51
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Torres I, Parra A, Moreno JM, Durka W. No genetic adaptation of the Mediterranean keystone shrub Cistus ladanifer in response to experimental fire and extreme drought. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199119. [PMID: 29924833 PMCID: PMC6010289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mediterranean ecosystems, climate change is projected to increase fire danger and summer drought, thus reducing post-fire recruitment of obligate seeder species, and possibly affecting the population genetic structure. We performed a genome-wide genetic marker study, using AFLP markers, on individuals from one Central Spain population of the obligate post-fire seeder Cistus ladanifer L. that established after experimental fire and survived during four subsequent years under simulated drought implemented with a rainout shelter system. We explored the effects of the treatments on marker diversity, spatial genetic structure and presence of outlier loci suggestive of selection. We found no effect of fire or drought on any of the genetic diversity metrics. Analysis of Molecular Variance showed very low genetic differentiation among treatments. Neither fire nor drought altered the small-scale spatial genetic structure of the population. Only one locus was significantly associated with the fire treatment, but inconsistently across outlier detection methods. Neither fire nor drought are likely to affect the genetic makeup of emerging C. ladanifer, despite reduced recruitment caused by drought. The lack of genetic change suggests that reduced recruitment is a random, non-selective process with no genome-wide consequences on this keystone, drought- and fire tolerant Mediterranean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Torres
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Toledo, Spain
| | - Antonio Parra
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Toledo, Spain
| | - José M. Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Toledo, Spain
| | - Walter Durka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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52
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Padró J, Lambertucci SA, Perrig PL, Pauli JN. Evidence of genetic structure in a wide-ranging and highly mobile soaring scavenger, the Andean condor. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Padró
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación; Laboratorio Ecotono; INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET); Bariloche Argentina
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; USA
| | - Sergio A. Lambertucci
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación; Laboratorio Ecotono; INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET); Bariloche Argentina
| | - Paula L. Perrig
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; USA
| | - Jonathan N. Pauli
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; USA
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53
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Population genetic patterns in an irruptive species, the long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta). CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-1044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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54
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Ferreira da Silva MJ, Kopp GH, Casanova C, Godinho R, Minhós T, Sá R, Zinner D, Bruford MW. Disrupted dispersal and its genetic consequences: Comparing protected and threatened baboon populations (Papio papio) in West Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194189. [PMID: 29614097 PMCID: PMC5882123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is a demographic process that can potentially counterbalance the negative impacts of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. However, mechanisms of dispersal may become modified in populations living in human-dominated habitats. Here, we investigated dispersal in Guinea baboons (Papio papio) in areas with contrasting levels of anthropogenic fragmentation, as a case study. Using molecular data, we compared the direction and extent of sex-biased gene flow in two baboon populations: from Guinea-Bissau (GB, fragmented distribution, human-dominated habitat) and Senegal (SEN, continuous distribution, protected area). Individual-based Bayesian clustering, spatial autocorrelation, assignment tests and migrant identification suggested female-mediated gene flow at a large spatial scale for GB with evidence of contact between genetically differentiated males at one locality, which could be interpreted as male-mediated gene flow in southern GB. Gene flow was also found to be female-biased in SEN for a smaller scale. However, in the southwest coastal part of GB, at the same geographic scale as SEN, no sex-biased dispersal was detected and a modest or recent restriction in GB female dispersal seems to have occurred. This population-specific variation in dispersal is attributed to behavioural responses to human activity in GB. Our study highlights the importance of considering the genetic consequences of disrupted dispersal patterns as an additional impact of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and is potentially relevant to the conservation of many species inhabiting human-dominated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joana Ferreira da Silva
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- CAPP, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lisbon, Rua Almerindo Lessa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Gisela H. Kopp
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Catarina Casanova
- CAPP, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lisbon, Rua Almerindo Lessa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Godinho
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Tânia Minhós
- Departamento de Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- IGC, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui Sá
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Lusófona da Guiné, Rua Vitorino Costa, Bissau, Guiné-Bissau
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Universidade de Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael W. Bruford
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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55
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Kristensen TV, Puckett EE, Landguth EL, Belant JL, Hast JT, Carpenter C, Sajecki JL, Beringer J, Means M, Cox JJ, Eggert LS, White D, Smith KG. Spatial genetic structure in American black bears (Ursus americanus): female philopatry is variable and related to population history. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 120:329-341. [PMID: 29234157 PMCID: PMC5842220 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, American black bears (Ursus americanus) were thought to follow the pattern of female philopatry and male-biased dispersal. However, recent studies have identified deviations from this pattern. Such flexibility in dispersal patterns can allow individuals greater ability to acclimate to changing environments. We explored dispersal and spatial genetic relatedness patterns across ten black bear populations-including long established (historic), with known reproduction >50 years ago, and newly established (recent) populations, with reproduction recorded <50 years ago-in the Interior Highlands and Southern Appalachian Mountains, United States. We used spatially explicit, individual-based genetic simulations to model gene flow under scenarios with varying levels of population density, genetic diversity, and female philopatry. Using measures of genetic distance and spatial autocorrelation, we compared metrics between sexes, between population types (historic and recent), and among simulated scenarios which varied in density, genetic diversity, and sex-biased philopatry. In empirical populations, females in recent populations exhibited stronger patterns of isolation-by-distance (IBD) than females and males in historic populations. In simulated populations, low-density populations had a stronger indication of IBD than medium- to high-density populations; however, this effect varied in empirical populations. Condition-dependent dispersal strategies may permit species to cope with novel conditions and rapidly expand populations. Pattern-process modeling can provide qualitative and quantitative means to explore variable dispersal patterns, and could be employed in other species, particularly to anticipate range shifts in response to changing climate and habitat conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea V Kristensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
- Biology Department, Amherst College, P.O. Box 5000, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA.
