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Clark KJ, Pang Z, Trinh J, Wang N, Ma W. Sec-Delivered Effector 1 (SDE1) of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Promotes Citrus Huanglongbing. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1394-1404. [PMID: 32986514 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0123-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sec-delivered effector 1 (SDE1) from the huanglongbing (HLB)-associated bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' was previously characterized as an inhibitor of defense-related, papain-like cysteine proteases in vitro and in planta. Here, we investigated the contributions of SDE1 to HLB progression. We found that SDE1 expression in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana caused severe yellowing in mature leaves, reminiscent of both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection symptoms and accelerated leaf senescence. Induction of senescence signatures was also observed in the SDE1-expressing A. thaliana lines. These signatures were apparent in older leaves but not in seedlings, suggesting an age-associated effect. Furthermore, independent lines of transgenic Citrus paradisi (L.) Macfadyen (Duncan grapefruit) that express SDE1 exhibited hypersusceptibility to 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Similar to A. thaliana, transgenic citrus expressing SDE1 showed altered expression of senescence-associated genes, but only after infection with 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. These findings suggest that SDE1 is a virulence factor that contributes to HLB progression, likely by inducing premature or accelerated senescence in citrus. This work provides new insight into HLB pathogenesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley J Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Franco JY, Thapa SP, Pang Z, Gurung FB, Liebrand TWH, Stevens DM, Ancona V, Wang N, Coaker G. Citrus Vascular Proteomics Highlights the Role of Peroxidases and Serine Proteases during Huanglongbing Disease Progression. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1936-1952. [PMID: 32883801 PMCID: PMC7710146 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating and widespread citrus disease. All commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to the HLB-associated bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which resides in the phloem. The phloem is part of the plant vascular system and is involved in sugar transport. To investigate the plant response to CLas, we enriched for proteins surrounding the phloem in an HLB susceptible sweet orange variety, Washington navel (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck). Quantitative proteomics revealed global changes in the citrus proteome after CLas inoculation. Plant metabolism and translation were suppressed, whereas defense-related proteins such as peroxidases, proteases and protease inhibitors were induced in the vasculature. Transcript accumulation and enzymatic activity of plant peroxidases in CLas infected sweet orange varieties under greenhouse and field conditions were assessed. Although peroxidase transcript accumulation was induced in CLas infected sweet orange varieties, peroxidase enzymatic activity varied. Specific serine proteases were up-regulated in Washington navel in the presence of CLas based on quantitative proteomics. Subsequent activity-based protein profiling revealed increased activity of two serine proteases, and reduced activity of one protease in two C. sinensis sweet orange varieties under greenhouse and field conditions. The observations in the current study highlight global reprogramming of the citrus vascular proteome and differential regulation of enzyme classes in response to CLas infection. These results open an avenue for further investigation of diverse responses to HLB across different environmental conditions and citrus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shree P Thapa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Fatta B Gurung
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Veronica Ancona
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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53
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Killiny N, Jones SE, Hijaz F, Kishk A, Santos-Ortega Y, Nehela Y, Omar AA, Yu Q, Gmitter FG, Grosser JW, Dutt M. Metabolic Profiling of Hybrids Generated from Pummelo and Citrus latipes in Relation to Their Attraction to Diaphorina citri, the Vector of Huanglongbing. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120477. [PMID: 33255226 PMCID: PMC7760127 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The citrus industry at present is severely affected by huanglongbing disease (HLB). HLB is caused by the supposed bacterial pathogen “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” and is transmitted by the insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Developing new citrus hybrids to improve HLB management is much needed. In this study, we investigated the metabolomic profiles of three new hybrids produced from the cross of C2-5-12 Pummelo (Citrus maxima (L.) Osbeck) × pollen from Citrus latipes. The hybrids were selected based on leaf morphology and seedling vigor. The selected hybrids exhibited compact and upright tree architecture as seen in C. latipes. Hybrids were verified by simple sequence repeat markers, and were subjected to metabolomic analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polar metabolites profiling also showed that the new hybrids were different from their parents. Interestingly, the levels of stored VOCs in hybrid II were higher than those observed in its parents and other hybrids. The level of most VOCs released by hybrid II was also higher than that released from its parents. Additionally, the preference assay showed that hybrid II was more attractive to D. citri than its parents and other hybrids. The leaf morphology, compact and upright architecture of hybrid II, and its attraction to D. citri suggest that it could be used as a windbreak and trap tree for D. citri (double duty), once its tolerance to HLB disease is confirmed. Our results showed that metabolomic analysis could be successfully used to understand the biochemical mechanisms controlling the interaction of D. citri with its host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (S.E.J.); (F.H.); (A.K.); (Y.S.-O.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +863-956-8833; Fax: +863-956-4631
| | - Shelley E. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (S.E.J.); (F.H.); (A.K.); (Y.S.-O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (S.E.J.); (F.H.); (A.K.); (Y.S.-O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Abdelaziz Kishk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (S.E.J.); (F.H.); (A.K.); (Y.S.-O.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Yulica Santos-Ortega
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (S.E.J.); (F.H.); (A.K.); (Y.S.-O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (S.E.J.); (F.H.); (A.K.); (Y.S.-O.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Ahmad A. Omar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (A.A.O.); (Q.Y.); (F.G.G.J.); (J.W.G.); (M.D.)
- Biochemistry Department, College of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Qibin Yu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (A.A.O.); (Q.Y.); (F.G.G.J.); (J.W.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Fred G. Gmitter
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (A.A.O.); (Q.Y.); (F.G.G.J.); (J.W.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Jude W. Grosser
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (A.A.O.); (Q.Y.); (F.G.G.J.); (J.W.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (A.A.O.); (Q.Y.); (F.G.G.J.); (J.W.G.); (M.D.)
