51
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Gibb H, Retter B, Cunningham SA, Barton PS. Does wing morphology affect recolonization of restored farmland by ground-dwelling beetles? Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heloise Gibb
- Department of Zoology; La Trobe University; Melbourne Victoria 3068 Australia
- CSIRO, Black Mountain; Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Bryony Retter
- CSIRO, Black Mountain; Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Saul A. Cunningham
- CSIRO, Black Mountain; Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Philip S. Barton
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
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52
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Enhancement of Linear Agricultural Areas to Provide Invertebrates as Potential Food for Breeding Birds. LAND 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/land5030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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53
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Assessment of Habitat Fragmentation and Corridors for an Isolated Subspecies of the Sichuan Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey, Rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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54
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Teillard F, Maia de Souza D, Thoma G, Gerber PJ, Finn JA. What does Life-Cycle Assessment of agricultural products need for more meaningful inclusion of biodiversity? J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Teillard
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Animal Production and Health Division; 00153 Rome Italy
- UMR SADAPT; INRA; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; 75005 Paris France
| | - Danielle Maia de Souza
- Department of Energy and Technology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 75007 Uppsala Sweden
- Lethbridge Research Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Lethbridge AB T1J 4B1 Canada
- Department of Agricultural; Food & Nutritional Science; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Greg Thoma
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
| | - Pierre J. Gerber
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Animal Production and Health Division; 00153 Rome Italy
- Animal Production System group; Wageningen University; PO Box 338 6700AH Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - John A. Finn
- Environment Research Centre; Teagasc; Johnstown Castle Y35 TC97 Wexford Ireland
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55
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Managing for resilience: a landscape framework for food and livelihood security and ecosystem services. Food Secur 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-016-0575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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56
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Waldén E, Lindborg R. Long Term Positive Effect of Grassland Restoration on Plant Diversity - Success or Not? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155836. [PMID: 27196748 PMCID: PMC4873139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration is important for biodiversity conservation worldwide, but surprisingly little is known about its efficiency in a long-term perspective. In this study, we re-examined Swedish semi-natural grasslands 12-20 years after the restoration, by comparing field inventories of vascular plant species diversity made in 2001 with follow-up inventories in 2012. We also analysed restoration effect in relation to six environmental factors and used continuously managed semi-natural grasslands as references of desired state after restoration. We found that total species richness increased over time but not to reference levels, while there were no significant changes in species density or number of grassland specialists. However, the overall species composition in the restored sites, as well as grassland specialist composition, now largely resembled reference conditions. Fertilisation and time between abandonment and restoration were the only environmental variables that affected total species composition change, while site area affected change in grassland specialist composition. Our results show that restoration of semi-natural grasslands can contribute to conservation of semi-natural habitats and their associated biodiversity. Yet, due to the vague restoration goals for these sites, it is difficult to evaluate the restoration success, which emphasise the general need for clear and measurable goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Waldén
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Regina Lindborg
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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57
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Mwavu EN, Ariango E, Ssegawa P, Kalema VN, Bateganya F, Waiswa D, Byakagaba P. Agrobiodiversity of homegardens in a commercial sugarcane cultivation land matrix in Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2016.1177595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward N. Mwavu
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esther Ariango
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Busitema University, Kamuli, Uganda
| | - Paul Ssegawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Vettes N. Kalema
- Sustainable Land Management Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Bateganya
- Department of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Waiswa
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Climatic Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Byakagaba
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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58
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Ekroos J, Ödman AM, Andersson GKS, Birkhofer K, Herbertsson L, Klatt BK, Olsson O, Olsson PA, Persson AS, Prentice HC, Rundlöf M, Smith HG. Sparing Land for Biodiversity at Multiple Spatial Scales. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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59