| | - Emily E Puckett
- Division of Biological Sciences, Tucker Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Louis Calder Center-Biological Field Station, Fordham University, Armonk, NY, 10504, USA
| | - Erin L Landguth
- Computational Ecology Laboratory, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jerrold L Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - John T Hast
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Colin Carpenter
- West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Beckley, WV, USA
| | - Jaime L Sajecki
- Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Forest, VA, USA
| | - Jeff Beringer
- Missouri Department of Conservation, Resource Science Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Myron Means
- Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Fort Smith, AR, USA
| | - John J Cox
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Lori S Eggert
- Division of Biological Sciences, Tucker Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Don White
- University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas-Monticello, Monticello, AR, USA
| | - Kimberly G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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56
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Smith JR, Ghazoul J, Burslem DFRP, Itoh A, Khoo E, Lee SL, Maycock CR, Nanami S, Ng KKS, Kettle CJ. Are patterns of fine-scale spatial genetic structure consistent between sites within tropical tree species? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193501. [PMID: 29547644 PMCID: PMC5856272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Documenting the scale and intensity of fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS), and the processes that shape it, is relevant to the sustainable management of genetic resources in timber tree species, particularly where logging or fragmentation might disrupt gene flow. In this study we assessed patterns of FSGS in three species of Dipterocarpaceae (Parashorea tomentella, Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia) across four different tropical rain forests in Malaysia using nuclear microsatellite markers. Topographic heterogeneity varied across the sites. We hypothesised that forests with high topographic heterogeneity would display increased FSGS among the adult populations driven by habitat associations. This hypothesis was not supported for S. leprosula and S. parvifolia which displayed little variation in the intensity and scale of FSGS between sites despite substantial variation in topographic heterogeneity. Conversely, the intensity of FSGS for P. tomentella was greater at a more topographically heterogeneous than a homogeneous site, and a significant difference in the overall pattern of FSGS was detected between sites for this species. These results suggest that local patterns of FSGS may in some species be shaped by habitat heterogeneity in addition to limited gene flow by pollen and seed dispersal. Site factors can therefore contribute to the development of FSGS. Confirming consistency in species’ FSGS amongst sites is an important step in managing timber tree genetic diversity as it provides confidence that species specific management recommendations based on species reproductive traits can be applied across a species’ range. Forest managers should take into account the interaction between reproductive traits and site characteristics, its consequences for maintaining forest genetic resources and how this might influence natural regeneration across species if management is to be sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Smith
- Institute for Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Institute for Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Akira Itoh
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eyen Khoo
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Soon Leong Lee
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Colin R. Maycock
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Satoshi Nanami
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Chris J. Kettle
- Institute for Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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57
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Stojanovic D, Olah G, Webb M, Peakall R, Heinsohn R. Genetic evidence confirms severe extinction risk for critically endangered swift parrots: implications for conservation management. Anim Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Stojanovic
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - G. Olah
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - M. Webb
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - R. Peakall
- Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - R. Heinsohn
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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58
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McLean AL, Cooper SJB, Lancaster ML, Gaikhorst G, Lambert C, Moseby K, Read J, Ward M, Carthew SM. Small marsupial, big dispersal? Broad- and fine-scale genetic structure of an endangered marsupial from the Australian arid zone. AUST J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/zo18054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The irregular nature of rainfall in the Australian arid and semiarid zones results in a heterogeneous distribution of resources in both time and space. The mammal species that reside in these regions are uniquely adapted to these climatic conditions, often occurring in naturally low densities and increasing significantly in numbers following major rainfall events. We investigated how these adaptations may influence genetic diversity and gene flow across the landscape in an endangered semiarid/arid-zone marsupial, the sandhill dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila), from three known populations in southern Australia. Analyses of mitochondrial control region (CR) sequences and microsatellite loci revealed that S. psammophila had maintained similar levels of genetic diversity to other sympatric Sminthopsis species despite its endangered status. There was no evidence for significant phylogeographic structure within the species, but each population was genetically differentiated, based on the frequency of microsatellite alleles and CR haplotypes, suggesting that they should be considered as distinct Management Units for conservation. At a fine spatial scale, no significant genetic structure or sex-biased dispersal was detected within a study site of 240km2. These findings suggest that both sexes are highly mobile, which allows individuals to locate localised resource patches when they become available. We detected evidence of a genetic bottleneck within the population, possibly caused by a recent drought. Our study highlights the importance of maintaining connectivity across the landscape for semiarid- and arid-zone species to enable them to track resource pulses and maintain genetic diversity.
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59
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Nemesházi E, Szabó K, Horváth Z, Kövér S. Genetic structure confirms female-biased natal dispersal in the White-tailed Eagle population of the Carpathian Basin. ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2018. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.64.3.243.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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60
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Grant AH, Liebgold EB. Color-Biased Dispersal Inferred by Fine-Scale Genetic Spatial Autocorrelation in a Color Polymorphic Salamander. J Hered 2017; 108:588-593. [PMID: 28459986 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral traits can be influenced by predation rates of color morphs, potentially leading to reduced boldness or increased escape behaviors in one color morph. The red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, is a small terrestrial salamander whose color morphs have different diets and select different microhabitats, but little is known about potential differences in dispersal behaviors. We used fine-scale genetic spatial autocorrelation to examine 122 P. cinereus in a color-polymorphic population at 10 microsatellite loci in order to generate estimates of spatial genetic structure for each color morph. Differences in spatial genetic structure have been used extensively to infer within-population sex-biased dispersal but have never been used to test for dispersal differences between other groups within populations such as color morphs. We found evidence for color-biased dispersal, but not sex-biased dispersal. Striped salamanders had significant positive genetic structure in the shortest distance classes indicating philopatry. In contrast, unstriped salamanders showed a lack of spatial genetic structure at shorter distances and higher than expected genetic similarity at further distances, as expected if they are dispersing from their natal site. These results show that genetic methods typically used for sex-biased dispersal can be used to investigate differences in dispersal between morphs that vary discretely in polymorphic populations, such as color morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa H Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, 1101 Camden Avenue, Salisbury, MD 21801
| | - Eric B Liebgold
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, 1101 Camden Avenue, Salisbury, MD 21801
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61
