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Durairaja A, Fendt M. Orexin deficiency modulates cognitive flexibility in a sex-dependent manner. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12707. [PMID: 33070452 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is an important executive function and refers to the ability to adapt behaviors in response to changes in the environment. Of note, many brain disorders are associated with impairments in cognitive flexibility. Several classical neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline are shown to be important for cognitive flexibility, however, there is not much known about the role of neuropeptides. The neuropeptide orexin, which is brain-widely released by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, is a major player in maintaining sleep/wake cycle, feeding behavior, arousal, and motivational behavior. Recent studies showed a role of orexin in attention, cognition and stress-induced attenuation of cognitive flexibility by disrupting orexin signaling locally or systemically. However, it is not known so far whether brain-wide reduction or loss of orexin affects cognitive flexibility. We investigated this question by testing male and female orexin-deficient mice in the attentional set shifting task (ASST), an established paradigm of cognitive flexibility. We found that orexin deficiency impaired the intra-dimensional shift phase of the ASST selectively in female homozygous orexin-deficient mice and improved the first reversal learning phase selectively in male homozygous orexin-deficient mice. We also found that these orexin-mediated sex-based modulations of cognitive flexibility were not correlated with trait anxiety, narcoleptic episodes, and reward consumption. Our findings highlight a sexually dimorphic role of orexin in regulating cognitive flexibility and the need for further investigations of sex-specific functions of the orexin circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Durairaja
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fendt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Tiseo C, Vacca A, Felbush A, Filimonova T, Gai A, Glazyrina T, Hubalek IA, Marchenko Y, Overeem LH, Piroso S, Tkachev A, Martelletti P, Sacco S. Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:126. [PMID: 33109076 PMCID: PMC7590682 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine and sleep disorders are common and often burdensome chronic conditions with a high prevalence in the general population, and with considerable socio-economic impact and costs.The existence of a relationship between migraine and sleep disorders has been recognized from centuries by clinicians and epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, the exact nature of this association, the underlying mechanisms and interactions are complex and not completely understood. Recent biochemical and functional imaging studies identified central nervous system structures and neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of migraine and also important for the regulation of normal sleep architecture, suggesting a possible causative role, in the pathogenesis of both disorders, of a dysregulation in these common nervous system pathways.This systematic review summarizes the existing data on migraine and sleep disorders with the aim to evaluate the existence of a causal relationship and to assess the presence of influencing factors. The identification of specific sleep disorders associated with migraine should induce clinicians to systematically assess their presence in migraine patients and to adopt combined treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Tiseo
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Regional Referral Headache Centre, S.S. Filippo e Nicola Hospital, Avezzano, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vacca
- Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anton Felbush
- Pain Treatment Center, OOO "Vertebra", Samara City, Russia
| | - Tamara Filimonova
- Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "Academician Ye. A. Vagner Perm State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Perm, Russia
| | - Annalisa Gai
- Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Irina Anna Hubalek
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yelena Marchenko
- V. A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lucas Hendrik Overeem
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charité Centrum Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie CC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena Piroso
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Alexander Tkachev
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, medical genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
- Regional Referral Headache Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Sacco
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
- Regional Referral Headache Centre, S.S. Filippo e Nicola Hospital, Avezzano, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Mediavilla C. Bidirectional gut-brain communication: A role for orexin-A. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104882. [PMID: 33068686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that bidirectional gut-brain signaling provides a communication pathway that uses neural, hormonal, and immunological routes to regulate homeostatic mechanisms such as hunger/satiety as well as emotions and inflammation. Hence, disruption of the gut-brain axis can cause numerous pathophysiologies, including obesity and intestinal inflammatory diseases. One chemical mediator in the gut-brain axis is orexin-A, given that hypothalamic orexin-A affects gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and peripheral orexin in the intestinal mucosa can modulate brain functions, making possible an orexinergic gut-brain network. It has been proposed that orexin-A acts on this axis to regulate nutritional processes, such as short-term intake, gastric acid secretion, and motor activity associated with the cephalic phase of feeding. Orexin-A has also been related to stress systems and stress responses via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Recent studies on the relationship of orexin with immune system-brain communications in an animal model of colitis suggested an immunomodulatory role for orexin-A in signaling and responding to infection by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). These studies suggested that orexin administration might be of potential therapeutic value in irritable bowel syndrome or chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, in which gastrointestinal symptoms frequently coexist with behavioral disorders, including loss of appetite, anxiety, depression, and sleeping disorders. Interventions in the orexinergic system have been proposed as a therapeutic approach to these diseases and for the treatment of chemotherapeutic drug-related hyperalgesia and fatigue in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mediavilla
- Department of Psychobiology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.
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Préville C, Bonaventure P, Koudriakova T, Lord B, Nepomuceno D, Rizzolio M, Mani N, Coe KJ, Ndifor A, Dugovic C, Dvorak CA, Coate H, Pippel DJ, Fitzgerald A, Allison B, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI, Shireman BT. Substituted Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes as Selective Orexin-1 Antagonists: Discovery of JNJ-54717793. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2002-2009. [PMID: 33062185 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin system consists of two neuropeptides (orexin-A and orexin-B) that exert their mode of action on two receptors (orexin-1 and orexin-2). While the role of the orexin-2 receptor is established as an important modulator of sleep wake states, the role of the orexin-1 receptor is believed to play a role in addiction, panic, or anxiety. In this manuscript, we describe the optimization of a nonselective substituted azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) into orally bioavailable, brain penetrating, selective orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonists. This resulted in the discovery of our first candidate for clinical development, JNJ-54717793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Préville
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pascal Bonaventure
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Diane Nepomuceno
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michele Rizzolio
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Neelakandha Mani
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin J. Coe
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anthony Ndifor
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christine Dugovic
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Curt A. Dvorak
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Heather Coate
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Pippel
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anne Fitzgerald
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brett Allison
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Timothy W. Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas I. Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brock T. Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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55
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The Role of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Receptors in the Central Regulation of Food Intake. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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PSPH-D-18-00526: Effect of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) on sleep and event-related oscillations in rats exposed to ethanol vapor during adolescence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2917-2927. [PMID: 31659377 PMCID: PMC7186151 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sleep difficulties are one of the problems associated with adolescent binge drinking. However, the mechanisms underlying adolescent alcohol-associated sleep disturbances and potential targets for therapy remain under investigated. Orexin receptor antagonists may have therapeutic value in the treatment of insomnia, yet the use of this class of drugs in the treatment of sleep disturbances following adolescent alcohol exposure has not been studied. OBJECTIVES This study employed a model whereby ethanol vapor exposure occurred for 5 weeks during adolescence (AIE), and waking event-related oscillations (EROs) and EEG sleep were subsequently evaluated in young adult rats. The ability of two doses (10, 30 mg/kg PO) of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) to modify sleep, EEG, and EROs was investigated in AIE rats and controls. RESULTS Adolescent vapor exposure was found to produce a fragmentation of sleep, in young adults, that was partially ameliorated by DORA-12. DORA-12 also produced increases in delta and theta power in waking EROs recorded before sleep, and deeper sleep as indexed by increases in delta and theta power in the sleep EEG in both ethanol and control rats. Rats given DORA-12 also fell asleep faster than vehicle-treated rats as measured by a dose-dependent reduction in the latency to both the first slow wave and REM sleep episodes. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that DORA-12 can affect the sleep disturbance that is associated with a history of adolescent ethanol exposure and also has several other sleep-promoting effects that are equivalent in both ethanol and control rats.
