungs. OBJECTIVES We evaluated multiple αv integrin inhibition strategies to assess which most effectively reduced fibrogenesis in explanted lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Selective αvβ6 and αvβ1, dual αvβ6/αvβ1, and multi-αv integrin inhibitors were characterized for potency, selectivity, and functional activity by ligand binding, cell adhesion, and transforming growth factor-β cell activation assays. Precision-cut lung slices generated from lung explants from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or bleomycin-challenged mouse lungs were treated with integrin inhibitors or standard-of-care drugs (nintedanib or pirfenidone) and analyzed for changes in fibrotic gene expression or TGF-β signaling. Bleomycin-challenged mice treated with dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor, PLN-74809, were assessed for changes in pulmonary collagen deposition and Smad3 phosphorylation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Inhibition of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1 was additive in reducing type I collagen gene expression in explanted lung tissue slices from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. These data were replicated in fibrotic mouse lung tissue, with no added benefit observed from inhibition of additional αv integrins. Antifibrotic efficacy of dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor PLN-74809 was confirmed in vivo, where dose-dependent inhibition of pulmonary Smad3 phosphorylation and collagen deposition was observed. PLN-74809 also, more potently, reduced collagen gene expression in fibrotic human and mouse lung slices than clinically relevant concentrations of nintedanib or pirfenidone. CONCLUSIONS In the fibrotic lung, dual inhibition of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1 offers the optimal approach for blocking fibrogenesis resulting from integrin-mediated activation of transforming growth factor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Chen
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Cha
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gail G Lee
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Steve S Ho
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vikram Rao
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Prerna Kotak
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Hooi
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Shaoyi Huang
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Muñoz
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David J Morgans
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Maze Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Andre
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Acceleron Pharma, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Sun J, Zhu J, Chen L, Duan B, Wang R, Zhang M, Xu J, Liu W, Xu Y, Feng F, Qu W. Forsythiaside B inhibits myocardial fibrosis via down regulating TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174354. [PMID: 34284013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Forsythiaside B is the major ingredient of Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun, and has been proven to protect myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury to achieve myocardial protection. However, the effect of forsythiaside B on adverse myocardial fibrosis remains unclear. In the present study, the myocardial fibrosis animal models were established induced by isoproterenol (ISO) to investigate whether forsythiaside B exhibited antifibrotic actions. Forsythiaside B was found to significantly improve the cardiac ejection fraction and fractional shortening rate of myocardial fibrosis mice compared with the normal saline group. In addition, forsythiaside B could lower the level of TGF-β1, the expression of α-SMA and collagen III. Forsythiaside B down-regulated the expression of Smad4 and the phosphorylation level of Smad3, which indicates that forsythiaside B could suppress myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. These results demonstrated that forsythiaside B could prevent myocardial fibrosis in ISO-induced mice, and may be a potentially rational therapeutic approach for the treatment of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Zhu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine - Hakka Medical Resources Branch, School of Pharmacy, Gan Nan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjing Duan
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China; Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, West Virginia, USA
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Food &Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Sui S, Hou Y. Dual integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 blockade attenuates cardiac dysfunction by reducing fibrosis in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2021; 55:287-296. [PMID: 34296634 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2021.1955960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the protective role of cilengitide (CGT), an integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 inhibitor, on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction in a rat model. Methods. Forty male rats were randomly divided into four groups: DOX (n = 12), intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DOX 0.8 ∼ 1.0 mg/kg three times a week for up to 6 weeks, then saline i.p. three times a week for another 3 weeks; CGT (n = 8), CGT 10 mg/kg, i.p. three times a week for 9 weeks; DOX + CGT (n = 12), DOX and CGT co-administration as above for 6 weeks, then CGT alone for another 3 weeks; Control (n = 8), saline i.p. three times a week for 9 weeks. Echocardiography, serum procollagen I C-terminal propeptide (PICP) procollagen III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP) and C telopeptide type I (CTX-I) were evaluated at baseline and 3, 6 and 9 weeks after initial DOX administration for all surviving rats. The heart tissues were then harvested for myocardial hydroxyproline (HYP) evaluation, qRT-PCR, and western blotting. Results. CGT attenuated DOX-induced eccentric remodeling by improving relative wall thickness at the 9th week. CGT also improved systolic function at the 9th week and diastolic function at the 6th and 9th week. CGT reduced myocardial HYP and serum PICP, PIIINP, CTX-I, and the PICP/PIIINP ratio. RT-PCR and western blot showed that CGT blocked the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway and mitigating extracellular matrix turnover. Conclusions. CGT exerted a cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin-induced fibrosis and improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Sui
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Liu F, Wu Q, Han W, Laster K, Hu Y, Ma F, Chen H, Tian X, Qiao Y, Liu H, Kim DJ, Dong Z, Liu K. Targeting integrin αvβ3 with indomethacin inhibits patient-derived xenograft tumour growth and recurrence in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e548. [PMID: 34709754 PMCID: PMC8552524 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A high risk of post-operative recurrence contributes to the poor prognosis and low survival rate of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that integrin adhesion receptors, in particular integrin αv (ITGAV), are important for cancer cell survival, proliferation and migration. Therefore, targeting ITGAV may be a rational approach for preventing ESCC recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein levels of ITGAV were determined in human ESCC tumour tissues using immunohistochemistry. MTT, propidium iodide staining, and annexin V staining were utilized to investigate cell viability, cell cycle progression, and induction of apoptosis, respectively. Computational docking was performed with the Schrödinger Suite software to visualize the interaction between indomethacin and ITGAV. Cell-derived xenograft mouse models, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models, and a humanized mouse model were employed for in vivo studies. RESULTS ITGAV was upregulated in human ESCC tumour tissues and increased ITGAV protein levels were associated with poor prognosis. ITGAV silencing or knockout suppressed ESCC cell growth and metastatic potential. Interestingly, we identified that indomethacin can bind to ITGAV and enhance synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1 (SYVN1)-mediated degradation of ITGAV. Integrin β3, one of the β subunits of ITGAV, was also decreased at the protein level in the indomethacin treatment group. Importantly, indomethacin treatment suppressed ESCC tumour growth and prevented recurrence in a PDX mouse model. Moreover, indomethacin inhibited the activation of cytokine TGFβ, reduced SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, and increased anti-tumour immune responses in a humanized mouse model. CONCLUSION ITGAV is a promising therapeutic target for ESCC. Indomethacin can attenuate ESCC growth through binding to ITGAV, promoting SYVN1-mediated ubiquitination of ITGAV, and potentiating cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liu
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesChina‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteAMS, College of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesChina‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteAMS, College of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Wei Han
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Kyle Laster
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Yamei Hu
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesChina‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteAMS, College of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Fayang Ma
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesChina‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteAMS, College of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Hanyong Chen
- Hormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xueli Tian
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesChina‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteAMS, College of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Yan Qiao
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesChina‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteAMS, College of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Hui Liu
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesChina‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteAMS, College of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and TreatmentZhengzhouChina
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer ChemopreventionZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration LaboratoryZhengzhouChina
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesChina‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteAMS, College of MedicineZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- China‐US (Henan) Hormel Cancer InstituteZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and TreatmentZhengzhouChina
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer ChemopreventionZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration LaboratoryZhengzhouChina
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61
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Richardson WJ, Rogers JD, Spinale FG. Does the Heart Want What It Wants? A Case for Self-Adapting, Mechano-Sensitive Therapies After Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:705100. [PMID: 34568449 PMCID: PMC8460777 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.705100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for interventions to control the development and remodeling of scar tissue after myocardial infarction. A significant hurdle to fibrosis-related therapy is presented by the complex spatial needs of the infarcted ventricle, namely that collagenous buildup is beneficial in the ischemic zone but detrimental in the border and remote zones. As a new, alternative approach, we present a case to develop self-adapting, mechano-sensitive drug targets in order to leverage local, microenvironmental mechanics to modulate a therapy's pharmacologic effect. Such approaches could provide self-tuning control to either promote fibrosis or reduce fibrosis only when and where it is beneficial to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse D Rogers
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Francis G Spinale
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and Columbia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States
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62