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Graham BA, Heath DD, Mennill DJ. Dispersal influences genetic and acoustic spatial structure for both males and females in a tropical songbird. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10089-10102. [PMID: 29238539 PMCID: PMC5723598 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals exhibit diverse dispersal strategies, including sex‐biased dispersal, a phenomenon common in vertebrates. Dispersal influences the genetic structure of populations as well as geographic variation in phenotypic traits. Patterns of spatial genetic structure and geographic variation may vary between the sexes whenever males and females exhibit different dispersal behaviors. Here, we examine dispersal, spatial genetic structure, and spatial acoustic structure in Rufous‐and‐white Wrens, a year‐round resident tropical bird. Both sexes sing in this species, allowing us to compare acoustic variation between males and females and examine the relationship between dispersal and song sharing for both sexes. Using a long‐term dataset collected over an 11‐year period, we used banding data and molecular genetic analyses to quantify natal and breeding dispersal distance in Rufous‐and‐white Wrens. We quantified song sharing and examined whether sharing varied with dispersal distance, for both males and females. Observational data and molecular genetic analyses indicate that dispersal is female‐biased. Females dispersed farther from natal territories than males, and more often between breeding territories than males. Furthermore, females showed no significant spatial genetic structure, consistent with expectations, whereas males showed significant spatial genetic structure. Overall, natal dispersal appears to have more influence than breeding dispersal on spatial genetic structure and spatial acoustic structure, given that the majority of breeding dispersal events resulted in individuals moving only short distances. Song sharing between pairs of same‐sex animals decreases with the distance between their territories for both males and females, although males exhibited significantly greater song sharing than females. Lastly, we measured the relationship between natal dispersal distance and song sharing. We found that sons shared fewer songs with their fathers the farther they dispersed from their natal territories, but that song sharing between daughters and mothers was not significantly correlated with natal dispersal distance. Our results reveal cultural differences between the sexes, suggesting a relationship between culture and sex‐biased dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor ON Canada
| | - Daniel D Heath
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor ON Canada.,Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research University of Windsor Windsor ON Canada
| | - Daniel J Mennill
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor ON Canada
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62
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Combs M, Puckett EE, Richardson J, Mims D, Munshi‐South J. Spatial population genomics of the brown rat (
Rattus norvegicus
) in New York City. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:83-98. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Combs
- Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station Fordham University Armonk NY USA
| | - Emily E. Puckett
- Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station Fordham University Armonk NY USA
| | | | - Destiny Mims
- Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station Fordham University Armonk NY USA
| | - Jason Munshi‐South
- Louis Calder Center Biological Field Station Fordham University Armonk NY USA
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63
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Morgan EJ, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Edwards PJ, Fleischer-Dogley F, Kettle CJ. Keeping it in the family: strong fine-scale genetic structure and inbreeding in Lodoicea maldivica, the largest-seeded plant in the world. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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64
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Shaw RE, Banks SC, Peakall R. The impact of mating systems and dispersal on fine-scale genetic structure at maternally, paternally and biparentally inherited markers. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:66-82. [PMID: 29154412 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For decades, studies have focused on how dispersal and mating systems influence genetic structure across populations or social groups. However, we still lack a thorough understanding of how these processes and their interaction shape spatial genetic patterns over a finer scale (tens-hundreds of metres). Using uniparentally inherited markers may help answer these questions, yet their potential has not been fully explored. Here, we use individual-level simulations to investigate the effects of dispersal and mating system on fine-scale genetic structure at autosomal, mitochondrial and Y chromosome markers. Using genetic spatial autocorrelation analysis, we found that dispersal was the major driver of fine-scale genetic structure across maternally, paternally and biparentally inherited markers. However, when dispersal was restricted (mean distance = 100 m), variation in mating behaviour created strong differences in the comparative level of structure detected at maternally and paternally inherited markers. Promiscuity reduced spatial genetic structure at Y chromosome loci (relative to monogamy), whereas structure increased under polygyny. In contrast, mitochondrial and autosomal markers were robust to differences in the specific mating system, although genetic structure increased across all markers when reproductive success was skewed towards fewer individuals. Comparing males and females at Y chromosome vs. mitochondrial markers, respectively, revealed that some mating systems can generate similar patterns to those expected under sex-biased dispersal. This demonstrates the need for caution when inferring ecological and behavioural processes from genetic results. Comparing patterns between the sexes, across a range of marker types, may help us tease apart the processes shaping fine-scale genetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E Shaw
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sam C Banks
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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65
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Ismail SA, Duwe VK, Zippel E, Borsch T. Assessment of current genetic structure from local to geographic scales indicates brake down of historically extensive gene flow in the dry grassland speciesScabiosa canescensWaldst. & Kit. (Dipsacaceae). DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha A. Ismail
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Virginia K. Duwe
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Elke Zippel
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Borsch
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Institut für Biologie-Botanik; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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66
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Zhang L, Qu J, Li K, Li W, Yang M, Zhang Y. Genetic diversity and sex-bias dispersal of plateau pika in Tibetan plateau. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7708-7718. [PMID: 29043027 PMCID: PMC5632614 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is an important aspect in organism's life history which could influence the rate and outcome of evolution of organism. Plateau pika is the keystone species in community of grasslands in Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we combine genetic and field data to character the population genetic pattern and dispersal dynamics in plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). Totally, 1,352 individual samples were collected, and 10 microsatellite loci were analyzed. Results revealed that plateau pika possessed high genetic diversity and inbreeding coefficient in a fine-scale population. Dispersal distance is short and restricted in about 20 m. An effective sex-biased dispersal strategy is employed by plateau pika: males disperse in breeding period for mating while females do it after reproduction for offspring and resource. Inbreeding avoiding was shown as the common driving force of dispersal, together with the other two factors, environment and resource. In addition, natal dispersal is female biased. More detailed genetic analyzes are needed to confirm the role of inbreeding avoidance and resource competition as ultimate cause of dispersal patterns in plateau pika.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological GenomicsNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Jiapeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Wenjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological GenomicsNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
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67
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Hu Y, Nie Y, Wei W, Ma T, Van Horn R, Zheng X, Swaisgood RR, Zhou Z, Zhou W, Yan L, Zhang Z, Wei F. Inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance in wild giant pandas. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5793-5806. [PMID: 28792640 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding can have negative consequences on population and individual fitness, which could be counteracted by inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. However, the inbreeding risk and inbreeding avoidance mechanisms in endangered species are less studied. The giant panda, a solitary and threatened species, lives in many small populations and suffers from habitat fragmentation, which may aggravate the risk of inbreeding. Here, we performed long-term observations of reproductive behaviour, sampling of mother-cub pairs and large-scale genetic analyses on wild giant pandas. Moderate levels of inbreeding were found in 21.1% of mating pairs, 9.1% of parent pairs and 7.7% of panda cubs, but no high-level inbreeding occurred. More significant levels of inbreeding may be avoided passively by female-biased natal dispersal rather than by breeding dispersal or active relatedness-based mate choice mechanisms. The level of inbreeding in giant pandas is greater than expected for a solitary mammal and thus warrants concern for potential inbreeding depression, particularly in small populations isolated by continuing habitat fragmentation, which will reduce female dispersal and increase the risk of inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonggang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Russell Van Horn
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ronald R Swaisgood
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenliang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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68
