51
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Mardiana S, Gill S. CAR T Cells for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: State of the Art and Future Directions. Front Oncol 2020; 10:697. [PMID: 32435621 PMCID: PMC7218049 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse after conventional chemotherapy remains a major problem in patients with myeloid malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and the major cause of death after diagnosis of AML is from relapsed disease. The only potentially curative treatment option currently available is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), which through its graft-vs.-leukemia effects has the ability to eliminate residual leukemia cells. Despite its long history of success however, relapse following allo-HSCT is still a major challenge and is associated with poor prognosis. In the field of adoptive therapy, CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have yielded remarkable clinical success in certain types of B-cell malignancies, and substantial efforts aimed at translating this success to myeloid malignancies are currently underway. While complete ablation of CD19-expressing B cells, both cancerous and healthy, is clinically tolerated, the primary challenge limiting the use of CAR T cells in myeloid malignancies is the absence of a dispensable antigen, as myeloid antigens are often co-expressed on normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), depletion of which would lead to intolerable myeloablation. This review provides a discussion on the current state of CAR T cell therapy in myeloid malignancies, limitations for clinical translation, as well as the most recent approaches to overcome these barriers, through various genetic modification and combinatorial strategies in an attempt to make CAR T cell therapy a safe and viable option for patients with myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Mardiana
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Saar Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
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52
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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53
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Fleischer LC, Spencer HT, Raikar SS. Targeting T cell malignancies using CAR-based immunotherapy: challenges and potential solutions. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:141. [PMID: 31884955 PMCID: PMC6936092 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been successful in treating B cell malignancies in clinical trials; however, fewer studies have evaluated CAR T cell therapy for the treatment of T cell malignancies. There are many challenges in translating this therapy for T cell disease, including fratricide, T cell aplasia, and product contamination. To the best of our knowledge, no tumor-specific antigen has been identified with universal expression on cancerous T cells, hindering CAR T cell therapy for these malignancies. Numerous approaches have been assessed to address each of these challenges, such as (i) disrupting target antigen expression on CAR-modified T cells, (ii) targeting antigens with limited expression on T cells, and (iii) using third party donor cells that are either non-alloreactive or have been genome edited at the T cell receptor α constant (TRAC) locus. In this review, we discuss CAR approaches that have been explored both in preclinical and clinical studies targeting T cell antigens, as well as examine other potential strategies that can be used to successfully translate this therapy for T cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Fleischer
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sunil S Raikar
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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54
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Zaghi E, Calvi M, Di Vito C, Mavilio D. Innate Immune Responses in the Outcome of Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Cure Hematologic Malignancies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2794. [PMID: 31849972 PMCID: PMC6892976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of allogeneic transplant platforms, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) represents one of the latest and most promising curative strategies for patients affected by high-risk hematologic malignancies. Indeed, this platform ensures a suitable stem cell source immediately available for virtually any patents in need. Moreover, the establishment in recipients of a state of immunologic tolerance toward grafted hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remarkably improves the clinical outcome of this transplant procedure in terms of overall and disease free survival. However, the HLA-mismatch between donors and recipients has not been yet fully exploited in order to optimize the Graft vs. Leukemia effect. Furthermore, the efficacy of haplo-HSCT is currently hampered by several life-threatening side effects including the onset of Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD) and the occurrence of opportunistic viral infections. In this context, the quality and the kinetic of the immune cell reconstitution (IR) certainly play a major role and several experimental efforts have been greatly endorsed to better understand and accelerate the post-transplant recovery of a fully competent immune system in haplo-HSCT. In particular, the IR of innate immune system is receiving a growing interest, as it recovers much earlier than T and B cells and it is able to rapidly exert protective effects against both tumor relapses, GvHD and the onset of life-threatening opportunistic infections. Herein, we review our current knowledge in regard to the kinetic and clinical impact of Natural Killer (NK), γδ and Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) IRs in both allogeneic and haplo-HSCT. The present paper also provides an overview of those new therapeutic strategies currently being implemented to boost the alloreactivity of the above-mentioned innate immune effectors in order to ameliorate the prognosis of patients affected by hematologic malignancies and undergone transplant procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Zaghi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Calvi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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55
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Fisher J, Sharma R, Don DW, Barisa M, Hurtado MO, Abramowski P, Porter L, Day W, Borea R, Inglott S, Anderson J, Pe'er D. Engineering γδT cells limits tonic signaling associated with chimeric antigen receptors. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaax1872. [PMID: 31506382 PMCID: PMC7055420 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the benefits of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies against lymphoid malignancies, responses in solid tumors have been more limited and off-target toxicities have been more marked. Among the possible design limitations of CAR-T cells for cancer are unwanted tonic (antigen-independent) signaling and off-target activation. Efforts to overcome these hurdles have been blunted by a lack of mechanistic understanding. Here, we showed that single-cell analysis with time course mass cytometry provided a rapid means of assessing CAR-T cell activation. We compared signal transduction in expanded T cells to that in T cells transduced to express second-generation CARs and found that cell expansion enhanced the response to stimulation. However, expansion also induced tonic signaling and reduced network plasticity, which were associated with expression of the T cell exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIM-3. Because this was most evident in pathways downstream of CD3ζ, we performed similar analyses on γδT cells that expressed chimeric costimulatory receptors (CCRs) lacking CD3ζ but containing DAP10 stimulatory domains. These CCR-γδT cells did not exhibit tonic signaling but were efficiently activated and mounted cytotoxic responses in the presence of CCR-specific stimuli or cognate leukemic cells. Single-cell signaling analysis enabled detailed characterization of CAR-T and CCR-T cell activation to better understand their functional activities. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CCR-γδT cells may offer the potential to avoid on-target, off-tumor toxicity and allo-reactivity in the context of myeloid malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Genetic Engineering
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fisher
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Dilu Wisidagamage Don
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marta Barisa
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marina Olle Hurtado
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Pierre Abramowski
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Lucy Porter
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William Day
- UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St., Fitzrovia, London WC1E 6AG, UK
| | - Roberto Borea
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sarah Inglott
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - John Anderson
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
- UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St., Fitzrovia, London WC1E 6AG, UK
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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56
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Silva-Santos B, Mensurado S, Coffelt SB. γδ T cells: pleiotropic immune effectors with therapeutic potential in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:392-404. [PMID: 31209264 PMCID: PMC7614706 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The potential of cancer immunotherapy relies on the mobilization of immune cells capable of producing antitumour cytokines and effectively killing tumour cells. These are major attributes of γδ T cells, a lymphoid lineage that is often underestimated despite its major role in tumour immune surveillance, which has been established in a variety of preclinical cancer models. This situation notwithstanding, in particular instances the tumour microenvironment seemingly mobilizes γδ T cells with immunosuppressive or tumour-promoting functions, thus emphasizing the importance of regulating γδ T cell responses in order to realize their translation into effective cancer immunotherapies. In this Review we outline both seminal work and recent advances in our understanding of how γδ T cells participate in tumour immunity and how their functions are regulated in experimental models of cancer. We also discuss the current strategies aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of human γδ T cells, on the eve of their exploration in cancer clinical trials that may position them as key players in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Mensurado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow and Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
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57
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Rotolo R, Leuci V, Donini C, Cykowska A, Gammaitoni L, Medico G, Valabrega G, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D. CAR-Based Strategies beyond T Lymphocytes: Integrative Opportunities for Cancer Adoptive Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112839. [PMID: 31212634 PMCID: PMC6600566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T lymphocytes (CAR Ts) produced impressive clinical results against selected hematological malignancies, but the extension of CAR T cell therapy to the challenging field of solid tumors has not, so far, replicated similar clinical outcomes. Many efforts are currently dedicated to improve the efficacy and safety of CAR-based adoptive immunotherapies, including application against solid tumors. A promising approach is CAR engineering of immune effectors different from αβT lymphocytes. Herein we reviewed biological features, therapeutic potential, and safety of alternative effectors to conventional CAR T cells: γδT, natural killer (NK), NKT, or cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. The intrinsic CAR-independent antitumor activities, safety profile, and ex vivo expansibility of these alternative immune effectors may favorably contribute to the clinical development of CAR strategies. The proper biological features of innate immune response effectors may represent an added value in tumor settings with heterogeneous CAR target expression, limiting the risk of tumor clonal escape. All these properties bring out CAR engineering of alternative immune effectors as a promising integrative option to be explored in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Rotolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
| | - Valeria Leuci
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo TO, Italy.