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Schussler O, Chachques JC, Alifano M, Lecarpentier Y. Key Roles of RGD-Recognizing Integrins During Cardiac Development, on Cardiac Cells, and After Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 15:179-203. [PMID: 34342855 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac cells interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins through integrin mechanoreceptors that control many cellular events such as cell survival, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, and proliferation. Integrins play a crucial role in cardiac development as well as in cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Integrins recognize oligopeptides present on ECM proteins and are involved in three main types of interaction, namely with collagen, laminin, and the oligopeptide RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) present on vitronectin and fibronectin proteins. To date, the specific role of integrins recognizing the RGD has not been addressed. In this review, we examine their role during cardiac development, their role on cardiac cells, and their upregulation during pathological processes such as heart fibrosis and hypertrophy. We also examine their role in regenerative and angiogenic processes after myocardial infarction (MI) in the peri-infarct area. Specific targeting of these integrins may be a way of controlling some of these pathological events and thereby improving medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Schussler
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Cochin Hospital, APHP Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Juan C Chachques
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Pompidou Hospital, Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Carpentier Foundation, University Paris Descartes, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Cochin Hospital, APHP Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1138 Team "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
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63
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Childers RC, Trask AJ, Liu J, Lucchesi PA, Gooch KJ. Paired Pressure-Volume Loop Analysis and Biaxial Mechanical Testing Characterize Differences in Left Ventricular Tissue Stiffness of Volume Overload and Angiotensin-Induced Pressure Overload Hearts. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:081003. [PMID: 33729495 PMCID: PMC10782875 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pressure overload (PO) and volume overload (VO) of the heart result in distinctive changes to geometry, due to compensatory structural remodeling. This remodeling potentially leads to changes in tissue mechanical properties. Understanding such changes is important, as tissue modulus has an impact on cardiac performance, disease progression, and influences on cell phenotype. Pressure-volume (PV) loop analysis, a clinically relevant method for measuring left ventricular (LV) chamber stiffness, was performed in vivo on control rat hearts and rats subjected to either chronic PO through Angiotensin-II infusion (4-weeks) or VO (8-weeks). Immediately following PV loops, biaxial testing was performed on LV free wall tissue to directly measure tissue mechanical properties. The β coefficient, an index of chamber stiffness calculated from the PV loop analysis, increased 98% in PO (n = 4) and decreased 38% in VO (n = 5) compared to control (n = 6). Material constants of LV walls obtained from ex vivo biaxial testing (n = 9-10) were not changed in Angiotensin-II induced PO and decreased by about half in VO compared to control (47% in the circumferential and 57% the longitudinal direction). PV loop analysis showed the expected increase in chamber stiffness of PO and expected decrease in chamber stiffness of VO. Biaxial testing showed a decreased modulus of the myocardium of the VO model, but no changes in the PO model, this suggests the increased chamber stiffness in PO, as shown in the PV loop analysis, may be secondary to changes in tissue mass and/or geometry but not an increase in passive tissue mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Childers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Aaron J. Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Pamela A. Lucchesi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Keith J. Gooch
- Institute Frick Center for Heart Failure, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis Heart Lung Research, The Ohio State University Fontana Labs, 140 W 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
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64
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Association between [ 68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK uptake and dynamics of angiogenesis in a human cell-based 3D model. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5347-5353. [PMID: 34213709 PMCID: PMC8318966 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled RGD peptides targeting expression of αvβ3 integrin have been applied to in vivo imaging of angiogenesis. However, there is a need for more information on the quantitative relationships between RGD peptide uptake and the dynamics of angiogenesis. In this study, we sought to measure the binding of [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK to αvβ3 integrin in a human cell-based three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of angiogenesis, and to compare the level of binding with the amount of angiogenesis. Experiments were conducted using a human cell-based 3D model of angiogenesis consisting of co-culture of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) and of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Angiogenesis was induced with four concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of growth factor cocktail resulting in a gradual increase in the density of the tubule network. Cultures were incubated with [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK for 90 min at 37 °C, and binding of radioactivity was measured by gamma counting and digital autoradiography. The results revealed that tracer binding increased gradually with neovasculature density. In comparison with vessels induced with a growth factor concentration of 25%, the uptake of [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK was higher at concentrations of 75% and 100%, and correlated with the amount of neovasculature, as determined by visual evaluation of histological staining. Uptake of [68Ga]NODAGA-RGDyK closely reflected the amount of angiogenesis in an in vitro 3D model of angiogenesis. These results support further evaluation of RGD-based approaches for targeted imaging of angiogenesis.
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65
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Characterization of tolloid-mediated cleavage of the GDF8 procomplex. Biochem J 2021; 478:1733-1747. [PMID: 33876824 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), a.k.a. myostatin, is a member of the larger TGFβ superfamily of signaling ligands. GDF8 has been well characterized as a negative regulator of muscle mass. After synthesis, GDF8 is held latent by a noncovalent complex between the N-terminal prodomain and the signaling ligand. Activation of latent GDF8 requires proteolytic cleavage of the prodomain at residue D99 by a member of the tolloid family of metalloproteases. While tolloid proteases cleave multiple substrates, they lack a conserved consensus sequence. Here, we investigate the tolloid cleavage site of the GDF8 prodomain to determine what residues contribute to tolloid recognition and subsequent proteolysis. Using sequential alanine mutations, we identified several residues adjacent to the scissile bond, including Y94, that when mutated, abolish tolloid-mediated activation of latent GDF8. Using the astacin domain of Tll1 (Tolloid Like 1) we determined that prodomain mutants were more resistant to proteolysis. Purified latent complexes harboring the prodomain mutations, D92A and Y94A, impeded activation by tolloid but could be fully activated under acidic conditions. Finally, we show that co-expression of GDF8 WT with prodomain mutants that were tolloid resistant, suppressed GDF8 activity. Taken together our data demonstrate that residues towards the N-terminus of the scissile bond are important for tolloid-mediated activation of GDF8 and that the tolloid-resistant version of the GDF8 prodomain can function dominant negative to WT GDF8.
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66
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Integrin αVβ1 regulates procollagen I production through a non-canonical transforming growth factor β signaling pathway in human hepatic stellate cells. Biochem J 2021; 478:1689-1703. [PMID: 33876829 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are thought to play key roles in the development of liver fibrosis. Extensive evidence has established the concept that αV integrins are involved in the activation of latent transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a master regulator of the fibrotic signaling cascade. Based on mRNA and protein expression profiling data, we found that αVβ1 integrin is the most abundant member of the αV integrin family in either quiescent or TGF-β1-activated primary human HSCs. Unexpectedly, either a selective αVβ1 inhibitor, Compound 8 (C8), or a pan-αV integrin inhibitor, GSK3008348, decreased TGF-β1-activated procollagen I production in primary human HSCs, in which the role of β1 integrin was confirmed by ITGB1 siRNA. In contrast with an Activin receptor-like kinase 5 (Alk5) inhibitor, C8 and GSK3008348 failed to inhibit TGF-β1 induced SMAD3 and SMAD2 phosphorylation, but inhibited TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT3, suggesting that αVβ1 integrin is involved in non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathways. Consistently, ITGB1 siRNA significantly decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, a selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 blocked TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and decreased TGF-β1 induced procollagen I production, while a specific inhibitor of STAT3 had no effect on TGF-β1 induced procollagen I production. Taken together, current data indicate that αVβ1 integrin can regulate TGF-β signaling independent of its reported role in activating latent TGF-β. Our data further support that αVβ1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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67
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Ludwig BS, Kessler H, Kossatz S, Reuning U. RGD-Binding Integrins Revisited: How Recently Discovered Functions and Novel Synthetic Ligands (Re-)Shape an Ever-Evolving Field. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1711. [PMID: 33916607 PMCID: PMC8038522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins have been extensively investigated as therapeutic targets over the last decades, which has been inspired by their multiple functions in cancer progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis as well as a continuously expanding number of other diseases, e.g., sepsis, fibrosis, and viral infections, possibly also Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Although integrin-targeted (cancer) therapy trials did not meet the high expectations yet, integrins are still valid and promising targets due to their elevated expression and surface accessibility on diseased cells. Thus, for the future successful clinical translation of integrin-targeted compounds, revisited and innovative treatment strategies have to be explored based on accumulated knowledge of integrin biology. For this, refined approaches are demanded aiming at alternative and improved preclinical models, optimized selectivity and pharmacological properties of integrin ligands, as well as more sophisticated treatment protocols considering dose fine-tuning of compounds. Moreover, integrin ligands exert high accuracy in disease monitoring as diagnostic molecular imaging tools, enabling patient selection for individualized integrin-targeted therapy. The present review comprehensively analyzes the state-of-the-art knowledge on the roles of RGD-binding integrin subtypes in cancer and non-cancerous diseases and outlines the latest achievements in the design and development of synthetic ligands and their application in biomedical, translational, and molecular imaging approaches. Indeed, substantial progress has already been made, including advanced ligand designs, numerous elaborated pre-clinical and first-in-human studies, while the discovery of novel applications for integrin ligands remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S. Ludwig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Horst Kessler
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Ute Reuning
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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68