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Botero-Delgadillo E, Quirici V, Poblete Y, Cuevas É, Kuhn S, Girg A, Teltscher K, Poulin E, Kempenaers B, Vásquez RA. Variation in fine-scale genetic structure and local dispersal patterns between peripheral populations of a South American passerine bird. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8363-8378. [PMID: 29075455 PMCID: PMC5648682 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of suitable habitat influences natal and breeding dispersal at small spatial scales, resulting in strong microgeographic genetic structure. Although environmental variation can promote interpopulation differences in dispersal behavior and local spatial patterns, the effects of distinct ecological conditions on within‐species variation in dispersal strategies and in fine‐scale genetic structure remain poorly understood. We studied local dispersal and fine‐scale genetic structure in the thorn‐tailed rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda), a South American bird that breeds along a wide latitudinal gradient. We combine capture‐mark‐recapture data from eight breeding seasons and molecular genetics to compare two peripheral populations with contrasting environments in Chile: Navarino Island, a continuous and low density habitat, and Fray Jorge National Park, a fragmented, densely populated and more stressful environment. Natal dispersal showed no sex bias in Navarino but was female‐biased in the more dense population in Fray Jorge. In the latter, male movements were restricted, and some birds seemed to skip breeding in their first year, suggesting habitat saturation. Breeding dispersal was limited in both populations, with males being more philopatric than females. Spatial genetic autocorrelation analyzes using 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci confirmed the observed dispersal patterns: a fine‐scale genetic structure was only detectable for males in Fray Jorge for distances up to 450 m. Furthermore, two‐dimensional autocorrelation analyzes and estimates of genetic relatedness indicated that related males tended to be spatially clustered in this population. Our study shows evidence for context‐dependent variation in natal dispersal and corresponding local genetic structure in peripheral populations of this bird. It seems likely that the costs of dispersal are higher in the fragmented and higher density environment in Fray Jorge, particularly for males. The observed differences in microgeographic genetic structure for rayaditos might reflect the genetic consequences of population‐specific responses to contrasting environmental pressures near the range limits of its distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Botero-Delgadillo
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile.,SELVA: Research for conservation in the Neotropics Bogotá Colombia
| | - Verónica Quirici
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago Chile.,Centro de Investigación Para la Sustentabilidad Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Yanina Poblete
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad de las Américas Santiago Chile
| | - Élfego Cuevas
- Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Sylvia Kuhn
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics Max Plank Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany
| | - Alexander Girg
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics Max Plank Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany
| | - Kim Teltscher
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics Max Plank Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics Max Plank Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany
| | - Rodrigo A Vásquez
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
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69
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Kierepka EM, Kilgo JC, Rhodes OE. Effect of compensatory immigration on the genetic structure of coyotes. J Wildl Manage 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John C. Kilgo
- USDA Forest ServiceSouthern Research StationP.O. Box 700New EllentonSC29809USA
| | - Olin E. Rhodes
- University of GeorgiaSavannah River Ecology LaboratoryAikenSC29802USA
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70
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Schregel J, Kopatz A, Eiken HG, Swenson JE, Hagen SB. Sex-specific genetic analysis indicates low correlation between demographic and genetic connectivity in the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180701. [PMID: 28672045 PMCID: PMC5495496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree of gene flow within and among populations, i.e. genetic population connectivity, may closely track demographic population connectivity. Alternatively, the rate of gene flow may change relative to the rate of dispersal. In this study, we explored the relationship between genetic and demographic population connectivity using the Scandinavian brown bear as model species, due to its pronounced male dispersal and female philopatry. Thus, we expected that females would shape genetic structure locally, whereas males would act as genetic mediators among regions. To test this, we used eight validated microsatellite markers on 1531 individuals sampled noninvasively during country-wide genetic population monitoring in Sweden and Norway from 2006 to 2013. First, we determined sex-specific genetic structure and substructure across the study area. Second, we compared genetic differentiation, migration/gene flow patterns, and spatial autocorrelation results between the sexes both within and among genetic clusters and geographic regions. Our results indicated that demographic connectivity was not a reliable indicator of genetic connectivity. Among regions, we found no consistent difference in long-term gene flow and estimated current migration rates between males and females. Within regions/genetic clusters, only females consistently displayed significant positive spatial autocorrelation, indicating male-biased small-scale dispersal. In one cluster, however, males showed a dispersal pattern similar to females. The Scandinavian brown bear population has experienced substantial recovery over the last decades; however, our results did not show any changes in its large-scale population structure compared to previous studies, suggesting that an increase in population size and dispersal of individuals does not necessary lead to increased genetic connectivity. Thus, we conclude that both genetic and demographic connectivity should be estimated, so as not to make false assumptions about the reality of wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schregel
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO - Svanhovd, Svanvik, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Ǻs, Norway
- * E-mail: (JS); (SBH)
| | - Alexander Kopatz
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO - Svanhovd, Svanvik, Norway
| | - Hans Geir Eiken
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO - Svanhovd, Svanvik, Norway
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Ǻs, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Snorre B. Hagen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO - Svanhovd, Svanvik, Norway
- * E-mail: (JS); (SBH)
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71
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Pedersen SH, Ferchaud AL, Bertelsen MS, Bekkevold D, Hansen MM. Low genetic and phenotypic divergence in a contact zone between freshwater and marine sticklebacks: gene flow constrains adaptation. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:130. [PMID: 28587593 PMCID: PMC5461706 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct hybrid zones and phenotypic and genomic divergence is often observed between marine and freshwater threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Nevertheless, cases also exist where marine-freshwater divergence is diffuse despite seemingly similar environmental settings. In order to assess what characterizes these highly different outcomes, we focused on the latter kind of system in the Odder River, Denmark. Here, a previous study based on RAD (Restriction site Associated DNA) sequencing found non-significant genome-wide differentiation between marine and freshwater sticklebacks. In the present study, we analyzed samples on a finer geographical scale. We assessed if the system should be regarded as panmictic, or if fine-scale genetic structure and local selection was present but dominated by strong migration. We also asked if specific population components, that is the two sexes and different lateral plate morphs, contributed disproportionally more to dispersal. RESULTS We assessed variation at 96 SNPs and the Eda gene that affects lateral plate number, conducted molecular sex identification, and analyzed morphological traits. Genetic differentiation estimated by FST was non-significant throughout the system. Nevertheless, spatial autocorrelation analysis suggested fine scale genetic structure with a genetic patch size of 770 m. There was no evidence for sex-biased dispersal, but full-plated individuals showed higher dispersal than low- and partial-plated individuals. The system was dominated by full-plated morphs characteristic of marine sticklebacks, but in the upstream part of the river body shape and frequency of low-plated morphs changed in the direction expected for freshwater sticklebacks. Five markers including Eda were under possible diversifying selection. However, only subtle clinal patterns were observed for traits and markers. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that gene flow from marine sticklebacks overwhelms adaptation to freshwater conditions, but the short genetic patch size means that the effect of gene flow on the most upstream region must be indirect and occurs over generations. The occurrence of both weak unimodal and strong bimodal hybrid zones within the same species is striking. We suggest environmental and demographic factors that could determine these outcomes, but also highlight the possibility that long-term population history and the presence or absence of genomic incompatibilities could be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Holst Pedersen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Laure Ferchaud
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Present address: Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mia S Bertelsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dorte Bekkevold
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Michael M Hansen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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72
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Tucker JM, Allendorf FW, Truex RL, Schwartz MK. Sex‐biased dispersal and spatial heterogeneity affect landscape resistance to gene flow in fisher. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jody M. Tucker
- Sequoia National Forest U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region 1839 S. Newcomb Street Porterville California 93257 USA
| | - Fred W. Allendorf
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Richard L. Truex
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region 1617 Cole Boulevard Lakewood Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana 59801 USA
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73