| | - Chiara Donini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
| | - Anna Cykowska
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Medico
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo TO, Italy.
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo TO, Italy.
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10140 Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo TO, Italy.
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58
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Zeng J, Tang SY, Wang S. Derivation of mimetic γδ T cells endowed with cancer recognition receptors from reprogrammed γδ T cell. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216815. [PMID: 31071196 PMCID: PMC6508724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to derive chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells has great industrial potential. A previous study used αβ T cell-derived CAR-modified iPSCs to produce CAR-T cells. However, these αβ T cells are restricted to autologous use and only recognize single cancer antigen. To make CAR-T alternative for allogeneic use, we reprogrammed γδ T cell into iPSCs (γδ T-iPSCs) to circumvent the risk of graft-versus-host disease. To target multiple cancer-associated antigens, we used an "NK cell-promoting" protocol to differentiate γδ T-iPSCs and to induce expression of natural killer receptors (NKRs). Through such two-step strategy, mimetic γδ T cells endowed with an array of NKRs and thus designated as "γδ natural killer T (γδ NKT) cells" were derived. With no/low-level expression of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and immune checkpoint receptors, γδ NKT cells may provide a potent "off-the-shelf" cytotoxic cell source to recognize multiple ubiquitous antigens in a broad spectrum of cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- HCT116 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/immunology
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- K562 Cells
- MCF-7 Cells
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/pathology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- THP-1 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Zeng
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
- * E-mail: , (JZ); (SW)
| | - Shin Yi Tang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: , (JZ); (SW)
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59
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Castella B, Melaccio A, Foglietta M, Riganti C, Massaia M. Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells as Strategic Weapons to Improve the Potency of Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Immune Interventions in Human Myeloma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:508. [PMID: 30460198 PMCID: PMC6232124 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of immune checkpoint (ICP) blockade has introduced an unprecedented paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer. Though very promising, there is still a substantial proportion of patients who do not respond or develop resistance to ICP blockade. In vitro and in vivo models are eagerly needed to identify mechanisms to maximize the immune potency of ICP blockade and overcome primary and acquired resistance to ICP blockade. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells isolated from the bone marrow (BM) from multiple myeloma (MM) are excellent tools to investigate the mechanisms of resistance to PD-1 blockade and to decipher the network of mutual interactions between PD-1 and the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can easily be interrogated to dissect the progressive immune competence impairment generated in the TME by the long-lasting exposure to myeloma cellss. BM MM Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are PD-1+ and anergic to phosphoantigen (pAg) stimulation; notably, single agent PD-1 blockade is insufficient to fully recover their anti-tumor activity in vitro indicating that additional players are involved in the anergy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In this mini-review we will discuss the value of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as investigational tools to improve the potency of ICP blockade and immune interventions in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Castella
- Laboratorio di Immunologia dei Tumori del Sangue, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Assunta Melaccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche ed Oncologia Umana, Sezione di Medicina Interna ed Oncologia, Università degli studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Myriam Foglietta
- Laboratorio di Immunologia dei Tumori del Sangue, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.,SC Ematologia, AO S.Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Massaia
- Laboratorio di Immunologia dei Tumori del Sangue, Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.,SC Ematologia, AO S.Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
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60
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Fisher J, Anderson J. Engineering Approaches in Human Gamma Delta T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1409. [PMID: 29997614 PMCID: PMC6028554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharing both innate and adaptive immune properties, γδT cells are attractive candidates for cellular engineering. As the cancer immunotherapy field becomes increasingly busy, orthogonal approaches are required to drive advancement. Engineering of alternative effector cell types such as γδT cells represents one such approach. γδT cells can be modified using many of the techniques used in αβT cell engineering, with the added advantage of innate-like tumor recognition and killing. Progress has been made in T-cell receptor transfer to and from γδT cells as well as in a number of chimeric antigen receptor-based strategies. As the cancer immunotherapy field moves beyond repetitive iteration of established constructs to more creative solutions, γδT cells may offer an attractive chassis to drive anti-tumor responses that are not only broader, but also possess a more favorable safety profile.
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61
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Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Advances and Future Expectations. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8740976. [PMID: 29785403 PMCID: PMC5896259 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8740976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is a common kind of digestive cancers with high malignancy, causing 745,500 deaths each year. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the major pathological type of primary liver cancer. Traditional treatment methods for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have shown poor efficacy in killing residual cancer cells for a long time. In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has emerged as a promising method owing to its safety and efficacy with respect to delaying the progression of advanced tumors and protecting postoperative patients against tumor relapse and metastasis. Immune tolerance and suppression in tumor microenvironments are the theoretical basis of immunotherapy. Adoptive cell therapy functions by stimulating and cultivating autologous lymphocytes ex vivo and then reinfusing them into the patient to kill cancer cells. Cancer vaccination is performed using antigenic substances to activate tumor-specific immune responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can reactivate tumor-specific T cells and develop an antitumor effect by suppressing checkpoint-mediated signaling. Oncolytic viruses may selectively replicate in tumor cells and cause lysis without harming normal tissues. Here, we briefly introduce the mechanism of immunosuppression in hepatocellular carcinoma and summarize the rationale of the four major immunotherapeutic approaches with their current advances.