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Meagher PB, Lee XA, Lee J, Visram A, Friedberg MK, Connelly KA. Cardiac Fibrosis: Key Role of Integrins in Cardiac Homeostasis and Remodeling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040770. [PMID: 33807373 PMCID: PMC8066890 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common finding that is associated with the progression of heart failure (HF) and impacts all chambers of the heart. Despite intense research, the treatment of HF has primarily focused upon strategies to prevent cardiomyocyte remodeling, and there are no targeted antifibrotic strategies available to reverse cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis is defined as an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins which stiffen the myocardium resulting in the deterioration cardiac function. This occurs in response to a wide range of mechanical and biochemical signals. Integrins are transmembrane cell adhesion receptors, that integrate signaling between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes with the ECM by the communication of mechanical stress signals. Integrins play an important role in the development of pathological ECM deposition. This review will discuss the role of integrins in mechano-transduced cardiac fibrosis in response to disease throughout the myocardium. This review will also demonstrate the important role of integrins as both initiators of the fibrotic response, and modulators of fibrosis through their effect on cardiac fibroblast physiology across the various heart chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B. Meagher
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (P.B.M.); (X.A.L.); (J.L.); (A.V.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Xavier Alexander Lee
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (P.B.M.); (X.A.L.); (J.L.); (A.V.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Joseph Lee
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (P.B.M.); (X.A.L.); (J.L.); (A.V.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Aylin Visram
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (P.B.M.); (X.A.L.); (J.L.); (A.V.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Mark K. Friedberg
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Labatt Family Heart Center and Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Kim A. Connelly
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (P.B.M.); (X.A.L.); (J.L.); (A.V.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +141-686-45201
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69
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Spada S, Tocci A, Di Modugno F, Nisticò P. Fibronectin as a multiregulatory molecule crucial in tumor matrisome: from structural and functional features to clinical practice in oncology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:102. [PMID: 33731188 PMCID: PMC7972229 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and architecture may represent a novel approach to identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets in cancer. Among the ECM components, fibronectin and its fibrillary assembly represent the scaffold to build up the entire ECM structure, deeply affecting its features. Herein we focus on this extraordinary protein starting from its complex structure and defining its role in cancer as prognostic and theranostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Spada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annalisa Tocci
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Modugno
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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70
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Sui S, Hou Y. Assessing Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy by 99mTc-3PRGD2 Scintigraphy Targeting Integrin αvβ3 in a Rat Model. Nuklearmedizin 2021; 60:289-298. [PMID: 33638136 DOI: 10.1055/a-1331-7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated interstitial alterations in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy using a radiolabeled RGD peptide 99mTc-3PRGD2 specific for integrin αvβ3 that targets myofibroblasts.Cardiomyopathy was induced in 20 Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal doxorubicin injections (2.5 mg/kg/week) for up to six weeks. 99mTc-3PRGD2 scintigraphy was performed in control rats (n = 6) at baseline and three, six, and nine weeks after first doxorubicin administration (n = 6, 6, and 5 for each time point). For another three rats of 6-week modeling, cold c(RGDyK) was co-injected with 99mTc-3PRGD2 to evaluate specific radiotracer binding. Semi-quantitative parameters were acquired to compare radiotracer uptake among all groups. The biodistribution of 99mTc-3PRGD2 was evaluated by a γ-counter after scintigraphy. Haematoxylin and eosin, and Masson's staining were used to evaluate myocardial injury and fibrosis, while western blotting and immunofluorescence co-localization were used to analyze integrin αvβ3 expression in the myocardium.The 99mTc-3PRGD2 half-life in the cardiac region (Heartt 1/2) of the 9-week model and heart radioactivity percentage (%Heart20 min, %Heart40 min and %Heart60 min) of the 6 and 9-week models were significantly increased compared to the control. Heart-to-background ratio (HBR20 min, HBR40 min and HBR60 min) increase began in the third week, continued until the sixth week, and was reversed in the ninth week, which paralleled the changing trend of cardiac integrin αvβ3 expression. The myocardial biodistribution of 99mTc-3PRGD2 was significantly correlated with integrin β3 expression.The 99mTc-3PRGD2 scintigraphy allows for non-invasive visualization of interstitial alterations during doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Sui
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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71
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Efthymiou G, Radwanska A, Grapa AI, Beghelli-de la Forest Divonne S, Grall D, Schaub S, Hattab M, Pisano S, Poet M, Pisani DF, Counillon L, Descombes X, Blanc-Féraud L, Van Obberghen-Schilling E. Fibronectin Extra Domains tune cellular responses and confer topographically distinct features to fibril networks. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.252957. [PMID: 33526715 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular fibronectin (FN; also known as FN1) variants harboring one or two alternatively spliced so-called extra domains (EDB and EDA) play a central bioregulatory role during development, repair processes and fibrosis. Yet, how the extra domains impact fibrillar assembly and function of the molecule remains unclear. Leveraging a unique biological toolset and image analysis pipeline for direct comparison of the variants, we demonstrate that the presence of one or both extra domains impacts FN assembly, function and physical properties of the matrix. When presented to FN-null fibroblasts, extra domain-containing variants differentially regulate pH homeostasis, survival and TGF-β signaling by tuning the magnitude of cellular responses, rather than triggering independent molecular switches. Numerical analyses of fiber topologies highlight significant differences in variant-specific structural features and provide a first step for the development of a generative model of FN networks to unravel assembly mechanisms and investigate the physical and functional versatility of extracellular matrix landscapes.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Radwanska
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice 06108, France
| | - Anca-Ioana Grapa
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice 06108, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, i3S, Nice 06902, France
| | | | - Dominique Grall
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice 06108, France
| | | | - Maurice Hattab
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice 06108, France
| | - Sabrina Pisano
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice 06107, France
| | - Mallorie Poet
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice 06107, France
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72
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Newman AAC, Serbulea V, Baylis RA, Shankman LS, Bradley X, Alencar GF, Owsiany K, Deaton RA, Karnewar S, Shamsuzzaman S, Salamon A, Reddy MS, Guo L, Finn A, Virmani R, Cherepanova OA, Owens GK. Multiple cell types contribute to the atherosclerotic lesion fibrous cap by PDGFRβ and bioenergetic mechanisms. Nat Metab 2021; 3:166-181. [PMID: 33619382 PMCID: PMC7905710 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stable atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by a thick, extracellular matrix-rich fibrous cap populated by protective ACTA2+ myofibroblast (MF)-like cells, assumed to be almost exclusively derived from smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Herein, we show that in murine and human lesions, 20% to 40% of ACTA2+ fibrous cap cells, respectively, are derived from non-SMC sources, including endothelial cells (ECs) or macrophages that have undergone an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) or a macrophage-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT). In addition, we show that SMC-specific knockout of the Pdgfrb gene, which encodes platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), in Apoe-/- mice fed a Western diet for 18 weeks resulted in brachiocephalic artery lesions nearly devoid of SMCs but with no changes in lesion size, remodelling or indices of stability, including the percentage of ACTA2+ fibrous cap cells. However, prolonged Western diet feeding of SMC Pdgfrb-knockout mice resulted in reduced indices of stability, indicating that EndoMT- and MMT-derived MFs cannot compensate indefinitely for loss of SMC-derived MFs. Using single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing analyses of the brachiocephalic artery region and in vitro models, we provide evidence that SMC-to-MF transitions are induced by PDGF and transforming growth factor-β and dependent on aerobic glycolysis, while EndoMT is induced by interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β. Together, we provide evidence that the ACTA2+ fibrous cap originates from a tapestry of cell types, which transition to an MF-like state through distinct signalling pathways that are either dependent on or associated with extensive metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A C Newman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Laura S Shankman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xenia Bradley
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel F Alencar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Katherine Owsiany
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Deaton
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sohel Shamsuzzaman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anita Salamon
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mahima S Reddy
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Olga A Cherepanova
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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73
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Godbout E, Son DO, Hume S, Boo S, Sarrazy V, Clément S, Kapus A, Wehrle-Haller B, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C, Hinz B. Kindlin-2 Mediates Mechanical Activation of Cardiac Myofibroblasts. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122702. [PMID: 33348602 PMCID: PMC7766948 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We identify the focal adhesion protein kindlin-2 as player in a novel mechanotransduction pathway that controls profibrotic cardiac fibroblast to myofibroblast activation. Kindlin-2 is co-upregulated with the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in fibrotic rat hearts and in human cardiac fibroblasts exposed to fibrosis-stiff culture substrates and pro-fibrotic TGF-β1. Stressing fibroblasts using ferromagnetic microbeads, stretchable silicone membranes, and cell contraction agonists all result in kindlin-2 translocation to the nucleus. Overexpression of full-length kindlin-2 but not of kindlin-2 missing a putative nuclear localization sequence (∆NLS kindlin-2) results in increased α-SMA promoter activity. Downregulating kindlin-2 with siRNA leads to decreased myofibroblast contraction and reduced α-SMA expression, which is dependent on CC(A/T)-rich GG(CArG) box elements in the α-SMA promoter. Lost myofibroblast features under kindlin-2 knockdown are rescued with wild-type but not ∆NLS kindlin-2, indicating that myofibroblast control by kindlin-2 requires its nuclear translocation. Because kindlin-2 can act as a mechanotransducer regulating the transcription of α-SMA, it is a potential target to interfere with myofibroblast activation in tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Godbout
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Dong Ok Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Stephanie Hume
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Stellar Boo
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Vincent Sarrazy
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Sophie Clément
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada;
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Medical Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.B.-T.); (C.H.)