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Robillard CM, Coristine LE, Soares RN, Kerr JT. Facilitating climate-change-induced range shifts across continental land-use barriers. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:1586-1595. [PMID: 26193759 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes impose requirements for many species to shift their ranges to remain within environmentally tolerable areas, but near-continuous regions of intense human land use stretching across continental extents diminish dispersal prospects for many species. We reviewed the impact of habitat loss and fragmentation on species' abilities to track changing climates and existing plans to facilitate species dispersal in response to climate change through regions of intensive land uses, drawing on examples from North America and elsewhere. We identified an emerging analytical framework that accounts for variation in species' dispersal capacities relative to both the pace of climate change and habitat availability. Habitat loss and fragmentation hinder climate change tracking, particularly for specialists, by impeding both propagule dispersal and population growth. This framework can be used to identify prospective modern-era climatic refugia, where the pace of climate change has been slower than surrounding areas, that are defined relative to individual species' needs. The framework also underscores the importance of identifying and managing dispersal pathways or corridors through semi-continental land use barriers that can benefit many species simultaneously. These emerging strategies to facilitate range shifts must account for uncertainties around population adaptation to local environmental conditions. Accounting for uncertainties in climate change and dispersal capabilities among species and expanding biological monitoring programs within an adaptive management paradigm are vital strategies that will improve species' capacities to track rapidly shifting climatic conditions across landscapes dominated by intensive human land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Robillard
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, Canada, K1N6N5
| | - Laura E Coristine
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, Canada, K1N6N5
| | - Rosana N Soares
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, Canada, K1N6N5
| | - Jeremy T Kerr
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, Canada, K1N6N5
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60
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Zakkak S, Radovic A, Nikolov SC, Shumka S, Kakalis L, Kati V. Assessing the effect of agricultural land abandonment on bird communities in southern-eastern Europe. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 164:171-179. [PMID: 26379254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural land abandonment is recognized as a major environmental threat in Europe, being particularly pronounced in south-eastern Europe, where knowledge on its effects is limited. Taking the Balkan Peninsula as a case study, we investigated agricultural abandonment impact on passerine communities at regional level. We set up a standard methodology for site selection (70 sites) and data collection, along a well-defined forest-encroachment gradient that reflects land abandonment in four countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Greece. Regardless the different socio-economic and political histories in the Balkans that led to diverse land abandonment patterns in space and time, rural abandonment had a consistent negative effect on bird communities, while regional-level analysis revealed patterns that were hidden at local level. The general trends were an increase of forest-dwelling bird species at the expense of farmland birds, the decline of overall bird species richness, as well as the decline of Species of European Conservation Concern (SPECs) richness and abundance. Many farmland bird species declined with land abandonment, whereas few forest species benefited from the process. In conclusion, our results support CAP towards hampering rural land abandonment and preserving semi-open rural mosaics in remote upland areas, using a suite of management measures carefully tailored to local needs. The maintenance of traditional rural landscapes should be prioritized in the Balkans, through the timely identification of HNV farmland that is most prone to abandonment. We also suggest that coordinated transnational research is needed, for a better assessment of conservation options in remote rural landscapes at European scale, including the enhancement of wild grazers' populations as an alternative in areas where traditional land management is rather unlikely to be re-established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Zakkak
- University of Patras, Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece.
| | - Andreja Radovic
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Stoyan C Nikolov
- Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, Yavorov Complex, bl. 71, vh. 17 4, PO box 50, 1111 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Spase Shumka
- Agricultural University of Tirana, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food, Koder Kamza, 1000 Tirana, Albania.
| | - Lefteris Kakalis
- University of the Aegean, Department of Environmental Studies, Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory, 81100 Mytilene, Greece.
| | - Vassiliki Kati
- University of Patras, Department of Environmental & Natural Resources Management, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece.
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61
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Coulon A, Aben J, Palmer SCF, Stevens VM, Callens T, Strubbe D, Lens L, Matthysen E, Baguette M, Travis JMJ. A stochastic movement simulator improves estimates of landscape connectivity. Ecology 2015; 96:2203-13. [PMID: 26405745 DOI: 10.1890/14-1690.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Conservation actions often focus on restoration or creation of natural areas designed to facilitate the movements of organisms among populations. To be efficient, these actions need to be based on reliable estimates or predictions of landscape connectivity. While circuit theory and least-cost paths (LCPs) are increasingly being used to estimate connectivity, these methods also have proven limitations. We compared their performance in predicting genetic connectivity with that of an alternative approach based on a simple, individual-based "stochastic movement simulator" (SMS). SMS predicts dispersal of organisms using the same landscape representation as LCPs and circuit theory-based estimates (i.e., a cost surface), while relaxing key LCP assumptions, namely individual omniscience of the landscape (by incorporating perceptual range) and the optimality of individual movements (by including stochasticity in simulated movements). The performance of the three estimators was assessed by the degree to which they correlated with genetic estimates of connectivity in two species with contrasting movement abilities (Cabanis's Greenbul, an Afrotropical forest bird species, and natterjack toad, an amphibian restricted to European sandy and heathland areas). For both species, the correlation between dispersal model and genetic data was substantially higher when SMS was used. Importantly, the results also demonstrate that the improvement gained by using SMS is robust both to variation in spatial resolution of the landscape and to uncertainty in the perceptual range model parameter. Integration of this individual-based approach with other developing methods in the field of connectivity research, such as graph theory, can yield rapid progress towards more robust connectivity indices and more effective recommendations for land management.