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Nam JH, Yun J, Jin IH, Chung D. hubViz: A Novel Tool for Hub-centric Visualization. CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL SPONSORED BY THE CHEMOMETRICS SOCIETY 2020; 203:104071. [PMID: 32753773 PMCID: PMC7402588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Visualization algorithms have been widely used for intuitive interrogation of genomic data and popularly used tools include MDS, t-SNE, and UMAP. However, these algorithms are not tuned for the visualization of binary data and none of them consider the hubness of observations for the visualization. In order to address these limitations, here we propose hubViz, a novel tool for hub-centric visualization of binary data. We evaluated the performance of hubViz with its application to the gene expression data measured in multiple brain regions of rats exposed to cocaine, the single-cell RNA-seq data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with interferon beta, and the literature mining data to investigate relationships among diseases. We further evaluated the performance of hubViz using simulation studies. We showed that hubViz provides effective visual inspection by locating the hub in the center and the contrasting elements in the opposite sides around the center. We believe that hubViz and its software can be powerful tools that can improve visualizations of various genomic data. The hubViz is implemented as an R package hubviz, which is publicly available at https://dongjunchung.github.io/hubviz/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyun Nam
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Yun
- Institute of Statistical Data Intelligence, Mansfield, Texas 76063, United States of America
| | - Ick Hoon Jin
- Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States of America
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58
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Dunietz GL, Vanini G, Shannon C, O'Brien LM, Chervin RD. Associations of plasma hypocretin-1 with metabolic and reproductive health: Two systematic reviews of clinical studies. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101307. [PMID: 32259696 PMCID: PMC7351596 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretin system consists of two peptides hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2 (HCRT1 and HCRT2). Hypocretin-containing neurons are located in the posterior and lateral hypothalamus, and have widespread projections throughout the brain and spinal cord. In addition to its presence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peripheral HCRT1 has been detected in plasma. Robust experimental evidence demonstrates functions of hypothalamic-originated HCRT1 in regulation of multiple biological systems related to sleep-wake states, energy homeostasis and endocrine function. In contrast, HCRT1 studies with human participants are limited by the necessarily invasive assessment of CSF HCRT1 to patients with underlying morbidity. Regulation by HCRT1 of energy homeostasis and reproduction in animals suggests similar regulation in humans and prompts these two systematic reviews. These reviews translate prior experimental findings from animal studies to humans and examine associations between HCRT1 and: 1) metabolic risk factors; 2) reproductive function in men, women and children. A total of 21 studies and six studies met the inclusion criteria for the two searches, respectively. Research question, study design, study population, assessments of HCRT1, reproductive, cardiometabolic data and main findings were extracted. Associations between HCRT1, metabolic and reproductive function are inconsistent. Limitations of studies and future research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit L Dunietz
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Carol Shannon
- Taubman Health Sciences Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Louise M O'Brien
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ronald D Chervin
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Futamura A, Suzuki R, Tamura Y, Kawamoto H, Ohmichi M, Hino N, Tokumaru Y, Kirinuki S, Hiyoshi T, Aoki T, Kambe D, Nozawa D. Discovery of ORN0829, a potent dual orexin 1/2 receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Tseng YT, Zhao B, Liu J, Ding H, Wang F, Wang L. Sleep deprivation and adrenalectomy lead to enhanced innate escape response to visual looming stimuli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:737-743. [PMID: 32444141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimal selections of innate behaviors that enable animals to adapt to particular conditions, whether environmental or internal, remain poorly understood. We report that mice under acute (8 h) sleep deprivation had an enhanced innate escape response and upregulation of c-fos expression in multiple brain areas that regulate wakefulness. By comparison, adrenalectomized mice under the same sleep deprivation condition displayed an even more exaggerated escape response and these wake-regulating brain areas were even more active. This suggests that acute sleep deprivation enhances innate escape response, possibly by altering wake state without causing significant anxiety. We also report that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis feedback under sleep deprivation prevents an exaggerated escape response by modulating wake-regulating brain areas. Taken together, our findings suggest that animals prioritize escape response over sleep, as the need of both behaviors simultaneously increase. We also provide an insight into the neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between sleep and innate escape response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tseng
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Binghao Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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61
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Cremaschi RC, Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Coelho FM. Health-related quality of life in patients with narcolepsy types 1 and 2 from a Sleep Center in Brazil. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:488-493. [PMID: 32627808 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Narcolepsy patients have higher prevalence of comorbidities, such as obesity, depression, and pain. Narcolepsy symptoms and concomitant medical conditions can impact the daily activities of patients. The objective of this study is to describe the quality of life in a sample of patients with narcolepsy, and the influence of the nutritional status in health domains. METHODS At Unifesp, two groups of 33 patients (narcolepsy types 1 and 2 meeting 2014 criteria, concerning hypocretin-1) and 33 controls without sleepiness, matched by age and sex, filled out the SF-36. RESULTS Narcolepsy groups, regardless of their nutritional status, had significantly lower scores in all domains, compared to controls, mainly in Role-physical, Role-emotional, and Energy/Fatigue. Role-physical score was lower in type 1 than in type 2 and controls (37.8±1.0 vs. 50.0±1.2 vs. 85.6±1.6; p<0.0001). Obese with type 2 narcolepsy scored lower than type 1 in physical scales. CONCLUSION In a Sleep Center in São Paulo, Brazil, physical and mental health were impaired in narcolepsy types 1 and 2. The first report of the poor health status in Brazilians with narcolepsy type 2 suggests that obesity negatively affects physical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Carvalho Cremaschi
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Hirotsu
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Lausanne University Hospital, Centre d'investigation et de recherche sur le sommeil, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Morgadinho Coelho
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Calva CB, Fadel JR. Intranasal administration of orexin peptides: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential for age-related cognitive dysfunction. Brain Res 2020; 1731:145921. [PMID: 30148983 PMCID: PMC6387866 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including narcolepsy and age-related dementias. Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches to cognitive enhancement are few in number and limited in efficacy. Thus, novel treatment strategies are needed. The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) system, a central integrator of physiological function, plays an important role in modulating cognition. Several single- and dual-orexin receptor antagonists are available for various clinical and preclinical applications, but the paucity of orexin agonists has limited the ability to research their therapeutic potential. To circumvent this hurdle, direct intranasal administration of orexin peptides is being investigated as a prospective treatment for cognitive dysfunction, narcolepsy or other disorders in which deficient orexin signaling has been implicated. Here, we describe the possible mechanisms and therapeutic potential of intranasal orexin delivery. Combined with the behavioral evidence that intranasal orexin-A administration improves cognitive function in narcoleptic and sleep-deprived subjects, our neurochemical studies in young and aged animals highlights the capacity for intranasal orexin administration to improve age-related deficits in neurotransmission. In summary, we highlight prior and original work from our lab and from others that provides a framework for the use of intranasal orexin peptides in treating cognitive dysfunction, especially as it relates to age-related cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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63
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Chang GQ, Collier AD, Karatayev O, Gulati G, Boorgu DSSK, Leibowitz SF. Moderate Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Stimulates CXCL12/CXCR4 Chemokine System in Radial Glia Progenitor Cells in Hypothalamic Neuroepithelium and Peptide Neurons in Lateral Hypothalamus of the Embryo and Postnatal Offspring. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:866-879. [PMID: 32020622 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to ethanol (EtOH) has lasting effects on neuropeptide and neuroimmune systems in the brain alongside detrimental alcohol-related behaviors. At low-to-moderate doses, prenatal EtOH stimulates neurogenesis in lateral hypothalamus (LH) and increases neurons that express the orexigenic peptides hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/OX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and the proinflammatory chemokine CCL2, which through its receptor CCR2 stimulates cell differentiation and movement. Our recent studies demonstrated that CCL2 and CCR2 colocalize with MCH neurons and are involved in EtOH's stimulatory effect on their development but show no relation to Hcrt/OX. Here, we investigated another chemokine, CXCL12, and its receptor, CXCR4, which promote neurogenesis and neuroprogenitor cell proliferation, to determine if they also exhibit peptide specificity in their response to EtOH exposure. METHODS Pregnant rats were intraorally administered a moderate dose of EtOH (2 g/kg/d) from embryonic day 10 (E10) to E15. Their embryos and postnatal offspring were examined using real-time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence histochemistry, to determine if EtOH affects CXCL12 and CXCR4 and the colocalization of CXCR4 with Hcrt/OX and MCH neurons in the LH and with radial glia neuroprogenitor cells in the hypothalamic neuroepithelium (NEP). RESULTS Prenatal EtOH strongly stimulated CXCL12 and CXCR4 in LH neurons of embryos and postnatal offspring. This stimulation was significantly stronger in Hcrt/OX than MCH neurons in LH and also occurred in radial glia neuroprogenitor cells dense in the NEP. These effects were sexually dimorphic, consistently stronger in females than males. CONCLUSIONS While showing prenatal EtOH exposure to have a sexually dimorphic, stimulatory effect on CXCL12 and CXCR4 in LH similar to CCL2 and its receptor, these results reveal their distinct relationship to the peptide neurons, with the former closely related to Hcrt/OX and the latter to MCH, and they link EtOH's actions in LH to a stimulatory effect on neuroprogenitor cells in the NEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Chang
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Adam D Collier
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Olga Karatayev
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Gazal Gulati
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | | | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- From the, Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, (GQC, ADC, OK, GG, SFL), The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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Orexin-1 receptor blockade differentially affects spatial and visual discrimination memory facilitation by intracranial self-stimulation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107188. [PMID: 32061874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle is an effective treatment to facilitate memory. Performance in both explicit and implicit memory tasks has been improved by ICSS, and this treatment has even been capable of recovering loss of memory function due to lesions or old age. Several neurochemical systems have been studied in regard to their role in ICSS effects on memory, however the possible involvement of the orexinergic system in this facilitation has yet to be explored. The present study aims to examine the relationship between the OX1R and the facilitative effects of ICSS on two different types of memory tasks, both carried out in the Morris Water Maze: spatial and visual discrimination. Results show that the OX1R blockade, by intraventricular administration of SB-334867, partially negates the facilitating effect of ICSS on spatial memory, whereas it hinders ICSS facilitation of the discrimination task. However, ICSS treatment was capable of compensating for the severe detrimental effects of OX1R blockade on both memory paradigms. These results suggest different levels of involvement of the orexinergic system in the facilitation of memory by ICSS, depending on the memory task.