| | - Cristina Has
- Medical Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.B.-T.); (C.H.)
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (E.G.); (D.O.S.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-978-8728
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74
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Riley LA, Merryman WD. Cadherin-11 and cardiac fibrosis: A common target for a common pathology. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109876. [PMID: 33285242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis represents an enormous health concern as it is prevalent in nearly every form of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Fibrosis is characterized by the activation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a contractile cell type that secretes significant amounts of extracellular matrix components; however, the onset of this condition is also due to persistent inflammation and the cellular responses to a changing mechanical environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory, and biomechanical mechanisms that lead to cardiac fibrosis in cardiovascular diseases. We then discuss cadherin-11, an intercellular adhesion protein present on both myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells, as a potential link for all three of the fibrotic mechanisms. Since experimentally blocking cadherin-11 dimerization prevents fibrotic diseases including cardiac fibrosis, understanding how this protein can be targeted for therapeutic use could lead to better treatments for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, USA.
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75
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Aujla PK, Kassiri Z. Diverse origins and activation of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109869. [PMID: 33278559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs) have emerged as a heterogenous cell population. Fibroblasts are considered the main cell source for synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and as such a dysregulation in cFB function, activity, or viability can lead to disrupted ECM structure or fibrosis. Fibrosis can be initiated in response to different injuries and stimuli, and can be reparative (beneficial) or reactive (damaging). FBs need to be activated to myofibroblasts (MyoFBs) which have augmented capacity in synthesizing ECM proteins, causing fibrosis. In addition to the resident FBs in the myocardium, a number of other cells (pericytes, fibrocytes, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cells) can transform into MyoFBs, further driving the fibrotic response. Multiple molecules including hormones, cytokines, and growth factors stimulate this process leading to generation of activated MyoFBs. Contribution of different cell types to cFBs and MyoFBs can result in an exponential increase in the number of MyoFBs and an accelerated pro-fibrotic response. Given the diversity of the cell sources, and the array of interconnected signalling pathways that lead to formation of MyoFBs and subsequently fibrosis, identifying a single target to limit the fibrotic response in the myocardium has been challenging. This review article will delineate the importance and relevance of fibroblast heterogeneity in mediating fibrosis in different models of heart failure and will highlight important signalling pathways implicated in myofibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetinder K Aujla
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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76
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TGF-β Pathway in Salivary Gland Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239138. [PMID: 33266300 PMCID: PMC7730716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is presented in various physiologic and pathologic conditions of the salivary gland. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in several organs, including the salivary glands. Among the TGF-β superfamily members, TGF-β1 and 2 are pro-fibrotic ligands, whereas TGF-β3 and some bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are anti-fibrotic ligands. TGF-β1 is thought to be associated with the pro-fibrotic pathogenesis of sialadenitis, post-radiation salivary gland dysfunction, and Sjögren’s syndrome. Potential therapeutic strategies that target multiple levels in the TGF-β pathway are under preclinical and clinical research for fibrosis. Despite the anti-fibrotic effect of BMPs, their in vivo delivery poses a challenge in terms of adequate clinical efficacy. In this article, we will review the relevance of TGF-β signaling in salivary gland fibrosis and advances of potential therapeutic options in the field.
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77
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Patel NJ, Nassal DM, Gratz D, Hund TJ. Emerging therapeutic targets for cardiac arrhythmias: role of STAT3 in regulating cardiac fibroblast function. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 25:63-73. [PMID: 33170045 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1849145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction : Cardiac fibrosis contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and arrhythmia. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are collagen-producing cells that regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis. A complex signaling network has been defined linking environmental stress to changes in CF function and fibrosis. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) has emerged as a critical integrator of pro-fibrotic signals in CFs downstream of several established signaling networks. Areas covered : This article provides an overview of STAT3 function in CFs and its involvement in coordinating a vast web of intracellular pro-fibrotic signaling molecules and transcription factors. We highlight recent work elucidating a critical role for the fibroblast cytoskeleton in maintaining spatial and temporal control of STAT3-related signaling . Finally, we discuss potential opportunities and obstacles for therapeutic targeting of STAT3 to modulate cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmias. Relevant publications on the topic were identified through Pubmed. Expert opinion : Therapeutic targeting of STAT3 for CVD and arrhythmias presents unique challenges and opportunities. Thus, it is critical to consider the multimodal and dynamic nature of STAT3 signaling. Going forward, it will be beneficial to consider ways to maintain balanced STAT3 function, rather than large-scale perturbations in STAT3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal J Patel
- The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, the Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Drew M Nassal
- The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, the Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Gratz
- The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, the Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Hund
- The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, the Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA
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78
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Hanna A, Humeres C, Frangogiannis NG. The role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109826. [PMID: 33160018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most myocardial pathologic conditions are associated with cardiac fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Although replacement fibrosis plays a reparative role after myocardial infarction, excessive, unrestrained or dysregulated myocardial ECM deposition is associated with ventricular dysfunction, dysrhythmias and adverse prognosis in patients with heart failure. The members of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β superfamily are critical regulators of cardiac repair, remodeling and fibrosis. TGF-βs are released and activated in injured tissues, bind to their receptors and transduce signals in part through activation of cascades involving a family of intracellular effectors the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads). This review manuscript summarizes our knowledge on the role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis. Smad3, the best-characterized member of the family plays a critical role in activation of a myofibroblast phenotype, stimulation of ECM synthesis, integrin expression and secretion of proteases and anti-proteases. In vivo, fibroblast Smad3 signaling is critically involved in scar organization and exerts matrix-preserving actions. Although Smad2 also regulates fibroblast function in vitro, its in vivo role in rodent models of cardiac fibrosis seems more limited. Very limited information is available on the potential involvement of the Smad1/5/8 cascade in cardiac fibrosis. Dissection of the cellular actions of Smads in cardiac fibrosis, and identification of patient subsets with overactive or dysregulated myocardial Smad-dependent fibrogenic responses are critical for design of successful therapeutic strategies in patients with fibrosis-associated heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Hanna
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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79
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Ritzenthaler JD, Zhang M, Torres-Gonzalez E, Roman J. The Integrin Inhibitor Cilengitide and Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis : Cilengitide and Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Lung 2020; 198:947-955. [PMID: 33146772 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroproliferation and excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) are the pathologic hallmarks of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic progressive disorder with high mortality and suboptimal treatment options. Although the etiologic mechanisms responsible for the development and progression of IPF remain unclear, cell-ECM interactions and growth factors are considered important. Cilengitide is a cyclic RGD pentapeptide with anti-angiogenic activity that targets αvβ3, αvβ5 and α5β1, integrins known to mediate cell-ECM interactions and activate the pro-fibrotic growth factor Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β). METHODS Cilengitide was studied in vitro with the use of NIH/3T3 cells and primary lung fibroblasts, and in vivo in the well-characterized bleomycin-induced lung injury model. The extent of ECM deposition was determined by RT-PCR, Western blot, histologic analysis and hydroxyproline assay of lung tissue. Bronchoalveolar lavage analysis was used to determine cell counts. RESULTS Cilengitide treatment of cultured fibroblasts showed decreased adhesion to vitronectin and fibronectin, both integrin-dependent events. Cilengitide also inhibited TGF-β-induced fibronectin gene expression and reduced the accumulation of mRNAs and protein for fibronectin and collagen type I. Both preventive and treatment effects of daily injections of cilengitide (20 mg/kg) failed to inhibit the development of pulmonary fibrosis as determined by histological analysis (Ashcroft scoring), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cell counts, and hydroxyproline content. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that, despite its in vitro activity in fibroblasts, daily injections of cilengitide (20 mg/kg) did not inhibit the development of or ameliorate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 381, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Edilson Torres-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 381, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 381, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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80
