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Bortoluzzi C, Vieira BS, Applegate TJ. Influence of Dietary Zinc, Copper, and Manganese on the Intestinal Health of Broilers Under Eimeria Challenge. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:13. [PMID: 32064270 PMCID: PMC6999084 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of enteric infections in broiler chickens may increase worldwide due to mounting pressure to limit the use of sub-therapeutic antibiotics and ionophores for coccidia suppression/prevention in the diets of broilers. For this reason, we need expand our knowledge on the role that micro-minerals have in modulating the intestinal physiology, immunology, and microbiology of broiler chickens. There are issues associated with the use of high doses of some micro-minerals in the diets of animals, such as environmental contamination, bacterial resistance, and gizzard erosion. Therefore, there is a need to maximize the absorption of these minerals by the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of birds when intestinal function may be compromised. Zinc is an essential micromineral required for growth, and influences intestinal development and/or regeneration during and after enteric disease. Two studies were conducted by our lab to determine the effects of Zn source in broilers under coccidia and Clostridium perfringens challenge. In the first study, Zn proteinate had beneficial effects on the performance of chickens challenged with coccidia plus C. perfringens by enhancing intestinal integrity and partially attenuating the inflammatory response. In the second study, Zn proteinate lowered the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulated the ileal microbiota. Additionally, the poultry industry has used prophylactic concentrations of dietary Cu for its ability to improve feed conversion for a long time. Copper absorption occurs mainly in the duodenum of chickens and, therefore, injuries to the intestinal epithelium of duodenum would impair Cu absorption and decrease its tissue concentration. Although there is a lack of studies relating Mn supplementation and its different sources on the immune response against coccidiosis in poultry, it is likely that Mn is beneficial during enteric challenges due to its role in the production of mucopolysaccharides. Therefore, the proper evaluation of the role of minerals on mitigating the negative impact of coccidiosis in broilers must consider their properties in modulating the physiology, immunology, and the intestinal microbiota of the host during health and disease situation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Bortoluzzi
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M Agrilife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Bruno Serpa Vieira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Todd Jay Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Sommerfeld V, Van Kessel AG, Classen HL, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Phytate degradation in gnotobiotic broiler chickens and effects of dietary supplements of phosphorus, calcium, and phytase. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5562-5570. [PMID: 31189179 PMCID: PMC6771544 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gnotobiotic broiler chickens were used to study interactive effects of supplemented phosphorus, calcium (PCa), and phytase (Phy) on myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation and release of myo-inositol in the digestive tract. In 2 subsequent runs, the chickens were subjected to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with and without PCa and Phy supplementation. Sanitized eggs were hatched in 8 germfree isolators, and a minimum of 9 male Ross 308 chickens were placed in each pen (total 16 pens). Treatments implemented on day 10 included gamma-irradiated diets without (PCa−; 4.1 g P and 6.2 g Ca/kg DM) or with (PCa+; 6.9 g P and 10.4 g Ca/kg DM) monosodium phosphate and limestone supplementation and without (Phy−) or with (Phy+) 1,500 FTU Phy/kg feed in a factorial arrangement. On day 15, digesta was collected from different sections of the intestinal tract and analyzed for InsP isomers and myo-inositol. The isolators did not remain germfree, but analysis of contaminants and results of InsP degradation indicated no or minor effects of the identified contaminants. Prececal InsP6 disappearance was 42% with the PCa−Phy− treatment and 17% with PCa+Phy−. No InsP3–4 isomers were found in the digesta of the terminal ileum in PCa−Phy−. The concentration of myo-inositol in the ileal digesta from PCa−Phy− (6.1 μmol/g DM) was significantly higher than that from PCa+Phy− (1.7 μmol/g DM), suggesting rapid degradation of the lower InsP isomers by mucosal phosphatases and their inhibition by PCa. Phytase supplementation increased InsP6 disappearance and prevented inhibitory effects of PCa supplements (72% in PCa−Phy+ and 67% in PCa+Phy+). However, PCa supplementation reduced the degradation of lower InsP isomers mainly in the posterior intestinal sections in the presence of Phy, resulting in significantly lower myo-inositol concentrations. It is concluded that mucosa-derived phosphatases might significantly contribute to InsP6 degradation in broiler chickens. The potential of mucosa-derived phosphatases to degrade InsP6 and lower InsP is markedly reduced by dietary PCa supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrew G Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Henry L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | | | | | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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53
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Poernama F, Wibowo TA, Gomes GA, Aftab U. Effect of Graded Levels of an Enhanced E.coli Phytase with Step-Wise Reduction of Supplemental Inorganic Phosphate on Growth Performance of Broilers Fed Corn-Soy Diet. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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54
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Gonzalez-Uarquin F, Rodehutscord M, Huber K. Myo-inositol: its metabolism and potential implications for poultry nutrition-a review. Poult Sci 2019; 99:893-905. [PMID: 32036985 PMCID: PMC7587644 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol (MI) has gained relevance in physiology research during the last decade. As a constituent of animal cells, MI was proven to be crucial in several metabolic and regulatory processes. Myo-inositol is involved in lipid signaling, osmolarity, glucose, and insulin metabolism. In humans and rodents, dietary MI was assessed to be important for health so that MI supplementation appeared to be a valuable alternative for treatment of several diseases as well as for improvements in metabolic performance. In poultry, there is a lack of evidence not only related to specific species-linked metabolic processes but also about the effects of dietary MI on performance and health. This review intends to provide information about the meaning of dietary MI in animal metabolism as well as to discuss potential implications of dietary MI in poultry health and performance with the aim to identify open questions in poultry research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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55
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Abdulwaliyu I, Arekemase SO, Adudu JA, Batari ML, Egbule MN, Okoduwa SIR. Investigation of the medicinal significance of phytic acid as an indispensable anti-nutrient in diseases. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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56
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Kim SW, Li W, Angel R, Plumstead PW. Modification of a limestone solubility method and potential to correlate with in vivo limestone calcium digestibility. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6837-6848. [PMID: 31392342 PMCID: PMC6870549 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Work was done to modify a limestone solubility assay to improve predictions of in vivo apparent ileal digestibility of Ca (AID Ca) in broilers and impacts on AID P. Limestones (LIME) were obtained from 3 commercial sources. LIME-1 (0.633 mm mean diameter, GMD); LIME-2 (ground sub-sample of LIME-1, GMD = 0.063 mm); LIME-3 (GMD = 0.326 mm), and LIME-4 (GMD = 0.831 mm). Solubility was determined at 5, 15, and 30 min of incubation using either a 0.2 N HCl (S1) or a pH 3 HCl (pH = 0.26) solution buffered with 3 M glycine (S2) to mimic gizzard and proventriculus pH. An AID trial was conducted with 320 Ross 708 male broilers. Treatments (Trt) were no added LIME, or added LIME-1, 2, 3, and 4 to achieve 0.67% Ca, to a basal diet (no added inorganic P, 0.07% Ca) with or without 1,000 U phytase/kg (36 h, 23 to 24 D of age, n = 8, 4 birds/n). Distal ileal digesta was collected from all birds and pooled by pen. Irrespective of interaction, LIME solubilized quicker and more completely with S1 vs. S2 at all time points (P < 0.05). LIME-2 solubilized the quickest, while LIME-3 had the lowest solubility through all incubation times (P < 0.05). The AID Ca was 66.30, 47.46, 19.93, and 66.33% for LIME-1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (0 U/kg, P < 0.05). Phytase inclusion increased AID Ca by 15% on average (P < 0.05). The AID P dig was highest in no LIME added diet (74.91%) and adding LIME reduced (P < 0.05) AID P to 23.14, 12.78, 65.47, and 37.40%, for LIME-1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively in the absence of phytase. Regression showed that GMD, 15- and 30-min solubility were critical for AID Ca (R2 between 0.978 and 0.988). In conclusion, the solubility dynamics including speed and extend of solubilization, rather than a single timepoint, yield better predictions for in vivo Ca digestibility of LIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - W Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - P W Plumstead