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Huang W, Reyes-Caldas P, Mann M, Seifbarghi S, Kahn A, Almeida RPP, Béven L, Heck M, Hogenhout SA, Coaker G. Bacterial Vector-Borne Plant Diseases: Unanswered Questions and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1379-1393. [PMID: 32835885 PMCID: PMC7769051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne plant diseases have significant ecological and economic impacts, affecting farm profitability and forest composition throughout the world. Bacterial vector-borne pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to interact with their hemipteran insect vectors and plant hosts. These pathogens reside in plant vascular tissue, and their study represents an excellent opportunity to uncover novel biological mechanisms regulating intracellular pathogenesis and to contribute to the control of some of the world's most invasive emerging diseases. In this perspective, we highlight recent advances and major unanswered questions in the realm of bacterial vector-borne disease, focusing on liberibacters, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and Xylella fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paola Reyes-Caldas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marina Mann
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shirin Seifbarghi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Kahn
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laure Béven
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Michelle Heck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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55
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Morrow JL, Om N, Beattie GAC, Chambers GA, Donovan NJ, Liefting LW, Riegler M, Holford P. Characterization of the bacterial communities of psyllids associated with Rutaceae in Bhutan by high throughput sequencing. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:215. [PMID: 32689950 PMCID: PMC7370496 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several plant-pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by insect vector species that often also act as hosts. In this interface, these bacteria encounter plant endophytic, insect endosymbiotic and other microbes. Here, we used high throughput sequencing to examine the bacterial communities of five different psyllids associated with citrus and related plants of Rutaceae in Bhutan: Diaphorina citri, Diaphorina communis, Cornopsylla rotundiconis, Cacopsylla heterogena and an unidentified Cacopsylla sp. Results The microbiomes of the psyllids largely comprised their obligate P-endosymbiont ‘Candidatus Carsonella ruddii’, and one or two S-endosymbionts that are fixed and specific to each lineage. In addition, all contained Wolbachia strains; the Bhutanese accessions of D. citri were dominated by a Wolbachia strain first found in American isolates of D. citri, while D. communis accessions were dominated by the Wolbachia strain, wDi, first detected in D. citri from China. The S-endosymbionts from the five psyllids grouped with those from other psyllid taxa; all D. citri and D. communis individuals contained sequences matching ‘Candidatus Profftella armatura’ that has previously only been reported from other Diaphorina species, and the remaining psyllid species contained OTUs related to unclassified Enterobacteriaceae. The plant pathogenic ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ was found in D. citri but not in D. communis. Furthermore, an unidentified ‘Candidatus Liberibacter sp.’ occurred at low abundance in both Co. rotundiconis and the unidentified Cacopsylla sp. sampled from Zanthoxylum sp.; the status of this new liberibacter as a plant pathogen and its potential plant hosts are currently unknown. The bacterial communities of Co. rotundiconis also contained a range of OTUs with similarities to bacteria previously found in samples taken from various environmental sources. Conclusions The bacterial microbiota detected in these Bhutanese psyllids support the trends that have been seen in previous studies: psyllids have microbiomes largely comprising their obligate P-endosymbiont and one or two S-endosymbionts. In addition, the association with plant pathogens has been demonstrated, with the detection of liberibacters in a known host, D. citri, and identification of a putative new species of liberibacter in Co. rotundiconis and Cacopsylla sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrow
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Namgay Om
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia.,National Plant Protection Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Forests, P.O. Box 670, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - George A C Beattie
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Grant A Chambers
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Nerida J Donovan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Woodbridge Rd, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Lia W Liefting
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland, 1140, New Zealand
| | - Markus Riegler
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia
| | - Paul Holford
- Western Sydney University, School of Science, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2752, Australia.
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56
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Hilf ME, Luo W. Inoculation Period and Citrus Host Effect Establishment of New Infections of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Transmitted via Vegetative Grafting. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1894-1899. [PMID: 32396053 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-2022-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative grafting is a common method of transmitting and propagating 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the bacterial species accepted as the causal agent of the citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB). Generally, infected tissue that is grafted to a receptor tree remains in place indefinitely to ensure transmission. In this study, individual HLB-symptomatic leaves were grafted as 'Ca. L. asiaticus' inoculum sources to receptor trees of six citrus types and removed after an inoculation period (IP) of 21, 51, or 81 days. The goal was to assess the effect of varying IPs on transmission of bacteria to the receptor tree and on the successful establishment of a new infection. Survival analysis of data from three trials showed a significantly reduced proportion of infected trees with an IP of 21 days compared with IPs of 51 and 81 days but that there was no significant difference in the proportion of infected trees between IPs of 51 and 81 days. In addition, the time to first detection of pathogen DNA in an infected tree was delayed significantly for the 21-day IP when compared with the 51- and 81-day IPs. Survival analysis showed that the probability of infection of sweet orange trees was significantly higher than for trees of five other citrus types throughout the experiment. There was no significant difference between the infection probabilities of these latter five citrus types. The data from this study show that successful infection by grafting is dependent upon the time of exposure to the inoculum, that shorter IPs increase the time needed to establish a systemic infection, and that citrus types vary in their overall susceptibility to infection by 'Ca. L. asiaticus'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hilf
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Weiqi Luo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Pest Management, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
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Heterologous Expression of the Constitutive Disease Resistance 2 and 8 Genes from Poncirus trifoliata Restored the Hypersensitive Response and Resistance of Arabidopsis cdr1 Mutant to Bacterial Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070821. [PMID: 32629813 PMCID: PMC7412121 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. In the United States, this disease is associated with a phloem-restricted bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Commercial citrus cultivars are susceptible to HLB, but Poncirus trifoliata, a close relative of Citrus, is highly tolerant of HLB. Isolating P. trifoliata gene(s) controlling its HLB tolerance followed by expressing the gene(s) in citrus is considered a potential cisgenic approach to engineering citrus for tolerance to HLB. Previous gene expression studies indicated that the constitutive disease resistance (CDR) genes in P. trifoliata (PtCDRs) may play a vital role in its HLB tolerance. This study was designed to use Arabidopsis mutants as a model system to confirm the function of PtCDRs in plant disease resistance. PtCDR2 and PtCDR8 were amplified from P. trifoliata cDNA and transferred into the Arabidopsis cdr1 mutant, whose resident CDR1 gene was disrupted by T-DNA insertion. The PtCDR2 and PtCDR8 transgenic Arabidopsis cdr1 mutant restored its hypersensitive response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000) expressing avrRpt2. The defense marker gene PATHOGENESIS RELATED 1 (PR1) expressed at much higher levels in the PtCDR2 or PtCDR8 transgenic cdr1 mutant than in the non-transgenic cdr1 mutant with or without pathogen infection. Multiplication of Pst DC3000 bacteria in Arabidopsis was inhibited by the expression of PtCDR2 and PtCDR8. Our results showed that PtCDR2 and PtCDR8 were functional in Arabidopsis and played a positive role in disease resistance and demonstrated that Arabidopsis mutants can be a useful alternate system for screening Poncirus genes before making the time-consuming effort to transfer them into citrus, a perennial woody plant that is highly recalcitrant for Agrobacterium or biolistic-mediated transformation.
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58
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Ramsey JS, Chin EL, Chavez JD, Saha S, Mischuk D, Mahoney J, Mohr J, Robison FM, Mitrovic E, Xu Y, Strickler SR, Fernandez N, Zhong X, Polek M, Godfrey KE, Giovannoni JJ, Mueller LA, Slupsky CM, Bruce JE, Heck M. Longitudinal Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Analysis of Citrus limon Response to Graft Inoculation by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2247-2263. [PMID: 32338516 PMCID: PMC7970439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presymptomatic detection of citrus trees infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the bacterial pathogen associated with Huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening disease), is critical to controlling the spread of the disease. To test whether infected citrus trees produce systemic signals that may be used for indirect disease detection, lemon (Citrus limon) plants were graft-inoculated with either CLas-infected or control (CLas-) budwood, and leaf samples were longitudinally collected over 46 weeks and analyzed for plant changes associated with CLas infection. RNA, protein, and metabolite samples extracted from leaves were analyzed using RNA-Seq, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Significant differences in specific transcripts, proteins, and metabolites were observed between CLas-infected and control plants as early as 2 weeks post graft (wpg). The most dramatic differences between the transcriptome and proteome of CLas-infected and control plants were observed at 10 wpg, including coordinated increases in transcripts and proteins of citrus orthologs of known plant defense genes. This integrated approach to quantifying plant molecular changes in leaves of CLas-infected plants supports the development of diagnostic technology for presymptomatic or early disease detection as part of efforts to control the spread of HLB into uninfected citrus groves.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Ramsey
- USDA Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Chin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Juan D Chavez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Darya Mischuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jaclyn Mahoney
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jared Mohr
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Faith M Robison
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elizabeth Mitrovic
- Contained Research Facility, University of California, 555 Hopkins Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yimin Xu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Susan R Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Noe Fernandez
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xuefei Zhong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - MaryLou Polek
- Citrus Research Board, 217 N Encina Street, Visalia, California 93291, United States
- National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus, 1060 Martin Luther King Blvd., Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Kris E Godfrey
- Contained Research Facility, University of California, 555 Hopkins Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- USDA Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James E Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michelle Heck
- USDA Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Inoue H, Yamashita-Muraki S, Fujiwara K, Honda K, Ono H, Nonaka T, Kato Y, Matsuyama T, Sugano S, Suzuki M, Masaoka Y. Fe 2+ Ions Alleviate the Symptom of Citrus Greening Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4033. [PMID: 32512918 PMCID: PMC7312295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus greening (CG) is among the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. CG-infected trees exhibit interveinal chlorotic leaves due to iron (Fe) deficiency derived from CG; thus, Fe content is lower in infected leaves than in healthy leaves. In this study, we demonstrated that the foliar application of Fe2+ relieves the symptom of CG infection in citrus trees. We applied Fe2+ and citrate to the leaves of infected rough lemon plants. Following this treatment, a reduction in the number of yellow symptomatic leaves was observed, and their growth was restored. Using chlorophyll content as an index, we screened for effective Fe complexes and found that a high ratio of citrate to Fe2+ in the applied solution led to effects against CG in Shikuwasa trees. A high proportion of Fe2+ to total Fe was another key factor explaining the effectiveness of the solution in CG infection, indicating the importance of Fe2+ absorption into plant cells. We confirmed the proportion of Fe2+ to total Fe through the high correlation of reflectometry data via a triazine reaction and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. These results demonstrate that the foliar application of a high-Fe2+ citrate solution can restore the growth of CG diseased trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Inoue
- Plant Function Research Unit, Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan; (H.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Sakiko Yamashita-Muraki
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (S.Y.-M.); (K.F.); (K.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Kanako Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (S.Y.-M.); (K.F.); (K.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Kayoko Honda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (S.Y.-M.); (K.F.); (K.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hiroki Ono
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (S.Y.-M.); (K.F.); (K.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Takamasa Nonaka
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan; (T.N.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan; (T.N.); (Y.K.)