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Bertrand P, Bowman J, Dyer RJ, Manseau M, Wilson PJ. Sex-specific graphs: Relating group-specific topology to demographic and landscape data. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3898-3912. [PMID: 28488269 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex-specific genetic structure is a commonly observed pattern among vertebrate species. Facing differential selective pressures, individuals may adopt sex-specific life history traits that ultimately shape genetic variation among populations. Although differential dispersal dynamics are commonly detected in the literature, few studies have used genetic structure to investigate sex-specific functional connectivity. The recent use of graph theoretic approaches in landscape genetics has demonstrated network capacities to describe complex system behaviours where network topology represents genetic interaction among subunits. Here, we partition the overall genetic structure into sex-specific graphs, revealing different male and female dispersal dynamics of a fisher (Pekania [Martes] pennanti) metapopulation in southern Ontario. Our analyses based on network topologies supported the hypothesis of male-biased dispersal. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the effect of the landscape, identified at the population level, could be partitioned among sex-specific strata. We found that female connectivity was negatively correlated with snow depth, whereas connectivity among males was not. Our findings underscore the potential of conducting sex-specific analysis by identifying landscape elements or configuration that differentially promotes or impedes functional connectivity between sexes, revealing processes that may otherwise remain cryptic. We propose that the sex-specific graph approach would be applicable to other vagile species where differential sex-specific processes are expected to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bertrand
- Département de Biologie, Chimie & Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Wildlife Research & Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Rodney J Dyer
- Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Micheline Manseau
- Office of the Chief Ecosystem Scientist, Gatineau, QC, Canada.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Paul J Wilson
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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74
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de Fraga R, Lima AP, Magnusson WE, Ferrão M, Stow AJ. Contrasting Patterns of Gene Flow for Amazonian Snakes That Actively Forage and Those That Wait in Ambush. J Hered 2017; 108:524-534. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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75
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Menger J, Henle K, Magnusson WE, Soro A, Husemann M, Schlegel M. Genetic diversity and spatial structure of the Rufous-throated Antbird ( Gymnopithys rufigula), an Amazonian obligate army-ant follower. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2671-2684. [PMID: 28428858 PMCID: PMC5395437 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonian understory antbirds are thought to be relatively sedentary and to have limited dispersal ability; they avoid crossing forest gaps, and even narrow roads through a forest may limit their territories. However, most evidence for sedentariness in antbirds comes from field observations and plot‐based recapture of adult individuals, which do not provide evidence for lack of genetic dispersal, as this often occurs through juveniles. In this study, we used microsatellite markers and mitochondrial control‐region sequences to investigate contemporary and infer historical patterns of genetic diversity and structure of the Rufous‐throated Antbird (Gymnopithys rufigula) within and between two large reserves in central Amazonia. Analyses based on microsatellites suggested two genetically distinct populations and asymmetrical gene flow between them. Within a population, we found a lack of genetic spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that genotypes are randomly distributed and that G. rufigula may disperse longer distances than expected for antbirds. Analyses based on mitochondrial sequences did not recover two clear genetic clusters corresponding to the two reserves and indicated the whole population of the Rufous‐throated Antbird in the region has been expanding over the last 50,000 years. Historical migration rates were low and symmetrical between the two reserves, but we found evidence for a recent unilateral increase in gene flow. Recent differentiation between individuals of the two reserves and a unilateral increase in gene flow suggest that recent urban expansion and habitat loss may be driving changes and threatening populations of Rufous‐throated Antbird in central Amazonia. As ecological traits and behavioral characteristics affect patterns of gene flow, comparative studies of other species with different behavior and ecological requirements will be necessary to better understand patterns of genetic dispersal and effects of urban expansion on Amazonian understory antbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Menger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Department of Conservation Biology Leipzig Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,INPA - Coordenação de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil
| | - Klaus Henle
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Department of Conservation Biology Leipzig Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - William E Magnusson
- INPA - Coordenação de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil
| | - Antonella Soro
- General Zoology Institute of Biology Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany
| | - Martin Husemann
- Centrum für Naturkunde University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Martin Schlegel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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76
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Lecompte E, Bouanani MA, de Thoisy B, Crouau-Roy B. How do rivers, geographic distance, and dispersal behavior influence genetic structure in two sympatric New World monkeys? Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28346698 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal, one of the major factors affecting the gene flow between populations, shapes the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within species. Alouatta macconnelli and Saguinus midas are two Neotropical monkey species that sympatrically inhabit the Guiana shield in northern Amazonia and are likely to differ in their dispersal behavior and vagility. We took advantage of their sympatry to investigate, over a fine geographical scale (∼50 km long), the relationship between spatial genetic structure, on the one hand, and geographical features and the species' dispersal behavior on the other. A total of 84 A. macconnelli individuals from 25 social units and 76 S. midas individuals from 19 social units were genotyped for nine microsatellite markers. Both species displayed high genetic diversity and allelic richness. However, patterns of genetic structure differed between the two species. In A. macconnelli, no genetic substructuring was observed, while in S. midas we detected significant structuring, but this structuring was not correlated with geographical features, such as the location of individuals relative to the river and/or the distance between them. Instead, the geographical distribution of genetic variation observed for each species is predominantly explained by each species' dispersal pattern. We identified bisexual dispersal for both species, but with significant differences, either in the distance or in the rate of dispersal, between species and sexes. Genetic relatedness within social units was higher in S. midas than in A. macconnelli: gene flow between social units seems limited in S. midas, especially for females, while high dispersal characterizes A. macconnelli, where females seem to disperse at lower rate but at a longer distance than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lecompte
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohand-Ameziane Bouanani
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - Benoît de Thoisy
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Brigitte Crouau-Roy
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, ENFA, Toulouse, France
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77
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Herrmann HW, Pozarowski KM, Ochoa A, Schuett GW. An interstate highway affects gene flow in a top reptilian predator (Crotalus atrox) of the Sonoran Desert. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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78
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Schmidt K, Davoli F, Kowalczyk R, Randi E. Does kinship affect spatial organization in a small and isolated population of a solitary felid: The Eurasian lynx? Integr Zool 2017; 11:334-49. [PMID: 26749400 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social organization in wild carnivores is mostly determined by patterns of family bonds, which may shape the degree of relatedness among individuals in the population. We studied kinship in a small and isolated population of a solitary carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) to evaluate its effect on spatial distribution of individuals. We investigated the relationship between spatial location and pair-wise kinship among 28 lynx individuals identified in 2004-2011 by telemetry, non-invasive sampling and genotyping with the use of 12 autosomal microsatellites in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. The average relatedness of the lynx population was relatively low (Lynch and Ritland's R = 0.03). Females were significantly more related to each other than males with other males. The inferred pedigree showed that the population was dominated by only 2 familial groups. We did not find significant correlations between the relatedness and the extent of home range overlap or the straight-line distances between the home ranges' central points. These results suggest that the dynamics of kinship in this solitary felid may not differ from the random mating processes described in social carnivores. Although the chances of random mating could be limited to a few resident males and females, the presence of unrelated floaters may provide a "breeding buffer" that may prevent an increase of relatedness and likely inbreeding in the population. This system is likely to fail in preserving genetic diversity in small, highly isolated populations; therefore, restoring habitat connectivity is crucial to ensure sufficient immigration from neighboring populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Schmidt
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland.