- Chemunique PTY LTD, 330 Surrey Avenue, Ferndale, Randburg, 2194, South Africa
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57
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Walters H, Coelho M, Coufal C, Lee J. Effects of Increasing Phytase Inclusion Levels on Broiler Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Mineralization in Low-Phosphorus Diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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58
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Farhadi D, Karimi A, Sadeghi AA, Rostamzadeh J, Bedford MR. Effect of a high dose of exogenous phytase and supplementary myo-inositol on mineral solubility of broiler digesta and diets subjected to in vitro digestion assay. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3870-3883. [PMID: 30877748 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of microbial phytase and myo-inositol supplementation in low non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) diets on pH and the solubility of minerals in an in vitro digestion procedure (IVDP) and to compare this with digesta from birds fed different diets (grower diets) compared to the in vitro test (starter diets). A total of 660 1-day-old broilers were randomly allotted into 11 dietary treatments and fed a corn-soybean-meal-based diet with recommended nPP (positive control; PC), an nPP-deficient diet (negative control; NC), NC diets supplemented with phytase (500; 1,000; 2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 5,000; and 6,000 FTU/kg), an NC diet plus 0.15% myo-inositol, and an NC diet with reduced Ca level (Ca: nPP ratio same as PC) from 1 to 23 D of age. The pH and Ca solubility of the NC diet was increased compared with the PC when subjected to IVDP (P < 0.05). P solubility in the gizzard and jejunal digesta was reduced in the NC compared with the PC diet and this was also reflected in the IVDP. Phytase addition to the NC diets linearly increased (P < 0.05) the pH value and Ca and P solubilities in both digesta and diets subjected to IVDP. Higher doses of microbial phytase increased (P < 0.05) Zn and Fe solubilities in both digesta and IVDP. Myo-inositol supplementation of the NC diet had no effect on mineral solubility, but decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of the IVDP. Lowering the Ca content of the NC diet decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of the in vitro digested diets and Ca solubility in both broiler digesta and IVDP and also increased (P < 0.05) P solubility in both the jejunal digesta and IVDP. Correlations were noted between the solubility of P in the in vitro assay and that in the gizzard and jejunal digesta, and also with bird performance, confirms the usefulness of in vitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Farhadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - A Karimi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - A A Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - J Rostamzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
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59
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Hirvonen J, Liljavirta J, Saarinen MT, Lehtinen MJ, Ahonen I, Nurminen P. Effect of Phytase on in Vitro Hydrolysis of Phytate and the Formation of myo-Inositol Phosphate Esters in Various Feed Materials. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11396-11402. [PMID: 31537068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytase is commonly used as a feed enzyme in monogastric animals to increase the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus and other nutrients. The accumulation of myo-inositol phosphate intermediates during phytate degradation in various segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Buttiauxella spp. phytase in degrading the phytate in corn, soybean meal, and complete corn-soybean meal diet to myo-inositol phosphate esters (IP1-IP5) and completely dephosphorylated myo-inositol rings using an in vitro model of the poultry upper GIT. Our results show that the phytase hydrolyzes phytate efficiently to small IP esters, whereas the myo-inositol level remains constant between control and phytase treatments. Although the in vitro digestion model does not incorporate all factors that govern phytate hydrolysis, it is a valuable tool for evaluating phytase efficacy at various enzyme doses and with different feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hirvonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | - Jenni Liljavirta
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | - Markku T Saarinen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | | | - Päivi Nurminen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
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60
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Combination of phytase and organic acid for broilers: role in mineral digestibility and phytic acid degradation. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933918000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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61
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62
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63
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Park J, Carey J. Dietary Enzyme Supplementation in Duck Nutrition: A review. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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64
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Dersjant-Li Y, Kwakernaak C. Comparative effects of two phytases versus increasing the inorganic phosphorus content of the diet, on nutrient and amino acid digestibility in boilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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65
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Lee SA, Nagalakshmi D, Raju MVLN, Rao SVR, Bedford MR, Walk CL. Phytase as an alleviator of high-temperature stress in broilers fed adequate and low dietary calcium. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2122-2132. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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66
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Abbasi F, Fakhur-Un-Nisa T, Liu J, Luo X, Abbasi IHR. Low digestibility of phytate phosphorus, their impacts on the environment, and phytase opportunity in the poultry industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9469-9479. [PMID: 30788700 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-4000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential macro-mineral nutrient for poultry, needed for the body growth, development of bones, genomic function, good quality flesh, and eggs production. The imbalance of organic phosphorus sources in the diet mostly affect the phosphorus digestibility, reduces the poultry performance and health, and increases the environmental pollution burden. A study was reviewed to estimate the low phytate phosphorus digestibility of ingredients in poultry diet and their impacts on environmental ecosystem and opportunity of phytase supplementation. Plant ingredients mostly used in poultry diets are rich in phytate phosphorus. The phytate phosphorus digestibility and utilization is low in the gut of birds which leads to decrease other nutrients digestibility and increase excessive excretion of phosphorus with additional nutrients in the manure. When that manure applied to the lands containing excessive residual phosphorus and additional nutrients which pollute soil, groundwater disturbed the entire ecosystem. This issue is developed by poultry due to lack of digestive enzyme phytase which promotes the phytate phosphorus during digestion and reduces the excessive losses of phosphorus in excreta. To overcome this matter, the addition of mostly exogenous phospho-hydrolytic phytase enzymes in the diet, i.e. Escherichia coli, Peniophora lycii, Aspergillus niger, and Ficum, are the possible ways to increase the digestibility and utilization of phytate phosphorus and promote the stepwise release of phosphorus from phytate and significantly decrease phosphorus excretion. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of phytase supplementation in the poultry feeding, improvement of phytate phosphorus digestibility with performance, and reduction of phosphorus pollution from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Abbasi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China.