| | - Tomoya Matsuyama
- Environment and Energy Innovation Department, Frontier Research and Development Division, Aichi Steel Corporation, Wanowari, Arao-machi, Tokai, Aichi 476-8666, Japan;
| | - Shoji Sugano
- Plant Function Research Unit, Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan; (H.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Motofumi Suzuki
- Environment and Energy Innovation Department, Frontier Research and Development Division, Aichi Steel Corporation, Wanowari, Arao-machi, Tokai, Aichi 476-8666, Japan;
| | - Yoshikuni Masaoka
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (S.Y.-M.); (K.F.); (K.H.); (H.O.)
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60
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Nan J, Zhang S, Zhan P, Jiang L. Evaluation of Bronopol and Disulfiram as Potential Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors by Using Molecular Docking and Enzyme Kinetic. Molecules 2020; 25:E2313. [PMID: 32423116 PMCID: PMC7287799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease that causes significant damage to many citrus producing areas worldwide. To date, no strategy against this disease has been established. Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) plays crucial roles in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. This enzyme is used as a potential target to treat bacterial infection. In this study, the crystal structure of a deletion mutant of CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 in the apo form was determined. Eight known bioactive compounds were used as ligands for molecular docking. The results showed that bronopol and disulfiram bound to CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 with high affinity. These compounds were tested for their inhibition against CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 activity. Bronopol and disulfiram showed high inhibition at nanomolar concentrations, and bronopol was found to be the most potent molecule (Ki = 234 nM). The Ki value of disulfiram was 616 nM. These results suggest that bronopol and disulfiram can be considered potential candidate agents for the development of CLas inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
| | - Shaoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ping Zhan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
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61
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Arce-Leal ÁP, Bautista R, Rodríguez-Negrete EA, Manzanilla-Ramírez MÁ, Velázquez-Monreal JJ, Santos-Cervantes ME, Méndez-Lozano J, Beuzón CR, Bejarano ER, Castillo AG, Claros MG, Leyva-López NE. Gene Expression Profile of Mexican Lime ( Citrus aurantifolia) Trees in Response to Huanglongbing Disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040528. [PMID: 32272632 PMCID: PMC7232340 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), seriously affects citriculture worldwide, and no cure is currently available. Transcriptomic analysis of host-pathogen interaction is the first step to understand the molecular landscape of a disease. Previous works have reported the transcriptome profiling in response to HLB in different susceptible citrus species; however, similar studies in tolerant citrus species, including Mexican lime, are limited. In this work, we have obtained an RNA-seq-based differential expression profile of Mexican lime plants challenged against CLas infection, at both asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. Typical HLB-responsive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in photosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and phytohormone homeostasis. Enrichment of DEGs associated with biotic response showed that genes related to cell wall, secondary metabolism, transcription factors, signaling, and redox reactions could play a role in the tolerance of Mexican lime against CLas infection. Interestingly, despite some concordance observed between transcriptional responses of different tolerant citrus species, a subset of DEGs appeared to be species-specific. Our data highlights the importance of studying the host response during HLB disease using as model tolerant citrus species, in order to design new and opportune diagnostic and management methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Paulina Arce-Leal
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, 81101 Guasave, Mexico; (Á.P.A.-L.); (M.E.S.-C.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (R.B.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Edgar Antonio Rodríguez-Negrete
- CONACyT, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, 81101 Guasave, Mexico;
| | | | | | - María Elena Santos-Cervantes
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, 81101 Guasave, Mexico; (Á.P.A.-L.); (M.E.S.-C.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Jesús Méndez-Lozano
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, 81101 Guasave, Mexico; (Á.P.A.-L.); (M.E.S.-C.); (J.M.-L.)
| | - Carmen R. Beuzón
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G. Castillo
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590 Malaga, Spain; (R.B.); (M.G.C.)