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62
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Opportunities within the Revised EU Common Agricultural Policy to Address the Decline of Farmland Birds: An Irish Perspective. DIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/d7030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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63
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Livestock and Ecosystem Services: An Exploratory Approach to Assess Agri-Environment-Climate Payments of RDP in Trentino. LAND 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/land4030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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64
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Abstract
Conservation biologists are devoting an increasing amount of energy to debating whether land sparing (high-yielding agriculture on a small land footprint) or land sharing (low-yielding, wildlife-friendly agriculture on a larger land footprint) will promote better outcomes for local and global biodiversity. In turn, concerns are mounting about how to feed the world, given increasing demands for food. In this review, I evaluate the land-sparing/land-sharing framework--does the framework stimulate research and policy that can reconcile agricultural land use with biodiversity conservation, or is a revised framing needed? I review (1) the ecological evidence in favor of sparing versus sharing; (2) the evidence from land-use change studies that assesses whether a relationship exists between agricultural intensification and land sparing; and (3) how that relationship may be affected by socioeconomic and political factors. To address the trade-off between biodiversity conservation and food production, I then ask which forms of agricultural intensification can best feed the world now and in the future. On the basis of my review, I suggest that the dichotomy of the land-sparing/land-sharing framework limits the realm of future possibilities to two, largely undesirable, options for conservation. Both large, protected regions and favorable surrounding matrices are needed to promote biodiversity conservation; they work synergistically and are not mutually exclusive. A "both-and" framing of large protected areas surrounded by a wildlife-friendly matrix suggests different research priorities from the "either-or" framing of sparing versus sharing. Furthermore, wildlife-friendly farming methods such as agroecology may be best adapted to provide food for the world's hungry people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
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65
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Maron M, McAlpine CA, Watson JEM, Maxwell S, Barnard P. Climate-induced resource bottlenecks exacerbate species vulnerability: a review. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Maron
- The University of Queensland; Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group; School of Geography; Planning and Environmental Management; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Clive A. McAlpine
- The University of Queensland; Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group; School of Geography; Planning and Environmental Management; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - James E. M. Watson
- The University of Queensland; Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group; School of Geography; Planning and Environmental Management; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Global Conservation; 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - Sean Maxwell
- The University of Queensland; Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group; School of Geography; Planning and Environmental Management; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Phoebe Barnard
- Climate Change Bioadaptation; Kirstenbosch Research Centre; South African National Biodiversity Institute; Private Bag X7 Claremont 7735 South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
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66
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Moreira LFB, Maltchik L. Our time will come: Is anuran community structure related to crop age? AUSTRAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Felipe Bairos Moreira
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos; Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS; São Leopoldo Rio Grande do Sul
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; CEP-78060-900 Cuiabá Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maltchik
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos; Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS; São Leopoldo Rio Grande do Sul
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67
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Teillard F, Jiguet F, Tichit M. The response of farmland bird communities to agricultural intensity as influenced by its spatial aggregation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119674. [PMID: 25799552 PMCID: PMC4370717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the relationship between biodiversity and agricultural intensity determines the range of intensities that should be targeted by conservation policies to obtain the greatest environmental benefits. Although preliminary evidence of this relationship exists, the influence of the spatial arrangement of intensity on biodiversity remains untested. We conducted a nationwide study linking agricultural intensity and its spatial arrangement to a farmland bird community of 22 species. Intensity was described with a continuous indicator based on Input Cost per hectare, which was relevant for both livestock and crop production. We used the French Breeding Bird Survey to compute several descriptors of the farmland bird community along the intensity gradient and tested for the significance of an interaction effect between intensity and its spatial aggregation on these descriptors. We found that the bird community was comprised of both winner and loser species with regard to intensity. The community composition descriptors (trophic level, specialisation, and specialisation for grassland indices) displayed non-linear relationships to intensity, with steeper slopes in the lower intensity range. We found a significant interaction effect between intensity and its spatial aggregation on the grassland specialisation index of the bird community; the effect of agricultural intensity was strengthened by its spatial aggregation. We suggest that an opportunity to improve the effectiveness of conservation policies exists by targeting measures in areas where intensity is moderate to low and aggregated. The effect of the aggregation of agricultural intensity on biodiversity should be considered in other scales and taxa when developing optimal policy targeting and intensity allocation strategies.