| | - Imtiaz Hussain Raja Abbasi
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CUVAS, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
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67
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A critical review of methods used to determine phosphorus and digestible amino acid matrices when using phytase in poultry and pig diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/jan.2019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPhytase is applied in animal feed based on its standard activity measured at pH 5.5, however the relative activity at pH 3 (e.g. stomach pH, the main site for the breakdown of phytate) varies among the commercial phytases, ranging from 56% (an E coli phytase) to 235% (Buttiauxella phytase). These diverse sources of phytases have varying capability for degrading phytate and, correspondingly, different P, digestible amino acid and metabolisable energy matrix values. In addition, the matrix values recommended by different phytase suppliers are not comparable, as different methodologies have been used to determine them. Phosphorus (P) and other matrix values can be determined by direct measurement of digestible P (dP) improvements by the addition of phytase above a negative control in large numbers of in vivo studies using increasing phytase doses. Alternatively, matrix values can be assessed by indirect measurement, using inorganic P (usually mono- or dicalcium sources) as a reference, typically based on tibia or metacarpal ash as a response parameter to estimate available P equivalence, either at a single or different phytase doses. When using the indirect measurement, the available P equivalence with increasing phytase doses may be calculated based on a log linear model. Although both methods are acceptable methodologies, direct measurement may under-estimate and indirect measurement may over-estimate matrix values, and a large number of in vivo studies give the best estimates of matrix values. Phytase efficacy can be influenced by phytase source, dose level, dietary composition (Ca level and Ca: P ratio). Phytase end users are encouraged to be aware of the methods used by suppliers to determine matrix values, before applying them in their feed formulations.
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68
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Fallah H, Karimi A, Sadeghi GH, Behroozi-Khazaei N. The effects of calcium source and concentration on performance, bone mineralisation and serum traits in male broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In total, 840 1-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used to evaluate the effects of seven dietary calcium (Ca) concentrations (4.0, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 10.0, 11.5 and 13.0 g/kg, at a fixed concentration of 4.0 g/kg of non-phytate phosphorus) and two calcium sources (oyster shell and limestone) on broiler chicken Ca requirements for optimal growth rate and bone mineralisation from 1 to 21 days of age. All chickens were randomly distributed into 14 treatment groups (seven treatments of each Ca source), each being replicated four times, with 15 birds per each replicate. Results indicated that Ca source and Ca source × Ca concentration interaction had no significant (P > 0.05) effects on birds average feed intake, but increasing Ca concentration to >8.5 g/kg significantly deteriorated average feed intake. Average weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly influenced by Ca source × Ca concentration interaction, whereby high concentrations of Ca from oyster shell resulted in a poorer performance for both criteria than did those from limestone. Serum Ca, P and total protein were not affected by Ca source. However, increasing Ca concentrations had adverse effects on serum P concentration (P < 0.05). Toe ash, tibia ash and phosphorus concentrations at 21 days were not influenced by Ca source, but were depressed as dietary Ca concentration increased (P < 0.05). A broken-line regression analysis indicated that the Ca requirements to optimise average weight gain and tibia ash when limestone was used as a Ca source were 5.54 and 6.58 g/kg of diet respectively, and 5.80 and 6.43 g/kg of diet respectively, when oyster shell was used. In conclusion, the results indicated that Ca concentration, more than Ca source, has a significant influence on broiler chicken performance and bone mineralisation, all of which deteriorate when the dietary Ca concentration exceeds 8.5 g/kg at the constant available-phosphorus concentration of 4.0 g/kg.
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69
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EL ENSHASY H, DAİLİN DJ, ABD MANAS NH, WAN AZLEE Nİ, EYAHMALAY ,J, YAHAYA ,SA, ABD MALEK R, SİWAPİRAGAM V, SUKMAWATİ D. Current and Future Applications of Phytases in Poultry Industry: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN VETBIO SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES 2018; 3:65-74. [DOI: 10.31797/vetbio.455687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytases
are enzymes that initiate the removal of phosphate from phytate. This enzyme
has been widely utilized in animal feeding especially in the poultry industry
to enhance phosphorus intake and minimize environmental pollution. Phytases are
widely distributed in microbial, plants and animals. Supplementations of
phytase into the diets of poultry have great impact to the improvement of
poultry immune systems and increase bird weight. In addition to that, phytase
are able to improve both quantity and quality of eggs, egg mass and egg shell
quality. This review covers the classifications and distribution of phytases in
different biofactoris. In addition, it shed more light on the recent trends of
application and beneficial impact in poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dalia SUKMAWATİ
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta
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70
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Kim SW, Li W, Angel R, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Effects of limestone particle size and dietary Ca concentration on apparent P and Ca digestibility in the presence or absence of phytase. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4306-4314. [PMID: 30590821 PMCID: PMC6305832 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of limestone particle size and Ca concentration on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P and Ca in the presence or absence of a 6-phytase derived from Buttiauxella sp., expressed in Trichoderma. Treatment diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM) based with no added inorganic Ca or P. The design consisted of a factorial arrangement of 2 particle sizes of limestone from the same source (mean particle size: pulverized, PUV < 75 μm; particulate, PAR = 402 μm); 3 Ca (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0%) and 2 phytase levels (0 and 1,000 (FTU)/kg) plus the corn-SBM basal diet with no added Ca (0.14% Ca), resulting a total of 13 treatments (Trts, n = 9, 3 birds/n). Starting at 27 d of age, broilers were fed the mash diets for 32 h, then sampled for gizzard pH and distal ileal digestibility. Gizzard pH was 1.94 in birds fed diet without added Ca and was similar to those fed diet with PAR limestone regardless of phytase. Gizzard pH was increased in birds fed PUV limestone diets irrespectively of phytase inclusion compared to birds fed 0.14% Ca (P < 0.05), except in birds fed 0.60% Ca diet. In the absence of phytase, AID P was reduced as a result of increases in limestone inclusion (P < 0.05), with a greater effect seen in PUV as compared to PAR limestone. The AID Ca in birds fed PUV limestone diets was lower than that of those fed PAR limestone diets (22.1% vs. 28.2%; P < 0.05). In the presence of phytase, the AID P was not affected by increasing Ca concentration when PAR limestone was used as the Ca source (average = 64.3%), whereas AID P decreased from 66.9% (0.6% Ca) to 51.0% (1.0% Ca) when PUV limestone was used as the Ca source (P < 0.05). In summary, impact of Ca concentration on AID Ca and P was dependent on limestone particle size and phytase inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - M Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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The