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Budischak SA, Sakamoto K, Megow LC, Cummings KR, Urban JF, Ezenwa VO. Resource limitation alters the consequences of co-infection for both hosts and parasites. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:455-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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52
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Birger RB, Kouyos RD, Cohen T, Griffiths EC, Huijben S, Mina MJ, Volkova V, Grenfell B, Metcalf CJE. The potential impact of coinfection on antimicrobial chemotherapy and drug resistance. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:537-544. [PMID: 26028590 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Across a range of pathogens, resistance to chemotherapy is a growing problem in both public health and animal health. Despite the ubiquity of coinfection, and its potential effects on within-host biology, the role played by coinfecting pathogens on the evolution of resistance and efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy is rarely considered. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of interaction of coinfecting pathogens, ranging from immune modulation and resource modulation, to drug interactions. We discuss their potential implications for the evolution of resistance, providing evidence in the rare cases where it is available. Overall, our review indicates that the impact of coinfection has the potential to be considerable, suggesting that this should be taken into account when designing antimicrobial drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthie B Birger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily C Griffiths
- Department of Entomology, Gardner Hall, Derieux Place, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Silvie Huijben
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic -Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael J Mina
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victoriya Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bryan Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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53
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Craft ME. Infectious disease transmission and contact networks in wildlife and livestock. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140107. [PMID: 25870393 PMCID: PMC4410373 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of social and contact networks to answer basic and applied questions about infectious disease transmission in wildlife and livestock is receiving increased attention. Through social network analysis, we understand that wild animal and livestock populations, including farmed fish and poultry, often have a heterogeneous contact structure owing to social structure or trade networks. Network modelling is a flexible tool used to capture the heterogeneous contacts of a population in order to test hypotheses about the mechanisms of disease transmission, simulate and predict disease spread, and test disease control strategies. This review highlights how to use animal contact data, including social networks, for network modelling, and emphasizes that researchers should have a pathogen of interest in mind before collecting or using contact data. This paper describes the rising popularity of network approaches for understanding transmission dynamics in wild animal and livestock populations; discusses the common mismatch between contact networks as measured in animal behaviour and relevant parasites to match those networks; and highlights knowledge gaps in how to collect and analyse contact data. Opportunities for the future include increased attention to experiments, pathogen genetic markers and novel computational tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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54
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Co-infection alters population dynamics of infectious disease. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5975. [PMID: 25569306 PMCID: PMC4354079 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infections by multiple pathogen strains are common in the wild. Theory predicts co-infections to have major consequences for both within- and between-host disease dynamics, but data are currently scarce. Here, using common garden populations of Plantago lanceolata infected by two strains of the pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis, either singly or under co-infection, we find the highest disease prevalence in co-infected treatments both at the host genotype and population levels. A spore-trapping experiment demonstrates that co-infected hosts shed more transmission propagules than singly infected hosts, thereby explaining the observed change in epidemiological dynamics. Our experimental findings are confirmed in natural pathogen populations-more devastating epidemics were measured in populations with higher levels of co-infection. Jointly, our results confirm the predictions made by theoretical and experimental studies for the potential of co-infection to alter disease dynamics across a large host-pathogen metapopulation.