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65
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Uslaner JM, Herring WJ, Coleman PJ. The Discovery of Suvorexant: Lessons Learned That Can Be Applied to Other CNS Drug Development Efforts. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:161-168. [PMID: 32259095 PMCID: PMC7088936 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders has many challenges that result in low probability of success and longer-than-typical development timelines. Suvorexant (Belsomra), the first dual orexin receptor antagonist used for insomnia, was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration ∼10 years after the initial high-throughput screen was conducted to identify orexin receptor antagonists. What accounted for this success and speed? Here we suggest that this program was unique and set up for success by (1) having a robust and high-throughput pharmacodynamic readout that was translatable across species, including humans, (2) a well-validated target with a defined product profile, resulting in a highly energized team with a can-do attitude, and (3) a highly executable and streamlined clinical strategy. The utility of Belsomra for insomnia, as well as other neurological and psychiatric diseases, continues to be explored, most recently for insomnia associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Uslaner
- Discovery Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience, and Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William J. Herring
- Discovery Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience, and Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul J. Coleman
- Discovery Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience, and Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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66
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Chen XY, Xue Y, Chen H, Chen L. The globus pallidus as a target for neuropeptides and endocannabinoids participating in central activities. Peptides 2020; 124:170210. [PMID: 31778724 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The globus pallidus in the basal ganglia plays an important role in movement regulation. Neuropeptides and endocannabinoids are neuronal signalling molecules that influence the functions of the whole brain. Endocannabinoids, enkephalin, substance P, neurotensin, orexin, somatostatin and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides are richly concentrated in the globus pallidus. Neuropeptides and endocannabinoids exert excitatory or inhibitory effects in the globus pallidus mainly by modulating GABAergic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, as well as many ionic mechanisms. Pallidal neuropeptides and endocannabinoids are associated with the pathophysiology of a number of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, and depression. The levels of neuropeptides and endocannabinoids and their receptors in the globus pallidus change in neurological diseases. It has been demonstrated that spontaneous firing activity of globus pallidus neurons is closely related to the manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, the neuropeptides and endocannabinoids in the globus pallidus may function as potential targets for treatment in some neurological diseases. In this review, we highlight the morphology and function of neuropeptides and endocannabinoids in the globus pallidus and their involvement in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Kim JS, Martin-Fardon R. Possible Role of CRF-Hcrt Interaction in the Infralimbic Cortex in the Emergence and Maintenance of Compulsive Alcohol-Seeking Behavior. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:354-367. [PMID: 31840823 PMCID: PMC7018591 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing disorder that is characterized by the compulsive use of alcohol despite numerous health, social, and economic consequences. Initially, the use of alcohol is driven by positive reinforcement. Over time, however, alcohol use can take on a compulsive quality that is driven by the desire to avoid the negative consequences of abstinence, including negative affect and heightened stress/anxiety. This transition from positive reinforcement- to negative reinforcement-driven consumption involves the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system, although mounting evidence now suggests that the CRF system interacts with other neural systems to ultimately produce behaviors that are symptomatic of compulsive alcohol use, such as the hypocretin (Hcrt) system. Hypocretins are produced exclusively in the hypothalamus, but Hcrt neurons project widely throughout the brain and reach regions that perform regulatory functions for numerous behavioral and physiological responses-including the infralimbic cortex (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Although the entire mPFC undergoes neuroadaptive changes following prolonged alcohol exposure, the IL appears to undergo more robust changes compared with other mPFC substructures. Evidence to date suggests that the IL is likely involved in EtOH-seeking behavior, but ambiguities with respect to the specific role of the IL in this regard make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Furthermore, the manner in which CRF interacts with Hcrt in this region as it pertains to alcohol-seeking behavior is largely unknown, although immunohistochemical and electrophysiological experiments have shown that CRF and Hcrt directly interact in the mPFC, suggesting that the interaction between CRF and Hcrt in the IL may be critically important for the development and subsequent maintenance of compulsive alcohol seeking. This review aims to consolidate recent literature regarding the role of the IL in alcohol-seeking behavior and to discuss evidence that supports a functional interaction between Hcrt and CRF in the IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung S. Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, USA
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Calva CB, Fayyaz H, Fadel JR. Effects of Intranasal Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Administration on Neuronal Activation, Neurochemistry, and Attention in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:362. [PMID: 32038222 PMCID: PMC6987046 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function represents a key determinative factor for independent functioning among the elderly, especially among those with age-related cognitive disorders. However; existing pharmacotherapeutic tactics for treating these disorders provide only modest benefits on cognition. The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) system is uniquely positioned, anatomically and functionally, to integrate physiological functions that support proper cognition. The ongoing paucity of orexin receptor agonists has mired the ability to study their potential as cognitive enhancers. Fortunately, intranasal administration of native orexin peptides circumvents this issue and others concerning peptide transport into the central nervous system (CNS). To investigate the ability of intranasal orexin-A (OxA) administration to improve the anatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral substrates of age-related cognitive dysfunction, these studies utilized a rodent model of aging combined with acute intranasal administration of saline or OxA. Here, intranasal OxA increases c-Fos expression in several telencephalic brain regions that mediate important cognitive functions, increases prefrontal cortical acetylcholine efflux, and alters set-shifting-mediated attentional function in rats. Ultimately, these studies provide a framework for the possible mechanisms and therapeutic potential of intranasal OxA in treating age-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Habiba Fayyaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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69
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Collier AD, Min SS, Campbell SD, Roberts MY, Camidge K, Leibowitz SF. Maternal ethanol consumption before paternal fertilization: Stimulation of hypocretin neurogenesis and ethanol intake in zebrafish offspring. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109728. [PMID: 31394141 PMCID: PMC6815720 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous clinical and pre-clinical studies showing that exposure of the embryo to ethanol markedly affects neuronal development and stimulates alcohol drinking and related behaviors. In rodents and zebrafish, our studies show that embryonic exposure to low-dose ethanol, in addition to increasing voluntary ethanol intake during adolescence, increases the density of hypothalamic hypocretin (hcrt) neurons, a neuropeptide known to regulate reward-related behaviors. The question addressed here in zebrafish is whether maternal ethanol intake before conception also affects neuronal and behavioral development, phenomena suggested by clinical reports but seldom investigated. To determine if preconception maternal ethanol consumption also affects these hcrt neurons and behavior in the offspring, we first standardized a method of measuring voluntary ethanol consumption in AB strain adult and larval zebrafish given gelatin meals containing 10% or 0.1% ethanol, respectively. We found the number of bites of gelatin to be an accurate measure of intake in adults and a strong predictor of blood ethanol levels, and also to be a reliable indicator of intake in larval zebrafish. We then used this feeding paradigm and live imaging to examine the effects of preconception maternal intake of 10% ethanol-gelatin compared to plain-gelatin for 14 days on neuronal development in the offspring. Whereas ethanol consumption by adult female HuC:GFP transgenic zebrafish had no impact on the number of differentiated HuC+ neurons at 28 h post-fertilization (hpf), preconception ethanol consumption by adult female hcrt:EGFP zebrafish significantly increased the number of hcrt neurons in the offspring, an effect observed at 28 hpf and confirmed at 6 and 12 days post-fertilization (dpf). This increase in hcrt neurons was primarily present on the left side of the brain, indicating asymmetry in ethanol's actions, and it was accompanied by behavioral changes in the offspring, including a significant increase in novelty-induced locomotor activity but not thigmotaxis measured at 6 dpf and also in voluntary consumption of 0.1% ethanol-gelatin at 12 dpf. Notably, these measures of ethanol intake and locomotor activity stimulated by preconception ethanol were strongly, positively correlated with the number of hcrt neurons. These findings demonstrate that preconception maternal ethanol consumption affects the brain and behavior of the offspring, producing effects similar to those caused by embryonic ethanol exposure, and they provide further evidence that the ethanol-induced increase in hcrt neurogenesis contributes to the behavioral disturbances caused by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Collier