effects ofmicrobial phytases and dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on the productive performance and bone mineralization of broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sommerfeld V, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Interactive effects of phosphorus, calcium, and phytase supplements on products of phytate degradation in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1177-1188. [PMID: 29325118 PMCID: PMC5914422 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to distinguish between the single and interactive effects of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and phytase on products of phytate degradation, including the disappearance of myo-inositol (MI), P, Ca, and amino acids (AA) in different segments of the digestive tract in broiler chickens. Additionally, all dephosphorylation steps from myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) to MI were investigated in the digesta of the terminal ileum. Unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated to 56 pens with 19 birds per pen, and assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments. The dietary treatments included diets without (P−, 4.1 g/kg DM) or with (P+, 6.9 g/kg DM) monosodium phosphate supplementation, without (Ca−, 6.2 g/kg DM) or with (Ca+, 10.3 g/kg DM) additional fine limestone supplementation, and without or with 1,500 FTU phytase/kg feed in a factorial design. Adding Ca or P had no effect on InsP6 disappearance in the crop when phytase was added. InsP6 disappearance up to the terminal ileum (P−Ca− 56%) was decreased in P+Ca− (40%), and even more so in P+Ca+ (21%), when no phytase was added. Adding phytase removed all effects of P and Ca (77 to 87%); however, P+Ca+ increased the concentrations of lower InsP esters and reduced free MI in the ileum, even in the presence of phytase. These results indicate that mineral supplements, especially P and Ca combined, reduce the efficacy of endogenous microbial or epithelial phosphatases. Supplementation with phytase increased, while supplementation with Ca decreased the concentration of MI in all segments of the digestive tract and in blood plasma, demonstrating the ability of broilers to fully degrade phytate and absorb released MI. While AA disappearance was not affected by P or Ca, or an interaction among P, Ca, and phytase, it increased with the addition of phytase by 2 to 6%. This demonstrates the potential of the phytase used to increase AA digestibility, likely independent of P and Ca supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I Kühn
- AB Vista, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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73
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Dersjant-Li Y, Evans C, Kumar A. Effect of phytase dose and reduction in dietary calcium on performance, nutrient digestibility, bone ash and mineralization in broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with reduced nutrient density. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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74
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Ajith S, Shet D, Ghosh J, Awachat VB, Bhat K, Pal D, Elangovan AV. Effect of immobilized fungal phytase on growth performance and bone traits of broilers fed with low dietary calcium and phosphorus. Vet World 2018; 11:758-764. [PMID: 30034166 PMCID: PMC6048074 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.758-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of phytase which was laboratory produced by Aspergillus foetidus on the growth performance, mineral retention, and bone traits of broilers fed with low dietary calcium and phosphorus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extracellular phytase enzyme secreted into the crude filtrate was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation to obtain an activity of 500 phytase units (FTU). A total of 90 1-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into three treatment groups with five replicates having six birds each. Dietary treatment, T1, was with 0.45% non-phytate P (NPP) during starter and 0.40% during finisher phase with 1% Ca. Dietary treatment, T2, had 0.37% NPP during starter and 0.32% in finisher phase with 1% Ca and supplemental lab phytase at 500 FTU/kg. Dietary treatment, T3, was similar to T2 with a lower Ca of 0.8%. RESULTS There was no significant difference among the dietary treatments with regard to body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and Ca retention (p>0.05). However, a significant improvement in retention of P by birds was observed in phytase supplemental groups T2 and T3 (p<0.05). Dry weight of tibia (2.58-2.78 g/kg live weight) and ash content (39.7-41.8%) was comparable among treatments. A similar trend was observed for bone Ca, P, and Mn content. CONCLUSION The study indicated that 500 FTU/kg phytase can be effectively supplemented in a broiler diet with low phosphorus (0.37% in starter and 0.32% NPP in finisher diet) and low calcium (0.8% in diet) for better growth performance and with successful replacement of dietary P by 0.08 % and reduced P excretion into the environment in broiler chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Ajith
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbiology, Jain University Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Divya Shet
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaibhav B. Awachat
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthik Bhat
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dintaran Pal
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Bradbury EJ, Wilkinson SJ, Cronin GM, Walk CL, Cowieson AJ. Effects of phytase, calcium source, calcium concentration and particle size on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility and skeletal integrity. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study herein investigated the effect of mean particle size, calcium (Ca) source, Ca concentration and phytase on broiler performance, mineral digestibility and skeletal integrity from 1 to 28 days post-hatch. Sixteen dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of two Ca sources (limestone or a highly soluble calcium, HSC), two Ca concentrations (9.0 or 6.0 g/kg from Day 0 to Day 14 and 8.0 or 5.5 g/kg from Day 15 to Day 28), two Ca particle sizes (<0.5 or >0.5 mm) and two phytase-supplementation levels (0 or 1000 FTU/kg). Overall performance (Days 1–28) showed that the addition of phytase to diets containing 8.0 g/kg total Ca provided by HSC improved feed intake (P < 0.05), but there was no effect of the addition of phytase to birds fed Ca from limestone. Phytase supplementation decreased feed intake in birds fed limestone with a mean particle size >0.5 mm and increased feed intake in birds fed HSC with a mean particle size >0.5 mm, which resulted in a Ca source × Ca particle size × phytase interaction (P < 0.05). Birds fed diets containing HSC had a lower liveweight gain than did birds fed diets containing limestone (P = 0.03). Increasing the dietary Ca concentration from 5.5 g/kg to 8.0 g/kg total Ca decreased liveweight gain (P = 0.01). Phytase supplementation increased final liveweight gain (P < 0.001). Foot ash was observed to be higher in birds that received diets containing 8.0 g/kg Ca (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation increased foot ash percentage (P < 0.05). Phytase increased Ca digestibility in birds fed diets containing Ca provided by HSC with a mean particle size <0.5 mm and diets containing limestone with a mean particle size >0.5 mm (P < 0.05). Phytase increased Ca digestibility in birds fed 5.5 g/kg Ca, but had no effect on Ca digestibility in birds fed 8.0 g/kg Ca (P < 0.05). The addition of phytase to diets improved the digestibility of phosphorus, especially in birds fed diets containing limestone (P < 0.05), or 8.0 g/kg total Ca (P < 0.05), or diets with a mean particle size >0.5 mm (P < 0.05). The results of the present study are consistent with those of previous studies by the authors, which have shown that low dietary Ca in conjunction with phytase improves broiler performance and mineral digestibility. Phytase improved growth performance, regardless of Ca source or Ca concentration and improved mineral digestibility.