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Gilles G, McCulloch AD, Brakebusch CH, Herum KM. Maintaining resting cardiac fibroblasts in vitro by disrupting mechanotransduction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241390. [PMID: 33104742 PMCID: PMC7588109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues activate cardiac fibroblasts and induce differentiation into myofibroblasts, which are key steps for development of cardiac fibrosis. In vitro, the high stiffness of plastic culturing conditions will also induce these changes. It is therefore challenging to study resting cardiac fibroblasts and their activation in vitro. Here we investigate the extent to which disrupting mechanotransduction by culturing cardiac fibroblasts on soft hydrogels or in the presence of biochemical inhibitors can be used to maintain resting cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Primary cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from adult mice and cultured on plastic or soft (4.5 kPa) polyacrylamide hydrogels. Myofibroblast marker gene expression and smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) fibers were quantified by real-time PCR and immunostaining, respectively. Myofibroblast differentiation was prevented on soft hydrogels for 9 days, but had occurred after 15 days on hydrogels. Transferring myofibroblasts to soft hydrogels reduced expression of myofibroblast-associated genes, albeit SMA fibers remained present. Inhibitors of transforming growth factor β receptor I (TGFβRI) and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) were effective in preventing and reversing myofibroblast gene expression. SMA fibers were also reduced by blocker treatment although cell morphology did not change. Reversed cardiac fibroblasts maintained the ability to re-differentiate after the removal of blockers, suggesting that these are functionally similar to resting cardiac fibroblasts. However, actin alpha 2 smooth muscle (Acta2), lysyl oxidase (Lox) and periostin (Postn) were no longer sensitive to substrate stiffness, suggesting that transient treatment with mechanotransduction inhibitors changes the mechanosensitivity of some fibrosis-related genes. In summary, our results bring novel insight regarding the relative importance of specific mechanical signaling pathways in regulating different myofibroblast-associated genes. Furthermore, combining blocker treatment with the use of soft hydrogels has not been tested previously and revealed that only some genes remain mechano-sensitive after phenotypic reversion. This is important information for researchers using inhibitors to maintain a "resting" cardiac fibroblast phenotype in vitro as well as for our current understanding of mechanosensitive gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gilles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cord H. Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kate M. Herum
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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81
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Landry NM, Dixon IMC. Fibroblast mechanosensing, SKI and Hippo signaling and the cardiac fibroblast phenotype: Looking beyond TGF-β. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109802. [PMID: 33017619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast activation to hyper-synthetic myofibroblasts following a pathological stimulus or in response to a substrate with increased stiffness may be a key tipping point for the evolution of cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis per se is associated with progressive loss of heart pump function and is a primary contributor to heart failure. While TGF-β is a common cytokine stimulus associated with fibroblast activation, a druggable target to quell this driver of fibrosis has remained an elusive therapeutic goal due to its ubiquitous use by different cell types and also in the signaling complexity associated with SMADs and other effector pathways. More recently, mechanical stimulus of fibroblastic cells has been revealed as a major point of activation; this includes cardiac fibroblasts. Further, the complexity of TGF-β signaling has been offset by the discovery of members of the SKI family of proteins and their inherent anti-fibrotic properties. In this respect, SKI is a protein that may bind a number of TGF-β associated proteins including SMADs, as well as signaling proteins from other pathways, including Hippo. As SKI is also known to directly deactivate cardiac myofibroblasts to fibroblasts, this mode of action is a putative candidate for further study into the amelioration of cardiac fibrosis. Herein we provide a synthesis of this topic and highlight novel candidate pathways to explore in the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Landry
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ian M C Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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82
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Baci D, Bosi A, Parisi L, Buono G, Mortara L, Ambrosio G, Bruno A. Innate Immunity Effector Cells as Inflammatory Drivers of Cardiac Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7165. [PMID: 32998408 PMCID: PMC7583949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite relevant advances made in therapies for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), they still represent the first cause of death worldwide. Cardiac fibrosis and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling are common end-organ features in diseased hearts, leading to tissue stiffness, impaired myocardial functional, and progression to heart failure. Although fibrosis has been largely recognized to accompany and complicate various CVDs, events and mechanisms driving and governing fibrosis are still not entirely elucidated, and clinical interventions targeting cardiac fibrosis are not yet available. Immune cell types, both from innate and adaptive immunity, are involved not just in the classical response to pathogens, but they take an active part in "sterile" inflammation, in response to ischemia and other forms of injury. In this context, different cell types infiltrate the injured heart and release distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines that initiate the fibrotic response by triggering myofibroblast activation. The complex interplay between immune cells, fibroblasts, and other non-immune/host-derived cells is now considered as the major driving force of cardiac fibrosis. Here, we review and discuss the contribution of inflammatory cells of innate immunity, including neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, eosinophils and mast cells, in modulating the myocardial microenvironment, by orchestrating the fibrogenic process in response to tissue injury. A better understanding of the time frame, sequences of events during immune cells infiltration, and their action in the injured inflammatory heart environment, may provide a rationale to design new and more efficacious therapeutic interventions to reduce cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Baci
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Luca Parisi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Buono
- Unit of Immunology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Division of Cardiology, University of Perugia School of Medicine, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Unit of Immunology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy;
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83
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Yokota T, McCourt J, Ma F, Ren S, Li S, Kim TH, Kurmangaliyev YZ, Nasiri R, Ahadian S, Nguyen T, Tan XHM, Zhou Y, Wu R, Rodriguez A, Cohn W, Wang Y, Whitelegge J, Ryazantsev S, Khademhosseini A, Teitell MA, Chiou PY, Birk DE, Rowat AC, Crosbie RH, Pellegrini M, Seldin M, Lusis AJ, Deb A. Type V Collagen in Scar Tissue Regulates the Size of Scar after Heart Injury. Cell 2020; 182:545-562.e23. [PMID: 32621799 PMCID: PMC7415659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scar tissue size following myocardial infarction is an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes, yet little is known about factors regulating scar size. We demonstrate that collagen V, a minor constituent of heart scars, regulates the size of heart scars after ischemic injury. Depletion of collagen V led to a paradoxical increase in post-infarction scar size with worsening of heart function. A systems genetics approach across 100 in-bred strains of mice demonstrated that collagen V is a critical driver of postinjury heart function. We show that collagen V deficiency alters the mechanical properties of scar tissue, and altered reciprocal feedback between matrix and cells induces expression of mechanosensitive integrins that drive fibroblast activation and increase scar size. Cilengitide, an inhibitor of specific integrins, rescues the phenotype of increased post-injury scarring in collagen-V-deficient mice. These observations demonstrate that collagen V regulates scar size in an integrin-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yokota
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jackie McCourt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuxun Ren
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yerbol Z Kurmangaliyev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Samad Ahadian
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Thang Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xing Haw Marvin Tan
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rimao Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abraham Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Passarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian Whitelegge
- Passarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sergey Ryazantsev
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David E Birk
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachelle H Crosbie
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Long-term administration of recombinant canstatin prevents adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12881. [PMID: 32732948 PMCID: PMC7393096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) still remains a leading cause of mortality throughout the world. An adverse cardiac remodeling, such as hypertrophy and fibrosis, in non-infarcted area leads to uncompensated heart failure with cardiac dysfunction. We previously demonstrated that canstatin, a C-terminus fragment of type IV collagen α2 chain, exerted anti-remodeling effect against isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy model rats. In the present study, we examined whether a long-term administration of recombinant canstatin exhibits a cardioprotective effect against the adverse cardiac remodeling in MI model rats. Left anterior descending artery of male Wistar rats was ligated and recombinant mouse canstatin (20 μg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally injected for 28 days. Long-term administration of canstatin improved survival rate and significantly inhibited left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction after MI. Canstatin significantly inhibited scar thinning in the infarcted area and significantly suppressed cardiac hypertrophy, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, interstitial fibrosis and increase of myofibroblasts in the non-infarcted area. Canstatin significantly inhibited transforming growth factor-β1-induced differentiation of rat cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. The present study for the first time demonstrated that long-term administration of recombinant canstatin exerts cardioprotective effects against adverse cardiac remodeling in MI model rats.