| | - Francesca Davoli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Ettore Randi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.,Aalborg University, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg, Denmark
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79
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Neaves LE, Roberts MW, Herbert CA, Eldridge MDB. Limited sex bias in the fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the eastern grey kangaroo and its relationship to habitat. AUST J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/zo16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Animals exhibit a range of dispersal strategies that impact on the organisation of individuals and can be influenced by both the environment and population demography. We examined the fine-scale spatial genetic structure and patterns of relatedness in 139 adult eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) to test predictions of male-biased dispersal and female philopatry in comparison with previous studies in different environments in the species’ distributions. We found evidence of limited differences between the sexes, with little spatial genetic structure in both males and females. The levels of relatedness among females in close proximity were not indicative of close relatives (e.g. mother–daughter) and there was no evidence of matrilineal structure. Among males, there was little evidence of genetic structure. Although our results are, in general, consistent with those of previous studies, we found study-specific differences in the extent of genetic structure that appear to be related to differences in environmental and demographic conditions across the distribution. This highlights the need for additional research focussing on populations from a range of environmental conditions.
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80
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Bolton PE, West AJ, Cardilini APA, Clark JA, Maute KL, Legge S, Brazill-Boast J, Griffith SC, Rollins LA. Three Molecular Markers Show No Evidence of Population Genetic Structure in the Gouldian Finch (Erythrura gouldiae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167723. [PMID: 27936082 PMCID: PMC5147959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of genetic diversity and connectivity between regions can inform conservation managers about risk of inbreeding, potential for adaptation and where population boundaries lie. The Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) is a threatened species in northern Australia, occupying the savannah woodlands of the biogeographically complex monsoon tropics. We present the most comprehensive population genetic analysis of diversity and structure the Gouldian finch using 16 microsatellite markers, mitochondrial control region and 3,389 SNPs from genotyping-by-sequencing. Mitochondrial diversity is compared across three related, co-distributed finches with different conservation threat-statuses. There was no evidence of genetic differentiation across the western part of the range in any of the molecular markers, and haplotype diversity but not richness was lower than a common co-distributed species. Individuals within the panmictic population in the west may be highly dispersive within this wide area, and we urge caution when interpreting anecdotal observations of changes to the distribution and/or flock sizes of Gouldian finch populations as evidence of overall changes to the population size of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peri E Bolton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea J West
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam P A Cardilini
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennalee A Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Maute
- Institute of Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Legge
- Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James Brazill-Boast
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lee A Rollins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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81
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Lecocq T, Gérard M, Michez D, Dellicour S. Conservation genetics of European bees: new insights from the continental scale. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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82
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Noble CW, Bono JM, Pigage HK, Hale DW, Pigage JC. Fine-Scale Genetic Structure in Female Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus). WEST N AM NATURALIST 2016. [DOI: 10.3398/064.076.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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83
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Bani L, Orioli V, Pisa G, Fagiani S, Dondina O, Fabbri E, Randi E, Sozio G, Mortelliti A. Population genetic structure and sex-biased dispersal of the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) in a continuous and in a fragmented landscape in central Italy. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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84
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Smith DR, Su YC, Berger-Tal R, Lubin Y. Population genetic evidence for sex-specific dispersal in an inbred social spider. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5479-90. [PMID: 27551398 PMCID: PMC4984519 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal in most group-living species ensures gene flow among groups, but in cooperative social spiders, juvenile dispersal is suppressed and colonies are highly inbred. It has been suggested that such inbred sociality is advantageous in the short term, but likely to lead to extinction or reduced speciation rates in the long run. In this situation, very low levels of dispersal and gene flow among colonies may have unusually important impacts on fitness and persistence of social spiders. We investigated sex-specific differences in dispersal and gene flow among colonies, as reflected in the genetic structure within colonies and populations of the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola Pocock, 1898 (Eresidae). We used DNA fingerprinting and mtDNA sequence data along with spatial mapping of colonies to compare male and female patterns of relatedness within and among colonies at three study sites. Samples were collected during and shortly after the mating season to detect sex-specific dispersal. Distribution of mtDNA haplotypes was consistent with proliferation of social nests by budding and medium- to long-distance dispersal by ballooning females. Analysis of molecular variance and spatial autocorrelation analyses of AFLPs showed high levels of genetic similarity within colonies, and STRUCTURE analyses revealed that the number of source populations contributing to colonies ranged from one to three. We also showed significant evidence of male dispersal among colonies at one site. These results support the hypothesis that in social spiders, genetic cohesion among populations is maintained by long-distance dispersal of female colony founders. Genetic diversity within colonies is maintained by colony initiation by multiple dispersing females, and adult male dispersal over short distances. Male dispersal may be particularly important in maintaining gene flow among colonies in local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Smith
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Yong-Chao Su
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045; Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Reut Berger-Tal
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990 Israel
| | - Yael Lubin
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Sede Boqer Campus Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990 Israel
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85
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Reid BN, Thiel RP, Palsbøll PJ, Peery MZ. Linking Genetic Kinship and Demographic Analyses to Characterize Dispersal: Methods and Application to Blanding’s Turtle. J Hered 2016; 107:603-614. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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86
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Bodare S, Ravikanth G, Ismail SA, Patel MK, Spanu I, Vasudeva R, Shaanker RU, Vendramin GG, Lascoux M, Tsuda Y. Fine- and local- scale genetic structure of Dysoxylum malabaricum, a late-successional canopy tree species in disturbed forest patches in the Western Ghats, India. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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87