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soe S Min
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha D Campbell
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mia Y Roberts
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaylin Camidge
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Riemann D, Krone LB, Wulff K, Nissen C. Sleep, insomnia, and depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:74-89. [PMID: 31071719 PMCID: PMC6879516 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times it is known that melancholia and sleep disturbances co-occur. The introduction of polysomnography into psychiatric research confirmed a disturbance of sleep continuity in patients with depression, revealing not only a decrease in Slow Wave Sleep, but also a disinhibition of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, demonstrated as a shortening of REM latency, an increase of REM density, as well as total REM sleep time. Initial hopes that these abnormalities of REM sleep may serve as differential-diagnostic markers for subtypes of depression were not fulfilled. Almost all antidepressant agents suppress REM sleep and a time-and-dose-response relationship between total REM sleep suppression and therapeutic response to treatment seemed apparent. The so-called Cholinergic REM Induction Test revealed that REM sleep abnormalities can be mimicked by administration of cholinomimetic agents. Another important research avenue is the study of chrono-medical timing of sleep deprivation and light exposure for their positive effects on mood in depression. Present day research takes the view on insomnia, i.e., prolonged sleep latency, problems to maintain sleep, and early morning awakening, as a transdiagnostic symptom for many mental disorders, being most closely related to depression. Studying insomnia from different angles as a transdiagnostic phenotype has opened many new perspectives for research into mechanisms but also for clinical practice. Thus, the question is: can the early and adequate treatment of insomnia prevent depression? This article will link current understanding about sleep regulatory mechanisms with knowledge about changes in physiology due to depression. The review aims to draw the attention to current and future strategies in research and clinical practice to the benefits of sleep and depression therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lukas B Krone
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Departments of Radiation Sciences & Molecular Biology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoph Nissen
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
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Tanaka S, Higuchi M, Seki S, Enomoto A, Kogo M. Orexins modulate membrane excitability in rat trigeminal motoneurons. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:265-270. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Tanaka
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Masataka Higuchi
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Soju Seki
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
| | - Akifumi Enomoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University
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Ventzke K, Oster H, Jöhren O. Diurnal Regulation of the Orexin/Hypocretin System in Mice. Neuroscience 2019; 421:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Orexin-1 Receptor Signaling in Ventral Pallidum Regulates Motivation for the Opioid Remifentanil. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9831-9840. [PMID: 31641055 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0255-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling at the orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) is important for motivated drug taking. Using a within-session behavioral economics (BE) procedure, we previously found that pharmacologic blockade of the OxR1 decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity) for the potent and short-acting opioid remifentanil and reduced low-effort remifentanil consumption. However, the mechanism through which orexin regulates remifentanil demand is currently unknown. Previous work implicated OxR1 signaling within ventral pallidum (VP) as a potential target. VP is densely innervated by orexin fibers and is known to regulate opioid reward. Accordingly, this study sought to determine the role of VP OxR1 signaling in remifentanil demand and cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking in male rats. Intra-VP microinjections of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 (SB) decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity; α) for remifentanil without affecting remifentanil consumption at low effort. Baseline α values predicted the degree of cue-induced remifentanil seeking, and microinjection of SB into VP attenuated this behavior without affecting extinction responding. Baseline α values also predicted SB efficacy, such that SB was most effective in attenuating reinstatement behavior in highly motivated rats. Together, these findings support a selective role for VP OxR1 signaling in motivation for the opioid remifentanil. Our findings also highlight the utility of BE in predicting relapse propensity and efficacy of treatment with OxR1 antagonists.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Abuse of opioids has risen rapidly and continues to be a major health crisis. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms underlying opioid addiction. Here, we investigate the role of orexin-1 receptor signaling (OxR1) within ventral pallidum (VP) in remifentanil demand and cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking. Using a within-session behavioral economics procedure, we show that intra-VP microinjections of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity) without affecting remifentanil consumption at low effort. We also found that SB microinjected intra-VP attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking. Together, our results support a role for VP OxR1 signaling in opioid reward.
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Juvodden HT, Viken MK, Nordstrand SEH, Viste R, Westlye LT, Thorsby PM, Lie BA, Knudsen-Heier S. HLA and sleep parameter associations in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients and first-degree relatives. Sleep 2019; 43:5586722. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
To explore HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients (NT1), first-degree relatives and healthy controls, and assess HLA associations with clinical and sleep parameters in patients and first-degree relatives.
Methods
Ninety post-H1N1 NT1 patients and 202 of their first-degree relatives were HLA-genotyped (next generation sequencing) and phenotyped (semistructured interviews, Stanford Sleep Questionnaire, polysomnography, and multiple sleep latency test). HLA allele distributions were compared between DQB1*06:02-heterozygous individuals (77 patients, 59 parents, 1230 controls). A subsample (74 patients, 114 relatives) was investigated for associations between HLA-loci and continuous sleep variables using logistic regression. Identified candidate HLA-loci were explored for HLA allele associations with hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis in 90 patients, and patient allele findings were checked for similar associations in 202 relatives.
Results
DQB1*06:02 heterozygous post-H1N1 NT1 patients (84.4% H1N1-vaccinated) showed several significant HLA associations similar to those reported previously in samples of mainly sporadic NT1, i.e. DQB1*03:01, DRB1*04:01, DRB1*04:02, DRB1*04:07, DRB1*11:04, A*25:01, B*35:03, and B*51:01, and novel associations, i.e. B*14:02, C*01:02, and C*07:01. Parents HLA alleles did not deviate significantly from controls. The HLA-C locus was associated with sleep parameters in patients and relatives. In patients C*02:02 seems to be associated with protective effects against sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.
Conclusions
Our findings of similar risk/protective HLA-alleles in post-H1N1 as in previous studies of mainly sporadic narcolepsy support similar disease mechanisms. We also report novel allelic associations. Associations between HLA-C and sleep parameters were seen independent of NT1 diagnosis, supporting involvement of HLA-C in sleep subphenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde T Juvodden
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Marte K Viken
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway
| | - Sebjørg E H Nordstrand
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Rannveig Viste
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Per M Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway Norway
| | - Benedicte A Lie
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Stine Knudsen-Heier
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, Norway
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Molecular codes and in vitro generation of hypocretin and melanin concentrating hormone neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17061-17070. [PMID: 31375626 PMCID: PMC6708384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902148116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) neuropeptides are exclusively produced by the lateral hypothalamus and play important roles in sleep, metabolism, reward, and motivation. Loss of HCRT (ligands or receptors) causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy with cataplexy in humans and in animal models. How these neuropeptides are produced and involved in diverse functions remain unknown. Here, we developed methods to sort and purify HCRT and MCH neurons from the mouse late embryonic hypothalamus. RNA sequencing revealed key factors of fate determination for HCRT (Peg3, Ahr1, Six6, Nr2f2, and Prrx1) and MCH (Lmx1, Gbx2, and Peg3) neurons. Loss of Peg3 in mice significantly reduces HCRT and MCH cell numbers, while knock-down of a Peg3 ortholog in zebrafish completely abolishes their expression, resulting in a 2-fold increase in sleep amount. We also found that loss of HCRT neurons in Hcrt-ataxin-3 mice results in a specific 50% decrease in another orexigenic neuropeptide, QRFP, that might explain the metabolic syndrome in narcolepsy. The transcriptome results were used to develop protocols for the production of HCRT and MCH neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells and ascorbic acid was found necessary for HCRT and BMP7 for MCH cell differentiation. Our results provide a platform to understand the development and expression of HCRT and MCH and their multiple functions in health and disease.