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Norma Elena Leyva-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, 81101 Guasave, Mexico; (Á.P.A.-L.); (M.E.S.-C.); (J.M.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-687-110-0278
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Huang L, Grosser J, Gmitter FG, Sims CA, Wang Y. Effects of Scion/Rootstock Combination on Flavor Quality of Orange Juice from Huanglongbing (HLB)-Affected Trees: A Two-Year Study of the Targeted Metabolomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3286-3296. [PMID: 32052973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial disease Huanglongbing (HLB) has been causing large economic losses in the citrus industry worldwide. Aimed at unraveling the mechanisms of scion/rootstock combination on improving HLB-affected orange juice quality, a specific scion/rootstock combination field trial was designed using three sibling rootstocks and two late-maturing sweet orange scion cultivars. Scion/rootstock combination significantly improved the overall consumer liking of orange juice from the HLB-affected trees. Rootstocks showed significant effects on the consumer liking and overall flavor, while scions had significant effects on the freshness and overall orange flavor intensity of the juice. A PLS-DA model combined with KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and some biomarker metabolites further indicated that scions mainly affected metabolism of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate in orange fruits. Meanwhile, rootstocks had an impact on the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. Sugars and organic acids were not closely correlated with the overall liking and sensory perception of orange juice. Rather, flavonoids, terpenoids, and volatile aromas played important roles in improving consumer overall liking. These results indicated that an optimum tolerant scion/rootstock combination can make a positive contribution toward improved fruit or juice quality from HLB-affected citrus trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Huang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Jude Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Charles A Sims
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, 572 Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, 572 Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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63
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Chen Y, Bendix C, Lewis JD. Comparative Genomics Screen Identifies Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns from ' Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. That Elicit Immune Responses in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:539-552. [PMID: 31790346 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0309-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), caused by phloem-limited 'Candidatus Liberibacter' bacteria, is a destructive disease threatening the worldwide citrus industry. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood and no efficient strategy is available to control HLB. Here, we used a comparative genomics screen to identify candidate microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp. We identified the core genome from multiple 'Ca. Liberibacter' pathogens, and searched for core genes with signatures of positive selection. We hypothesized that genes encoding putative MAMPs would evolve to reduce recognition by the plant immune system, while retaining their essential functions. To efficiently screen candidate MAMP peptides, we established a high-throughput microtiter plate-based screening assay, particularly for citrus, that measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is a common immune response in plants. We found that two peptides could elicit ROS production in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. One of these peptides elicited ROS production and defense gene expression in HLB-tolerant citrus genotypes, and induced MAMP-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Our findings identify MAMPs that boost immunity in citrus and could help prevent or reduce HLB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
| | - Claire Bendix
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
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64
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Yao L, Yu Q, Huang M, Song Z, Grosser J, Chen S, Wang Y, Gmitter FG. Comparative iTRAQ proteomic profiling of sweet orange fruit on sensitive and tolerant rootstocks infected by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228876. [PMID: 32059041 PMCID: PMC7021301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), which is also known as citrus greening, is a destructive disease continuing to devastate citrus production worldwide. Although all citrus varieties can be infected with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CaLas), a certain level of HLB tolerance of scion varieties can be conferred by some rootstocks. To understand the effects of rootstock varieties on orange fruit under CaLas stress, comparative iTRAQ proteomic profilings were conducted, using fruit from 'Valencia' sweet orange grafted on the sensitive ('Swingle') and tolerant rootstocks (a new selection called '46x20-04-48') infected by CaLas as experimental groups, and the same plant materials without CaLas infection as controls. The symptomatic fruit on 'Swingle' had 573 differentially-expressed (DE) proteins in comparison with their healthy fruit on the same rootstock, whereas the symptomatic fruit on '46x20-04-48' had 263 DE proteins. Many defense-associated proteins were down-regulated in the symptomatic fruit on 'Swingle' rootstock that were seldom detected in the symptomatic fruit on the '46x20-04-48' rootstock, especially the proteins involved in the jasmonate biosynthesis (AOC4), jasmonate signaling (ASK2, RUB1, SKP1, HSP70T-2, and HSP90.1), protein hydrolysis (RPN8A and RPT2a), and vesicle trafficking (SNAREs and Clathrin) pathways. Therefore, we predict that the down-regulated proteins involved in the jasmonate signaling pathway and vesicle trafficking are likely to be related to citrus sensitivity to the CaLas pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Yao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ming Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zhen Song
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jude Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Frederick G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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65
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Salonia F, Ciacciulli A, Poles L, Pappalardo HD, La Malfa S, Licciardello C. New Plant Breeding Techniques in Citrus for the Improvement of Important Agronomic Traits. A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1234. [PMID: 32922420 PMCID: PMC7456868 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
New plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) aim to overcome traditional breeding limits for fruit tree species, in order to obtain new varieties with improved organoleptic traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and to maintain fruit quality achieved over centuries by (clonal) selection. Knowledge on the gene(s) controlling a specific trait is essential for the use of NPBTs, such as genome editing and cisgenesis. In the framework of the international scientific community working on fruit tree species, including citrus, NPBTs have mainly been applied to address pathogen threats. Citrus could take advantage of NPBTs because of its complex species biology (seedlessness, apomixis, high heterozygosity, and long juvenility phase) and aptitude for in vitro manipulation. To our knowledge, genome editing in citrus via transgenesis has successful for induced resistance to Citrus bacterial canker in sweet orange and grapefruit using the resistance gene CsLOB1. In the future, NPBTs will also be used to improve fruit traits, making them healthier. The regeneration of plants following the application of NPBTs is a bottleneck, making it necessary to optimize the efficiency of current protocols. The strengths and weaknesses of using explants from young in vitro plantlets, and from mature plants, will be discussed. Other major issues addressed in this review are related to the requirement for marker-free systems and shortening the long juvenility phase. This review aims to summarize methods and approaches available in the literature that are suitable to citrus, focusing on the principles observed before the use of NPBTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Salonia
- CREA - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angelo Ciacciulli
- CREA - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Lara Poles
- CREA - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Stefano La Malfa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefano La Malfa, ; Concetta Licciardello,
| | - Concetta Licciardello
- CREA - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefano La Malfa, ; Concetta Licciardello,
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66
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Alves MN, Lopes SA, Raiol-Junior LL, Wulff NA, Girardi EA, Ollitrault P, Peña L. Resistance to ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,' the Huanglongbing Associated Bacterium, in Sexually and/or Graft-Compatible Citrus Relatives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:617664. [PMID: 33488659 PMCID: PMC7820388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.617664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive, yet incurable disease of citrus. Finding sources of genetic resistance to HLB-associated 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) becomes strategic to warrant crop sustainability, but no resistant Citrus genotypes exist. Some Citrus relatives of the family Rutaceae, subfamily Aurantioideae, were described as full-resistant to Las, but they are phylogenetically far, thus incompatible with Citrus. Partial resistance was indicated for certain cross-compatible types. Moreover, other genotypes from subtribe Citrinae, sexually incompatible but graft-compatible with Citrus, may provide new rootstocks able to restrict bacterial titer in the canopy. Use of seedlings from monoembryonic species and inconsistencies in previous reports likely due to Las recalcitrance encouraged us to evaluate more accurately these Citrus relatives. We tested for Las resistance a diverse collection of graft-compatible Citrinae species using an aggressive and consistent challenge-inoculation and evaluation procedure. Most Citrinae species examined were either susceptible or partially resistant to Las. However, Eremocitrus glauca and Papua/New Guinea Microcitrus species as well as their hybrids and those with Citrus arose here for the first time as full-resistant, opening the way for using these underutilized genotypes as Las resistance sources in breeding programs or attempting using them directly as possible new Las-resistant Citrus rootstocks or interstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Ollitrault
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, BIOS Department, UPR amélioration génétique des espèces à multiplication végétative, Montpellier, France
| | - Leandro Peña
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Araraquara, Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Leandro Peña, ;
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67
