51
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Erlitzki N, Huang K, Xhani S, Farahat AA, Kumar A, Boykin DW, Poon GMK. Investigation of the electrostatic and hydration properties of DNA minor groove-binding by a heterocyclic diamidine by osmotic pressure. Biophys Chem 2017; 231:95-104. [PMID: 28363467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations of sequence-specific DNA binding by model minor groove-binding compounds showed that the ligand/DNA complex was destabilized in the presence of compatible co-solutes. Inhibition was interpreted in terms of osmotic stress theory as the uptake of significant numbers of excess water molecules from bulk solvent upon complex formation. Here, we interrogated the AT-specific DNA complex formed with the symmetric heterocyclic diamidine DB1976 as a model for minor groove DNA recognition using both ionic (NaCl) and non-ionic cosolutes (ethylene glycol, glycine betaine, maltose, nicotinamide, urea). While the non-ionic cosolutes all destabilized the ligand/DNA complex, their quantitative effects were heterogeneous in a cosolute- and salt-dependent manner. Perturbation with NaCl in the absence of non-ionic cosolute showed that preferential hydration water was released upon formation of the DB1976/DNA complex. As salt probes counter-ion release from charged groups such as the DNA backbone, we propose that the preferential hydration uptake in DB1976/DNA binding observed in the presence of osmolytes reflects the exchange of preferentially bound cosolute with hydration water in the environs of the bound DNA, rather than a net uptake of hydration waters by the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Erlitzki
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Kenneth Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Suela Xhani
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Abdelbasset A Farahat
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - David W Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Gregory M K Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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52
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Abstract
The ETS family of transcription factors is a functionally heterogeneous group of gene regulators that share a structurally conserved, eponymous DNA-binding domain. DNA target specificity derives from combinatorial interactions with other proteins as well as intrinsic heterogeneity among ETS domains. Emerging evidence suggests molecular hydration as a fundamental feature that defines the intrinsic heterogeneity in DNA target selection and susceptibility to epigenetic DNA modification. This perspective invokes novel hypotheses in the regulation of ETS proteins in physiologic osmotic stress, their pioneering potential in heterochromatin, and the effects of passive and pharmacologic DNA demethylation on ETS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M K Poon
- a Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA.,b Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Hye Mi Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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53
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Guo P, Paul A, Kumar A, Farahat AA, Kumar D, Wang S, Boykin DW, Wilson WD. The Thiophene "Sigma-Hole" as a Concept for Preorganized, Specific Recognition of G⋅C Base Pairs in the DNA Minor Groove. Chemistry 2016; 22:15404-15412. [PMID: 27624927 PMCID: PMC5214980 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In spite of its importance in cell function, targeting DNA is under-represented in the design of small molecules. A barrier to progress in this area is the lack of a variety of modules that recognize G⋅C base pairs (bp) in DNA sequences. To overcome this barrier, an entirely new design concept for modules that can bind to mixed G⋅C and A⋅T sequences of DNA is reported herein. Because of their successes in biological applications, minor-groove-binding heterocyclic cations were selected as the platform for design. Binding to A⋅T sequences requires hydrogen-bond donors whereas recognition of the G-NH2 requires an acceptor. The concept that we report herein uses pre-organized N-methylbenzimidazole (N-MeBI) thiophene modules for selective binding with mixed bp DNA sequences. The interaction between the thiophene sigma hole (positive electrostatic potential) and the electron-donor nitrogen of N-MeBI preorganizes the conformation for accepting an hydrogen bond from G-NH2 . The compound-DNA interactions were evaluated with a powerful array of biophysical methods and the results show that N-MeBI-thiophene monomer compounds can strongly and selectively recognize single G⋅C bp sequences. Replacing the thiophene with other moieties significantly reduces binding affinity and specificity, as predicted by the design concept. These results show that the use of molecular features, such as sigma-holes, can lead to new approaches for small molecules in biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Ananya Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Abdelbasset A Farahat
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - Siming Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - David W Boykin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA
| | - W David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303-3083, USA.