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Collier AD, Halkina V, Min SS, Roberts MY, Campbell SD, Camidge K, Leibowitz SF. Embryonic Ethanol Exposure Affects the Early Development, Migration, and Location of Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons in Zebrafish. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1702-1713. [PMID: 31206717 PMCID: PMC6677602 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonic ethanol (EtOH) exposure is known to increase alcohol drinking later in life and have long-term effects on neurochemical systems in the brain. With zebrafish having marked advantages for elucidating neural mechanisms underlying brain disorders, we recently tested and showed in these fish, similar to rodents, that low-dose embryonic EtOH stimulates voluntary consumption of EtOH while increasing expression of hypocretin/orexin (hcrt) neurons, a neuropeptide that promotes consummatory and reward-related behaviors. The goal of the present study was to characterize how embryonic EtOH affects early development of the hcrt system and produces persistent changes at older ages that may contribute to this increase in EtOH consumption. METHODS We utilized live imaging and Imaris software to investigate how low-dose embryonic EtOH (0.5%), administered from 22 to 24 hours postfertilization, affects specific properties of hcrt neurons in hcrt:EGFP transgenic zebrafish at different ages. RESULTS Time-lapse imaging from 24 to 28 hpf showed that embryonic EtOH increased the number of hcrt neurons, reduced the speed, straightness, and displacement of their migratory paths, and altered their direction early in development. At older ages up to 6 dpf, the embryonic EtOH-induced increase in hcrt neurons was persistent, and the neurons became more widely dispersed. These effects of embryonic EtOH were found to be asymmetric, occurring predominantly on the left side of the brain, and at 6 dpf, they resulted in marked changes in the anatomical location of the hcrt neurons, with some detected outside their normal position in the anterior hypothalamus again primarily on the left side. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that low-dose embryonic EtOH has diverse, persistent, and asymmetric effects on the early development of hypothalamic hcrt neurons, which lead to abnormalities in their ultimate location that may contribute to behavioral disturbances, including an increase in EtOH consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Collier
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Viktoriya Halkina
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Soe S. Min
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mia Y. Roberts
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Kaylin Camidge
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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Cremaschi RC, Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Coelho FM. The sensory pain of Dante's Inferno - Semantics of chronic pain in patients with narcolepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 12:49-52. [PMID: 31105895 PMCID: PMC6508941 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20190055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective To examine the semantics of chronic pain in narcolepsy and to compare with
the poem Inferno, from Dante Alighieri. Methods A cross-sectional study, in which type 1 (n=33) and type 2 (n=33) patients
(hypocretin-1 quantification in cerebrospinal fluid), were studied at
Departamento de Psicobiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo
(Brazil). We assessed pain descriptors in the Present Rating Index (PRI)
from McGill Pain Questionnaire. Results There was no significant difference in PRI between narcolepsy groups. In
both groups, the most frequent words had a sensory dimension: throbbing,
jumping, and tugging. Multiple correspondence analysis revealed the
predominance of sensory descriptors and the deficiency of affective
descriptors in these groups. Discussion A study that interpreted the poem Inferno, from Dante Alighieri, as McGill
Pain Questionnaires descriptors suggested a contribution of the sensory
dimension in pain of possibly narcolepsy patients, similar as in our
results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Carvalho Cremaschi
- UNIFESP, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo - SP - Brazil.,UNIFESP, Departamento de Neurologia e Psicobiologia - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
| | - Camila Hirotsu
- UNIFESP, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo - SP - Brazil.,Lausanne University Hospital, Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep - Lausanne - Lausane - Switzerland
| | - Sergio Tufik
- UNIFESP, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
| | - Fernando Morgadinho Coelho
- UNIFESP, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo - SP - Brazil.,UNIFESP, Departamento de Neurologia e Psicobiologia - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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78
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Chen ZK, Yuan XS, Dong H, Wu YF, Chen GH, He M, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Whole-Brain Neural Connectivity to Lateral Pontine Tegmentum GABAergic Neurons in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:375. [PMID: 31068780 PMCID: PMC6491572 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The GABAergic neurons in the lateral pontine tegmentum (LPT) play key roles in the regulation of sleep and locomotion. The dysfunction of the LPT is related to neurological disorders such as rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and ocular flutter. However, the whole-brain neural connectivity to LPT GABAergic neurons remains poorly understood. Using virus-based, cell-type-specific, retrograde and anterograde tracing systems, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs and axonal projections of LPT GABAergic neurons in mice. We found that LPT GABAergic neurons received inputs mainly from the superior colliculus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), parasubthalamic nucleus, and periaqueductal gray (PAG), as well as the limbic system (e.g., central nucleus of the amygdala). Further immunofluorescence assays revealed that the inputs to LPT GABAergic neurons were colocalized with several markers associated with important neural functions, especially the sleep-wake cycle. Moreover, numerous LPT GABAergic neuronal varicosities were observed in the medial and midline part of the thalamus, the LHA, PAG, DR, and parabrachial nuclei. Interestingly, LPT GABAergic neurons formed reciprocal connections with areas related to sleep-wake and motor control, including the LHA, PAG, DR, parabrachial nuclei, and superior colliculus, only the LPT-DR connections were in an equally bidirectional manner. These results provide a structural framework to understand the underlying neural mechanisms of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and disorders of saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ka Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Shan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Fang Wu
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Palagini L, Bastien CH, Marazziti D, Ellis JG, Riemann D. The key role of insomnia and sleep loss in the dysregulation of multiple systems involved in mood disorders: A proposed model. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12841. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Psychiatric Unit University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | | | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Psychiatric Unit University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Jason G. Ellis
- Northumbria Sleep Research Laboratory Northumbria University Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne UK
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology/Sleep Medicine Center for Mental Disorders University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
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Juvodden HT, Alnæs D, Lund MJ, Dietrichs E, Thorsby PM, Westlye LT, Knudsen S. Hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy patients have abnormal brain activation during humor processing. Sleep 2019; 42:5421840. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
To assess brain activation patterns in response to fun-rated and neutral-rated movies we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a humor-paradigm in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) patients with cataplexy (muscle atonia triggered by emotions) and controls.
Methods
The fMRI-humor-paradigm consisted of short movies (25/30 with a humorous punchline; 5/30 without a humorous punchline [but with similar build-up/anticipation]) rated by participants based on their humor experience. We included 41 NT1 patients and 44 controls. Group-level inferences were made using permutation testing.
Results
Permutation testing revealed no group differences in average movie ratings. fMRI analysis found no group differences in brain activations to fun-rated movies. Patients showed significantly higher activations compared to controls during neutral-rated movies; including bilaterally in the thalamus, pallidum, putamen, amygdala, hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, cerebellum, brainstem and in the left precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, and caudate. We found no brain overactivation for patients during movies without a humorous punchline (89.0% neutral-rated). Group analyses revealed significantly stronger differentiation between fun-rated and neutral-rated movies in controls compared with patients (patients showed no significant differentiation), including bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyrus, thalamus, putamen, precentral gyrus, lingual gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, occipital areas, temporal areas, cerebellum and in the right hippocampus, postcentral gyrus, pallidum, and insula.