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Cifuentes-Arenas JC, Beattie GAC, Peña L, Lopes SA. Murraya paniculata and Swinglea glutinosa as Short-Term Transient Hosts of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Implications for the Spread of Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2064-2073. [PMID: 31425000 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-19-0216-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Murraya paniculata and Swinglea glutinosa are aurantioid hosts of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, the principal vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las). Las is the pathogen associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the Asian form of which is the most devastating disease of Citrus species and cultivars (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae). M. paniculata is a common ornamental and S. glutinosa is grown as an ornamental, a citrus rootstock, and a hedgerow fence plant. Because of the uncertain status of these plants as reservoirs of Las, a series of cross-inoculation bioassays were carried out in different environments, using infected Valencia sweet orange (Citrus × aurantium) infected shoot tops as a source of inoculum and D. citri nymphs and adults reared on M. paniculata and S. glutinosa to inoculate pathogen-free Valencia orange plantlets. In contrast to sweet orange, Las was more unevenly distributed and reached much lower titers in M. paniculata and S. glutinosa. Infections in M. paniculata and S. glutinosa were also transient. Very few insects that successfully acquired Las from M. paniculata and S. glutinosa were able to transmit the pathogen to healthy citrus. Transmission rates were low from M. paniculata (1.0%) and S. glutinosa (2.0%) and occurred only in a controlled environment highly favorable to Las and ACP using 10-day-old adults that completed their life cycle on Las-positive plants. Our study showed that in HLB-endemic areas, M. paniculata and S. glutinosa can be deemed as epidemiologically dead-end hosts for Las and are not important alternative hosts of the pathogen for transmission to citrus. However, under a combination of conditions highly favorable to Las infection and transmission and in the absence of effective quarantine procedures, these plants could eventually serve as carriers of Las to regions currently free from HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Cifuentes-Arenas
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento Científico, Fundecitrus, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Peña
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Pesquisa and Desenvolvimento, Fundecitrus, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Silvio Aparecido Lopes
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento Científico, Fundecitrus, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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68
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Padhi EMT, Maharaj N, Lin SY, Mishchuk DO, Chin E, Godfrey K, Foster E, Polek M, Leveau JHJ, Slupsky CM. Metabolome and Microbiome Signatures in the Roots of Citrus Affected by Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2022-2032. [PMID: 31433274 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0103-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a severe, incurable citrus disease caused by the bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas). Although citrus leaves serve as the site of initial infection, CLas is known to migrate to and colonize the root system; however, little is known about the impact of CLas infection on root metabolism and resident microbial communities. Scions of 'Lisbon' lemon and 'Washington Navel' orange grafted onto 'Carrizo' rootstock were grafted with either CLas-infected citrus budwood or uninfected budwood. Roots were obtained from trees 46 weeks after grafting and analyzed via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify water-soluble root metabolites and high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS gene amplicons to determine the relative abundance of bacterial and fungal taxa in the root rhizosphere and endosphere. In both citrus varieties, 27 metabolites were identified, of which several were significantly different between CLas(+) and control plants. CLas infection also appeared to alter the microbial community structure near and inside the roots of citrus plants. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinct metabolite and microbial profiles, demonstrating that CLas impacts the root metabolome and microbiome in a manner that is variety-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M T Padhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Nilesh Maharaj
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shin-Yi Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Darya O Mishchuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Elizabeth Chin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kris Godfrey
- Contained Research Facility, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Elizabeth Foster
- Contained Research Facility, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Marylou Polek
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service National Germplasm Repository, Riverside, CA 92507
| | - Johan H J Leveau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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de C Felisberto PA, Girardi EA, Peña L, Felisberto G, Beattie GA, Lopes SA. Unsuitability of indigenous South American Rutaceae as potential hosts of Diaphorina citri. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1911-1920. [PMID: 30565375 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' is transmitted by Diaphorina citri, an insect with a wide range of hosts in Rutaceae. Species related to Citrus occur in Brazilian forests where they may serve as hosts for psyllids and infested citrus orchards. RESULTS The suitability of plants as hosts of D. citri was classified into four groups. Group I (high suitability): Citrus × aurantium 'Valencia', 'Citrus limonia', Murraya paniculata (syn. Murraya exotica L.) (Aurantioideae: Aurantieae) and Bergera koenigii (Aurantioideae: Clauseneae). Group II (intermediate to low suitability): Citrus (Poncirus) trifoliata 'Pomeroy', Citrus wintersii, Swinglea glutinosa (Aurantieae) and Clausena lansium (Clauseneae). Group III (not suitable): Aegle marmelos, Atalantia buxifolia, Citrus ('Microcitrus') sp. (Aurantieae) and Helietta apiculata (Amyridoideae). Group IV (non-hosts): Glycosmis pentaphylla (Clauseneae), Balfourodendron riedelianum, Casimiroa edulis, Esenbeckia febrifuga, Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Metrodorea stipularis, Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Amyridoideae) and Dictyoloma vandellianum (Cneoroideae). Insects survived longer on newly differentiated leaves compared with fully expanded soft leaves. Psyllids either did not develop or did not survive for long on most Group IV species, all of which, with the exception of G. pentaphylla, occur naturally in Brazilian forests. CONCLUSION Citrus relatives occurring in forests near citrus orchards are not suitable hosts of D. citri and, therefore, do not contribute to huanglongbing spread. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A de C Felisberto
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Girardi
- Cassava & Tropical Fruits Center, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Leandro Peña
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Guilherme Felisberto
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Silvio A Lopes
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, Brazil
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70
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Wang N. The Citrus Huanglongbing Crisis and Potential Solutions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:607-609. [PMID: 30947021 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Lake Alfred, FL, USA; China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory (A Joint Laboratory of The University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and Gannan Normal University), National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
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71
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Shi Q, Pitino M, Zhang S, Krystel J, Cano LM, Shatters RG, Hall DG, Stover E. Temporal and spatial detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus putative effector transcripts during interaction with Huanglongbing-susceptible, -tolerant, and -resistant citrus hosts. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:122. [PMID: 30940073 PMCID: PMC6444692 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is a bacterial disease with high economic significance. The associated agent Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus is a fastidious, phloem-limited, intracellular bacterium that is transmitted by an insect vector the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). The genome of Ca. L. asiaticus contains protein secretion machinery that suggests host cell modulation capacity of this bacterium. RESULTS A total of 28 candidate effectors, an important class of secreted proteins, were predicted from the Ca. L. asiaticus genome. Sequence specific primers were designed for reverse transcription (RT) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), and expression was validated for 20 of the effector candidates in infected citrus with multiple genetic background. Using detached leaf inoculation, the mRNA of effectors was detected from 6 h to 7 days post ACP exposure. It was observed that higher bacterial titers were associated with a larger number of effectors showing amplification across all samples. The effectors' expression were compared in citrus hosts with various levels of HLB tolerance, including susceptible Duncan grapefruit and Washington navel orange, tolerant citron and Cleopatra mandarin, and resistant Pomeroy trifoliate and Carrizo citrange. Across all genotypes relatively high expression was observed for CLIBASIA_03695, CLIBASIA_00460, CLIBASIA_00420, CLIBASIA_04580, CLIBASIA_05320, CLIBASIA_04425, CLIBASIA_00525 and CLIBASIA_05315 in either a host-specific or -nonspecific manners. The two genotypes in each HLB-response group also show effector-expression profiles that seem to be different. In a companion study, the expression of effectors was compared between leaves and roots of own-rooted citrus that had been Ca. L. asiaticus-infected for more than a year. Results indicated relatively high expression of CLIBASIA_03875, CLIBASIA_04800 and CLIBASIA_05640 in all leaf and some root tissues of citron, Duncan and Cleopatra. CONCLUSION This temporal and spatial expression analysis of Ca. L. asiaticus effectors identified candidates possibly critical for early bacterial colonization, host tolerance suppression and long-term survival which are all worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Shi
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - Marco Pitino
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - Shujian Zhang
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - Joseph Krystel
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - Liliana M. Cano
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - Robert G. Shatters
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - David G. Hall
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL USA
| | - Ed Stover
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL USA