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55
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Risco D, Serrano E, Fernández-Llario P, Cuesta JM, Gonçalves P, García-Jiménez WL, Martínez R, Cerrato R, Velarde R, Gómez L, Segalés J, Hermoso de Mendoza J. Severity of bovine tuberculosis is associated with co-infection with common pathogens in wild boar. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110123. [PMID: 25350002 PMCID: PMC4211659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infections with parasites or viruses drive tuberculosis dynamics in humans, but little is known about their effects in other non-human hosts. This work aims to investigate the relationship between Mycobacterium bovis infection and other pathogens in wild boar (Sus scrofa), a recognized reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Mediterranean ecosystems. For this purpose, it has been assessed whether contacts with common concomitant pathogens are associated with the development of severe bTB lesions in 165 wild boar from mid-western Spain. The presence of bTB lesions affecting only one anatomic location (cervical lymph nodes), or more severe patterns affecting more than one location (mainly cervical lymph nodes and lungs), was assessed in infected animals. In addition, the existence of contacts with other pathogens such as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), swine influenza virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis and Metastrongylus spp, was evaluated by means of serological, microbiological and parasitological techniques. The existence of contacts with a structured community of pathogens in wild boar infected by M. bovis was statistically investigated by null models. Association between this community of pathogens and bTB severity was examined using a Partial Least Squares regression approach. Results showed that adult wild boar infected by M. bovis had contacted with some specific, non-random pathogen combinations. Contact with PCV2, ADV and infection by Metastrongylus spp, was positively correlated to tuberculosis severity. Therefore, measures against these concomitant pathogens such as vaccination or deworming, might be useful in tuberculosis control programmes in the wild boar. However, given the unexpected consequences of altering any community of organisms, further research should evaluate the impact of such measures under controlled conditions. Furthermore, more research including other important pathogens, such as gastro-intestinal nematodes, will be necessary to complete this picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Risco
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biología, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Llario
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Cuesta
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonçalves
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Waldo L. García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Remigio Martínez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rosario Cerrato
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Roser Velarde
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luis Gómez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Joaquím Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – l″Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Hermoso de Mendoza
- Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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56
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Cattadori IM, Wagner BR, Wodzinski LA, Pathak AK, Poole A. Infections do not predict shedding in co-infections with two helminths from a natural system. Ecology 2014; 95:1684-92. [PMID: 25039232 DOI: 10.1890/13-1538.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the health and economic burden associated with the widespread occurrence of co-infections in humans and agricultural animals, understanding how coinfections contribute to host heterogeneity to infection and transmission is critical if we are to assess risk of infection based on host characteristics. Here, we examine whether host heterogeneity to infection leads to similar heterogeneity in transmission in a population of rabbits single and co-infected with two helminths and monitored monthly for eight years. Compared to single infections, co-infected rabbits carried higher Trichostrongylus retortaeformis intensities, shorter worms with fewer eggs in utero, and shed similar numbers of parasite eggs. In contrast, the same co-infected rabbits harbored fewer Graphidium strigosum with longer bodies and more eggs in utero, and shed more eggs of this helminth. A positive density-dependent relationship between fecundity and intensity was found for T. retortaeformis but not G. strigosum in co-infected rabbits. Juvenile rabbits contributed to most of the infection and shedding of T. retortaeformis, while adult hosts were more important for G. strigosum dynamics of infection and transmission, and this pattern was consistent in single and co-infected individuals. This host-parasite system suggests that we cannot predict the pattern of parasite shedding during co-infections based on intensity of infection alone. We suggest that a mismatching between susceptibility and infectiousness should be expected in helminth coinfections and should not be overlooked.