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54
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Abou-Elkhair RAI, Hassan AEA, Boykin DW, Wilson WD. Lithium Hexamethyldisilazane Transformation of Transiently Protected 4-Aza/Benzimidazole Nitriles to Amidines and their Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mediated Imidazole Ring Formation. Org Lett 2016; 18:4714-7. [PMID: 27607538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylsilyl-transient protection successfully allowed the use of lithium hexamethyldisilazane to prepare benzimidazole (BI) and 4-azabenzimidazole (azaBI) amidines from nitriles in 58-88% yields. This strategy offers a much better choice to prepare BI/azaBI amidines than the lengthy, low-yielding Pinner reaction. Synthesis of aza/benzimidazole rings from aromatic diamines and aldehydes was affected in dimethyl sulfoxide in 10-15 min, while known procedures require long time and purification. These methods are important for the BI/azaBI-based drug industry and for developing specific DNA binders for expanded therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham A I Abou-Elkhair
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.,Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Abdalla E A Hassan
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - David W Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - W David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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55
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Stephens DC, Kim HM, Kumar A, Farahat AA, Boykin DW, Poon GM. Pharmacologic efficacy of PU.1 inhibition by heterocyclic dications: a mechanistic analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4005-13. [PMID: 27079976 PMCID: PMC4872103 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic dications are receiving increasing attention as targeted inhibitors of transcription factors. While many dications act as purely competitive inhibitors, some fail to displace protein efficiently at drug concentrations expected to saturate their DNA target. To achieve a mechanistic understanding of these non-competitive effects, we used a combination of dications, which are intrinsically fluorescent and spectrally-separated fluorescently labeled DNA to dissect complex interactions in multi-component drug/DNA/protein systems. Specifically, we interrogated site-specific binding by the transcription factor PU.1 and its perturbation by DB270, a furan-bisbenzimidazole-diamidine that strongly targets PU.1 binding sites yet poorly inhibits PU.1/DNA complexes. By titrating DB270 and/or cyanine-labeled DNA with protein or unlabeled DNA, and following the changes in their fluorescence polarization, we found direct evidence that DB270 bound protein independently of their mutual affinities for sequence-specific DNA. Each of the three species competed for the other two, and this interplay of mutually dependent equilibria abrogated DB270's inhibitory activity, which was substantively restored under conditions that attenuated DB270/PU.1 binding. PU.1 binding was consistent with DB270's poor inhibitory efficacy of PU.1 in vivo, while its isosteric selenophene analog (DB1976), which did not bind PU.1 and strongly inhibited the PU.1/DNA complex in vitro, fully antagonized PU.1-dependent transactivation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hye Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - David W Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Gregory M Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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56
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Paul A, Nanjunda R, Kumar A, Laughlin S, Nhili R, Depauw S, Deuser SS, Chai Y, Chaudhary AS, David-Cordonnier MH, Boykin DW, Wilson WD. Mixed up minor groove binders: Convincing A·T specific compounds to recognize a G·C base pair. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4927-4932. [PMID: 26051649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA minor-groove-binding compounds have limited biological applications, in part due to problems with sequence specificity that cause off-target effects. A model to enhance specificity has been developed with the goal of preparing compounds that bind to two AT sites separated by G·C base pairs. Compounds of interest were probed using thermal melting, circular dichroism, mass spectrometry, biosensor-SPR, and molecular modeling methods. A new minor groove binder that can strongly and specifically recognize a single G·C base pair with flanking AT sequences has been prepared. This multi-site DNA recognition mode offers novel design principles to recognize entirely new DNA motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Rupesh Nanjunda
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sarah Laughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Raja Nhili
- UMR-S1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre (JPARC), INSERM-University of Lille and Centre Hospitalier of Lille, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Sabine Depauw
- UMR-S1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre (JPARC), INSERM-University of Lille and Centre Hospitalier of Lille, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Shelby Sheldon Deuser
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yun Chai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Arpana S Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier
- UMR-S1172-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre (JPARC), INSERM-University of Lille and Centre Hospitalier of Lille, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - David W Boykin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - W David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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57