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Killiny N, Etxeberria E, Flores AP, Blanco PG, Reyes TF, Cabrera LP. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a novel technique for detecting bacterial infection in insects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2449. [PMID: 30792483 PMCID: PMC6385218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent the spread of diseases in humans, animals or plants, determining whether potential vectors are infected is crucial. For example, early detection of the citrus disease Huanglongbing, which has been a scourge on the citrus industries around the world, is a critical need. This vector-borne disease is transmitted by Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, which carries the putative bacterial phytopathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). In this investigation, we introduced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to reveal key biochemical differences between CLas-infected and non-infected psyllids. The emission spectra captured from laser ablation of CLas-infected and healthy psyllids were processed through the principal component analysis (PCA) method and compared. Thirteen peaks from seven different elements were detected in D. citri. The t-test showed that CLas-infected D. citri were deficients in zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen. The PCA showed that LIBS can successfully differentiate between CLas-infected and healthy D. citri by comparing their elemental profile. In this work, we demonstrated a method that allows for a fast and precise compositional microanalysis of an insect vector which can contribute to the early detection of citrus huanglongbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
| | - Ed Etxeberria
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Alejandro Ponce Flores
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Fac. De Ciencias, Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Distrito Federal, 04510, Mexico
| | - Pedro Gonzalez Blanco
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Teresa Flores Reyes
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.,Instituto Politecnico Nacional, CICATA, Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira Km 14.5, Industrial Altamira, 89600, Altamira, Tampico, Mexico
| | - Luis Ponce Cabrera
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.,Instituto Politecnico Nacional, CICATA, Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira Km 14.5, Industrial Altamira, 89600, Altamira, Tampico, Mexico
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73
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Deng H, Achor D, Exteberria E, Yu Q, Du D, Stanton D, Liang G, Gmitter Jr. FG. Phloem Regeneration Is a Mechanism for Huanglongbing-Tolerance of "Bearss" Lemon and "LB8-9" Sugar Belle ® Mandarin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:277. [PMID: 30949186 PMCID: PMC6435995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is an extremely destructive and lethal disease of citrus worldwide, presumably caused by phloem-limited bacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). The widespread invasiveness of the HLB pathogen and lack of natural HLB-resistant citrus cultivars have underscored the need for identifying tolerant citrus genotypes to support the current citrus industry's survival and potentially to lead to future natural HLB resistance. In this study, transverse sections of leaf lamina and midribs were examined with light and epifluorescence microscopy to determine anatomical characteristics that underlie HLB-tolerant mechanisms operating among "Bearss" lemon, "LB8-9" Sugar Belle® mandarin, and its sibling trees compared with HLB-sensitive "Valencia" sweet orange. The common anatomical aberrations observed in all CLas-infected varieties are as follows: phloem necrosis, hypertrophic phloem parenchyma cells, phloem plugging with abundant callose depositions, phloem collapse with cell wall distortion and thickening, excessive starch accumulation, and sometimes even cambium degeneration. Anatomical distribution of starch accumulation even extended to tracheid elements. Although there were physical, morphological, and pathological similarities in the examined foliage, internal structural preservation in "Bearss" lemon and "LB8-9" Sugar Belle® mandarin was superior compared with HLB-sensitive "Valencia" sweet orange and siblings of "LB8-9" Sugar Belle® mandarin. Intriguingly, there was substantial phloem regeneration in the tolerant types that may compensate for the dysfunctional phloem, in comparison with the sensitive selections. The lower levels of phloem disruption, together with greater phloem regeneration, are two key elements that contribute to HLB tolerance in diverse citrus cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Diann Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Ed Exteberria
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Dongliang Du
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Stanton
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Guolu Liang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fred G. Gmitter Jr.
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Fred G. Gmitter Jr.,
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74
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Huang M, Roose ML, Yu Q, Du D, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Stover E, Gmitter FG. Construction of High-Density Genetic Maps and Detection of QTLs Associated With Huanglongbing Tolerance in Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1694. [PMID: 30542355 PMCID: PMC6278636 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, is the most devastating disease in citrus worldwide. Commercial citrus varieties including sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) are highly susceptible to HLB, and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata, a close Citrus relative) is widely considered resistant or highly tolerant to HLB. In this study, an intergeneric F1 population of sweet orange and trifoliate orange was genotyped by Genotyping-by-Sequencing, and high-density SNP-based genetic maps were constructed separately for trifoliate orange and sweet orange. The two genetic maps exhibited high synteny and high coverage of the citrus genome. Progenies of the F1 population and their parents were planted in a replicated field trial, exposed to intense HLB pressure for 3 years, and then evaluated for susceptibility to HLB over 2 years. The F1 population exhibited a wide range in severity of HLB foliar symptom and canopy damage. Genome-wide QTL analysis based on the phenotypic data of foliar symptom and canopy damage in 2 years identified three clusters of repeatable QTLs in trifoliate orange linkage groups LG-t6, LG-t8 and LG-t9. Co-localization of QTLs for two traits was observed within all three regions. Additionally, one cluster of QTLs in sweet orange (linkage group LG-s7) was also detected. The majority of the identified QTLs each explained 18-30% of the phenotypic variation, indicating their major role in determining HLB responses. These results show, for the first time, a quantitative genetic nature yet the presence of major loci for the HLB tolerance in trifoliate orange. The results suggest that sweet orange also contains useful genetic factor(s) for improving HLB tolerance in commercial citrus varieties. Findings from this study should be very valuable and timely to researchers worldwide as they are hastily searching for genetic solutions to the devastating HLB crisis through breeding, genetic engineering, or genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Mikeal L. Roose
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Dongliang Du
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Yuan Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Zhanao Deng
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Ed Stover
- United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Frederick G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
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75
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Beloti VH, Alves GR, Coletta-Filho HD, Yamamoto PT. The Asian Citrus Psyllid Host Murraya koenigii Is Immune to Citrus Huanglongbing Pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1089-1094. [PMID: 29648945 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-18-0012-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), the putative causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), is controlled by application of insecticides, which, although effective, has resulted in serious biological imbalances. New management tools are needed, and the technique known as "trap crop" has been attracting attention. A potential plant for use as a trap crop in the management of the ACP is Murraya koenigii (curry leaf). However, for this plant to be used in the field, it needs to be attractive for the vector and must not harbor CLas. To verify the potential of curry leaf as trap crop for the management of HLB, we investigated the ability of D. citri to transmit CLas to M. koenigii, and to other test plants, including M. paniculata (orange jasmine) and cultivar Valencia sweet-orange seedlings. For the tests, the insects were reared on a symptomatic CLas-infected plant and allowed to feed on the three test plant species. The overall maximum transmission rate for the citrus seedlings was 83.3%, and for orange jasmine was 33.3%. Successful transmission of CLas by ACP to the curry-leaf seedlings was not observed, and it was treated as immune to CLas. Supported by the previous results that M. koenigii is attractive for ACP, these results indicate that curry leaf is an excellent candidate for use as a trap crop, to improve the management of the insect vector and consequently of HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Beloti
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; and third author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Alves
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; and third author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Helvécio D Coletta-Filho
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; and third author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Pedro T Yamamoto
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Entomology and Acarology, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil; and third author: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, C.P. 4, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
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76
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Killiny N, Jones SE, Nehela Y, Hijaz F, Dutt M, Gmitter FG, Grosser JW. All roads lead to Rome: Towards understanding different avenues of tolerance to huanglongbing in citrus cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:1-10. [PMID: 29783096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Citrus tolerance to huanglongbing could result from tolerance to the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and/or to its vector Diaphorina citri. Field observations and greenhouse-controlled studies showed that some citrus cultivars were more tolerant than others. However, the mechanism(s) behind the tolerance has not been determined yet. Using GC-MS, we investigated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the non-volatile metabolite profiles of two tolerant citrus cultivars- Australian finger lime, 'LB8-9' Sugar Belle® mandarin hybrid, and a recently released mandarin hybrid 'Bingo'. The three were grafted onto the rootstock, Carrizo citrange. Our findings showed that the metabolomic profiles of Australian finger lime were different from that of 'LB8-9'. Finger lime was high in many amino acids and tricarboxylic acid intermediates, whereas 'LB8-9' was high in several amino acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols. 'LB8-9' was high in thymol, which is known for its strong antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria. The metabolomic profiles of 'Bingo' were intensely different from the other mandarin hybrid, 'LB8-9', including a reduced thymol biosynthetic pathway and low amounts of most of the amino acids and sugar alcohols. Remarkably, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) was only detected in 'Bingo', indicating that eucalyptol could have feeding and ovipositional repellency against D. citri. The metabolite profiles generated for HLB-tolerant citrus species will improve the ability of citrus breeders and will allow them to take more informed decisions. Metabolomic profiling of HLB-tolerant citrus species could identify tolerance specific markers that can be introduced to other commercial citrus cultivars to improve their tolerance to HLB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA.