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62
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Harrer DC, Dörrie J, Schaft N. Chimeric Antigen Receptors in Different Cell Types: New Vehicles Join the Race. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:547-558. [PMID: 29320890 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy has evolved into a powerful force in the battle against cancer, holding promise for curative responses in patients with advanced and refractory tumors. Autologous T cells, reprogrammed to target malignant cells via the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) represent the frontrunner in this approach. Tremendous clinical regressions have been achieved using CAR-T cells against a variety of cancers both in numerous preclinical studies and in several clinical trials, most notably against acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and resulted in a very recent United States Food and Drug Administration approval of the first CAR-T-cell therapy. In most studies CARs are transferred to conventional αβT cells. Nevertheless, transferring a CAR into different cell types, such as γδT cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, and myeloid cells has yet received relatively little attention, although these cell types possess unique features that may aid in surmounting some of the hurdles CAR-T-cell therapy currently faces. This review focuses on CAR therapy using effectors beyond conventional αβT cells and discusses those strategies against the backdrop of developing a safe, powerful, and durable cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Harrer
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- 1 Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
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63
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The potential role of γδ T cells after allogeneic HCT for leukemia. Blood 2018; 131:1063-1072. [PMID: 29358176 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-752162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HCT) offers an option for patients with hematologic malignancies, in whom conventional standard therapies failed or are not effective enough to cure the disease. Successful HCT can restore functional hematopoiesis and immune function, and the new donor-derived immune system can exert a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. However, allogenic HCT can also be associated with serious risks for transplantation-related morbidities or mortalities such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or life-threatening infectious complications. GVHD is caused by alloreactive T lymphocytes, which express the αβ T-cell receptor, whereas lymphocytes expressing the γδ T-cell receptor are not alloreactive and do not induce GVHD but can exhibit potent antileukemia and anti-infectious activities. Therefore, γδ T cells are becoming increasingly interesting in allogeneic HCT, and clinical strategies to exploit the full function of these lymphocytes have been and are being developed. Such strategies comprise the in vivo activation of γδ T cells or subsets after HCT by certain drugs or antibodies or the ex vivo expansion and manipulation of either patient-derived or donor-derived γδ T cells and their subsets and the adoptive transfer of the ex vivo-activated lymphocytes. On the basis of the absence of dysregulated alloreactivity, such approaches could induce potent GVL effects in the absence of GVHD. The introduction of large-scale clinical methods to enrich, isolate, expand, and manipulate γδ T cells will facilitate future clinical studies that aim to exploit the full function of these beneficial nonalloreactive lymphocytes.
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Human Gamma Delta T Cells: Enhanced Cytotoxicity with Retention of Cross Presentation. Mol Ther 2017; 26:354-365. [PMID: 29310916 PMCID: PMC5835118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta T (γδT) lymphocytes are primed for rapid function, including cytotoxicity toward cancer cells, and are a component of the immediate stress response. Following activation, they can function as professional antigen-presenting cells. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) work by focusing T cell function on defined cell surface tumor antigens and provide essential costimulation for robust activation. Given the natural tropism of γδT cells for the tumor microenvironment, we hypothesized that their transduction with CARs might enhance cytotoxicity while retaining their ability to migrate to tumor and act as antigen-presenting cells to prolong the intratumoral immune response. Using a GD2-targeting CAR as a model system, we showed that γδT cells of both Vδ1 and Vδ2 subsets could be expanded and transduced to sufficient numbers for clinical studies. The CAR added to the cells' innate cytotoxicity by enhancing GD2-specific killing of GD2-expressing cancer cell lines. Migration toward tumor cells in vitro was not impaired by the presence of the CAR. Expanded CAR-transduced Vδ2 cells retained the ability to take up tumor antigens and cross presented the processed peptide to responder alpha beta T (αβT) lymphocytes. γδ CAR-T cell products show promise for evaluation in clinical studies of solid tumors.
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65
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Xiang Z, Tu W. Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1041. [PMID: 28894450 PMCID: PMC5581348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are considered as potent effector cells for tumor immunotherapy through directly killing tumor cells and indirectly regulating other innate and adaptive immune cells to establish antitumoral immunity. The antitumoral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells is governed by a complicated set of activating and inhibitory cell receptors. In addition, cytokine milieu in tumor microenvironment can also induce the pro-tumoral activities and functional plasticity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. Here, we review the anti- versus pro-tumoral activities of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying the recognition, activation, differentiation and regulation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunosurveillance. The comprehensive understanding of the dual face of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunology may improve the therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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66
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Sutton KS, Dasgupta A, McCarty D, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Bioengineering and serum free expansion of blood-derived γδ T cells. Cytotherapy 2017; 18:881-92. [PMID: 27260209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cellular immunotherapy relies on several highly variable patient-specific parameters, such as (i) cell number before and after expansion, (ii) targeting of cells to tumors, (iii) cell survival and function after infusion, and (iv) on- and off-target adverse events. Cellular approaches such as the specific expansion of γδ T cells as opposed to αβ T cells are being pursued. γδ T cells are reasonable candidates for immunotherapy because they (i) possess intrinsic anti-tumorigenicity, (ii) require no priming, (iii) direct tumor killing via recognition of stress-responsive ligands, and (iv), as we now show, can be expanded to clinical cell doses in current Good Manufacturing Practice serum-free media (SFM). METHODS γδ T-cell expansion was evaluated in several SFMs. Additionally, the expanded γδ T cells were evaluated for their transduction efficiency using lentiviral vectors (LV). RESULTS Of the SFM cultures, robust expansion was only observed in OpTmizer supplemented with high-dose interleukin-2. γδ T-cell percentages and numbers were sufficient for clinical use. Using cells from several donors, transduction efficiencies ranged from 13 to 33%, which is similar to transduction levels observed using αβ T cells with similar multiplicity of infection. DISCUSSION An optimized method of γδT-cell expansion and transduction was developed that can be tested in early-phase clinical trials. With appropriate elimination of the αβT cell-component, the absence of MHC-restriction affords the opportunity for use in the allogeneic setting with limited risk of graft versus host disease. Finally, the use of SFM provides clinically safer, widely applicable and potentially more efficacious cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Sutton
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anindya Dasgupta
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David McCarty
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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67
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Chimaeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for tumour immunotherapy. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160332. [PMID: 28053197 PMCID: PMC5270315 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, as one of the cancer immunotherapies, have heralded a new era of treating cancer. The accumulating data, especially about CAR-modified T cells against CD19 support that CAR T-cell therapy is a highly effective immune therapy for B-cell malignancies. Apart from CD19, there have been many trials of CAR T cells directed other tumour specific or associated antigens (TSAs/TAAs) in haematologic malignancies and solid tumours. This review will briefly summarize basic CAR structure, parts of reported TSAs/TAAs, results of the clinical trials of CAR T-cell therapies as well as two life-threatening side effects. Experiments in vivo or in vitro, ongoing clinical trials and the outlook for CAR T-cell therapies also be included. Our future efforts will focus on identification of more viable cancer targets and more strategies to make CAR T-cell therapy safer.
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68
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Mirzaei HR, Mirzaei H, Lee SY, Hadjati J, Till BG. Prospects for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) γδ T cells: A potential game changer for adoptive T cell cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:413-423. [PMID: 27392648 PMCID: PMC5003697 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excitement is growing for therapies that harness the power of patients' immune systems to combat their diseases. One approach to immunotherapy involves engineering patients' own T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to treat advanced cancers, particularly those refractory to conventional therapeutic agents. Although these engineered immune cells have made remarkable strides in the treatment of patients with certain hematologic malignancies, success with solid tumors has been limited, probably due to immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor niche. In nearly all studies to date, T cells bearing αβ receptors have been used to generate CAR T cells. In this review, we highlight biological characteristics of γδ T cells that are distinct from those of αβ T cells, including homing to epithelial and mucosal tissues and unique functions such as direct antigen recognition, lack of alloreactivity, and ability to present antigens. We offer our perspective that these features make γδ T cells promising for use in cellular therapy against several types of solid tumors, including melanoma and gastrointestinal cancers. Engineered γδ T cells should be considered as a new platform for adoptive T cell cancer therapy for mucosal tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sang Yun Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Brian G Till
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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69
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Co-Expansion of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells and Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells for CAR T-Cell Therapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161820. [PMID: 27598655 PMCID: PMC5012695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, which are a heterogeneous population of T lymphocytes and natural killer T (NKT) cells, have been separately expanded ex vivo and shown to be capable of targeting and mediating cytotoxicity against various tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. However, the co-expansion and co-administration of these immune cells have not been explored. In this study we describe an efficient method to expand simultaneously both CIK and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, termed as CIKZ cells, from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Zometa, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2), anti-CD3 antibody and engineered K562 feeder cells expressing CD64, CD137L and CD86. A 21-day culture of PBMCs with this method yielded nearly 20,000-fold expansion of CIKZ cells with γδ T cells making up over 20% of the expanded population. The expanded CIKZ cells exhibited antitumor cytotoxicity and could be modified to express anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), anti-CEA CAR, and anti-HER2 CAR to enhance their specificity and cytotoxicity against CD19-, CEA-, or HER2-positive tumor cells. The tumor inhibitory activity of anti-CD19 CAR-modified CIKZ cells was further demonstrated in vivo in a Raji tumor mouse model. The findings herein substantiate the feasibility of co-expanding CIK and γδ cells for adoptive cellular immunotherapy applications such as CAR T-cell therapy against cancer.