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68
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Princé K, Lorrillière R, Barbet-Massin M, Léger F, Jiguet F. Forecasting the effects of land use scenarios on farmland birds reveal a potential mitigation of climate change impacts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117850. [PMID: 25699673 PMCID: PMC4336325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate and land use changes are key drivers of current biodiversity trends, but interactions between these drivers are poorly modeled, even though they could amplify or mitigate negative impacts of climate change. Here, we attempt to predict the impacts of different agricultural change scenarios on common breeding birds within farmland included in the potential future climatic suitable areas for these species. We used the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) to integrate likely changes in species climatic suitability, based on species distribution models, and changes in area of farmland, based on the IMAGE model, inside future climatic suitable areas. We also developed six farmland cover scenarios, based on expert opinion, which cover a wide spectrum of potential changes in livestock farming and cropping patterns by 2050. We ran generalized linear mixed models to calibrate the effects of farmland cover and climate change on bird specific abundance within 386 small agricultural regions. We used model outputs to predict potential changes in bird populations on the basis of predicted changes in regional farmland cover, in area of farmland and in species climatic suitability. We then examined the species sensitivity according to their habitat requirements. A scenario based on extensification of agricultural systems (i.e., low-intensity agriculture) showed the greatest potential to reduce reverse current declines in breeding birds. To meet ecological requirements of a larger number of species, agricultural policies accounting for regional disparities and landscape structure appear more efficient than global policies uniformly implemented at national scale. Interestingly, we also found evidence that farmland cover changes can mitigate the negative effect of climate change. Here, we confirm that there is a potential for countering negative effects of climate change by adaptive management of landscape. We argue that such studies will help inform sustainable agricultural policies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Princé
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d’Oiseaux, CP 51, Paris, France
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Romain Lorrillière
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d’Oiseaux, CP 51, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Barbet-Massin
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d’Oiseaux, CP 51, Paris, France
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - François Léger
- AgroParisTech, UMR SAD-APT INRA/AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Jiguet
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d’Oiseaux, CP 51, Paris, France
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69
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Blaauw BR, Isaacs R. Larger patches of diverse floral resources increase insect pollinator density, diversity, and their pollination of native wildflowers. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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70
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Tognetti PM, Chaneton EJ. Community disassembly and invasion of remnant native grasslands under fluctuating resource supply. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Tognetti
- IFEVA-CONICET and Facultad de Agronomía; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Av. San Martín 4453 C1417DSE Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Av. San Martín 4453 C1417DSE Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Enrique J. Chaneton
- IFEVA-CONICET and Facultad de Agronomía; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Av. San Martín 4453 C1417DSE Buenos Aires Argentina
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71
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Lomba A, Guerra C, Alonso J, Honrado JP, Jongman R, McCracken D. Mapping and monitoring High Nature Value farmlands: challenges in European landscapes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 143:140-150. [PMID: 24905644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of low intensity farming for the conservation of biodiversity throughout Europe was acknowledged early in the 1990s when the concept of 'High Nature Value farmlands' (HNVf) was devised. HNVf has subsequently been given high priority within the EU Rural Development Programme. This puts a requirement on each EU Member State not only to identify the extent and condition of HNVf within their borders but also to track trends in HNVf over time. However, the diversity of rural landscapes across the EU, the scarcity of (adequate) datasets on biodiversity, land cover and land use, and the lack of a common methodology for HNVf mapping currently represent obstacles to the implementation of the HNVf concept across Europe. This manuscript provides an overview of the characteristics of HNVf across Europe together with a description of the development of the HNVf concept. Current methodological approaches for the identification and mapping of HNVf across EU-27 and Switzerland are then reviewed, the main limitations of these approaches highlighted and recommendations made as to how the identification, mapping and reporting of HNVf state and trends across Europe can potentially be improved and harmonised. In particular, we propose a new framework that is built on the need for strategic HNVf monitoring based on a hierarchical, bottom-up structure of assessment units, coincident with the EU levels of political decision and devised indicators, and which is linked strongly to a collaborative European network that can provide the integration and exchange of data from different sources and scales under common standards. Such an approach is essential if the scale of the issues facing HNVf landscapes are to be identified and monitored properly at the European level. This would then allow relevant agri-environmental measures to be developed, implemented and evaluated at the scale(s) required to maintain the habitats and species of high nature conservation value that are intimately associated with those landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lomba
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Carlos Guerra
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, Évora, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo - Escola Superior Agrária, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
| | - Joaquim Alonso
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo - Escola Superior Agrária, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
| | - João Pradinho Honrado
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Rob Jongman
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - David McCracken
- Land Economy & Environment Research Group, SRUC: Scotland's Rural College, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW, United Kingdom.
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Atobe T, Osada Y, Takeda H, Kuroe M, Miyashita T. Habitat connectivity and resident shared predators determine the impact of invasive bullfrogs on native frogs in farm ponds. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132621. [PMID: 24827433 PMCID: PMC4046391 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat connectivity is considered to have an important role on the persistence of populations in the face of habitat fragmentation, in particular, for species with conservation concern. However, it can also impose indirect negative effects on native species through the spread of invasive species. Here, we investigated direct and indirect effects of habitat connectivity on populations of invasive bullfrogs and native wrinkled frogs and how these effects are modified by the presence of common carp, a resident shared predator, in a farm pond system in Japan. The distribution pattern analysis using a hierarchical Bayesian modelling indicated that bullfrogs had negative effects on wrinkled frogs, and that these negative effects were enhanced with increasing habitat connectivity owing to the metapopulation structure of bullfrogs. The analysis also suggested that common carp mitigated these impacts, presumably owing to a top-down trophic cascade through preferential predation on bullfrog tadpoles. These presumed interspecific interactions were supported by evidence from laboratory experiments, i.e. predation by carp was more intense on bullfrog tadpoles than on wrinkled frog tadpoles owing to the difference in refuge use. Our results indicate that metacommunity perspectives could provide useful insights for establishing effective management strategies of invasive species living in patchy habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Atobe