| | - Shelley E Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Jude W Grosser
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
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77
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Haapalainen M, Wang J, Latvala S, Lehtonen MT, Pirhonen M, Nissinen AI. Genetic Variation of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Haplotype C and Identification of a Novel Haplotype from Trioza urticae and Stinging Nettle. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:925-934. [PMID: 29600888 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-17-0410-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (CLso) haplotype C is associated with disease in carrots and transmitted by the carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis. To identify possible other sources and vectors of this pathogen in Finland, samples were taken of wild plants within and near the carrot fields, the psyllids feeding on these plants, parsnips growing next to carrots, and carrot seeds. For analyzing the genotype of the CLso-positive samples, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was developed. CLso haplotype C was detected in 11% of the T. anthrisci samples, in 35% of the Anthriscus sylvestris plants with discoloration, and in parsnips showing leaf discoloration. MLST revealed that the CLso in T. anthrisci and most A. sylvestris plants represent different strains than the bacteria found in T. apicalis and the cultivated plants. CLso haplotype D was detected in 2 of the 34 carrot seed lots tested, but was not detected in the plants grown from these seeds. Phylogenetic analysis by unweighted-pair group method with arithmetic means clustering suggested that haplotype D is more closely related to haplotype A than to C. A novel, sixth haplotype of CLso, most closely related to A and D, was found in the psyllid T. urticae and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica, Urticaceae), and named haplotype U.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haapalainen
- First, second, and fifth authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; third and sixth authors: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; and fourth author: Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Wang
- First, second, and fifth authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; third and sixth authors: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; and fourth author: Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Latvala
- First, second, and fifth authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; third and sixth authors: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; and fourth author: Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M T Lehtonen
- First, second, and fifth authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; third and sixth authors: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; and fourth author: Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Pirhonen
- First, second, and fifth authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; third and sixth authors: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; and fourth author: Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - A I Nissinen
- First, second, and fifth authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; third and sixth authors: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; and fourth author: Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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78
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Bendix C, Lewis JD. The enemy within: phloem-limited pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:238-254. [PMID: 27997761 PMCID: PMC6638166 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing impact of phloem-limited pathogens on high-value crops has led to a renewed interest in understanding how they cause disease. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, many are poorly characterized. In this review, we present examples of phloem-limited pathogens that include intracellular bacteria with and without cell walls, and viruses. Phloem-limited pathogens have small genomes and lack many genes required for core metabolic processes, which is, in part, an adaptation to the unique phloem environment. For each pathogen class, we present multiple case studies to highlight aspects of disease caused by phloem-limited pathogens. The pathogens presented include Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (citrus greening), Arsenophonus bacteria, Serratia marcescens (cucurbit yellow vine disease), Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (Aster Yellows Witches' Broom), Spiroplasma kunkelii, Potato leafroll virus and Citrus tristeza virus. We focus on commonalities in the virulence strategies of these pathogens, and aim to stimulate new discussions in the hope that widely applicable disease management strategies can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bendix
- United States Department of AgriculturePlant Gene Expression CenterAlbanyCA94710USA
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- United States Department of AgriculturePlant Gene Expression CenterAlbanyCA94710USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
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79
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Huang M, Roose ML, Yu Q, Du D, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Stover E, Gmitter FG. Construction of High-Density Genetic Maps and Detection of QTLs Associated With Huanglongbing Tolerance in Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 30542355 DOI: 10.1101/330753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, is the most devastating disease in citrus worldwide. Commercial citrus varieties including sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) are highly susceptible to HLB, and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata, a close Citrus relative) is widely considered resistant or highly tolerant to HLB. In this study, an intergeneric F1 population of sweet orange and trifoliate orange was genotyped by Genotyping-by-Sequencing, and high-density SNP-based genetic maps were constructed separately for trifoliate orange and sweet orange. The two genetic maps exhibited high synteny and high coverage of the citrus genome. Progenies of the F1 population and their parents were planted in a replicated field trial, exposed to intense HLB pressure for 3 years, and then evaluated for susceptibility to HLB over 2 years. The F1 population exhibited a wide range in severity of HLB foliar symptom and canopy damage. Genome-wide QTL analysis based on the phenotypic data of foliar symptom and canopy damage in 2 years identified three clusters of repeatable QTLs in trifoliate orange linkage groups LG-t6, LG-t8 and LG-t9. Co-localization of QTLs for two traits was observed within all three regions. Additionally, one cluster of QTLs in sweet orange (linkage group LG-s7) was also detected. The majority of the identified QTLs each explained 18-30% of the phenotypic variation, indicating their major role in determining HLB responses. These results show, for the first time, a quantitative genetic nature yet the presence of major loci for the HLB tolerance in trifoliate orange. The results suggest that sweet orange also contains useful genetic factor(s) for improving HLB tolerance in commercial citrus varieties. Findings from this study should be very valuable and timely to researchers worldwide as they are hastily searching for genetic solutions to the devastating HLB crisis through breeding, genetic engineering, or genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Mikeal L Roose
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Dongliang Du
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Yuan Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Zhanao Deng
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Ed Stover
- United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
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80
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Hu Y, Zhong X, Liu X, Lou B, Zhou C, Wang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis unveils the tolerance mechanisms of Citrus hystrix in response to 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189229. [PMID: 29232716 PMCID: PMC5726760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), a highly devastating citrus disease, is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiacitus' (CLas), a member of phloem-inhabiting α-proteobacteria. HLB can affect all cultivated citrus and no cure is currently available. Previous studies showed that Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), primarily grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia, was tolerant to HLB but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, gene expression profiling experiments were performed on HLB-tolerant C. hystrix and HLB-susceptible C. sinensis three months after inoculation with CLas using RNA-seq data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two citrus cultivars were mainly involved in diverse cellular functions including carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, cell wall metabolism, secondary metabolism, hormone metabolism and oxidation/reduction processes. Notably, starch synthesis and photosynthesis process were not disturbed in CLas-infected C. hystrix. Most of the DEGs involved in cell wall metabolism and secondary metabolism were up-regulated in C. hystrix. In addition, the activation of peroxidases, Cu/Zn-SOD and POD4, may also enhance the tolerance of C. hystrix to CLas. This study provides an insight into the host response of HLB-tolerant citrus cultivar to CLas. C. hystrix is potentially useful for HLB-tolerant/resistant citrus breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Ganzhou Bureau of Fruit Industry, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhong
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuelu Liu
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Binghai Lou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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81