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70
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Roellecke K, Virts EL, Einholz R, Edson KZ, Altvater B, Rossig C, von Laer D, Scheckenbach K, Wagenmann M, Reinhardt D, Kramm CM, Rettie AE, Wiek C, Hanenberg H. Optimized human CYP4B1 in combination with the alkylator prodrug 4-ipomeanol serves as a novel suicide gene system for adoptive T-cell therapies. Gene Ther 2016; 23:615-26. [PMID: 27092941 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Engineering autologous or allogeneic T cells to express a suicide gene can control potential toxicity in adoptive T-cell therapies. We recently reported the development of a novel human suicide gene system that is based on an orphan human cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP4B1, and the naturally occurring alkylator prodrug 4-ipomeanol. The goal of this study was to systematically develop a clinically applicable self-inactivating lentiviral vector for efficient co-expression of CYP4B1 as an ER-located protein with two distinct types of cell surface proteins, either MACS selection genes for donor lymphocyte infusions after allogeneic stem cell transplantation or chimeric antigen receptors for retargeting primary T cells. The U3 region of the myeloproliferative sarcoma virus in combination with the T2A site was found to drive high-level expression of our CYP4B1 mutant with truncated CD34 or CD271 as MACS suitable selection markers. This lentiviral vector backbone was also well suited for co-expression of CYP4B1 with a codon-optimized CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) construct. Finally, 4-ipomeanol efficiently induced apoptosis in primary T cells that co-express mutant CYP4B1 and the divergently located MACS selection and CAR genes. In conclusion, we here developed a clinically suited lentiviral vector that supports high-level co-expression of cell surface proteins with a potent novel human suicide gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Roellecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - E L Virts
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Einholz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - K Z Edson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Altvater
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - C Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - D von Laer
- Institute for Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Wagenmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C M Kramm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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71
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Paul S, Lal G. Regulatory and effector functions of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells and their therapeutic potential in adoptive cellular therapy for cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:976-85. [PMID: 27012367 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are an important innate immune component of the tumor microenvironment and are known to affect the immune response in a wide variety of tumors. Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells are capable of spontaneous secretion of IL-17A and IFN-γ without undergoing clonal expansion. Although γδ T cells do not require self-MHC-restricted priming, they can distinguish "foreign" or transformed cells from healthy self-cells by using activating and inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors. γδ T cells were used in several clinical trials to treat cancer patient due to their MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity, ability to distinguish transformed cells from normal cells, the capacity to secrete inflammatory cytokines and also their ability to enhance the generation of antigen-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell response. In this review, we discuss the effector and regulatory function of γδ T cells in the tumor microenvironment with special emphasis on the potential for their use in adoptive cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- Infection and Immunity Section, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Infection and Immunity Section, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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72
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Chimeric antigen receptor-redirected T cells return to the bench. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:3-9. [PMID: 26797495 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While the clinical progress of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy has garnered attention to the field, our understanding of the biology of these chimeric molecules is still emerging. Our aim within this review is to bring to light the mechanistic understanding of these multi-modular receptors and how these individual components confer particular properties to CAR-Ts. In addition, we will discuss extrinsic factors that can be manipulated to influence CAR-T performance such as choice of cellular population, culturing conditions and additional modifications that enhance their activity particularly in solid tumors. Finally, we will also consider the emerging toxicity associated with CAR-Ts. By breaking apart the CAR and examining the role of each piece, we can build a better functioning cellular vehicle for optimized treatment of cancer patients.
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73
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Abstract
Lymphomas arise from clonal expansions of B, T, or NK cells at different stages of differentiation. Because they occur in the immunocyte-rich lymphoid tissues, they are easily accessible to antibodies and cell-based immunotherapy. Expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on T cells is a means of combining the antigen-binding site of a monoclonal antibody with the activating machinery of a T cell, enabling antigen recognition independent of major histocompatibility complex restriction, while retaining the desirable antitumor properties of a T cell. Here, we discuss the basic design of CARs and their potential advantages and disadvantages over other immune therapies for lymphomas. We review current clinical trials in the field and consider strategies to improve the in vivo function and safety of immune cells expressing CARs. The ultimate driver of CAR development and implementation for lymphoma will be the demonstration of their ability to safely and cost-effectively cure these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ramos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , ,
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , ,
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74
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Figueroa JA, Reidy A, Mirandola L, Trotter K, Suvorava N, Figueroa A, Konala V, Aulakh A, Littlefield L, Grizzi F, Rahman RL, R. Jenkins M, Musgrove B, Radhi S, D'Cunha N, D'Cunha LN, Hermonat PL, Cobos E, Chiriva-Internati M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engineering: A Right Step in the Evolution of Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:154-87. [PMID: 25901860 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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75
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Deniger DC, Moyes JS, Cooper LJN. Clinical applications of gamma delta T cells with multivalent immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:636. [PMID: 25566249 PMCID: PMC4263175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells hold promise for adoptive immunotherapy because of their reactivity to bacteria, viruses, and tumors. However, these cells represent a small fraction (1–5%) of the peripheral T-cell pool and require activation and propagation to achieve clinical benefit. Aminobisphosphonates specifically expand the Vγ9Vδ2 subset of γδ T cells and have been used in clinical trials of cancer where objective responses were detected. The Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor (TCR) heterodimer binds multiple ligands and results in a multivalent attack by a monoclonal T cell population. Alternatively, populations of γδ T cells with oligoclonal or polyclonal TCR repertoire could be infused for broad-range specificity. However, this goal has been restricted by a lack of applicable expansion protocols for non-Vγ9Vδ2 cells. Recent advances using immobilized antigens, agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), tumor-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC), or combinations of activating mAbs and aAPC have been successful in expanding gamma delta T cells with oligoclonal or polyclonal TCR repertoires. Immobilized major histocompatibility complex Class-I chain-related A was a stimulus for γδ T cells expressing TCRδ1 isotypes, and plate-bound activating antibodies have expanded Vδ1 and Vδ2 cells ex vivo. Clinically sufficient quantities of TCRδ1, TCRδ2, and TCRδ1negTCRδ2neg have been produced following co-culture on aAPC, and these subsets displayed differences in memory phenotype and reactivity to tumors in vitro and in vivo. Gamma delta T cells are also amenable to genetic modification as evidenced by introduction of αβ TCRs, chimeric antigen receptors, and drug-resistance genes. This represents a promising future for the clinical application of oligoclonal or polyclonal γδ T cells in autologous and allogeneic settings that builds on current trials testing the safety and efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew C Deniger
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Judy S Moyes
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Laurence J N Cooper
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
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76
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Singh H, Huls H, Kebriaei P, Cooper LJN. A new approach to gene therapy using Sleeping Beauty to genetically modify clinical-grade T cells to target CD19. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:181-90. [PMID: 24329797 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of efficient approaches to the genetic modification of T cells has provided investigators with clinically appealing methods to improve the potency of tumor-specific clinical grade T cells. For example, gene therapy has been successfully used to enforce expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that provide T cells with ability to directly recognize tumor-associated antigens without the need for presentation by human leukocyte antigen. Gene transfer of CARs can be undertaken using viral-based and non-viral approaches. We have advanced DNA vectors derived from the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to avoid the expense and manufacturing difficulty associated with transducing T cells with recombinant viral vectors. After electroporation, the transposon/transposase improves the efficiency of integration of plasmids used to express CAR and other transgenes in T cells. The SB system combined with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC) can selectively propagate and thus retrieve CAR(+) T cells suitable for human application. This review describes the translation of the SB system and aAPC for use in clinical trials and highlights how a nimble and cost-effective approach to developing genetically modified T cells can be used to implement clinical trials infusing next-generation T cells with improved therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjeet Singh
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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77
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) combine the antigen specificity of an antibody with the biologic properties of T lymphocytes. While the concept has been developed more than 20 years ago, only in recent years the clinical application of this approach has produced remarkable objective clinical responses. In this brief review, we outline some specific aspects that have led to antitumor responses in cancer patients.