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85
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Hopkins AA, Murphy R, Irnaten M, Wallace DM, Quill B, O'Brien C. The role of lamina cribrosa tissue stiffness and fibrosis as fundamental biomechanical drivers of pathological glaucoma cupping. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C611-C623. [PMID: 32667866 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00054.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary biomechanical driver of pathological glaucomatous cupping remains unknown. Finite element modeling indicates that stress and strain play key roles. In this article, primarily a review, we utilize known biomechanical data and currently unpublished results from our lab to propose a three-stage, tissue stiffness-based model to explain glaucomatous cupping occurring at variable levels of translaminar pressure (TLP). In stage 1, a short-term increase in TLP gradient induces a transient increase in lamina cribrosa (LC) strain. Beyond a critical level of strain, the tissue stiffness rises steeply provoking cellular responses via integrin-mediated mechanotransduction. This early mechanoprotective cellular contraction reduces strain, which reduces tissue stiffness by return of the posteriorly deflected LC to baseline. In stage 2 a prolonged period of TLP increase elicits extracellular matrix (ECM) production leading to fibrosis, increasing baseline tissue stiffness and strain and diminishing the contractile ability/ability to return to the baseline LC position. This is supported by our three-dimensional collagen contraction assays, which show significantly reduced capacity to contract in glaucoma compared with normal LC cells. Second, 15% cyclic strain in LC cells over 24 h elicits a typical increase in ECM profibrotic genes in normal LC cells but a highly blunted response in glaucoma LC cells. Stage 3 is characterized by persistent fibrosis causing further stiffening and inducing a feed-forward ECM production cycle. Repeated cycles of increased strain and stiffness with profibrotic ECM deposition prevent optic nerve head (ONH) recoil from the new deflected position. This incremental maladaptive modeling leads to pathological ONH cupping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Hopkins
- Clinical Research Centre, Catherine McAuley Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rory Murphy
- Clinical Research Centre, Catherine McAuley Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mustapha Irnaten
- Clinical Research Centre, Catherine McAuley Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deborah M Wallace
- Clinical Research Centre, Catherine McAuley Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barry Quill
- Clinical Research Centre, Catherine McAuley Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm O'Brien
- Clinical Research Centre, Catherine McAuley Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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86
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Pakshir P, Noskovicova N, Lodyga M, Son DO, Schuster R, Goodwin A, Karvonen H, Hinz B. The myofibroblast at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/13/jcs227900. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In 1971, Gabbiani and co-workers discovered and characterized the “modification of fibroblasts into cells which are capable of an active spasm” (contraction) in rat wound granulation tissue and, accordingly, named these cells ‘myofibroblasts’. Now, myofibroblasts are not only recognized for their physiological role in tissue repair but also as cells that are key in promoting the development of fibrosis in all organs. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the current understanding of central aspects of myofibroblast biology, such as their definition, activation from different precursors, the involved signaling pathways and most widely used models to study their function. Myofibroblasts will be placed into context with their extracellular matrix and with other cell types communicating in the fibrotic environment. Furthermore, the challenges and strategies to target myofibroblasts in anti-fibrotic therapies are summarized to emphasize their crucial role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Pakshir
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Nina Noskovicova
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Dong Ok Son
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Ronen Schuster
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Amanda Goodwin
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Henna Karvonen
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, POB 20, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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87
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Trelford CB, Denstedt JT, Armstrong JJ, Hutnik CML. The Pro-Fibrotic Behavior of Human Tenon's Capsule Fibroblasts in Medically Treated Glaucoma Patients. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:1391-1402. [PMID: 32546947 PMCID: PMC7250314 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s245915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare human Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts (HTCFs) obtained from patients who received medical therapy for glaucoma (glaucomatous patients) and patients not treated for glaucoma (non-glaucomatous patients) in terms of wound healing and fibrosis. Patients and Methods Bioartificial tissues (BATs) were generated using primary HTCF-populated collagen lattices. Pro-fibrotic gene expression within HTCFs was compared between glaucomatous patients and non-glaucomatous patients after BAT culture. The BATs were also assessed regarding fibroblast–myofibroblast transition, collagen remodeling and collagen contraction using alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry, picrosirius red staining and collagen contraction assays, respectively. Results Pro-fibrotic gene expression in BAT-cultured HTCFs derived from glaucomatous patients was significantly increased compared to non-glaucomatous patients. BATs imbued with HTCFs collected from glaucomatous patients exhibited a greater proportion of myofibroblasts as well as increased collagen contraction/remodeling compared to HTCFs isolated from non-glaucomatous patients. Conclusion HTCFs from glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous patients differ in the expression of genes involved in fibrosis, proportion of fibroblasts undergoing transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, contractile properties and collagen remodeling. These results suggest that for any number of reasons, at a cellular level, patients who received medical therapy for glaucoma have eyes primed for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Trelford
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T Denstedt
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James J Armstrong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindy M L Hutnik
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Ivey Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, London, Ontario, Canada
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88
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Ushakov A, Ivanchenko V, Gagarina A. Regulation of Myocardial Extracellular Matrix Dynamic Changes in Myocardial Infarction and Postinfarct Remodeling. Curr Cardiol Rev 2020; 16:11-24. [PMID: 31072294 PMCID: PMC7393593 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666190509090832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The article represents literature review dedicated to molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying clinical manifestations and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. Extracellular matrix adaptive changes are described in detail as one of the most important factors contributing to healing of damaged myocardium and post-infarction cardiac remodeling. Extracellular matrix is reviewed as dynamic constantly remodeling structure that plays a pivotal role in myocardial repair. The role of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in fragmentation and degradation of extracellular matrix as well as in myocardium healing is discussed. This review provides current information about fibroblasts activity, the role of growth factors, particularly transforming growth factor β and cardiotrophin-1, colony-stimulating factors, adipokines and gastrointestinal hormones, various matricellular proteins. In conclusion considering the fact that dynamic transformation of extracellular matrix after myocardial ischemic damage plays a pivotal role in myocardial infarction outcomes and prognosis, we suggest a high importance of further investigation of mechanisms underlying extracellular matrix remodeling and cell-matrix interactions in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ushakov
- Department of Internal Medicine #1 with Clinical Pharmacology Course, Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Vera Ivanchenko
- Department of Internal Medicine #1 with Clinical Pharmacology Course, Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Alina Gagarina
- Department of Internal Medicine #1 with Clinical Pharmacology Course, Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation
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89
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Parichatikanond W, Luangmonkong T, Mangmool S, Kurose H. Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis and Cancer: Focusing on TGF-β Signaling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:34. [PMID: 32211422 PMCID: PMC7075814 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a common mediator of cancer progression and fibrosis. Fibrosis can be a significant pathology in multiple organs, including the heart. In this review, we explain how inhibitors of TGF-β signaling can work as antifibrotic therapy. After cardiac injury, profibrotic mediators such as TGF-β, angiotensin II, and endothelin-1 simultaneously activate cardiac fibroblasts, resulting in fibroblast proliferation and migration, deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, and myofibroblast differentiation, which ultimately lead to the development of cardiac fibrosis. The consequences of fibrosis include a wide range of cardiac disorders, including contractile dysfunction, distortion of the cardiac structure, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. Among various molecular contributors, TGF-β and its signaling pathways which play a major role in carcinogenesis are considered master fibrotic mediators. In fact, recently the inhibition of TGF-β signaling pathways using small molecule inhibitors, antibodies, and gene deletion has shown that the progression of several cancer types was suppressed. Therefore, inhibitors of TGF-β signaling are promising targets for the treatment of tissue fibrosis and cancers. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of TGF-β in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and cancer. We will review recent in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding antifibrotic and anticancer actions of TGF-β inhibitors. In addition, we also present available clinical data on therapy based on inhibiting TGF-β signaling for the treatment of cancers and cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theerut Luangmonkong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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90
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Abstract
Integrins, and integrin-mediated adhesions, have long been recognized to provide the main molecular link attaching cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to serve as bidirectional hubs transmitting signals between cells and their environment. Recent evidence has shown that their combined biochemical and mechanical properties also allow integrins to sense, respond to and interact with ECM of differing properties with exquisite specificity. Here, we review this work first by providing an overview of how integrin function is regulated from both a biochemical and a mechanical perspective, affecting integrin cell-surface availability, binding properties, activation or clustering. Then, we address how this biomechanical regulation allows integrins to respond to different ECM physicochemical properties and signals, such as rigidity, composition and spatial distribution. Finally, we discuss the importance of this sensing for major cell functions by taking cell migration and cancer as examples.