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osada
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Takeda
- Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Misako Kuroe
- Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Miyashita
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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73
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Azhar B, Puan CL, Zakaria M, Hassan N, Arif M. Effects of monoculture and polyculture practices in oil palm smallholdings on tropical farmland birds. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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74
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Michael DR, Wood JT, Crane M, Montague-Drake R, Lindenmayer DB. How effective are agri-environment schemes for protecting and improving herpetofaunal diversity in Australian endangered woodland ecosystems? J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian R. Michael
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wood
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | - Mason Crane
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | - Rebecca Montague-Drake
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra Australia
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75
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Mouysset L, Doyen L, Jiguet F. From population viability analysis to coviability of farmland biodiversity and agriculture. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:187-201. [PMID: 24405214 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Substantial declines in farmland biodiversity have been reported in Europe for several decades. Agricultural changes have been identified as a main driver of these declines. Although different agrienvironmental schemes have been implemented, their positive effect on biodiversity is relatively unknown. This raises the question as to how to reconcile farming production and biodiversity conservation to operationalize a sustainable and multifunctional agriculture. We devised a bioeconomic model and conducted an analysis based on coviability of farmland biodiversity and agriculture. The coviability approach extended population viability analyses by including bioeconomic risk. Our model coupled stochastic dynamics of both biodiversity and farming land-uses selected at the microlevel with public policies at the macrolevel on the basis of financial incentives (taxes or subsidies) for land uses. The coviability approach made it possible for us to evaluate bioeconomic risks of these public incentives through the probability of satisfying a mix of biodiversity and economic constraints over time. We calibrated the model and applied it to a community of 34 common birds in metropolitan France at the small agricultural regions scale. We identified different public policies and scenarios with tolerable (0-0%) agroecological risk and modeled their outcomes up to 2050. Budgetary, economic, and ecological (based on Farmland Bird Index) constraints were essential to understanding the set of viable public policies. Our results suggest that some combinations of taxes on cereals and subsidies on grasslands could be relevant to develop a multifunctional agriculture. Moreover, the flexibility and multicriteria viewpoint underlying the coviability approach may help in the implementation of adaptive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mouysset
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver Street, Cambridge, CB3 9EP, United Kingdom; AgroParisTech, Economie publique, UMR 0210 INRA-AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, Paris Cedex, 75005, France.
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76
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Chappell MJ, Wittman H, Bacon CM, Ferguson BG, Barrios LG, Barrios RG, Jaffee D, Lima J, Méndez VE, Morales H, Soto-Pinto L, Vandermeer J, Perfecto I. Food sovereignty: an alternative paradigm for poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation in Latin America. F1000Res 2013; 2:235. [PMID: 24555109 PMCID: PMC3869480 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-235.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong feedback between global biodiversity loss and persistent, extreme rural poverty are major challenges in the face of concurrent food, energy, and environmental crises. This paper examines the role of industrial agricultural intensification and market integration as exogenous socio-ecological drivers of biodiversity loss and poverty traps in Latin America. We then analyze the potential of a food sovereignty framework, based on protecting the viability of a diverse agroecological matrix while supporting rural livelihoods and global food production. We review several successful examples of this approach, including ecological land reform in Brazil, agroforestry, milpa, and the uses of wild varieties in smallholder systems in Mexico and Central America. We highlight emergent research directions that will be necessary to assess the potential of the food sovereignty model to promote both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jahi Chappell
- Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN, 55404, USA ; School of the Environment and The Center for Social and Environmental Justice, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, 14204, USA
| | - Hannah Wittman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems and Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher M Bacon
- Environmental Studies Institute, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95050-4901, USA
| | - Bruce G Ferguson
- Departmento de Agroecología, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, Chiapas, CP 29290, Mexico
| | - Luis García Barrios
- Departmento de Agroecología, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, Chiapas, CP 29290, Mexico
| | - Raúl García Barrios
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, CP 62210, Mexico
| | - Daniel Jaffee
- Department of Sociology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Jefferson Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Nazaré Paulista, Brazil
| | - V Ernesto Méndez
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Helda Morales
- Departmento de Agroecología, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, Chiapas, CP 29290, Mexico
| | - Lorena Soto-Pinto
- Departmento de Agroecología, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, Chiapas, CP 29290, Mexico
| | - John Vandermeer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ivette Perfecto
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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77
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Mulligan MP, Schooley RL, Ward MP. Effects of Connectivity and Regional Dynamics on Restoration of Small Mammal Communities in Midwestern Grasslands. Restor Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Mulligan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801 U.S.A
| | - Robert L. Schooley
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801 U.S.A
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801 U.S.A
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78
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Lin BB, Macfadyen S, Renwick AR, Cunningham SA, Schellhorn NA. Maximizing the Environmental Benefits of Carbon Farming through Ecosystem Service Delivery. Bioscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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79
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Driscoll DA, Banks SC, Barton PS, Lindenmayer DB, Smith AL. Conceptual domain of the matrix in fragmented landscapes. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:605-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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80