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Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells has been adapted by investigators for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To overcome issues of immune tolerance which limits the endogenous adaptive immune response to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), robust systems for the genetic modification and characterization of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to redirect specificity have been produced. Refinements with regards to persistence and trafficking of the genetically modified T cells are underway to help improve potency. Clinical trials utilizing this technology demonstrate feasibility, and increasingly, these early-phase trials are demonstrating impressive anti-tumor effects, particularly for CLL patients, paving the way for multi-center trials to establish the efficacy of CAR(+) T cell therapy.
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79
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Deniger DC, Switzer K, Mi T, Maiti S, Hurton L, Singh H, Huls H, Olivares S, Lee DA, Champlin RE, Cooper LJN. Bispecific T-cells expressing polyclonal repertoire of endogenous γδ T-cell receptors and introduced CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Mol Ther 2013; 21:638-47. [PMID: 23295945 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though other γδ T-cell subsets exhibit antitumor activity, adoptive transfer of γδ Tcells is currently limited to one subset (expressing Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptor (TCR)) due to dependence on aminobisphosphonates as the only clinically appealing reagent for propagating γδ T cells. Therefore, we developed an approach to propagate polyclonal γδ T cells and rendered them bispecific through expression of a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were electroporated with Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase to enforce expression of CAR in multiple γδ T-cell subsets. CAR(+)γδ T cells were expanded on CD19(+) artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC), which resulted in >10(9) CAR(+)γδ T cells from <10(6) total cells. Digital multiplex assay detected TCR mRNA coding for Vδ1, Vδ2, and Vδ3 with Vγ2, Vγ7, Vγ8, Vγ9, and Vγ10 alleles. Polyclonal CAR(+)γδ T cells were functional when TCRγδ and CAR were stimulated and displayed enhanced killing of CD19(+) tumor cell lines compared with CAR(neg)γδ T cells. CD19(+) leukemia xenografts in mice were reduced with CAR(+)γδ T cells compared with control mice. Since CAR, SB, and aAPC have been adapted for human application, clinical trials can now focus on the therapeutic potential of polyclonal γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew C Deniger
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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80
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Maher J. Immunotherapy of malignant disease using chimeric antigen receptor engrafted T cells. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:278093. [PMID: 23304553 PMCID: PMC3523553 DOI: 10.5402/2012/278093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-) based immunotherapy has been under development for almost 25 years, over which period it has progressed from a new but cumbersome technology to an emerging therapeutic modality for malignant disease. The approach involves the genetic engineering of fusion receptors (CARs) that couple the HLA-independent binding of cell surface target molecules to the delivery of a tailored activating signal to host immune cells. Engineered CARs are delivered most commonly to peripheral blood T cells using a range of vector systems, most commonly integrating viral vectors. Preclinical refinement of this approach has proceeded over several years to the point that clinical testing is now being undertaken at several centres, using increasingly sophisticated and therapeutically successful genetic payloads. This paper considers several aspects of the pre-clinical and clinical development of CAR-based immunotherapy and how this technology is acquiring an increasing niche in the treatment of both solid and haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Department of Research Oncology, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals NHS Trust, Barnet, Hertfordshire EN5 3DJ, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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81
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Altvater B, Pscherer S, Landmeier S, Kailayangiri S, Savoldo B, Juergens H, Rossig C. Activated human γδ T cells induce peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell responses to tumor-associated self-antigens. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:385-96. [PMID: 21928126 PMCID: PMC11028957 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Specific cellular immunotherapy of cancer requires efficient generation and expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that recognize tumor-associated self-antigens. Here, we investigated the capacity of human γδ T cells to induce expansion of CD8+ T cells specific for peptides derived from the weakly immunogenic tumor-associated self-antigens PRAME and STEAP1. Coincubation of aminobisphosphonate-stimulated human peripheral blood-derived γδ T cells (Vγ9+Vδ2+), loaded with HLA-A*02-restricted epitopes of PRAME, with autologous peripheral blood CD8+ T cells stimulated the expansion of peptide-specific cytolytic effector memory T cells. Moreover, peptide-loaded γδ T cells efficiently primed antigen-naive CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells against PRAME peptides. Direct comparisons with mature DCs revealed equal potency of γδ T cells and DCs in inducing primary T-cell responses and peptide-specific T-cell activation and expansion. Antigen presentation by γδ T-APCs was not able to overcome the limited capacity of peptide-specific T cells to interact with targets expressing full-length antigen. Importantly, T cells with regulatory phenotype (CD4+ CD25hiFoxP3+) were lower in cocultures with γδ T cells compared to DCs. In summary, bisphosphonate-activated γδ T cells permit generation of CTLs specific for weakly immunogenic tumor-associated epitopes. Exploiting this strategy for effective immunotherapy of cancer requires strategies that enhance the avidity of CTL responses to allow for efficient targeting of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Diphosphonates/pharmacology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- K562 Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/immunology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transfection
- Zoledronic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Altvater
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sibylle Pscherer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Silke Landmeier
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sareetha Kailayangiri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Heribert Juergens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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82
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Marr LA, Gilham DE, Campbell JDM, Fraser AR. Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: double trouble for tumours: bi-functional and redirected T cells as effective cancer immunotherapies. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:216-25. [PMID: 22235997 PMCID: PMC3278687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important pathological conditions facing mankind in the 21st century, and is likely to become the most important cause of death as improvements continue in health, diet and life expectancy. The immune response is responsible for controlling nascent cancer through immunosurveillance. If tumours escape this control, they can develop into clinical cancer. Although surgery and chemo- or radiotherapy have improved survival rates significantly, there is a drive to reharness immune responses to treat disease. As T cells are one of the key immune cells in controlling cancer, research is under way to enhance their function and improve tumour targeting. This can be achieved by transduction with tumour-specific T cell receptor (TCR) or chimaeric antigen receptors (CAR) to generate redirected T cells. Virus-specific cells can also be transduced with TCR or CAR to create bi-functional T cells with specificity for both virus and tumour. In this review we outline the development and optimization of redirected and bi-functional T cells, and outline the results from current clinical trials using these cells. From this we discuss the challenges involved in generating effective anti-tumour responses while avoiding concomitant damage to normal tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Marr
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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83
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Kebriaei P, Kelly SS, Manuri P, Jena B, Jackson R, Shpall E, Champlin R, Cooper LJN. Chimeric antibody receptors (CARs): driving T-cell specificity to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012; 4:520-31. [PMID: 22202074 DOI: 10.2741/282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells is a compelling tool to treat cancer. To overcome issues of immune tolerance which limits the endogenous adaptive immune response to tumor-associated antigens, robust systems for the genetic modification and characterization of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to redirect specificity have been produced. Refinements with regards to persistence and trafficking of the genetically modified T cells are underway to help improve the potency of genetically modified T cells. Clinical trials utilizing this technology demonstrate feasibility, and increasingly, antitumor activity, paving the way for multi-center trials to establish the efficacy of this novel T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partow Kebriaei
- Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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84