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91
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Lodyga M, Hinz B. TGF-β1 - A truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 101:123-139. [PMID: 31879265 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
'Jack of all trades, master of everything' is a fair label for transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β) - a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is critical for the development and maturation of immune cells, maintains immune tolerance and homeostasis, and regulates various aspects of immune responses. Following acute tissue damages, TGF-β1 becomes a master regulator of the healing process with impacts on about every cell type involved. Divergence from the tight control of TGF-β1 actions, for instance caused by chronic injury, severe trauma, or infection can tip the balance from regulated physiological to excessive pathological repair. This condition of fibrosis is characterized by accumulation and stiffening of collagenous scar tissue which impairs organ functions to the point of failure. Fibrosis and dysregulated immune responses are also a feature of cancer, in which tumor cells escape immune control partly by manipulating TGF-β1 regulation and where immune cells are excluded from the tumor by fibrotic matrix created during the stroma 'healing' response. Despite the obvious potential of TGF-β-signalling therapies, globally targeting TGF-β1 receptor, downstream pathways, or the active growth factor have proven to be extremely difficult if not impossible in systemic treatment regimes. However, TGF-β1 binding to cell receptors requires prior activation from latent complexes that are extracellularly presented on the surface of immune cells or within the extracellular matrix. These different locations have led to some divergence in the field which is often either seen from the perspective of an immunologists or a fibrosis/matrix researcher. Despite these human boundaries, there is considerable overlap between immune and tissue repair cells with respect to latent TGF-β1 presentation and activation. Moreover, the mechanisms and proteins employed by different cells and spatiotemporal control of latent TGF-β1 activation provide specificity that is amenable to drug development. This review aims at synthesizing the knowledge on TGF-β1 extracellular activation in the immune system and in fibrosis to further stimulate cross talk between the two research communities in solving the TGF-β conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1G6, Canada.
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92
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Abstract
The role of right ventricular (RV) fibrosis in pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a subject of ongoing discussion. Alterations of the collagen network of the extracellular matrix may help prevent ventricular dilatation in the pressure-overloaded RV. At the same time, fibrosis impairs cardiac function, and a growing body of experimental data suggests that fibrosis plays a crucial role in the development of RV failure. In idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic PH, the RV is exposed to a ≈5 times increased afterload, which makes these conditions excellent models for studying the impact of pressure overload on RV structure. With this review, we present clinical evidence of RV fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic PH, explore the correlation between fibrosis and RV function, and discuss the clinical relevance of RV fibrosis in patients with PH. We postulate that RV fibrosis has a dual role in patients with pressure-overloaded RVs of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic PH: as part of an adaptive response to prevent cardiomyocyte overstretch and to maintain RV shape for optimal function, and as part of a maladaptive response that increases diastolic stiffness, perturbs cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling, and disrupts the coordination of myocardial contraction. Finally, we discuss potential novel therapeutic strategies and describe more sensitive techniques to quantify RV fibrosis, which may be used to clarify the causal relation between RV fibrosis and RV function in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frances S de Man
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands (A.V.N., F.S.d.M)
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93
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Goebel EJ, Hart KN, McCoy JC, Thompson TB. Structural biology of the TGFβ family. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1530-1546. [PMID: 31594405 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219880894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway orchestrates a wide breadth of biological processes, ranging from bone development to reproduction. Given this, there has been a surge of interest from the drug development industry to modulate the pathway – at several points. This review discusses and provides additional context for several layers of the TGFβ signaling pathway from a structural biology viewpoint. The combination of structural techniques coupled with biophysical studies has provided a foundational knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing this high impact, ubiquitous pathway, underlying many of the current therapeutic pursuits. This work seeks to consolidate TGFβ-related structural knowledge and educate other researchers of the apparent gaps that still prove elusive. We aim to highlight the importance of these structures and provide the contextual information to understand the contribution to the field, with the hope of advancing the discussion and exploration of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Impact statement The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is a multifacetted and highly regulated pathway, forming the underpinnings of a large range of biological processes. Here, we review and consolidate the key steps in TGFβ signaling using literature rooted in structural and biophysical techniques, with a focus on molecular mechanisms and gaps in knowledge. From extracellular regulation to ligand–receptor interactions and intracellular activation cascades, we hope to provide an introductory base for understanding the TGFβ pathway as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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94
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Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. The Role of the TGF-β Superfamily in Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:140. [PMID: 31620450 PMCID: PMC6760019 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily are essential regulators of cell differentiation, phenotype and function, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Myocardial infarction is associated with induction of several members of the superfamily, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, BMP-10, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-8, GDF-11 and activin A. This manuscript reviews our current knowledge on the patterns and mechanisms of regulation and activation of TGF-β superfamily members in the infarcted heart, and discusses their cellular actions and downstream signaling mechanisms. In the infarcted heart, TGF-β isoforms modulate cardiomyocyte survival and hypertrophic responses, critically regulate immune cell function, activate fibroblasts, and stimulate a matrix-preserving program. BMP subfamily members have been suggested to exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions and may regulate fibrosis. Members of the GDF subfamily may also modulate survival and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and regulate inflammation. Important actions of TGF-β superfamily members may be mediated through activation of Smad-dependent or non-Smad pathways. The critical role of TGF-β signaling cascades in cardiac repair, remodeling, fibrosis, and regeneration may suggest attractive therapeutic targets for myocardial infarction patients. However, the pleiotropic, cell-specific, and context-dependent actions of TGF-β superfamily members pose major challenges in therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Hanna
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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95
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An Improved Method of Maintaining Primary Murine Cardiac Fibroblasts in Two-Dimensional Cell Culture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12889. [PMID: 31501457 PMCID: PMC6733858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cardiac fibroblasts are notoriously difficult to maintain for extended periods of time in cell culture, due to the plasticity of their phenotype and sensitivity to mechanical input. In order to study cardiac fibroblast activation in vitro, we have developed cell culture conditions which promote the quiescent fibroblast phenotype in primary cells. Using elastic silicone substrata, both rat and mouse primary cardiac fibroblasts could be maintained in a quiescent state for more than 3 days after isolation and these cells showed low expression of myofibroblast markers, including fibronectin extracellular domain A, non-muscle myosin IIB, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Gene expression was also more fibroblast-like vs. that of myofibroblasts, as Tcf21 was significantly upregulated, while Fn1-EDA, Col1A1 and Col1A2 were markedly downregulated. Cell culture conditions (eg. serum, nutrient concentration) are critical for the control of temporal fibroblast proliferation. We propose that eliminating mechanical stimulus and limiting the nutrient content of cell culture media can extend the quiescent nature of primary cardiac fibroblasts for physiological analyses in vitro.