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77
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Moss AF, Liu SY, Selle PH. Progress in comprehending the phytate–phytase axis in chicken-meat production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an17594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After an extended delay, the level of acceptance of exogenous phytases by the global chicken-meat industry is now almost complete. Contemporary bacterial phytases degrade phytate primarily in the gizzard. The extent of phytate degradation determines the extent to which phytate-bound phosphorus (P) is liberated; however, studies designed to investigate phytate degradation along the digestive tract have generated some confusing outcomes. This may be related to the reactivity of the phytate moiety, coupled with problems with inert dietary markers and perhaps a lack of complete and uniform extractions of phytate from digesta due to variations in digesta pH and phytate solubility. Quite recently, phytase was shown to have profound impacts on sodium (Na) digestibility coefficients in four segments of the small intestine. This has obvious implications for intestinal uptakes of glucose and amino acids via their respective Na+-dependent transport systems and it is possible that phytate and phytase have reciprocal impacts on ‘sodium pump’ (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity. It has been recently demonstrated unequivocally that phytase has the capacity to increase amino acid digestibility coefficients to the extent that phytase may generate a ‘proximal shift’ in the sites of amino acid absorption. The impact of phytase on starch digestibility is more equivocal and phytase responses may stem more from enhanced glucose absorption rather than starch digestion. The acceptance of phytase is hardly surprising, given its capacity to increase P utilisation coupled with numerous other positive influences that are still being properly realised.
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78
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Li W, Angel R, Kim SW, Brady K, Yu S, Plumstead PW. Impacts of dietary calcium, phytate, and phytase on inositol hexakisphosphate degradation and inositol phosphate release in different segments of digestive tract of broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:3626-3637. [PMID: 28938789 PMCID: PMC5850842 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 720 straight-run Heritage 56 M × fast feathering Cobb 500F broiler chickens was fed from 11 to 13 d of age to determine the impacts of dietary calcium (Ca), phytate phosphorus (PP), and phytase concentrations on inositol phosphate (IP3-6) profile in different digestive tract (GI) segments. The experiment was a 2 × 2 × 3 randomized block design with 2 Ca (0.7 and 1.0%) and 2 PP (0.23 and 0.34%) concentrations and 3 doses of Buttiauxella sp. phytase (0, 500, and 1,000 FTU/kg). The experiment was replicated in time (block) with 3 replicates per treatment (Trt) of 10 birds per block. Concentrations of IP3-6 in the crop, proventriculus (Prov) plus (+) gizzard (Giz), and distal ileum, as well as the ileal IP6 and P disappearance were determined at 13 d of age. The detrimental impact of Ca on IP6 and P disappearance was observed only in the ileum, where 11% reduction in both IP6 and P disappearance was seen when Ca increased from 0.7 to 1.0% (P < 0.05). Higher IP5 and IP6 concentrations were seen in both the crop and Prov+Giz at 0.34% PP as compared to birds fed to 0.23% PP diets, regardless of Ca or phytase (P < 0.05), whereas IP3 and IP4 concentrations were not affected by PP (P > 0.05). Inclusion of phytase, at both 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg, resulted in lower IP6 and the accumulation of lower IP ester (IP3-5) concentrations in all GI segments (P < 0.05). Improved IP6 and P disappearance was seen as a result of phytase inclusion, despite the degree of improvement affected by PP (P < 0.05). On average, 5.5 and 6.7 times improvement in IP6 was observed with 500 and 1,000 FTU phytase/kg inclusion, respectively, resulting in 41 and 64% greater P digestibility, respectively. In conclusion, phytase can effectively degrade IP6 to lower esters and increase P utilization. However, the efficacy of phytase can be affected by diet Ca and PP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20714, USA
| | - R. Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20714, USA
| | - S.-W. Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20714, USA
| | - K. Brady
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20714, USA
| | - S. Yu
- Enzyme R&D, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Aarhus, DK-8220, Denmark
| | - P. W. Plumstead
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Marlborough, SN8 1AA, UK
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Perryman KR, Masey O'Neill HV, Bedford MR, Dozier WA. Methodology affects measures of phosphorus availability in growing broilers. 2. Effects of calcium feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length on phytate hydrolysis at different locations in the gastrointestinal tract1. Poult Sci 2017; 96:622-633. [PMID: 27601686 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary adaptation period length (DAPL; 0, 24, and 48 h) and Ca feeding strategy (0.35% or 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio) on apparent phytate P (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; IP6) hydrolysis (AIP6H) and apparent digestibility (AΣIPD) of the sum of all inositol phosphate esters (ΣIP) of corn-titration diets at 3 locations (proventriculus/gizzard [Pro/Giz], jejunum, and distal ileum) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Four hundred thirty-two Ross × Ross 708 male broilers were placed into 36 battery cages and fed a common starter diet until 18 d of age. Eight semipurified diets and a control diet for DAPL were fed from 19 to 21 d of age. Digesta were collected at each location from 4 birds per pen after each DAPL. Diets formulated with a 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio had higher (P < 0.001) AIP6H and AΣIPD when measured in the jejunum and ileum, but no differences were observed in the Pro/Giz. No interaction effects between DAPL and sampling location were observed for AIP6H and AΣIPD of the control diet. Conversely, interactive effects (P < 0.05) were measured for AIP6H and AΣIPD of the corn-titration diets. The highest values for both AIP6H (73.9%) and AΣIPD (80.7%) were measured in the Pro/Giz after 24 h. Phytate hydrolysis and AΣIPD were similar regardless of DAPL when sampled from the distal ileum. Concentrations of TiO2, IP6 and ΣIP also varied (P < 0.05) in response to DAPL and sampling location. Variability was likely due to inconsistencies in the flow of inositol phosphate esters and TiO2 through the GIT, specifically the Pro/Giz. Therefore, the use of TiO2 as an inert marker may have limitations when determining the hydrolysis and digestibility of phytate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Perryman
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - H V Masey O'Neill
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Sommerfeld V, Schollenberger M, Hemberle L, Rodehutscord M. Modification and application of an in vitro assay to examine inositol phosphate degradation in the digestive tract of poultry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4219-4226. [PMID: 28247412 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in vitro assay was modified to study the disappearance of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6 ) and the formation of lower inositol phosphate (InsP) isomers in the poultry digestive tract, and three experiments investigated the influence of diets with different ingredients and additives. Using the poultry diet as a matrix, the assay simulated the conditions (e.g. pH, temperature, proteolytic enzymes, water content, and retention time) of the crop, stomach, and small intestine, and extraction and analysis of InsP isomers were immediately conducted. RESULTS The assay produced highly reproducible results with coefficients of variation ≤10% for an InsP isomer concentration ≥0.4 µmol g-1 DM (n = 3), and it was sensitive to the factors that varied in the three experiments. CONCLUSION The described assay is a suitable tool that can be used to screen feed enzymes and to investigate the effects of supplements in the absence of endogenous phytases. The ease of handling and high reproducibility of the assay indicated that the assay is a rapid and feasible method that can be used to examine the degradation pathway of phytate in feed under gastrointestinal conditions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sommerfeld