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Biagi E, Marin V, Attianese GMPG, Pizzitola I, Tettamanti S, Cribioli E, Biondi A. New advances in leukaemia immunotherapy by the use of Chimeric Artificial Antigen Receptors (CARs): state of the art and perspectives for the near future. Ital J Pediatr 2011; 37:46. [PMID: 21939556 PMCID: PMC3195094 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-37-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukaemia immunotherapy represents a fascinating and promising field of translational research, particularly as an integrative approach of bone marrow transplantation. Adoptive immunotherapy by the use of donor-derived expanded leukaemia-specific T cells has showed some kind of clinical response, but the major advance is nowadays represented by gene manipulation of donor immune cells, so that they acquire strict specificity towards the tumour target and potent lytic activity, followed by significant proliferation, increased survival and possibly anti-tumour memory state. This is achieved by gene insertion of Chimeric T-cell Antigen Receptors (CARs), which are artificial molecules containing antibody-derived fragments (to bind the specific target), joined with potent signalling T-Cell Receptor (TCR)-derived domains that activate the manipulated cells. This review will discuss the main application of this approach particularly focusing on the paediatric setting, raising advantages and disadvantages and discussing relevant perspectives of use in the nearest future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Biagi
- Centro di Ricerca Fondazione "Matilde Tettamanti", Clinica Pediatrica Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Università Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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85
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Ramos CA, Dotti G. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered lymphocytes for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:855-73. [PMID: 21463133 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.573476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) usually combine the antigen binding site of a monoclonal antibody with the signal activating machinery of a T cell, freeing antigen recognition from MHC restriction and thus breaking one of the barriers to more widespread application of cellular therapy. Similar to treatment strategies employing monoclonal antibodies, T cells expressing CARs are highly targeted, but additionally offer the potential benefits of active trafficking to tumor sites, in vivo expansion and long-term persistence. Furthermore, gene transfer allows the introduction of countermeasures to tumor immune evasion and of safety mechanisms. AREAS COVERED The basic structure of so-called first and later generation CARs and their potential advantages over other immune therapy systems. How these molecules can be grafted into immune cells (including retroviral and non-retroviral transduction methods) and strategies to improve the in vivo persistence and function of immune cells expressing CARs. Examples of tumor-associated antigens that have been targeted in preclinical models and clinical experience with these modified cells. Safety issues surrounding CAR gene transfer into T cells and potential solutions to them. EXPERT OPINION Because of recent advances in immunology, genetics and cell processing, CAR-modified T cells will likely play an increasing role in the cellular therapy of cancer, chronic infections and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ramos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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86
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Abstract
The adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive cells is a promising approach for the treatment of melanoma and some other cancers. To remedy the difficulties associated with the isolation and expansion of tumor-reactive T cells in most cancer patients, peripheral blood T cells can be retargeted to any chosen tumor antigen by the genetic transfer of an antigen-specific receptor. The transduced receptors may be human leukocyte antigen-restricted, heterodimeric T-cell antigen receptor (TCRs), or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which typically recognize native cell-surface antigens. Considerable progress has been made in recent years to address the challenges posed by the transfer of either receptor type. Vector and protein modifications enable the expression of TCR chains in human T cells at functional levels and with a reduced risk of mis-pairing with endogenous TCR chains. The combinatorial inclusion of activating and costimulatory domains in CARs has dramatically enhanced the signaling properties of the chimeric receptors described over a decade ago. Based on the effective T-cell transduction and expansion procedures now available to support clinical investigation, improved designer TCRs and second generation CARs targeting an array of antigens are being evaluated in a range of hematological malignancies and solid tumors.
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87
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Dotti G, Savoldo B, Brenner M. Fifteen years of gene therapy based on chimeric antigen receptors: "are we nearly there yet?". Hum Gene Ther 2010; 20:1229-39. [PMID: 19702437 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
"T-body" or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology, which combines the specificity of an antibody with the homing, tissue penetration, and target cell destruction of T cells, was first described in 1993. After many years of unmet promise, significant improvements in gene transfer, including the development of efficient retroviral vectors for transduction of human T cells, and better understanding of immunological pathways and immune cell interactions, are allowing this technology to reach a critical phase of evaluation, in which we will learn whether the approach can truly meet expectations. In this review we summarize the concept of CAR-based immunotherapy, describe the steps accomplished, and outline the future progress we need to make if this approach is truly to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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88
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Genetic Modification of T Cells Improves the Effectiveness of Adoptive Tumor Immunotherapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:347-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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89
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Alyea EP, DeAngelo DJ, Moldrem J, Pagel JM, Przepiorka D, Sadelin M, Young JW, Giralt S, Bishop M, Riddell S. NCI First International Workshop on The Biology, Prevention and Treatment of Relapse after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: report from the committee on prevention of relapse following allogeneic cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 16:1037-69. [PMID: 20580849 PMCID: PMC3235046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the most likely approach to improve survival of patients treated for hematologic malignancies. Herein we review the limits of currently available transplant therapies and the innovative strategies being developed to overcome resistance to therapy or to fill therapeutic modalities not currently available. These novel strategies include nonimmunologic therapies, such as targeted preparative regimens and posttransplant drug therapy, as well as immunologic interventions, including graft engineering, donor lymphocyte infusions, T cell engineering, vaccination, and dendritic cell-based approaches. Several aspects of the biology of the malignant cells as well as the host have been identified that obviate success of even these newer strategies. To maximize the potential for success, we recommend pursuing research to develop additional targeted therapies to be used in the preparative regimen or as maintenance posttransplant, better characterize the T cell and dendritic cells subsets involved in graft-versus-host disease and the graft-versus-leukemia/tumor effect, identify strategies for timing immunologic or nonimmunologic therapies to eliminate the noncycling cancer stem cell, identify more targets for immunotherapies, develop new vaccines that will not be limited by HLA, and develop methods to identify populations at very high risk for relapse to accelerate clinical development and avoid toxicity in patients not at risk for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin P Alyea
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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90
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Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells for immunotherapy of cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:956304. [PMID: 20467460 PMCID: PMC2864912 DOI: 10.1155/2010/956304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are powerful components of adaptive immunity, which essentially contribute to the elimination of tumors. Due to their cytotoxic capacity, T cells emerged as attractive candidates for specific immunotherapy of cancer. A promising approach is the genetic modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). First generation CARs consist of a binding moiety specifically recognizing a tumor cell surface antigen and a lymphocyte activating signaling chain. The CAR-mediated recognition induces cytokine production and tumor-directed cytotoxicity of T cells. Second and third generation CARs include signal sequences from various costimulatory molecules resulting in enhanced T-cell persistence and sustained antitumor reaction. Clinical trials revealed that the adoptive transfer of T cells engineered with first generation CARs represents a feasible concept for the induction of clinical responses in some tumor patients. However, further improvement is required, which may be achieved by second or third generation CAR-engrafted T cells.