Conclusion
Patients showed significantly higher activations in several cortical and subcortical regions during neutral-rated movies, with no differentiation from activations during fun-rated movies. This lower threshold for activating the humor response (even during neutral-rated movies), might represent insight into the mechanisms associated with cataplexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde T Juvodden
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
| | - Martina J Lund
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Dietrichs
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital & University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per M Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Knudsen
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
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Wang P, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhong S, Jiang W, Wang Z, Sun C, Zhang S, Liu Z. Functional characterization of an orexin neuropeptide in amphioxus reveals an ancient origin of orexin/orexin receptor system in chordate. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1655-1669. [PMID: 30945108 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphioxus belongs to the subphylum cephalochordata, an extant representative of the most basal chordates, whose regulation of endocrine system remains ambiguous. Here we clearly demonstrated the existence of a functional orexin neuropeptide in amphioxus, which is able to interact with orexin receptor, activate both PKC and PKA pathways, decrease leptin expression, and stimulate lipogenesis. We also showed the transcription level of amphioxus orexin was affected by fasting or temperature, indicating a role of this gene in the regulation of energy balance. In addition, the expression of the amphioxus orexin was detected at cerebral vesicle, which has been proposed to be a homolog of the vertebrate brain. These data collectively suggest that a functional orexin neuropeptide has already emerged in amphioxus, which provide insights into the evolutionary origin of orexin in chordate and the functional homology between the cerebral vesicle and vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shenjie Zhong
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wanyue Jiang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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82
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Kirsch M. On the Abilities of Unconscious Freudian Motivational Drives to Evoke Conscious Emotions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:470. [PMID: 30899234 PMCID: PMC6416170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings use conscious emotions to direct their behaviors. There is some agreement in the scientific community that unconscious motivations are able to evoke conscious emotions. This manuscript focuses on Freudian motivational drives as inductors for unconscious motivation, and also on Panksepp's framework of affective neuroscience for describing the generation of emotions. Recently, it has been suggested that imperative motor factors of Freudian drives (i.e., the hormones ghrelin, testosterone, angiotensin II and adenosine) have the ability to activate both a drive-specific brain area and brain areas of the SEEKING command system. In fact, this manuscript contends that all imperative motor factors have typical SEEKING targets (i.e., so-called receptors) in the brain areas of both nucleus accumbens and lateral hypothalamus. In addition, all imperative motor factors are able to target the central amygdala directly, a brain area classified by Panksepp as the instinctual part of the FEAR command system. Another point of interest may be the evaluation that imperative motor factors of the sexual drive, hunger and thirst can directly activate the RAGE command system by targeting the medial amygdala. Surprisingly, all imperative motor factors are able to modulate Panksepp's granddaddy mechanism, i.e., to stimulate all seven command systems via the lateral hypothalamus. Orexinergic neurons exclusively located in the lateral hypothalamus have targets for imperative motor factors and project axons to characteristic brain areas of all seven command systems. From the fact that the imperative motor factors of the sexual drive and hunger act in an excitatory manner on orexinergic neurons whereas those of thirst and sleep inhibit such neurons, temporary termination of hunger by thirst may be understood as a very simple example of a co-regulation of Freudian drives. The author wishes to note that there are motivational drives other than the ones described by Freud. Bowlby was obviously the first in describing such drives, and Bowlbyian drive activities cannot be explained with the intermediacy of imperative motor factors. Nevertheless, the ignorance of the magnificent importance of imperative motor factors must be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirsch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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83
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Palus-Chramiec K, Chrobok L, Kepczynski M, Lewandowski MH. Orexin A depolarises rat intergeniculate leaflet neurons through non-selective cation channels. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2683-2693. [PMID: 30803080 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins are hypothalamic neuropeptides that have a variety of functions, including maintenance of arousal, control over the sleep/wake cycle, reward and feeding. Accumulating evidence links orexins to the time-keeping system with a documented action in the master clock-the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) is a thalamic structure with the well-known function of collecting photic and non-photic cues to adjust the rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to changing environmental conditions. The IGL consists of GABAergic neurons that are intrinsically active, even in slice preparations. Our previous studies revealed the excitatory postsynaptic effects of orexins on single IGL neurons, even though the ionic mechanism underlying this effect remained elusive. Therefore, in this study, we used patch clamp electrophysiology to identify the ions and distinct ion channels responsible for the observed depolarisations. The major finding of this article is that the orexin A-evoked depolarisation of IGL neurons depends on non-selective cation channels, implicating the orexinergic tone in establishing the basal firing rate in these cells. The data presented here strengthen the mutual connections between the time-keeping and orexinergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marian Henryk Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Chevrier A, Bhaijiwala M, Lipszyc J, Cheyne D, Graham S, Schachar R. Disrupted reinforcement learning during post-error slowing in ADHD. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0206780. [PMID: 30785885 PMCID: PMC6382150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ADHD is associated with altered dopamine regulated reinforcement learning on prediction errors. Despite evidence of categorically altered error processing in ADHD, neuroimaging advances have largely investigated models of normal reinforcement learning in greater detail. Further, although reinforcement leaning critically relies on ventral striatum exerting error magnitude related thresholding influences on substantia nigra (SN) and dorsal striatum, these thresholding influences have never been identified with neuroimaging. To identify such thresholding influences, we propose that error magnitude related activities must first be separated from opposite activities in overlapping neural regions during error detection. Here we separate error detection from magnitude related adjustment (post-error slowing) during inhibition errors in the stop signal task in typically developing (TD) and ADHD adolescents using fMRI. In TD, we predicted that: 1) deactivation of dorsal striatum on error detection interrupts ongoing processing, and should be proportional to right frontoparietal response phase activity that has been observed in the SST; 2) deactivation of ventral striatum on post-error slowing exerts thresholding influences on, and should be proportional to activity in dorsal striatum. In ADHD, we predicted that ventral striatum would instead correlate with heightened amygdala responses to errors. We found deactivation of dorsal striatum on error detection correlated with response-phase activity in both groups. In TD, post-error slowing deactivation of ventral striatum correlated with activation of dorsal striatum. In ADHD, ventral striatum correlated with heightened amygdala activity. Further, heightened activities in locus coeruleus (norepinephrine), raphe nucleus (serotonin) and medial septal nuclei (acetylcholine), which all compete for control of DA, and are altered in ADHD, exhibited altered correlations with SN. All correlations in TD were replicated in healthy adults. Results in TD are consistent with dopamine regulated reinforcement learning on post-error slowing. In ADHD, results are consistent with heightened activities in the amygdala and non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter nuclei preventing reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Chevrier
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehereen Bhaijiwala
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Lipszyc
- University of Ottawa, Department of Family Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas Cheyne
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Graham
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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85
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Li M, Zu N, Zhang CS, Xie MY, Liu YZ, Xu XJ. Orexin A promotes granulosa cell secretion of progesterone in sheep. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2019; 20:136-142. [PMID: 31531037 PMCID: PMC6716278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orexin A, a small-molecule peptide, can regulate female hormones, but limited evidence for its mechanism of activity exists in ovine. AIMS The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of orexin A on progesterone (P4) secretion in cultured granulosa of sheep follicles. METHODS Sheep ovarian granulosa were isolated and identified, pre-incubated with luteinizing hormone (LH) (2.5 IU/ml), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (2.5 IU/ml), or oestrogen (1 µg/ml); and cultured in vitro. The pretreated sheep ovarian granulosa were subsequently cultured with different concentrations (1 nM, 10 nM, 58 nM, 100 nM, and 145 nM) of orexin A for varying amounts of time (0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). Then, the expression levels of P4, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and cytochrome P450 (CYP11) were determined. RESULTS The results showed that the sheep ovarian granulosa were correctly identified. The different concentrations of orexin A promoted the secretion of P4 from granulosa in the ovine ovary compared with that in the control. The expression of StAR, 3β-HSD and P450 (CYP11) gradually increased, and then decreased with increasing concentrations of orexin A, but the expression of P450 (CYP11) decreased with the increase of time. CONCLUSION These results revealed that orexin A promotes the secretion of P4 by regulating the expression of StAR, 3β-HSD, and P450 (CYP11). Understanding the mechanism underlying the promotion of P4 by orexin A could open new therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Li
- MSc Student in Developmental Biology, Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohehot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - N. Zu
- MSc Student in Developmental Biology, Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohehot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - C. S. Zhang
- MSc Student in Developmental Biology, Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohehot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - M. Y. Xie
- MSc Student in Developmental Biology, Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohehot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Y. Z. Liu
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohehot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - X. J. Xu