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Kierepka EM, Anderson SJ, Swihart RK, Rhodes OE. Evaluating the influence of life-history characteristics on genetic structure: a comparison of small mammals inhabiting complex agricultural landscapes. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6376-96. [PMID: 27648250 PMCID: PMC5016657 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of formerly continuous native habitats into highly fragmented landscapes can lead to numerous negative demographic and genetic impacts on native taxa that ultimately reduce population viability. In response to concerns over biodiversity loss, numerous investigators have proposed that traits such as body size and ecological specialization influence the sensitivity of species to habitat fragmentation. In this study, we examined how differences in body size and ecological specialization of two rodents (eastern chipmunk; Tamias striatus and white‐footed mouse; Peromyscus leucopus) impact their genetic connectivity within the highly fragmented landscape of the Upper Wabash River Basin (UWB), Indiana, and evaluated whether landscape configuration and complexity influenced patterns of genetic structure similarly between these two species. The more specialized chipmunk exhibited dramatically more genetic structure across the UWB than white‐footed mice, with genetic differentiation being correlated with geographic distance, configuration of intervening habitats, and complexity of forested habitats within sampling sites. In contrast, the generalist white‐footed mouse resembled a panmictic population across the UWB, and no landscape factors were found to influence gene flow. Despite the extensive previous work in abundance and occupancy within the UWB, no landscape factor that influenced occupancy or abundance was correlated with genetic differentiation in either species. The difference in predictors of occupancy, abundance, and gene flow suggests that species‐specific responses to fragmentation are scale dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kierepka
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georgia PO Drawer E Aiken South Carolina 29802
| | - Sara J Anderson
- Biosciences Department Minnesota State University Moorhead 1104 7th Ave Moorhead Minnesota 56563
| | - Robert K Swihart
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University 715 W. State Street West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Olin E Rhodes
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georgia PO Drawer E Aiken South Carolina 29802
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88
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Colson KE, White KS, Hundertmark KJ. Parturition site selection in moose (Alces alces): evidence for social structure. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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89
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Blyton MDJ, Shaw RE, Peakall R, Lindenmayer DB, Banks SC. The role of relatedness in mate choice by an arboreal marsupial in the presence of fine-scale genetic structure. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-2049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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90
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Santiso X, Lopez L, Retuerto R, Barreiro R. Population Structure of a Widespread Species under Balancing Selection: The Case of Arbutus unedo L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1264. [PMID: 26793231 PMCID: PMC4710743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arbutus unedo L. is an evergreen shrub with a circum-Mediterranean distribution that also reaches the Eurosiberian region in northern Iberia, Atlantic France, and a disjunct population in southern Ireland. Due to the variety of climatic conditions across its distribution range, the populations of A. unedo were expected to display local adaptation. Conversely, common garden experiments revealed that diverse genotypes from a range of provenances produce similar phenotypes through adaptive plasticity, suggesting the action of stabilizing selection across its climatically heterogeneous range. Nonetheless, since a uniform response might also result from extensive gene flow, we have inferred the population structure of A. unedo and assessed whether its extended and largely one-dimensional range influences gene flow with the help of AFLP genotypes for 491 individuals from 19 populations covering the whole range of the species. As we had anticipated, gene flow is restricted in A. unedo, providing further support to the hypothesis that stabilizing selection is the most likely explanation for the homogeneous phenotypes along the range. The Euro-Siberian populations were not particularly isolated from the Mediterranean. Instead, there was a distinct genetic divide between the populations around the Mediterranean Sea and those sampled along Atlantic coasts from northern Africa up to Ireland. This genetic structure suggests the action of historic rather than biogeographic factors as it seems consistent with a scenario of independent glacial refugia in the Atlantic and Mediterranean portions of the range of A. unedo. Genetic exchange was likewise restricted within each set of populations. Nevertheless, isolation-by-distance (IBD) was stronger, and F ST increased faster with distance, along the Atlantic, suggesting that gene flow might be larger among Mediterranean populations. Genetic diversity was significantly lower in NW Iberia and Ireland than in other populations whereas Ireland was more closely related to populations in NW Iberia than to a population in Atlantic France, suggesting a postglacial stepping-stone colonization of the Atlantic coast. Altogether, our results show that stabilizing selection is able to homogenize the phenotypic response even when population structure is strong, gene flow is constrained, and the phylogeographic past is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Santiso
- Facultad de Biología, Área de Ecología, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lua Lopez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Área de Ecología, Universidade da CoruñaA Coruña, Spain
- Department of Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, Center for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Rubén Retuerto
- Facultad de Biología, Área de Ecología, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Barreiro
- Facultad de Ciencias, Área de Ecología, Universidade da CoruñaA Coruña, Spain
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91
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Ross RM, Atkinson QD. Folktale transmission in the Arctic provides evidence for high bandwidth social learning among hunter–gatherer groups. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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92
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Dennison S, Frankham GJ, Neaves LE, Flanagan C, FitzGibbon S, Eldridge MDB, Johnson RN. Population genetics of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) in north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. AUST J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/zo16081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation are key threats to local koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations. Broad-scale management is suboptimal for koalas because distribution models are not easily generalised across regions. Therefore, it is imperative that data relevant to local management bodies are available. Genetic data provides important information on gene flow and potential habitat barriers, including anthropogenic disturbances. Little genetic data are available for nationally significant koala populations in north-eastern New South Wales, despite reported declines due to urbanisation and habitat loss. In this study, we develop 14 novel microsatellite loci to investigate koala populations in north-eastern New South Wales (Port Macquarie, Coffs Harbour, Tyagarah, Ballina) and south-eastern Queensland (Coomera). All locations were significantly differentiated (FST = 0.096–0.213; FʹST = 0.282–0.582), and this pattern was not consistent with isolation by distance (R2 = 0.228, P = 0.058). Population assignment clustered the more northern populations (Ballina, Tyagarah and Coomera), suggesting contemporary gene flow among these sites. For all locations, low molecular variation among (16%) rather than within (84%) sites suggests historical connectivity. These results suggest that koala populations in north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland are experiencing contemporary impediments to gene flow, and highlight the importance of maintaining habitat connectivity across this region.