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91
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Redirecting T-cell specificity by introducing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Blood 2010; 116:1035-44. [PMID: 20439624 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-043737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infusions of antigen-specific T cells have yielded therapeutic responses in patients with pathogens and tumors. To broaden the clinical application of adoptive immunotherapy against malignancies, investigators have developed robust systems for the genetic modification and characterization of T cells expressing introduced chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to redirect specificity. Human trials are under way in patients with aggressive malignancies to test the hypothesis that manipulating the recipient and reprogramming T cells before adoptive transfer may improve their therapeutic effect. These examples of personalized medicine infuse T cells designed to meet patients' needs by redirecting their specificity to target molecular determinants on the underlying malignancy. The generation of clinical grade CAR(+) T cells is an example of bench-to-bedside translational science that has been accomplished using investigator-initiated trials operating largely without industry support. The next-generation trials will deliver designer T cells with improved homing, CAR-mediated signaling, and replicative potential, as investigators move from the bedside to the bench and back again.
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92
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Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells with restricted tumor specificity provides a promising approach to immunotherapy of cancers. However, the isolation of autologous cytotoxic T cells that recognize tumor-associated antigens is time consuming and fails in many instances. Alternatively, gene modification with tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can be used to redirect the specificity of large numbers of immune cells toward the malignant cells. Chimeric antigen receptors are composed of the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of a tumor-recognizing antibody cloned in frame with human T-cell signaling domains (e.g., CD3zeta, CD28, OX40, 4-1BB), thus combining the specificity of antibodies with the effector functions of cytotoxic T cells. Upon antigen binding, the intracellular signaling domains of the CAR initiate cellular activation mechanisms including cytokine secretion and cytolysis of the antigen-positive target cell.In this chapter, we provide detailed protocols for large-scale ex vivo expansion of T cells and manufacturing of medium-scale batches of CAR-expressing T cells for translational research by mRNA electroporation. An anti-CD19 chimeric receptor for the targeting of leukemias and lymphomas was used as a model system. We are currently scaling up the protocols to adapt them to cGMP production of a large number of redirected T cells for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Almåsbak
- Department of Immunology, Radiumhospitalet-Rikshospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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93
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June CH, Blazar BR, Riley JL. Engineering lymphocyte subsets: tools, trials and tribulations. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:704-16. [PMID: 19859065 DOI: 10.1038/nri2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies with various lymphocyte subsets hold promise for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer and disease resulting from inflammation and infection. The ability to genetically engineer lymphocyte subsets has the potential to improve the natural immune response and correct impaired immunity. In this Review we focus on the lymphocyte subsets that have been modified genetically or by other means for therapeutic benefit, on the technologies used to engineer lymphocytes and on the latest progress and hurdles in translating these technologies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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94
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Altvater B, Landmeier S, Pscherer S, Temme J, Schweer K, Kailayangiri S, Campana D, Juergens H, Pule M, Rossig C. 2B4 (CD244) signaling by recombinant antigen-specific chimeric receptors costimulates natural killer cell activation to leukemia and neuroblastoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4857-66. [PMID: 19638467 PMCID: PMC2771629 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Novel natural killer (NK) cell-directed strategies in cancer immunotherapy aim at specifically modulating the balance between NK cell receptor signals toward tumor-specific activation. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-related receptor 2B4 (CD244) is an important regulator of NK cell activation. We investigated whether 2B4-enhanced activation signals can redirect the cytolytic function of human NK cells to NK cell-resistant and autologous leukemia and tumor targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In vitro-stimulated NK cells from healthy donors and pediatric leukemia patients were gene modified with CD19 or G(D2)-specific chimeric receptors containing either the T-cell receptor zeta or 2B4 endodomain alone or combined. RESULTS Chimeric 2B4 signaling alone failed to induce interleukin-2 receptor up-regulation and cytokine secretion but triggered a specific degranulation response. Integration of the 2B4 endodomain into T-cell receptor zeta chimeric receptors significantly enhanced all aspects of the NK cell activation response to antigen-expressing leukemia or neuroblastoma cells, including CD25 up-regulation, secretion of IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, release of cytolytic granules, and growth inhibition, and overcame NK cell resistance of autologous leukemia cells while maintaining antigen specificity. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the 2B4 receptor has a potent costimulatory effect in NK cells. Antigen-specific 2B4zeta-expressing NK cells may be a powerful new tool for adoptive immunotherapy of leukemia and other malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/immunology
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial/immunology
- Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial/therapy
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/therapy
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Altvater
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Silke Landmeier
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sibylle Pscherer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jaane Temme
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Schweer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sareetha Kailayangiri
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dario Campana
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Heribert Juergens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Pule
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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95
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Activated human gammadelta T cells as stimulators of specific CD8+ T-cell responses to subdominant Epstein Barr virus epitopes: potential for immunotherapy of cancer. J Immunother 2009; 32:310-21. [PMID: 19242369 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31819b7c30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of current cancer vaccines is limited by the functional heterogeneity and poor availability and expansion of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Besides their potent innate effector properties, gammadelta T cells have been suggested to be involved in the initiation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. Here, we investigated the capacity of human gammadelta T cells to induce expansion of virus-specific T cells to Epstein Barr virus (EBV) antigens. Aminobisphosphonate-stimulated human peripheral blood-derived gammadelta T cells (Vgamma2+Vdelta2+) acquired a dual phenotype characteristic for both APCs and effector memory T cells. Coincubation of activated gammadelta T cells pulsed with human leukocyte antigen-restricted epitopes of either the highly stimulatory EBV lytic cycle antigen Bam H1 Z fragment leftward open reading frame or the tumor-associated latent EBV antigen latent membrane protein 2a (LMP2a) with autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes induced selective expansion of peptide-specific, fully functional CD3CD8 cytolytic effector memory T cells. Furthermore, gammadelta T APCs efficiently processed and presented endogenous antigen, as demonstrated by the capacity of LMP2a gene-transduced gammadelta T cells to induce expansion of T cells with broad specificity for various LMP2a peptides. The capacity of autologous gammadelta T cells to induce LMP2a-specific autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes was confirmed in 2 patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. In summary, bisphosphonate-activated human gammadelta T cells stimulate expansion of cytotoxic effector T cells specific for both subdominant and dominant viral epitopes and thus show promise as a novel source of efficient APCs for immunotherapy of viral and malignant disease.