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Lentini PE, Gibbons P, Carwardine J, Fischer J, Drielsma M, Martin TG. Effect of planning for connectivity on linear reserve networks. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2013; 27:796-807. [PMID: 23647073 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the concept of connectivity is decades old, it remains poorly understood and defined, and some argue that habitat quality and area should take precedence in conservation planning instead. However, fragmented landscapes are often characterized by linear features that are inherently connected, such as streams and hedgerows. For these, both representation and connectivity targets may be met with little effect on the cost, area, or quality of the reserve network. We assessed how connectivity approaches affect planning outcomes for linear habitat networks by using the stock-route network of Australia as a case study. With the objective of representing vegetation communities across the network at a minimal cost, we ran scenarios with a range of representation targets (10%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) and used 3 approaches to account for connectivity (boundary length modifier, Euclidean distance, and landscape-value [LV]). We found that decisions regarding the target and connectivity approach used affected the spatial allocation of reserve systems. At targets ≥50%, networks designed with the Euclidean distance and LV approaches consisted of a greater number of small reserves. Hence, by maximizing both representation and connectivity, these networks compromised on larger contiguous areas. However, targets this high are rarely used in real-world conservation planning. Approaches for incorporating connectivity into the planning of linear reserve networks that account for both the spatial arrangement of reserves and the characteristics of the intervening matrix highlight important sections that link the landscape and that may otherwise be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia E Lentini
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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81
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Dorresteijn I, Hartel T, Hanspach J, von Wehrden H, Fischer J. The Conservation Value of Traditional Rural Landscapes: The Case of Woodpeckers in Transylvania, Romania. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65236. [PMID: 23840322 PMCID: PMC3686800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Land use change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Forest species face the dual threats of deforestation and intensification of forest management. In regions where forests are under threat, rural landscapes that retain structural components of mature forests potentially provide valuable additional habitat for some forest species. Here, we illustrate the habitat value of traditional wood pastures for a woodpecker assemblage of six species in southern Transylvania, Romania. Wood pastures are created by long-term stable silvo-pastoral management practices, and are composed of open grassland with scattered large, old trees. Because of their demanding habitat requirements, woodpeckers share habitat with many other bird species, and have been considered as possible indicator species for bird species diversity. We first compared woodpecker assemblages between forests and wood pastures. Second, we grouped features of wood pastures into three spatial contexts and addressed how these features related to the occurrence of three woodpecker species that are formally protected. Woodpecker species composition, but not the number of species, differed between forests and wood pastures, with the green woodpecker occurring more commonly in wood pastures, and the lesser spotted woodpecker more commonly in forests. Within wood pastures, the intermediate context (especially surrounding forest cover) best explained the presence of the grey-headed and middle spotted woodpecker. By contrast, variables describing local vegetation structure and characteristics of the surrounding landscape did not affect woodpecker occurrence in wood pastures. In contrast to many other parts of Europe, in which several species of woodpeckers have declined, the traditional rural landscape of Transylvania continues to provide habitat for several woodpecker species, both in forests and wood pastures. Given the apparent habitat value of wood pastures for woodpeckers we recommend wood pastures be explicitly considered in relevant policies of the European Union, namely the Habitats Directive and the EU Common Agricultural Policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Dorresteijn
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tibor Hartel
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Sapientia University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jan Hanspach
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Henrik von Wehrden
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
- Center for Methods, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Joern Fischer
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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82
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda B. Lin
- CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship and CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research PMB 1 107‐121 Station Street Aspendale Vic. 3195 Australia
| | - Richard A. Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
- CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship and CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences 41 Boggo Road Dutton Park Qld 4102 Australia
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83
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84
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Smart J, Bolton M, Hunter F, Quayle H, Thomas G, Gregory RD. Managing uplands for biodiversity: Do agri-environment schemes deliver benefits for breeding lapwingVanellus vanellus? J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Smart
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; UK Headquarters; The Lodge; Sandy; Bedfordshire; SG19 2DL; UK
| | - Mark Bolton
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; UK Headquarters; The Lodge; Sandy; Bedfordshire; SG19 2DL; UK
| | - Fiona Hunter
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; UK Headquarters; The Lodge; Sandy; Bedfordshire; SG19 2DL; UK
| | - Helen Quayle
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; 1 Sirius House; Amethyst Road; Newcastle Business Park; Newcastle upon Tyne; NE4 7YL; UK
| | - Gavin Thomas
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; 7·3·1 Cameron House; White Cross Estate; Lancaster; LA1 4XF; UK
| | - Richard D. Gregory
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; UK Headquarters; The Lodge; Sandy; Bedfordshire; SG19 2DL; UK
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85
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Baker NJ, Bancroft BA, Garcia TS. A meta-analysis of the effects of pesticides and fertilizers on survival and growth of amphibians. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 449:150-156. [PMID: 23422494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The input of agrochemicals has contributed to alteration of community composition in managed and associated natural systems, including amphibian biodiversity. Pesticides and fertilizers negatively affect many amphibian species and can cause mortality and sublethal effects, such as reduced growth and increased susceptibility to disease. However, the effect of pesticides and fertilizers varies among amphibian species. We used meta-analytic techniques to quantify the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides and fertilizers on amphibians in an effort to review the published work to date and produce generalized conclusions. We found that pesticides and fertilizers had a negative effect on survival of -0.9027 and growth of -0.0737 across all reported amphibian species. We also observed differences between chemical classes in their impact on amphibians: inorganic fertilizers, organophosphates, chloropyridinyl, phosphonoglycines, carbamates, and triazines negatively affected amphibian survival, while organophosphates and phosphonoglycines negatively affected amphibian growth. Our results suggest that pesticides and fertilizers are an important stressor for amphibians in agriculturally dominated systems. Furthermore, certain chemical classes are more likely to harm amphibians. Best management practices in agroecosystems should incorporate amphibian species-specific response to agrochemicals as well as life stage dependent susceptibility to best conserve amphibian biodiversity in these landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Baker
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3803, USA.