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Luca Hemberle
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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81
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Lee SA, Nagalakshmi D, Raju MVLN, Rama Rao SV, Bedford MR. Effect of phytase superdosing, myo-inositol and available phosphorus concentrations on performance and bone mineralisation in broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:247-251. [PMID: 29767153 PMCID: PMC5941221 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 2,376 one-day-old Ross broiler chickens were used to investigate the effect of myo-inositol (MYO) and phytase supplementation on performance and bone mineralization variables in broilers fed diets formulated to have varying concentrations of available phosphorus (P). The trial was designed as a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial; with and without phytase superdosing (0 or 1,500 FTU/kg), MYO (0 or 3 g/kg), and dietary P (low, moderate or high). At 21 d, dietary phytase and MYO had no consistent benefit on bone mineralization variables. Bone ash reduced by 4.7% from the medium to low P diet (P < 0.01), with no effect of phytase supplementation. Superdosing improved bone P content by 6% in birds fed the low P diet, signifying an interaction between dietary P concentrations and phytase (P < 0.05). Dietary MYO addition resulted in a numerical reduction in bone ash and a significant reduction in bone strength (P < 0.05). At 42 d, the beneficial effect of phytase superdosing on feed intake and body weight gain was evident in the low P diet. Superdosing reduced feed conversion rate (FCR) at all P levels (P < 0.05), although this effect was more pronounced on the low P diet, suggesting that sufficient P being released from the phytase itself to re-phosphorylate MYO and hence improve FCR. The significant improvement in FCR was greater with superdosing than with MYO alone, and the combination led to no further improvement in FCR compared with superdosing alone, signifying a phytase and MYO interaction (P < 0.05). From these results, it can be estimated that MYO is providing around 30% to 35% of the total response to superdosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Lee
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - Devanaboyina Nagalakshmi
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India
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Beeson LA, Walk CL, Bedford MR, Olukosi OA. Hydrolysis of phytate to its lower esters can influence the growth performance and nutrient utilization of broilers with regular or super doses of phytase. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2243-2253. [PMID: 28204754 PMCID: PMC5850811 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to observe the effects of dietary available phosphorus (aP) and calcium (Ca), with regular or super doses of phytase, on phytate hydrolysis and subsequent influences on broiler growth performance and nutrient utilization. In a 2 × 3 factorial design, 384 Ross-308 broilers were allocated to one of 6 dietary treatments with 8 replicates in a randomized complete block design for 21 days. Diets were nutritionally adequate (positive control, PC) or marginally deficient in aP and Ca (negative control, NC), with 0, 500 or 1,500 FTU/kg phytase. Bird and feed weights were recorded on d 0 and 21, excreta were collected on d 19 and 20, and gizzard and ileal contents were collected on d 21. Body weight gain (P < 0.01) increased linearly with phytase in the PC and quadratically in the NC. There was an interactive effect on ileal DM, N, and P utilization, increasing quadratically with phytase supplementation in the NC, but there was no phytase influence in the PC (P < 0.05). Phytase linearly increased copper (P < 0.001) and linearly decreased Ca (P < 0.05) utilization in the ileum. Phytase decreased ileal (IPx, inositol x-phosphate) IP6 and IP5 and increased inositol (quadratic, P < 0.001) but had no effect on IP4 or IP3. The influence of the dietary aP was more apparent on the hydrolysis of phytate and phytate esters after the ileum, with increasing (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) IP4 and IP3 content in the excreta of birds fed the NC or PC when phytase was added. Phytate hydrolysis improves the growth potential of birds fed NC diets, allowing them to match the growth performance of birds fed PC diets and improve nutrient utilization. These results indicate that dietary Ca and aP concentrations can be reduced when phytase is supplemented. It also may be beneficial to apply the enzyme nutrient matrix to other nutrients in the diet to maintain an optimal balance of nutrients in the digesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A Beeson
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - C. L. Walk
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, UK
| | - M. R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, UK
| | - O. A. Olukosi
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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83
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Effect of dietary calcium concentrations in phytase-containing diets on growth performance, bone mineralization, litter quality, and footpad dermatitis score in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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Sacranie A, Adiya X, Mydland LT, Svihus B. Effect of intermittent feeding and oat hulls to improve phytase efficacy and digestive function in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:442-451. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1328550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sacranie
- Nutreco Poultry Research Centre, Toledo, Spain
- Aviagen, Newbridge, Scotland
| | - X Adiya
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - L. T. Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - B. Svihus
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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85
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Rodehutscord M, Adeola O, Angel R, Bikker P, Delezie E, Dozier WA, Umar Faruk M, Francesch M, Kwakernaak C, Narcy A, Nyachoti CM, Olukosi OA, Preynat A, Renouf B, Saiz Del Barrio A, Schedle K, Siegert W, Steenfeldt S, van Krimpen MM, Waititu SM, Witzig M. Results of an international phosphorus digestibility ring test with broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1679-1687. [PMID: 27920192 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this ring test was to investigate the prececal phosphorus (P) digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) in broiler chickens using the trial protocol proposed by the World's Poultry Science Association. It was hypothesized that prececal P digestibility of SBM determined in the collaborating stations is similar. Three diets with different inclusion levels of SBM were mixed in a feed mill specialized in experimental diets and transported to 17 collaborating stations. Broiler chicks were raised on commercial starter diets according to station-specific management routine. Then they were fed the experimental diets for a minimum of 5 d before content of the posterior half of the ileum was collected. A minimum of 6 experimental replicates per diet was used in each station. All diets and digesta samples were analyzed in the same laboratory. Diet, station, and their interaction significantly affected (P < 0.05) the prececal digestibility values of P and calcium of the diets. The prececal P digestibility of SBM was determined by linear regression and varied among stations from 19 to 51%, with significant differences among stations. In a subset of 4 stations, the prececal disappearance of myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate)-P; InsP6-P) also was studied. The prececal InsP6-P disappearance correlated well with the prececal P digestibility. We hypothesized that factors influencing InsP6 hydrolysis were main contributors to the variation in prececal P digestibility among stations. These factors were probably related to the feeding and housing conditions (floor pens or cages) of the birds in the pre-experimental phase. Therefore, we suggest that the World's Poultry Science Association protocol for the determination of digestible P be should extended to the standardization of the pre-experimental period. We also suggest that comparisons of P digestibility measurements among studies are made only with great caution until the protocol is more refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - P Bikker