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Paul A, Chai Y, Boykin DW, Wilson WD. Understanding mixed sequence DNA recognition by novel designed compounds: the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of azabenzimidazole diamidines. Biochemistry 2014; 54:577-87. [PMID: 25495885 PMCID: PMC4303320 DOI: 10.1021/bi500989r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-specific recognition of DNA by small organic molecules offers a potentially effective approach for the external regulation of gene expression and is an important goal in cell biochemistry. Rational design of compounds from established modules can potentially yield compounds that bind strongly and selectively with specific DNA sequences. An initial approach is to start with common A·T bp recognition molecules and build in G·C recognition units. Here we report on the DNA interaction of a synthetic compound that specifically binds to a G·C bp in the minor groove of DNA by using an azabenzimidazole moiety. The detailed interactions were evaluated with biosensor-surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal calorimetric (ITC), and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) methods. The compound, DB2277, binds with single G·C bp containing sequences with sub-nanomolar potency and displays slow dissociation kinetics and high selectivity. A detailed thermodynamic and kinetic study at different experimental salt concentrations and temperatures shows that the binding free energy is salt concentration dependent but essentially temperature independent under our experimental conditions, and binding enthalpy is temperature dependent but salt concentration independent. The results show that in the proper compound structural context novel heterocyclic cations can be designed to strongly recognize complex DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3083, United States
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58
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Novel phenyl and pyridyl substituted derivatives of isoindolines: Synthesis, antitumor activity and DNA binding features. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:372-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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59
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Wang S, Linde MH, Munde M, Carvalho VD, Wilson WD, Poon GMK. Mechanistic heterogeneity in site recognition by the structurally homologous DNA-binding domains of the ETS family transcription factors Ets-1 and PU.1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21605-16. [PMID: 24952944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ETS family transcription factors regulate diverse genes through binding at cognate DNA sites that overlap substantially in sequence. The DNA-binding domains of ETS proteins (ETS domains) are highly conserved structurally yet share limited amino acid homology. To define the mechanistic implications of sequence diversity within the ETS family, we characterized the thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA site recognition by the ETS domains of Ets-1 and PU.1, which represent the extremes in amino acid divergence among ETS proteins. Even though the two ETS domains bind their optimal sites with similar affinities under physiologic conditions, their nature of site recognition differs strikingly in terms of the role of hydration and counter ion release. The data suggest two distinct mechanisms wherein Ets-1 follows a "dry" mechanism that rapidly parses sites through electrostatic interactions and direct protein-DNA contacts, whereas PU.1 utilizes hydration to interrogate sequence-specific sites and form a long-lived complex relative to the Ets-1 counterpart. The kinetic persistence of the high affinity PU.1 · DNA complex may be relevant to an emerging role of PU.1, but not Ets-1, as a pioneer transcription factor in vivo. In addition, PU.1 activity is critical to the development and function of macrophages and lymphocytes, which present osmotically variable environments, and hydration-dependent specificity may represent an important regulatory mechanism in vivo, a hypothesis that finds support in gene expression profiles of primary murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- From the Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and
| | - Miles H Linde
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495
| | - Manoj Munde
- From the Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and
| | - Victor D Carvalho
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495
| | - W David Wilson
- From the Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and
| | - Gregory M K Poon
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495
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60
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Chai Y, Paul A, Rettig M, Wilson WD, Boykin DW. Design and synthesis of heterocyclic cations for specific DNA recognition: from AT-rich to mixed-base-pair DNA sequences. J Org Chem 2014; 79:852-66. [PMID: 24422528 PMCID: PMC3985508 DOI: 10.1021/jo402599s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The compounds synthesized in this research were designed with the goal of establishing a new paradigm for mixed-base-pair DNA sequence-specific recognition. The design scheme starts with a cell-permeable heterocyclic cation that binds to AT base pair sites in the DNA minor groove. Modifications were introduced in the original compound to include an H-bond accepting group to specifically recognize the G-NH that projects into the minor groove. Therefore, a series of heterocyclic cations substituted with an azabenzimidazole ring has been designed and synthesized for mixed-base-pair DNA recognition. The most successful compound, 12a, had an azabenzimidazole to recognize G and additional modifications for general minor groove interactions. It binds to the DNA site -AAAGTTT- more strongly than the -AAATTT- site without GC and indicates the design success. Structural modifications of 12a generally weakened binding. The interactions of the new compound with a variety of DNA sequences with and without GC base pairs were evaluated by thermal melting analysis, circular dichroism, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chai
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ananya Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Michael Rettig
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - W. David Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - David W. Boykin
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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