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohehot, Inner Mongolia, China
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86
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Liu MF, Xue Y, Liu C, Liu YH, Diao HL, Wang Y, Pan YP, Chen L. Orexin-A Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via OX1R in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 30524223 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00835.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and selective death of dopaminergic neurons. Orexin-A is involved in many biological effects of the body. It has been reported that orexin-A has protective effects in cellular models of PD. However, little is known about the protective effects of orexin-A in animal parkinsonian models and the cellular mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of orexin-A in MPTP mice model of PD as well as the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of orexin-A on dopaminergic neurons. The results from animal experiments demonstrated that orexin-A attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia nigra, normalized the striatal dopaminergic fibers, and prevented the depletion of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum. MPTP-treated mice showed cognitive impairments accompanied with significant motor deficiency. Orexin-A improved MPTP-induced impairments in both motor activity and spatial memory. Importantly, orexin-A increased the protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the protective effects of orexin-A on MPTP parkinsonian mice could be blocked by orexinergic receptor 1 (OX1R) antagonist, SB334867. In another set of experiments with SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells, orexin-A significantly induced the expression of BDNF in a dose and time-dependent manner. The upregulation of BDNF is mainly concerned with PI3K and PKC signaling pathways via OX1R. The present study demonstrated that orexin-A exerted neuroprotective effects on MPTP parkinsonian mice, which may imply orexin-A as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun-Hai Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Ling Diao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Peng Pan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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87
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van der Ark PD, Golor G, van Nueten L, Nandy P, de Boer P. Multiple daytime administration of the selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist JNJ-42847922 induces somnolence in healthy subjects without residual central effects. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1330-1340. [PMID: 30182786 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118791521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and general safety and tolerability of JNJ-42847922, a selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist, were assessed in healthy subjects. METHODS Five consecutive cohorts of healthy subjects were enrolled and received doses of 5-60 mg orally once daily over 10 days of JNJ-42847922 ( n=6) or placebo ( n=2). Concentrations of drug in plasma and urine were measured over 24 h after dosing on Days 1, 5 and 10. Observed- and self-reported somnolence was used to evaluate the principal pharmacodynamic effect of JNJ-42847922. A test battery to assess vigilance state, sedation and alertness was assessed at 4, 6 and 8 h after dosing. Safety assessments included recording of adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory assessments and suicidality per Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. RESULTS JNJ-42847922 was rapidly absorbed after the morning dose administration. The median tmax ranged from 0.5-1.5 h and mean t1/2 values from 2-3 h. At JNJ-42847922 dose levels ⩾20 mg, mean Cmax and mean area under the curve, values increased less than dose proportionally. At doses ⩾20 mg, JNJ-42847922 consistently induced somnolence on all study days. At four hours post-dose administration, dose levels >5 mg JNJ-42847922 were identified as sedating by the Addiction Research Center Inventory-49. Except for a mild decrease in attention (Bond and Lader Visual Analogue Scale Factor 1) at dose levels >10 mg at four hours post-dose, no clinically relevant changes in other central measures have been observed. JNJ-42847922 was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D van der Ark
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Luc van Nueten
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Partha Nandy
- 3 Department of Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development US, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Peter de Boer
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
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88
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Liu MF, Xue Y, Liu C, Liu YH, Diao HL, Wang Y, Pan YP, Chen L. Orexin-A Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via OX1R in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:835. [PMID: 30524223 PMCID: PMC6262320 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and selective death of dopaminergic neurons. Orexin-A is involved in many biological effects of the body. It has been reported that orexin-A has protective effects in cellular models of PD. However, little is known about the protective effects of orexin-A in animal parkinsonian models and the cellular mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of orexin-A in MPTP mice model of PD as well as the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of orexin-A on dopaminergic neurons. The results from animal experiments demonstrated that orexin-A attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia nigra, normalized the striatal dopaminergic fibers, and prevented the depletion of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum. MPTP-treated mice showed cognitive impairments accompanied with significant motor deficiency. Orexin-A improved MPTP-induced impairments in both motor activity and spatial memory. Importantly, orexin-A increased the protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the protective effects of orexin-A on MPTP parkinsonian mice could be blocked by orexinergic receptor 1 (OX1R) antagonist, SB334867. In another set of experiments with SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells, orexin-A significantly induced the expression of BDNF in a dose and time-dependent manner. The upregulation of BDNF is mainly concerned with PI3K and PKC signaling pathways via OX1R. The present study demonstrated that orexin-A exerted neuroprotective effects on MPTP parkinsonian mice, which may imply orexin-A as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun-Hai Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Ling Diao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Peng Pan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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89
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Orexinergic Modulation of Spinal Motor Activity in the Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0226-18. [PMID: 30417080 PMCID: PMC6223113 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0226-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of orexin during development, and especially in terms of spinal cord function, is not well understood. It is for this reason that we focused on the network actions of orexin during the first week of development. We found that orexinergic fibers were present in the lumbar spinal cord of postnatal day 0 (P0) to P3 mice. The fibers were expressed mainly in the dorsal horn, but occasional fibers were observed in the ventral horn. Both orexin (OX) A and OXB increased the motoneurons (MNs) tonic neurogram discharge. However, only OXA was found to significantly increase spontaneous bursting activity and the frequency of fictive locomotor bursts. We show that OXA is able to act directly on MNs. To test the contribution of the recurrent MN collaterals, we blocked the nicotinic cholinergic drive and observed that OXA retained its ability to increase fictive locomotor activity. Additionally, we recorded neurograms from ventral lateral funiculi, where OXA had no effect on population discharge. These effects were also confirmed by recording from descending commissural interneurons via patch recordings. The loci of the effects of OXA were further investigated in a dorsal horn-removed preparation where OXA also shows an increase in the discharge from ventral root neurograms but no increase in the frequency of spontaneous or fictive locomotion burst activity. In summary, multiple lines of evidence from our work demonstrate the robust effects of orexins on spinal cord networks and MNs at the time of birth.
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90
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García-Brito S, Aldavert-Vera L, Huguet G, Álvarez A, Kádár E, Segura-Torres P. Increased training compensates for OX1R blockage-impairment of spatial memory and c-Fos expression in different cortical and subcortical areas. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:21-31. [PMID: 29953904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the orexin system modulates learning and memory-related processes. However, the possible influence that training could have on the effect of the blockade of orexin-A selective receptor (OX1R) on a spatial memory task has not been explored. Therefore, the present study attempts to compare the effects of OX1R antagonist SB-334867 infusion on spatial memory in two different conditions in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). This experiment evaluated the animals' performance in weak training (2 trials per session) vs strong training (6 trials per session) protocols in a spatial version of the MWM. We found that in the 2-trial condition the post-training SB-334867 infusion had a negative effect on consolidation as well as on the retention and reversal learning of the task 72 h later. This effect was not apparent in the 6-trial condition. In addition, while the strong training groups showed a general increase in c-Fos expression in several brain areas of the hippocampal-thalamic-cortical circuit, SB-334867 administration had the opposite effect in areas that have been previously reported to have a high density of OX1R. Specifically, the SB-infused group in the 2-trial condition showed a decrease in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus, granular retrosplenial and prelimbic cortices, and centrolateral thalamic nucleus. This was not observed for subjects in the 6-trial condition. The activation of these areas could constitute a neuroanatomical substrate involved in the compensatory mechanisms of training upon SB-334867 impairing effects on a MWM spatial task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleil García-Brito
- Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Aldavert-Vera
- Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Huguet
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Adam Álvarez
- Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Kádár
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Pilar Segura-Torres
- Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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91
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Membrane protein engineering to the rescue. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1541-1549. [PMID: 30381335 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inherent hydrophobicity of membrane proteins is a major barrier to membrane protein research and understanding. Their low stability and solubility in aqueous environments coupled with poor expression levels make them a challenging area of research. For many years, the only way of working with membrane proteins was to optimise the environment to suit the protein, through the use of different detergents, solubilising additives, and other adaptations. However, with innovative protein engineering methodologies, the membrane proteins themselves are now being adapted to suit the environment. This mini-review looks at the types of adaptations which are applied to membrane proteins from a variety of different fields, including water solubilising fusion tags, thermostabilising mutation screening, scaffold proteins, stabilising protein chimeras, and isolating water-soluble domains.