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Delezie
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 38649
| | - M Umar Faruk
- DSM Nutritional Products, 68128 Village-Neuf, France
| | - M Francesch
- IRTA, Mas de Bover, 43120 Constantí (Tarragona), Spain
| | - C Kwakernaak
- Schothorst Feed Research BV, 8200 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - A Narcy
- INRA-UR0083, Recherches Avicoles, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - C M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - O A Olukosi
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - A Preynat
- Adisseo - Cern, 6 route noire, 03600 Malicorne, France
| | - B Renouf
- SAS Euronutrition, Domaine Expérimental le Pavillon, 72240 Saint Symphorien, France
| | - A Saiz Del Barrio
- Trouw Nutrition R&D Poultry Research Centre, 45950 Casarrubios del Monte, Spain
| | - K Schedle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products and Nutrition Physiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - W Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Steenfeldt
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M M van Krimpen
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S M Waititu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - M Witzig
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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86
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Lee SA, Dunne J, Mottram T, Bedford MR. Effect of diet phase change, dietary Ca and P level and phytase on bird performance and real-time gizzard pH measurements. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:290-297. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1293799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Lee
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK
| | - J. Dunne
- Drayton Animal Health, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, UK
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87
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Perryman KR, Masey O'Neill HV, Bedford MR, Dozier WA. Methodology affects measures of phosphorus availability in growing broilers: Effects of calcium feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length on true ileal phosphorus digestibility and predicted endogenous phosphorus losses1. Poult Sci 2017; 96:611-621. [PMID: 27591272 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Ca feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length (DAPL) on the apparent ileal P digestibility (AIPD) and apparent ileal myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakis dihydrogen phosphate (IP6) hydrolysis (AIIP6H) of corn titration diets. Nine hundred sixty Ross × Ross 708 male broiler chicks were placed into 80 battery cages. Broilers received a common starter diet until 18 d of age and then were fed one of 10 experimental treatments from 19 to 21 d of age. Nine diets were formulated to evaluate 5 corn inclusion concentrations (15, 30, 45, 60, or 75%) and 2 Ca feeding strategies (fixed at 0.35% or 1.4:1 Ca:P) after 3 DAPL (zero, 24, and 48 h). As a control for DAPL, one treatment group received the common starter diet for the duration of the experiment. Broilers consuming the control diet had higher (P < 0.001) BW gain and feed intake than broilers fed the corn titration diets. Apparent ileal P digestibility of the control diet was affected (P = 0.038) by DAPL. For diets formulated with a 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio, negative linear effects (P < 0.05) on AIPD and AIIP6H were observed with increasing corn. Conversely, for diets formulated with 0.35% Ca, positive linear effects (P < 0.05) were measured for AIPD after a 48 DAPL while no linear or quadratic effects (P > 0.05) were measured for AIPD or AIIP6H for other DAPL. Broilers fed diets formulated with 1.4:1 Ca:P had variable (P < 0.05) true ileal P digestibility (TIPD; 32.2, 15.1, and 35.4%) and negative endogenous P losses (EPL; -190, -499, and -262 mg/kg DM intake) for zero, 24, and 48 h DAPL, respectively. Conversely, TIPD values (41.2, 39.1, and 47.3%) were similar (P > 0.05) and EPL were positive (102, 197, and 154 mg/kg DM intake), regardless of DAPL, for broilers fed diets formulated with 0.35% Ca. These data demonstrated that formulating diets with a 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio affected AIPD of the titration diets, shifting the regression line and predicted negative EPL and an underestimation of TIPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Perryman
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - H V Masey O'Neill
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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88
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89
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Bradbury EJ, Wilkinson SJ, Cronin GM, Thomson P, Walk CL, Cowieson AJ. Evaluation of the effect of a highly soluble calcium source in broiler diets supplemented with phytase on performance, nutrient digestibility, foot ash, mobility and leg weakness. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High inclusion concentrations of dietary calcium (Ca) from limestone may have detrimental effects on broiler performance, such as increased gastric pH and a reduction in phosphorus (P) and amino acid digestibility. To assess the potential for feeding diets with lower total Ca concentrations, the effect of a novel highly soluble source of calcium (HSC) on bird performance, nutrient digestibility and skeletal integrity of 1120 male Cobb-500 broilers was compared with that of limestone. Eight dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design consisted of two sources of Ca (limestone or HSC), two concentrations of Ca (6.0 or 7.7 g/kg in the starter and 4.0 or 5.7 g/kg in the grower), two phytase levels (0 or 500 FTU/kg). The effect of dietary treatments on growth performance and feed intake were measured from Day 1 to Day 40 and foot ash and leg health on Day 40. At the end of the starter period, in the absence of phytase, changing Ca source from limestone to HSC at 6.0 g/kg total Ca decreased both bodyweight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05). The addition of phytase to diets containing 6.0 g/kg total Ca provided by HSC increased bodyweight gain (P < 0.05), as well as increasing feed intake (P < 0.05). At the end of the grower period, diets supplemented with phytase increased bodyweight gain (P < 0.001), birds fed the higher Ca concentration were also observed to have an increased bodyweight gain (P < 0.001). Apparent ileal Ca digestibility significantly increased with the addition of phytase to diets containing 4.0 g/kg total Ca provided by HSC (P < 0.05), this was also observed for P digestibility. Replacement of limestone with HSC when fed in conjunction with phytase has the potential to be an effective strategy to improve broiler performance and bone mineralisation.