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86
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Aavik T, Holderegger R, Edwards PJ, Billeter R. Patterns of contemporary gene flow suggest low functional connectivity of grasslands in a fragmented agricultural landscape. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsipe Aavik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Lai 40 Tartu 51005 Estonia
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Universitätstrasse 16 Zürich CH-8092 Switzerland
| | - Rolf Holderegger
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Universitätstrasse 16 Zürich CH-8092 Switzerland
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute; Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf CH-8903 Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Universitätstrasse 16 Zürich CH-8092 Switzerland
| | - Regula Billeter
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Universitätstrasse 16 Zürich CH-8092 Switzerland
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87
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Frey-Ehrenbold A, Bontadina F, Arlettaz R, Obrist MK. Landscape connectivity, habitat structure and activity of bat guilds in farmland-dominated matrices. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raphaël Arlettaz
- Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; CH-3012; Bern; Switzerland
| | - Martin K. Obrist
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL; CH-8903; Birmensdorf; Switzerland
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88
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Cottee-Jones HEW. Restoration of tree lines in an agricultural landscape: their effectiveness as a conservation management tool. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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89
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90
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Petersen MJ. Evidence of a climatic niche shift following North American introductions of two crane flies (Diptera; genus Tipula). Biol Invasions 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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91
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Cooper JK, Li J, Montagnes DJS. Intermediate fragmentationper seprovides stable predator-prey metapopulation dynamics. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:856-63. [PMID: 22639876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Cooper
- Institute of Integrative Biology; University of Liverpool; Liverpool; L69 7ZB; UK
| | - Jiqiu Li
- College of Life Science; South China Normal University; Guangzhou; 510631; China
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92
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Concepción ED, Díaz M, Kleijn D, Báldi A, Batáry P, Clough Y, Gabriel D, Herzog F, Holzschuh A, Knop E, Marshall EJP, Tscharntke T, Verhulst J. Interactive effects of landscape context constrain the effectiveness of local agri-environmental management. J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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93
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McCracken DI, Cole LJ, Harrison W, Robertson D. Improving the farmland biodiversity value of riparian buffer strips: conflicts and compromises. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2012; 41:355-363. [PMID: 22370397 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The intensity of management of lowland grassland fields in the United Kingdom, coupled with the fact that such grasslands dominate much of the lowland landscape, means that there are now few opportunities for many plants, invertebrates, birds, or mammals to survive. The Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) has investigated whether fencing off the margins of such fields next to watercourses to control diffuse pollution has any positive impacts on biodiversity, based on assessments of vegetation composition and condition and structure of assemblages of invertebrates of importance as foodstuffs to farmland birds. Fencing watercourses increased the abundance of key groups of invertebrates. However, the invertebrate species diversity was not increased unless the margins were ≥ 5.4 m in width. Margins established in the study area to prevent access by livestock to watercourses or to enhance biodiversity are generally ≤ 2.6 m wide and are therefore unlikely to provide conditions for additional invertebrate species to use. The dense, tall swards within such margins are also unlikely to provide foraging opportunities for farmland birds. Management (such as low-intensity grazing by livestock in the margins) is essential to provide the conditions required for these groups, but this could conflict with the diffuse pollution mitigation aims. A compromise is proposed whereby limited autumn/winter grazing by livestock could be used to open the vegetation structure in the margins. Grazing by livestock at that time may be acceptable since it is not occurring in the period of main diffuse pollution concern (i.e., the fecal contamination of watercourses and bathing waters in the spring and summer). It is also essential that a landscape-scale approach is taken, driven by knowledge of the full needs of the species concerned, when deciding where best to target agri-environmental actions aimed at farmland bird conservation.