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57
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Reynolds LA, Smith KA, Filbey KJ, Harcus Y, Hewitson JP, Redpath SA, Valdez Y, Yebra MJ, Finlay BB, Maizels RM. Commensal-pathogen interactions in the intestinal tract: lactobacilli promote infection with, and are promoted by, helminth parasites. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:522-32. [PMID: 25144609 PMCID: PMC4822684 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.32155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota are pivotal in determining the developmental, metabolic and immunological status of the mammalian host. However, the intestinal tract may also accommodate pathogenic organisms, including helminth parasites which are highly prevalent in most tropical countries. Both microbes and helminths must evade or manipulate the host immune system to reside in the intestinal environment, yet whether they influence each other's persistence in the host remains unknown. We now show that abundance of Lactobacillus bacteria correlates positively with infection with the mouse intestinal nematode parasite, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, as well as with heightened regulatory T cell (Treg) and Th17 responses. Moreover, H. polygyrus raises Lactobacillus species abundance in the duodenum of C57BL/6 mice, which are highly susceptible to H. polygyrus infection, but not in BALB/c mice, which are relatively resistant. Sequencing of samples at the bacterial gyrB locus identified the principal Lactobacillus species as L. taiwanensis, a previously characterized rodent commensal. Experimental administration of L. taiwanensis to BALB/c mice elevates regulatory T cell frequencies and results in greater helminth establishment, demonstrating a causal relationship in which commensal bacteria promote infection with an intestinal parasite and implicating a bacterially-induced expansion of Tregs as a mechanism of greater helminth susceptibility. The discovery of this tripartite interaction between host, bacteria and parasite has important implications for both antibiotic and anthelmintic use in endemic human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Reynolds
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
- Michael Smith Laboratories; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Katherine A Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kara J Filbey
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - James P Hewitson
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen A Redpath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Yanet Valdez
- Michael Smith Laboratories; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - María J Yebra
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos; Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos; IATA-CSIC; Valencia, Spain
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; Ashworth Laboratories; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
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58
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Karrow NA, Goliboski K, Stonos N, Schenkel F, Peregrine A. Review: Genetics of helminth resistance in sheep. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Karrow, N. A., Goliboski, K., Stonos, N., Schenkel, F. and Peregrine, A. 2014. Review: Genetics of helminth resistance in sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 1–9. Gastrointestinal helminth parasites are an important source of economic loss to sheep producers. A rapid increase in anthelmintic resistance has occurred around the globe; therefore, the industry is exploring alternative strategies such as genetic selection to control losses attributed to helminth infection. Since helminths have co-evolved with sheep for millions of years, natural selection for enhanced helminth resistance has occurred within certain breeds from various parts of the world. These breeds of sheep are being used to better understand the genetic aspects of helminth resistance. If the genetic variants that contribute to this phenotype can be identified, it may be possible to use selection strategies to introduce resistance alleles into other breeds or to increase their frequency within breeds. This review will provide an up-to-date overview of the pathology of helminth disease, the immune response to helminth infection, and the search for genes that confer helminth resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niel A. Karrow
- Center for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Katherine Goliboski
- Center for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nancy Stonos
- Center for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Flavio Schenkel
- Center for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Andrew Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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59
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Abdoli A, Pirestani M. Are pregnant women with chronic helminth infections more susceptible to congenital infections? Front Immunol 2014; 5:53. [PMID: 24575099 PMCID: PMC3921675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Science , Kashan , Iran ; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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60
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Abstract
A transmission model clarifies the effects of influenza on pneumococcal pneumonia and bridges the gap between individual animal experiments and human epidemiological data (Shrestha et al., this issue).
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61
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Murphy L, Pathak AK, Cattadori IM. A co-infection with two gastrointestinal nematodes alters host immune responses and only partially parasite dynamics. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35:421-32. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Murphy
- Division of Animal Production and Public Health; The Veterinary School; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - A. K. Pathak
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
| | - I. M. Cattadori
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
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62
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What is the price of neglecting parasite groups when assessing the cost of co-infection? Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:1533-40. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813002100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAlthough co-infection by multiple groups of pathogens is the norm rather than the exception in nature, most research on the effects of pathogens on their hosts has been largely based on a single or few pathogen species. Nevertheless, the health impact of co-occurring infections is evident, and it is important that scientists should consider pathogen communities rather than single relevant pathogen species when assessing the impact of multiple infections. In this work we illustrate the consequences of neglecting different pathogen taxa (viruses, protozoa, helminths, arthropods) in the explanatory power of a set of Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-R) models used for exploring the impact of co-infections on the body condition of 57 adult feral cats; 71·5% cats were co-infected by ⩾3 groups of pathogens. The best two PLS-R models provided a first component based on the combination of helminths, protozoa and viruses, explaining 29·15% of body-condition variability. Statistical models, partially considering the pathogen community, lost between 24% and 94% of their explanatory power for explaining the cost of multiple infections. We believe that in the future, researchers assessing the impact of diseases on host life-history traits should take into account a broad representation of the pathogen community, especially during early assessment of the impact of diseases on host health.
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