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92
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Ren S, Wang Y, Yue F, Cheng X, Dang R, Qiao Q, Sun X, Li X, Jiang Q, Yao J, Qin H, Wang G, Liao X, Gao D, Xia J, Zhang J, Hu B, Yan J, Wang Y, Xu M, Han Y, Tang X, Chen X, He C, Hu Z. The paraventricular thalamus is a critical thalamic area for wakefulness. Science 2018; 362:429-434. [PMID: 30361367 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical observations indicate that the paramedian region of the thalamus is a critical node for controlling wakefulness. However, the specific nucleus and neural circuitry for this function remain unknown. Using in vivo fiber photometry or multichannel electrophysiological recordings in mice, we found that glutamatergic neurons of the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) exhibited high activities during wakefulness. Suppression of PVT neuronal activity caused a reduction in wakefulness, whereas activation of PVT neurons induced a transition from sleep to wakefulness and an acceleration of emergence from general anesthesia. Moreover, our findings indicate that the PVT–nucleus accumbens projections and hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus to PVT glutamatergic neurons’ projections are the effector pathways for wakefulness control. These results demonstrate that the PVT is a key wakefulness-controlling nucleus in the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuancheng Ren
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Faguo Yue
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Sleep and Psychology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ruozhi Dang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qicheng Qiao
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xueqi Sun
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Sleep and Psychology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jiwei Yao
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Han Qin
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guanzhong Wang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dong Gao
- Department of Sleep and Psychology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jianxia Xia
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junan Yan
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunyun Han
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiangdong Tang
- Sleep Medicine Center, Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Chao He
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zhian Hu
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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93
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Holmgren Hopkins N, Sanz-Leon P, Roy D, Postnova S. Spiking patterns and synchronization of thalamic neurons along the sleep-wake cycle. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2018; 28:106314. [PMID: 30384650 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spiking patterns and synchronization dynamics of thalamic neurons along the sleep-wake cycle are studied in a minimal model of four coupled conductance-based neurons. The model simulates two thalamic neurons coupled via a gap junction and driven by a synaptic input from a two-neuron model of sleep regulation by the hypothalamus. In accord with experimental data, the model shows that during sleep, when hypothalamic wake-active neurons are silent, the thalamic neurons discharge bursts of spikes. During wake, the excitatory synaptic input from the hypothalamus drives the coupled thalamic neurons to a state of tonic firing (single spikes). In the deterministic case, the thalamic neurons synchronize in-phase in the bursting regime but demonstrate multi-stability of out-of-phase, in-phase, and asynchronous states in the tonic firing. However, along the sleep-wake cycle, once the neurons synchronize in-phase during sleep (bursting), they stay synchronized in wake (tonic firing). It is thus found that noise is needed to reproduce the experimentally observed transitions between synchronized bursting during sleep and asynchronous tonic firing during wake. Overall, synchronization of bursting is found to be more robust to noise than synchronization of tonic firing, where a small disturbance is sufficient to desynchronize the thalamic neurons. The model predicts that the transitions between sleep and wake happen via chaos because a single thalamic neuron exhibits chaos between regular bursting and tonic activity. The results of this study suggest that the sleep- and wake-related dynamics in the thalamus may be generated at a level of gap junction-coupled clusters of thalamic neurons driven from the hypothalamus which would then propagate throughout the thalamus and cortex via axonal long-range connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Sanz-Leon
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Dibyendu Roy
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Svetlana Postnova
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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94
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Kooshki R, Abbasnejad M, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Raoof M. The effect of CA1 administration of orexin-A on hippocampal expression of COX-2 and BDNF in a rat model of orofacial pain. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2018; 76:603-608. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20180099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The neuropeptide orexin-A and its receptors are widely distributed in both hippocampal circuitry and pain transmission pathways. Objective: Involvement of the CA1 orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) on the modulation of orofacial pain and pain-induced changes in hippocampal expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was investigated. Methods: Orofacial pain was induced by an intra-lip injection of capsaicin (100 μg). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis were used to indicate changes in hippocampal BDNF and COX-2 expression, respectively. Results: Capsaicin induces a significant pain response, which is not affected by either orexin-A or SB-334867-A, an OX1R antagonist. However, an increased expression of COX-2 and decreased expression of BDNF was observed in the hippocampus of animals that received capsaicin or SB-334867-A (80 nM) plus capsaicin. Meanwhile, orexin-A (40 pM) attenuated the effects of capsaicin on the expression of COX-2 and BDNF. Conclusions: CA1 OX1R activation moderates capsaicin-induced neuronal inflammation and neurotrophic deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maryam Raoof
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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95
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Risco S, Mediavilla C. Orexin A in the ventral tegmental area enhances saccharin-induced conditioned flavor preference: The role of D1 receptors in central nucleus of amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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96
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Juvodden HT, Alnæs D, Lund MJ, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Dietrichs E, Thorsby PM, Westlye LT, Knudsen S. Widespread white matter changes in post-H1N1 patients with narcolepsy type 1 and first-degree relatives. Sleep 2018; 41:5054638. [PMID: 30016530 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde T Juvodden
- Department of Rare Disorders, Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martina J Lund
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Dietrichs
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per M Thorsby
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hormone Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Knudsen
- Department of Rare Disorders, Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
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97
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Tsai MC, Huang TL. Orexin A in men with heroin use disorder undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:412-415. [PMID: 29680730 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Orexins have played a role in reward-seeking and addiction-related behavior. There are few reports in the literature on serum levels of orexins in patients with heroin use disorder (HUD) undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). The aim of this study was to investigate the serum levels of orexin A in HUD patients undergoing MMT. Fifty male HUD patients undergoing MMT and 25 healthy males were enrolled for this study. Serum orexin A were measured with assay kits. Using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with body mass index (BMI) adjustments, the serum levels of orexin A in HUD men undergoing MMT were found to be significantly higher than in healthy controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that MMT might increase orexin A levels in HUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chang Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tiao-Lai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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98
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Calva CB, Fayyaz H, Fadel JR. Increased acetylcholine and glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex following intranasal orexin-A (hypocretin-1). J Neurochem 2018; 145:232-244. [PMID: 29250792 PMCID: PMC5924451 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area are integrators of physiological function. Previous work from our laboratory and others has shown the importance of orexin transmission in cognition. Age-related reductions in markers of orexin function further suggest that this neuropeptide may be a useful target for the treatment of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Intranasal administration of orexin-A (OxA) has shown promise as a therapeutic option for cognitive dysfunction. However, the neurochemical mechanisms of intranasal OxA administration are not fully understood. Here, we use immunohistochemistry and in vivo microdialysis to define the effects of acute intranasal OxA administration on: (i) activation of neuronal populations in the cortex, basal forebrain, and brainstem and (ii) acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 rats. Acute intranasal administration of OxA significantly increased c-Fos expression, a marker for neuronal activation, in the PFC and in subpopulations of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of acute intranasal OxA on neurotransmitter efflux in the PFC and found that intranasal OxA significantly increased both ACh and glutamate efflux in this region. These findings were independent from any changes in c-Fos expression in orexin neurons, suggesting that these effects are not resultant from direct activation of orexin neurons. In total, these data indicate that intranasal OxA may enhance cognition through activation of distinct neuronal populations in the cortex and basal forebrain and through increased neurotransmission of ACh and glutamate in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B. Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
| | - Habiba Fayyaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
| | - Jim R. Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
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99
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of homeostatic mechanisms and migraine-related trigeminal nociception and as such has been hypothesized to play a central role in the migraine syndrome from the earliest stages of the attack. The hypothalamus hosts many key neuropeptide systems that have been postulated to play a role in this pathophysiology. Such neuropeptides include but are not exclusive too orexins, oxytocin, neuropeptide Y, and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein, which will be the focus of this review. Each of these peptides has its own unique physiological role and as such many preclinical studies have been conducted targeting these peptide systems with evidence supporting their role in migraine pathophysiology. Preclinical studies have also begun to explore potential therapeutic compounds targeting these systems with some success in all cases. Clinical efficacy of dual orexin receptor antagonists and intranasal oxytocin have been tested; however, both have yet to demonstrate clinical effect. Despite this, there were limitations in these cases and strong arguments can be made for the further development of intranasal oxytocin for migraine prophylaxis. Regarding neuropeptide Y, work has yet to begun in a clinical setting, and clinical trials for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein are just beginning to be established with much optimism. Regardless, it is becoming increasingly clear the prominent role that the hypothalamus and its peptide systems have in migraine pathophysiology. Much work is required to better understand this system and the early stages of the attack to develop more targeted and effective therapies aimed at reducing attack susceptibility with the potential to prevent the attack all together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Strother
- Headache Group, Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Anan Srikiatkhachorn
- International Medical College, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weera Supronsinchai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Perrey DA, Decker AM, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Evaluation of Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonists with Improved Solubility and CNS Permeability. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:587-602. [PMID: 29129052 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides playing important roles in many functions including the motivation of addictive behaviors. Blockade of the orexin-1 receptor has been suggested as a potential strategy for the treatment of drug addiction. We have previously reported OX1 receptor antagonists based on the tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold with excellent OX1 potency and selectivity; however, these compounds had high lipophilicity (clogP > 5) and low to moderate solubility. In an effort to improve their properties, we have designed and synthesized a series of analogues where the 7-position substituents known to favor OX1 potency and selectivity were retained, and groups of different nature were introduced at the 1-position where substitution was generally tolerated as demonstrated in previous studies. Compound 44 with lower lipophilicity (clogP = 3.07) displayed excellent OX1 potency ( Ke = 5.7 nM) and selectivity (>1,760-fold over OX2) in calcium mobilization assays. In preliminary ADME studies, 44 showed excellent kinetic solubility (>200 μM), good CNS permeability ( Papp = 14.7 × 10-6 cm/sec in MDCK assay), and low drug efflux (efflux ratio = 3.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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