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96
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Bernhagen D, Jungbluth V, Gisbert Quilis N, Dostalek J, White PB, Jalink K, Timmerman P. High-Affinity α 5β 1-Integrin-Selective Bicyclic RGD Peptides Identified via Screening of Designed Random Libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:598-607. [PMID: 31269394 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of high-affinity and selectivity integrin α5β1-binding bicyclic peptides via "designed random libraries", that is, the screening of libraries comprising the universal integrin-binding sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in the first loop in combination with a randomized sequence (XXX) in the second loop. Screening of first-generation libraries for α5β1-binding peptides yielded a triple-digit nanomolar bicyclic α5β1-binder (CT3RGDcT3AYGCT3, IC50 = 406 nM). Next-generation libraries were designed by partially varying the structure of the strongest first-generation lead inhibitor and screened for improved affinities and selectivities for this receptor. In this way, we identified three high-affinity α5β1-binders (CT3RGDcT3AYJCT3, J = d-Leu, IC50 = 90 nM; CT3RGDcT3AYaCT3, IC50 = 156 nM; CT3RGDcT3AWGCT3, IC50 = 173 nM), of which one even showed a higher α5β1-affinity than the 32 amino acid benchmark peptide knottin-RGD (IC50 = 114 nM). Affinity for α5β1-integrin was confirmed by SPFS analysis showing a Kd of 4.1 nM for Cy5-labeled RGD-bicycle CT3RGDcT3AYJCT3 (J = d-Leu) and a somewhat higher Kd (9.0 nM) for Cy5-labeled knottin-RGD. The α5β1-bicycles, for example, CT3RGDcT3AYJCT3 (J = d-Leu), showed excellent selectivities over αvβ5 (IC50 ratio α5β1/αvβ5 between <0.009 and 0.039) and acceptable selectivities over αvβ3 (IC50 ratios α5β1/αvβ3 between 0.090 and 0.157). In vitro staining of adipose-derived stem cells with Cy5-labeled peptides using confocal microscopy revealed strong binding of the α5β1-selective bicycle CT3RGDcT3AWGCT3 to integrins in their natural environment, illustrating the high potential of these RGD bicycles as markers for α5β1-integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bernhagen
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Jungbluth
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Nestor Gisbert Quilis
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Paul B. White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 21, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, the Netherlands
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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97
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Abstract
Cells need to be anchored to extracellular matrix (ECM) to survive, yet the role of ECM in guiding developmental processes, tissue homeostasis, and aging has long been underestimated. How ECM orchestrates the deterioration of healthy to pathological tissues, including fibrosis and cancer, also remains poorly understood. Inquiring how alterations in ECM fiber tension might drive these processes is timely, as mechanobiology is a rapidly growing field, and many novel mechanisms behind the mechanical forces that can regulate protein, cell, and tissue functions have recently been deciphered. The goal of this article is to review how forces can switch protein functions, and thus cell signaling, and thereby inspire new approaches to exploit the mechanobiology of ECM in regenerative medicine as well as for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Some of the mechanochemical switching concepts described here for ECM proteins are more general and apply to intracellular proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
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98
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Abstract
The ECM (extracellular matrix) network plays a crucial role in cardiac homeostasis, not only by providing structural support, but also by facilitating force transmission, and by transducing key signals to cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, and interstitial cells. Changes in the profile and biochemistry of the ECM may be critically implicated in the pathogenesis of both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The patterns of molecular and biochemical ECM alterations in failing hearts are dependent on the type of underlying injury. Pressure overload triggers early activation of a matrix-synthetic program in cardiac fibroblasts, inducing myofibroblast conversion, and stimulating synthesis of both structural and matricellular ECM proteins. Expansion of the cardiac ECM may increase myocardial stiffness promoting diastolic dysfunction. Cardiomyocytes, vascular cells and immune cells, activated through mechanosensitive pathways or neurohumoral mediators may play a critical role in fibroblast activation through secretion of cytokines and growth factors. Sustained pressure overload leads to dilative remodeling and systolic dysfunction that may be mediated by changes in the interstitial protease/antiprotease balance. On the other hand, ischemic injury causes dynamic changes in the cardiac ECM that contribute to regulation of inflammation and repair and may mediate adverse cardiac remodeling. In other pathophysiologic conditions, such as volume overload, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, the cell biological effectors mediating ECM remodeling are poorly understood and the molecular links between the primary insult and the changes in the matrix environment are unknown. This review article discusses the role of ECM macromolecules in heart failure, focusing on both structural ECM proteins (such as fibrillar and nonfibrillar collagens), and specialized injury-associated matrix macromolecules (such as fibronectin and matricellular proteins). Understanding the role of the ECM in heart failure may identify therapeutic targets to reduce geometric remodeling, to attenuate cardiomyocyte dysfunction, and even to promote myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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99
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Tanaka R, Umemura M, Narikawa M, Fujita T, Yokoyama U, Ishigami T, Kimura K, Tamura K, Ishikawa Y. Hydrostatic pressure suppresses fibrotic changes via Akt/GSK-3 signaling in human cardiac fibroblasts. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13687. [PMID: 29722156 PMCID: PMC5932570 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stresses play important roles in the process of constructing and modifying heart structure. It has been well established that stretch force acting on cardiac fibroblasts induces fibrosis. However, the effects of compressive force, that is, hydrostatic pressure (HP), have not been well elucidated. We thus evaluated the effects of HP using a pressure‐loading apparatus in human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) in vitro. In this study, high HP (200 mmHg) resulted in significant phosphorylation of Akt in HCFs. HP then greatly inhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3)α, which acts downstream of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Similarly, HP suppressed mRNA transcription of inflammatory cytokine‐6, collagen I and III, and matrix metalloproteinase 1, compared with an atmospheric pressure condition. Furthermore, HP inhibited collagen matrix production in a three‐dimensional HCF culture. Taken together, high HP suppressed the differentiation of fibroblasts into the myofibroblast phenotype. HP under certain conditions suppressed cardiac fibrosis via Akt/GSK‐3 signaling in HCFs. These results might help to elucidate the pathology of some types of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanaka
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masanari Umemura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Narikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujita
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ishigami
- Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kimura
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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100
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Huang S, Chen B, Su Y, Alex L, Humeres C, Shinde AV, Conway SJ, Frangogiannis NG. Distinct roles of myofibroblast-specific Smad2 and Smad3 signaling in repair and remodeling of the infarcted heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 132:84-97. [PMID: 31085202 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TGF-βs regulate fibroblast responses, by activating Smad2 or Smad3 signaling, or via Smad-independent pathways. We have previously demonstrated that myofibroblast-specific Smad3 is critically implicated in repair of the infarcted heart. However, the role of fibroblast Smad2 in myocardial infarction remains unknown. This study investigates the role of myofibroblast-specific Smad2 signaling in myocardial infarction, and explores the mechanisms responsible for the distinct effects of Smad2 and Smad3. In a mouse model of non-reperfused myocardial infarction, Smad2 activation in infarct myofibroblasts peaked 7 days after coronary occlusion. In vitro, TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3, but not angiotensin 2 and bone morphogenetic proteins-2, -4 and -7, activated fibroblast Smad2. Myofibroblast-specific Smad2 and Smad3 knockout mice (FS2KO, FS3KO) and corresponding control littermates underwent non-reperfused infarction. In contrast to the increase in rupture rates and adverse remodeling in FS3KO mice, FS2KO animals had mortality comparable to Smad2 fl/fl controls, and exhibited a modest but transient improvement in dysfunction after 7 days of coronary occlusion. At the 28 day timepoint, FS2KO and Smad2 fl/fl mice had comparable adverse remodeling. Although both FS3KO and FS2KO animals had increased myofibroblast density in the infarct, only FS3KO mice exhibited impaired scar organization, associated with perturbed alignment of infarct myofibroblasts. In vitro, Smad3 but not Smad2 knockdown downmodulated fibroblast α2 and α5 integrin expression. Moreover, Smad3 knockdown reduced expression of the GTPase RhoA, whereas Smad2 knockdown markedly increased fibroblast RhoA levels. Smad3-dependent integrin expression may be important for fibroblast activation, whereas RhoA may transduce planar cell polarity pathway signals, essential for fibroblast alignment. Myofibroblast-specific Smad3, but not Smad2 is required for formation of aligned myofibroblast arrays in the infarct. The distinct in vivo effects of myofibroblast Smad2 and Smad3 may involve Smad3-dependent integrin synthesis, and contrasting effects of Smad2 and Smad3 on RhoA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibo Huang
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Bijun Chen
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Ya Su
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Linda Alex
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Arti V Shinde
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Simon J Conway
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America.
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