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94
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Lawson CR, Bennie JJ, Thomas CD, Hodgson JA, Wilson RJ. Local and landscape management of an expanding range margin under climate change. J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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95
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Perry JN, Devos Y, Arpaia S, Bartsch D, Ehlert C, Gathmann A, Hails RS, Hendriksen NB, Kiss J, Messéan A, Mestdagh S, Neemann G, Nuti M, Sweet JB, Tebbe CC. Estimating the effects of Cry1F Bt-maize pollen on non-target Lepidoptera using a mathematical model of exposure. J Appl Ecol 2011; 49:29-37. [PMID: 22496596 PMCID: PMC3321227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In farmland biodiversity, a potential risk to the larvae of non-target Lepidoptera from genetically modified (GM) Bt-maize expressing insecticidal Cry1 proteins is the ingestion of harmful amounts of pollen deposited on their host plants. A previous mathematical model of exposure quantified this risk for Cry1Ab protein. We extend this model to quantify the risk for sensitive species exposed to pollen containing Cry1F protein from maize event 1507 and to provide recommendations for management to mitigate this risk.A 14-parameter mathematical model integrating small- and large-scale exposure was used to estimate the larval mortality of hypothetical species with a range of sensitivities, and under a range of simulated mitigation measures consisting of non-Bt maize strips of different widths placed around the field edge.The greatest source of variability in estimated mortality was species sensitivity. Before allowance for effects of large-scale exposure, with moderate within-crop host-plant density and with no mitigation, estimated mortality locally was <10% for species of average sensitivity. For the worst-case extreme sensitivity considered, estimated mortality locally was 99·6% with no mitigation, although this estimate was reduced to below 40% with mitigation of 24-m-wide strips of non-Bt maize. For highly sensitive species, a 12-m-wide strip reduced estimated local mortality under 1·5%, when within-crop host-plant density was zero. Allowance for large-scale exposure effects would reduce these estimates of local mortality by a highly variable amount, but typically of the order of 50-fold.Mitigation efficacy depended critically on assumed within-crop host-plant density; if this could be assumed negligible, then the estimated effect of mitigation would reduce local mortality below 1% even for very highly sensitive species.Synthesis and applications. Mitigation measures of risks of Bt-maize to sensitive larvae of non-target lepidopteran species can be effective, but depend on host-plant densities which are in turn affected by weed-management regimes. We discuss the relevance for management of maize events where cry1F is combined (stacked) with a herbicide-tolerance trait. This exemplifies how interactions between biota may occur when different traits are stacked irrespective of interactions between the proteins themselves and highlights the importance of accounting for crop management in the assessment of the ecological impact of GM plants.
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Taki H, Yamaura Y, Okabe K, Maeto K. Plantation vs. natural forest: matrix quality determines pollinator abundance in crop fields. Sci Rep 2011; 1:132. [PMID: 22355649 PMCID: PMC3216613 DOI: 10.1038/srep00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial ecosystems, ecological processes and patterns within focal patches frequently depend on their matrix. Crop fields (focal patches) are often surrounded by a mosaic of other land-use types (matrix), which may act as habitats for organisms and differ in terms of the immigration activities of organisms to the fields. We examined whether matrix quality affects wild pollinator abundance in crop fields, given that the species (Apis cerana) generally nest in the cavities of natural trees. We examined fields of a pollination-dependent crop surrounded by plantations and natural forests, which comprised the matrix. Our analysis revealed a clear positive effect of the natural forest on the pollinator abundance, but the plantation forest had little effects. These indicate that agricultural patches are influenced by their matrix quality and the resulting crop pollinator abundance, suggesting the importance of matrix management initiatives such as forest restoration surrounding agricultural fields to improve crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatomo Taki
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
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Alanen EL, Hyvönen T, Lindgren S, Härmä O, Kuussaari M. Differential responses of bumblebees and diurnal Lepidoptera to vegetation succession in long-term set-aside. J Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Magoba RN, Samways MJ. Comparative footprint of alien, agricultural and restored vegetation on surface-active arthropods. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-9994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hole DG, Huntley B, Arinaitwe J, Butchart SHM, Collingham YC, Fishpool LDC, Pain DJ, Willis SG. Toward a management framework for networks of protected areas in the face of climate change. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:305-315. [PMID: 21284728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Networks of sites of high importance for conservation of biological diversity are a cornerstone of current conservation strategies but are fixed in space and time. As climate change progresses, substantial shifts in species' ranges may transform the ecological community that can be supported at a given site. Thus, some species in an existing network may not be protected in the future or may be protected only if they can move to sites that in future provide suitable conditions. We developed an approach to determine appropriate climate-change adaptation strategies for individual sites within a network that was based on projections of future changes in the relative proportions of emigrants (species for which a site becomes climatically unsuitable), colonists (species for which a site becomes climatically suitable), and persistent species (species able to remain within a site despite the climatic change). Our approach also identifies key regions where additions to a network could enhance its future effectiveness. Using the sub-Saharan African Important Bird Area (IBA) network as a case study, we found that appropriate conservation strategies for individual sites varied widely across sub-Saharan Africa, and key regions where new sites could help increase network robustness varied in space and time. Although these results highlight the potential difficulties within any planning framework that seeks to address climate-change adaptation needs, they demonstrate that such planning frameworks are necessary, if current conservation strategies are to be adapted effectively, and feasible, if applied judiciously.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Hole
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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