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96
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Mitchell DA, Karikari I, Cui X, Xie W, Schmittling R, Sampson JH. Selective modification of antigen-specific T cells by RNA electroporation. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:511-21. [PMID: 18471037 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been observed that the efficient transfection of T cells by RNA electroporation requires prior activation of T cells with mitogens or by anti-CD3 antibody stimulation. We hypothesized that this requirement for T cell activation could be leveraged to express marker genes within activated T cells responding to antigen-pulsed dendritic cells and allow for the selective enrichment and modification of antigen-specific T cells. Using electroporation of mRNA encoding green fluorescent protein as a marker gene, we demonstrate that RNA electroporation can efficiently allow for the separation of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from bulk culture responding to cytomegalovirus pp65 antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cytomegalovirus-specific T cells can be functionally modified by RNA transfection of the C-X-C chemokine receptor, CXCR2, to migrate efficiently toward a variety of CXCR2-specific chemokines in vitro and in vivo. These studies demonstrate the utility of RNA transfection as a simple method by which to purify and selectively modify the function of antigen-specific T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy, and importantly provide evidence that transient expression of proteins by RNA transfection is an efficient means of modulating the in vivo function of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane A Mitchell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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97
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Landmeier S, Altvater B, Pscherer S, Eing BR, Kuehn J, Rooney CM, Juergens H, Rossig C. Gene-engineered varicella-zoster virus reactive CD4+ cytotoxic T cells exert tumor-specific effector function. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8335-43. [PMID: 17804749 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cells with grafted specificities for surface antigens provide an avenue for rapidly producing immune effector cells with tumor specificity. However, the function of chimeric receptor (chRec) gene-modified T cells is limited by lack of T-cell expansion and persistence. We propose to use varicella zoster virus (VZV)-reactive T cells as host for the chRec because these cells can be expanded both in vitro and in vivo by stimulation of their native receptor during endogenous reexposure to the virus or by administration of VZV vaccine. We obtained human T cells reactive with VZV from the peripheral blood of seropositive donors by stimulation with VZV lysate and evaluated their characteristics after genetic modification with two tumor-specific model chRecs. Cultures dominated by cytolytic CD4(+) T cells (VZV-CTL) could be expanded and maintained in vitro. Gene-modified VZV-CTL recognized and lysed tumor targets in a MHC-independent manner while maintaining functional, MHC-restricted interaction with VZV antigen through their native receptor. Thus, chRec-transduced VZV-CTL may provide a source of potent tumor-reactive cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. The availability of a safe and effective VZV vaccine provides the option of repeated in vivo stimulation to maintain high T-cell numbers until the tumor is eliminated.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Substrate Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Landmeier
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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98
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Galluzzo S, Santini D, Vincenzi B, Caccamo N, Meraviglia F, Salerno A, Dieli F, Tonini G. Immunomodulating role of bisphosphonates on human gamma delta T cells: an intriguing and promising aspect of their antitumour activity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:941-54. [PMID: 17614762 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.7.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells have the ability to produce inflammatory cytokines involved in protective immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumours and to display strong cytolytic as well as bactericidal activities. This suggests a direct involvement of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes in immune control of cancer and infections. These observations have recently aided development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches aimed at Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell activation. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) play a crucial role in Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocyte activation and in the acquisition of effector functions. The preliminary results of these innovative strategies are encouraging. Moreover, compelling evidence in the literature supports the hypothesis that the antitumour effect of bisphosphonates is exerted through direct as well as indirect mechanisms. An additional and not yet well explored mechanism by which N-BPs may display antineoplastic effect is related to their immunomodulatory properties. It is fascinating that N-BPs influence the immune system in various but interrelated ways, being able to enhance the innate and to promote the adaptive immune responses. For all these reasons, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes represent a particularly interesting target for immunotherapeutic protocols based on N-BP administration. All these unexpected effects of N-BPs on the immune system have opened new and intriguing possibilities of therapeutic use for these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Galluzzo
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Medical Oncology, Via Emilio Longoni 69, 00155 Rome, Italy
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99
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Thedrez A, Sabourin C, Gertner J, Devilder MC, Allain-Maillet S, Fournié JJ, Scotet E, Bonneville M. Self/non-self discrimination by human gammadelta T cells: simple solutions for a complex issue? Immunol Rev 2007; 215:123-35. [PMID: 17291284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although gammadelta T cells express clonally distributed T-cell receptors (TCRs), a hallmark of adaptive immunity, they are classically considered as innate-like effectors, owing to the high frequency of preactivated gammadelta T cells, with restricted antigen recognition repertoire in particular tissue locations. Actually, such features are shared only by a fraction of gammadelta T-cell subsets located in the skin and reproductive organ mucosa in rodents or in peripheral blood in humans. By contrast, other gammadelta subsets, e.g. those found in rodent and human spleen, show diverse antigenic reactivity patterns and mixed naive/memory phenotypes. Thus, gammadelta T cells are made of both 'primitive' subsets endowed with innate-like properties and 'evolved' subsets able to mount anamnestic responses like conventional major histocompatibility complex-restricted alphabeta T cells. In this article, we show that human gammadelta T cells, although heterogeneous, do share recurrent innate features that distinguish them from mainstream alphabeta T cells. In particular, most of them are activated on TCR- or natural killer receptor-mediated recognition of a restricted set of conserved yet poorly defined endogenous stress determinants. This rather simple recognition mechanism allows human gammadelta T cells to discriminate healthy cells from altered cells and to exert a variety of immunostimulatory or regulatory functions. The recent availability of synthetic gammadelta T-cell agonists mimicking these natural stress-induced ligands have fostered development of immunotherapeutic strategies, with broad indications against infectious and tumor diseases, which are briefly reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Thedrez
- INSERM U601, Département de Recherche en Cancérologie, Institut de Biologie/CHU, Nantes, France
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100
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Gattenlöhner S, Marx A, Markfort B, Pscherer S, Landmeier S, Juergens H, Müller-Hermelink HK, Matthews I, Beeson D, Vincent A, Rossig C. Rhabdomyosarcoma lysis by T cells expressing a human autoantibody-based chimeric receptor targeting the fetal acetylcholine receptor. Cancer Res 2006; 66:24-8. [PMID: 16397210 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas are the most frequent malignant soft tissue tumors of childhood; however, because current multimodality treatments fail to improve the poor survival rate of children with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma, new treatments are required. We previously identified the gamma-subunit of the fetal acetylcholine receptor (fAChR) as a specific cell surface target in rhabdomyosarcoma. Here, we engineered human T lymphocytes to express chimeric receptors composed of the antigen-binding domain of a human anti-fAChR antibody joined to the signaling domain of the human T-cell receptor zeta-chain. The interaction of fAChRzeta-transduced T cells with fAChR-positive rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, but not with fAChR-negative control cells, induced T-cell activation characterized by strong secretion of IFN-gamma and delayed lysis of tumor cells. Importantly, we found that in six of six rhabdomyosarcoma patients, chemotherapy increased fAChR expression on residual tumor cells in vivo. Our observations suggest that these fully human chimeric fAChRzeta-transduced T cells, which should be well tolerated by the patient, have potential use in vivo both as a primary treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma and as a complementary approach to eradicate residual tumor cells after chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Cholinergic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cholinergic/genetics
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/drug therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/immunology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/metabolism
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
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