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90
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Phytase inclusions of 500 and 2000FTU/kg in maize-based broiler diets impact on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive dynamics of starch, protein (N), sodium and IP6 phytate degradation in the gizzard and four small intestinal segments. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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91
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Cowieson A, Ruckebusch J, Knap I, Guggenbuhl P, Fru-Nji F. Phytate-free nutrition: A new paradigm in monogastric animal production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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92
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Bikker P, Spek JW, Van Emous RA, Van Krimpen MM. Precaecal phosphorus digestibility of inorganic phosphate sources in male broilers. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:810-817. [PMID: 27635437 PMCID: PMC5351789 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1222604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study, comprising two experiments, was (1) to determine in Experiment 1 the relationship of incremental dietary P (phosphorus) content on precaecal digestible P in male broilers and (2) to determine in Experiment 2 the precaecal P digestibility of various inorganic P sources at marginal levels of P supply. In Experiment 1, a total of 260 male Ross 308 broilers were divided into groups of 10 birds per pen resulting in 8 replicates for treatment 1 and 6 replicates for treatments 2–4. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 4 incremental concentrations of digestible P by means of increasing concentrations of monocalcium phosphate (MCP). In the second experiment, 480-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were divided in groups of 12 birds per pen resulting in 16 replicates for the basal diet and 6 replicates for each test diet. A total of 4 inorganic P sources, MCP, monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP) were added to the basal diet to determine the precaecal P digestibility. Three of the 4 inorganic P sources (MCP, MDCP and DCP) represented a mix of batches from different producers. At the end of both experiments, the chyme of the posterior part of the small intestine was collected. Digestibility of P and Ca was determined using titanium dioxide as indigestible marker. In Experiment 1, a reduction in precaecal digestibility of P was observed above an estimated precaecal digestible dietary P concentration of 4.8 g/kg. The precaecal P digestibility of the tested inorganic P sources in Experiment 2 was 78.3% for MCP, 59.0% for DCP, 70.7% for MDCP and 31.5% for DFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bikker
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - J W Spek
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - R A Van Emous
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - M M Van Krimpen
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
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93
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Perryman K, Cattley R, Masey O'Neill H, Bedford M, Dozier W. Interactive effects of dietary adaptation period length and titration diet type on apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility and phosphorus retention in growing broilers. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2332-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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94
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Investigation of the interaction between separate calcium feeding and phytase supplementation on growth performance, calcium intake, nutrient digestibility and energy utilisation in broiler starters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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95
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Measurement of true ileal phosphorus digestibility in meat and bone meal for broiler chickens using the direct method. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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96
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Bedford M, Walk C, Masey O'Neill H. Assessing measurements in feed enzyme research: Phytase evaluations in broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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97
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Mirzaei M, Saffar B, Shareghi B. Cloning, Codon Optimization, and Expression of Yersinia intermedia Phytase Gene in E. coli. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 14:63-69. [PMID: 28959328 PMCID: PMC5435034 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytate is an anti-nutritional factor in plants, which catches the most phosphorus contents and some vital minerals. Therefore, Phytase is added mainly as an additive to the monogastric animals' foods to hydrolyze phytate and increase absorption of phosphorus. OBJECTIVES Y. intermedia phytase is a new phytase with special characteristics such as high specific activity, pH stability, and thermostability. Our aim was to clone, express, and characterizea codon optimized Y. intermedia phytase gene in E. coli . MATERIALS AND METHODS The Y. intermedia phytase gene was optimized according to the codon usage in E. coli. The sequence was synthesized and sub-cloned in pET-22b (+) vector and transformed into E. coli Bl21 (DE3). The protein was expressed in the presence of IPTG at a final concentration of 1 mM at 30°C. The purification of recombinant protein was performed by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Phytase activity and stability were determined in various pH and temperatures. RESULTS The codon optimized Y. intermedia phytase gene was sub-cloned successfully.The expression was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. The recombinant enzyme (approximately 45 kDa) was purified. Specific activity of enzyme was 3849 (U.mg-1) with optimal pH 5 and optimal temperature of 55°C. Thermostability (80°C for 15 min) and pH stability (3-6) of the enzyme were 56 and more than 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of the expression and enzyme characterization revealed that the optimized Y. intermedia phytase gene has a good potential to be produced commercially andto be applied in animals' foodsindustry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behnaz Saffar
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behzad Shareghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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98
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Naderinejad S, Zaefarian F, Abdollahi M, Hassanabadi A, Kermanshahi H, Ravindran V. Influence of feed form and particle size on performance, nutrient utilisation, and gastrointestinal tract development and morphometry in broiler starters fed maize-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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99
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Li W, Angel R, Kim SW, Brady K, Yu S, Plumstead PW. Impacts of dietary calcium, phytate, and nonphytate phosphorus concentrations in the presence or absence of phytase on inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) degradation in different segments of broilers digestive tract. Poult Sci 2016; 95:581-9. [PMID: 26740131 PMCID: PMC4957486 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,440 straight-run Heritage 56M × fast-feathering Cobb 500F broiler birds were fed from 11 to 13 d of age to determine the impacts of calcium (Ca), phytate phosphorus (PP), nonphytate P (NPP) and phytase concentrations on the myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) flow through the different parts of gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The experiment was a 2×2×2×3 randomized block design with 2 Ca (0.7 and 1.0%), 2 PP (0.23 and 0.34%), 2 nPP (0.28 and 0.45%) and 3 phytase (0-, 500-, and 1,000-phytase unit (FTU)/kg) concentrations. The experiment was replicated twice (block) with 3 replicates per treatment (TRT) of 10 birds per block. Concentration of IP6 in crop, proventriculus (PROV) plus (+) gizzard (GIZ) and distal ileum digesta as well as the ileal IP6 disappearance was determined at 13 d of age. In crop, higher IP6 concentration was seen with increased Ca (P < 0.05). Despite the interaction between PP and phytase, higher dietary PP led to greater IP6 concentration (P < 0.05). Similar main effects of PP and phytase were also seen in Prov+Giz and ileum (P < 0.05) without interactions. Interaction between Ca and nPP on IP6 concentration was seen in Prov+Giz (P < 0.05). Decreased ileal IP6 disappearance was found at higher Ca (62.3% at 0.7% Ca vs. 57.5% at 1.0% Ca; P < 0.05). In general, adding phytase improved IP6 degradation but the degree of impact was dependent on nPP and PP (P < 0.05). In conclusion, phytase inclusion significantly reduced IP6 concentration and IP6 disappearance in distal ileum regardless of GIT segments or diet composition, but impacts of dietary Ca, nPP, and PP differed depending on GIT segment examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - S-W Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - K Brady
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - S Yu
- Enzyme R&D, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P W Plumstead
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Marlborough, UK
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100
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Taheri HR, Jabbari Z, Adibnia S, Shahir MH, Hosseini SA. Effect of high-dose phytase and citric acid, alone or in combination, on growth performance of broilers given diets severely limited in available phosphorus. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:708-15. [PMID: 26361795 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1093094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of high-dose phytase alone or in combination with citric acid (CA) in the diet severely limited in available phosphorus (P) on performance, plasma P and plasma Ca of broilers from 22 to 42 d of age. 2. In Trial 1, 297 21-d-old female chicks were placed into 27 pens and allocated to 9 maize-soybean meal-based dietary treatments, which were a positive control [PC, 4.23 g/kg non-phytate P (NPP)] and 8 negative control (NC, 1.35 g/kg NPP) groups consisting of two concentrations of CA (0 and 20 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of phytase (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 U/kg) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In Trial 2, 192 21-d-old male chicks were placed into 24 pens and allocated to 6 wheat-canola meal-based dietary treatments, which were a PC (4.2 g/kg NPP), a NC (1.68 g/kg NPP) and 4 NC groups consisting of two concentrations of CA (0 and 20 g/kg) and two concentrations of phytase (2000 and 4000 U/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. 3. In both trials, birds fed on the PC had significantly higher average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), plasma P and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) and plasma Ca than those of birds fed on the NC. CA supplementation significantly increased ADG and ADFI. There was a significant interaction between CA and phytase on plasma P where CA improved the effect of phytase on plasma P. In Trial 1, phytase addition improved ADG, ADFI, FCR and plasma Ca linearly. 4. Briefly, this research showed the interaction effect between CA and phytase on plasma P when broilers were fed on diets based on maize-soybean meal or wheat-canola meal. The results showed that CA supplementation lowered the concentration of phytase that is needed in low NPP diets to increase plasma P.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Taheri
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Z Jabbari
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - S Adibnia
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - M H Shahir
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - S A Hosseini
- b Animal Science Research Institute , Karaj , Iran
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