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Rawat N, Kumar B, Albrecht U, Du D, Huang M, Yu Q, Zhang Y, Duan YP, Bowman KD, Gmitter FG, Deng Z. Genome resequencing and transcriptome profiling reveal structural diversity and expression patterns of constitutive disease resistance genes in Huanglongbing-tolerant Poncirus trifoliata and its hybrids. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2017; 4:17064. [PMID: 29152310 PMCID: PMC5686287 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive bacterial disease of citrus worldwide. While most citrus varieties are susceptible to HLB, Poncirus trifoliata, a close relative of Citrus, and some of its hybrids with Citrus are tolerant to HLB. No specific HLB tolerance genes have been identified in P. trifoliata but recent studies have shown that constitutive disease resistance (CDR) genes were expressed at much higher levels in HLB-tolerant Poncirus hybrids and the expression of CDR genes was modulated by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the pathogen of HLB. The current study was undertaken to mine and characterize the CDR gene family in Citrus and Poncirus and to understand its association with HLB tolerance in Poncirus. We identified 17 CDR genes in two citrus genomes, deduced their structures, and investigated their phylogenetic relationships. We revealed that the expansion of the CDR family in Citrus seems to be due to segmental and tandem duplication events. Through genome resequencing and transcriptome sequencing, we identified eight CDR genes in the Poncirus genome (PtCDR1-PtCDR8). The number of SNPs was the highest in PtCDR2 and the lowest in PtCDR7. Most of the deletion and insertion events were observed in the UTR regions of Citrus and Poncirus CDR genes. PtCDR2 and PtCDR8 were in abundance in the leaf transcriptomes of two HLB-tolerant Poncirus genotypes and were also upregulated in HLB-tolerant, Poncirus hybrids as revealed by real-time PCR analysis. These two CDR genes seem to be good candidate genes for future studies of their role in citrus-CLas interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Rawat
- University of Florida, IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Brajendra Kumar
- Ocimum BioSolutions Ltd., Royal Demeure, Plot no. 12/2, Sector- 1, HUDA Techno Enclave, Madhapur, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ute Albrecht
- University of Florida, IFAS, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, USA
| | - Dongliang Du
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Ming Huang
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Qibin Yu
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yong-Ping Duan
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Kim D Bowman
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Fred G Gmitter
- University of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Zhanao Deng
- University of Florida, IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, USA
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82
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Pagliaccia D, Shi J, Pang Z, Hawara E, Clark K, Thapa SP, De Francesco AD, Liu J, Tran TT, Bodaghi S, Folimonova SY, Ancona V, Mulchandani A, Coaker G, Wang N, Vidalakis G, Ma W. A Pathogen Secreted Protein as a Detection Marker for Citrus Huanglongbing. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2041. [PMID: 29403441 PMCID: PMC5776943 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The citrus industry is facing an unprecedented crisis due to Huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening disease), a bacterial disease associated with the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) that affects all commercial varieties. Transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), CLas colonizes citrus phloem, leading to reduced yield and fruit quality, and eventually tree decline and death. Since adequate curative measures are not available, a key step in HLB management is to restrict the spread of the disease by identifying infected trees and removing them in a timely manner. However, uneven distribution of CLas cells in infected trees and the long latency for disease symptom development makes sampling of trees for CLas detection challenging. Here, we report that a CLas secreted protein can be used as a biomarker for detecting HLB infected citrus. Proteins secreted from CLas cells can presumably move along the phloem, beyond the site of ACP inoculation and CLas colonized plant cells, thereby increasing the chance of detecting infected trees. We generated a polyclonal antibody that effectively binds to the secreted protein and developed serological assays that can successfully detect CLas infection. This work demonstrates that antibody-based diagnosis using a CLas secreted protein as the detection marker for infected trees offers a high-throughput and economic approach that complements the approved quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methods to enhance HLB management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Pagliaccia
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jinxia Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Eva Hawara
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Kelley Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Shree P. Thapa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Agustina D. De Francesco
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Thien-Toan Tran
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sohrab Bodaghi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | - Veronica Ancona
- Texas A&M University – Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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83
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Wang N, Pierson EA, Setubal JC, Xu J, Levy JG, Zhang Y, Li J, Rangel LT, Martins J. The Candidatus Liberibacter-Host Interface: Insights into Pathogenesis Mechanisms and Disease Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28637377 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter" species are associated with economically devastating diseases of citrus, potato, and many other crops. The importance of these diseases as well as the proliferation of new diseases on a wider host range is likely to increase as the insects vectoring the "Ca. Liberibacter" species expand their territories worldwide. Here, we review the progress on understanding pathogenesis mechanisms of "Ca. Liberibacter" species and the control approaches for diseases they cause. We discuss the Liberibacter virulence traits, including secretion systems, putative effectors, and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), as well as other important traits likely to contribute to disease development, e.g., flagella, prophages, and salicylic acid hydroxylase. The pathogenesis mechanisms of Liberibacters are discussed. Liberibacters secrete Sec-dependent effectors (SDEs) or other virulence factors into the phloem elements or companion cells to interfere with host targets (e.g., proteins or genes), which cause cell death, necrosis, or other phenotypes of phloem elements or companion cells, leading to localized cell responses and systemic malfunction of phloem. Receptors on the remaining organelles in the phloem, such as plastid, vacuole, mitochondrion, or endoplasmic reticulum, interact with secreted SDEs and/or other virulence factors secreted or located on the Liberibacter outer membrane to trigger cell responses. Some of the host genes or proteins targeted by SDEs or other virulence factors of Liberibacters serve as susceptibility genes that facilitate compatibility (e.g., promoting pathogen growth or suppressing immune responses) or disease development. In addition, Liberibacters trigger plant immunity response via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, such as lipopolysaccharides), which leads to premature cell death, callose deposition, or phloem protein accumulation, causing a localized response and/or systemic effect on phloem transportation. Physical presence of Liberibacters and their metabolic activities may disturb the function of phloem, via disrupting osmotic gradients, or the integrity of phloem conductivity. We also review disease management strategies, including promising new technologies. Citrus production in the presence of Huanglongbing is possible if the most promising management approaches are integrated. HLB management is discussed in the context of local, area-wide, and regional Huanglongbing/Asian Citrus Psyllid epidemiological zones. For zebra chip disease control, aggressive psyllid management enables potato production, although insecticide resistance is becoming an issue. Meanwhile, new technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-derived genome editing provide an unprecedented opportunity to provide long-term solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
| | - Elizabeth A Pierson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
| | - Julien G Levy
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
| | - Luiz Thiberio Rangel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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84
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Martinelli F, Reagan RL, Dolan D, Fileccia V, Dandekar AM. Proteomic analysis highlights the role of detoxification pathways in increased tolerance to Huanglongbing disease. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:167. [PMID: 27465111 PMCID: PMC4963945 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is still the greatest threat to citriculture worldwide. Although there is not any resistance source in the Citrus germplasm, a certain level of moderated tolerance is present. A large-scale analysis of proteomic responses of Citrus may help: 1) clarifying physiological and molecular effects of disease progression, 2) validating previous data at transcriptomic level, and 3) identifying biomarkers for development of early diagnostics, short-term therapeutics and long-term genetic resistance. RESULTS In this work we have conducted a proteomic analysis of mature leaves of two Citrus genotypes with well-known differing tolerances to HLB: Navel orange (highly susceptible) and Volkameriana (moderately tolerant). Pathway enrichment analysis showed that amino acid degradation processes occurred to a larger degree in the Navel orange. No clear differences between the two genotypes were observed for primary metabolic pathways. The most important finding was that four glutathione-S-transferases were upregulated in Volkameriana and not in Navel orange. These proteins are involved in radical ion detoxification. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of proteins involved in radical ion detoxification should be considered as an important mechanism of increased tolerance to HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle scienze ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Russell L. Reagan
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616 Davis, CA USA
| | - David Dolan
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616 Davis, CA USA
| | - Veronica Fileccia
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle scienze ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616 Davis, CA USA
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