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93
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Schregel J, Eiken HG, Grøndahl FA, Hailer F, Aspi J, Kojola I, Tirronen K, Danilov P, Rykov A, Poroshin E, Janke A, Swenson JE, Hagen SB. Y chromosome haplotype distribution of brown bears (Ursus arctos
) in Northern Europe provides insight into population history and recovery. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:6041-60. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schregel
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research; NIBIO - Svanhovd; 9925 Svanvik Norway
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 1432 Ås Norway
| | - Hans Geir Eiken
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research; NIBIO - Svanhovd; 9925 Svanvik Norway
| | | | - Frank Hailer
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AX Wales UK
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jouni Aspi
- Department of Genetics and Physiology; University of Oulu; P.O. Box 3000 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Ilpo Kojola
- Natural Resources Institute; P.O. Box 16 96301 Rovaniemi Finland
| | - Konstantin Tirronen
- Institute of Biology; Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science; 185910 Petrozavodsk Russian Federation
| | - Piotr Danilov
- Institute of Biology; Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science; 185910 Petrozavodsk Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Rykov
- Pinezhsky Strict Nature Reserve; Pervomayskaja 123a 164610 Pinega Russian Federation
| | - Eugene Poroshin
- Institute of Biology; Komi Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science; 016761 Syktvkar Russian Federation
| | - Axel Janke
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Goethe University Frankfurt; Institute for Ecology; Evolution & Diversity; 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 1432 Ås Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; 7485 Trondheim Norway
| | - Snorre B. Hagen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research; NIBIO - Svanhovd; 9925 Svanvik Norway
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94
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Kvistad L, Ingwersen D, Pavlova A, Bull JK, Sunnucks P. Very Low Population Structure in a Highly Mobile and Wide-Ranging Endangered Bird Species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143746. [PMID: 26649426 PMCID: PMC4674126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of biodiversity following fragmentation and degradation of habitat is a major issue in conservation biology. As competition for resources increases following habitat loss and fragmentation, severe population declines may occur even in common, highly mobile species; such demographic decline may cause changes within the population structure of the species. The regent honeyeater, Anthochaera phrygia, is a highly nomadic woodland bird once common in its native southeast Australia. It has experienced a sharp decline in abundance since the late 1970s, following clearing of large areas of its preferred habitat, box-ironbark woodland, within the last 200 years. A captive breeding program has been established as part of efforts to restore this species. This study used genetic data to examine the range-wide population structure of regent honeyeaters, including spatial structure, its change through time, sex differences in philopatry and mobility, and genetic differences between the captive and wild populations. There was low genetic differentiation between birds captured in different geographic areas. Despite the recent demographic decline, low spatial structure appears to have some temporal consistency. Both sexes appear to be highly mobile, and there does not seem to be significant genetic differentiation between the captive and wild populations. We conclude that management efforts for survival of this species, including habitat protection, restoration, and release of captive-bred birds into the wild, can treat the species as effectively a single genetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynna Kvistad
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Alexandra Pavlova
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James K. Bull
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Sunnucks
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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95
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Banks SC, Lorin T, Shaw RE, McBurney L, Blair D, Blyton MDJ, Smith AL, Pierson JC, Lindenmayer DB. Fine-scale refuges can buffer demographic and genetic processes against short-term climatic variation and disturbance: a 22-year case study of an arboreal marsupial. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3831-45. [PMID: 26089175 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ecological disturbance and climate are key drivers of temporal dynamics in the demography and genetic diversity of natural populations. Microscale refuges are known to buffer species' persistence against environmental change, but the effects of such refuges on demographic and genetic patterns in response to short-term environmental variation are poorly understood. We quantified demographic and genetic responses of mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami) to rainfall variability (1992-2013) and to a major wildfire. We hypothesized that there would be underlying differences in demographic and genetic processes between an unburnt mesic refuge and a topographically exposed zone that was burnt in 2009. Fire caused a 2-year decrease in survival in the burnt zone, but the population grew after the fire due to immigration, leading to increased expected heterozygosity. We documented a fire-related behavioural shift, where the rate of movement by individuals in the unburnt refuge to the burnt zone decreased after fire. Irrespective of the fire, there were long-term differences in demographic and genetic parameters between the mesic/unburnt refuge and the nonmesic/burnt zone. Survival was high and unaffected by rainfall in the refuge, but lower and rainfall-dependent in the nonmesic zone. Net movement of individuals was directional, from the mesic refuge to the nonmesic zone, suggesting fine-scale source-sink dynamics. There were higher expected heterozygosity (HE ) and temporal genetic stability in the refuge, but lower HE and marked temporal genetic structure in the exposed habitat, consistent with reduced generational overlap caused by elevated mortality and immigration. Thus, fine-scale refuges can mediate the short-term demographic and genetic effects of climate and ecological disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Banks
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Thibault Lorin
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Robyn E Shaw
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lachlan McBurney
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David Blair
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Michaela D J Blyton
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Annabel L Smith
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Pierson
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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96
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Whitehead MR, Linde CC, Peakall R. Pollination by sexual deception promotes outcrossing and mate diversity in self-compatible clonal orchids. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1526-41. [PMID: 26079670 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of flowering plants rely on animals as pollen vectors. Thus, plant mating systems and pollen dispersal are strongly influenced by pollinator behaviour. In Australian sexually deceptive orchids pollinated by male thynnine wasps, outcrossing and extensive pollen flow is predicted due to floral deception, which minimizes multiple flower visitations within patches, and the movement of pollinators under mate-search rather than foraging behaviours. This hypothesis was tested using microsatellite markers to reconstruct and infer paternity in two clonal, self-compatible orchids. Offspring from naturally pollinated Chiloglottis valida and C. aff. jeanesii were acquired through symbiotic culture of seeds collected over three seasons. In both species, outcrossing was extensive (tm = 0.924-1.00) despite clone sizes up to 11 m wide. The median pollen flow distance based on paternity for both taxa combined was 14.5 m (n = 18, range 0-69 m), being larger than typically found by paternity analyses in other herbaceous plants. Unexpectedly for orchids, some capsules were sired by more than one father, with an average of 1.35 pollen donors per fruit. This is the first genetic confirmation of polyandry in orchid capsules. Further, we report a possible link between multiple paternity and increased seed fitness. Together, these results demonstrate that deceptive pollination by mate-searching wasps enhances offspring fitness by promoting both outcrossing and within-fruit paternal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Whitehead
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - C C Linde
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - R Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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97
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Johnson LNL, McLeod BA, Burns LE, Arseneault K, Frasier TR, Broders HG. Population Genetic Structure Within and among Seasonal Site Types in the Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) and the Northern Long-Eared Bat (M. septentrionalis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126309. [PMID: 25942425 PMCID: PMC4420266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During late summer and early autumn, temperate bats migrate from their summering sites to swarming sites, where mating likely occurs. However, the extent to which individuals of a single summering site migrate to the same swarming site, and vice versa, is not known. We examined the migratory connectivity between summering and swarming sites in two temperate, North American, bat species, the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) and the northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis). Using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers, we examined population structuring within and among summering and swarming sites. Both species exhibited moderate degrees of mitochondrial DNA differentiation (little brown bat: FST(SUMMER) = 0.093, FST(SWARMING) = 0.052; northern long-eared bat: FST(SUMMER) = 0.117, FST(SWARMING) = 0.043) and little microsatellite DNA differentiation among summering and among swarming sites[corrected]. Haplotype diversity was significantly higher at swarming sites than summering sites, supporting the idea that swarming sites are comprised of individuals from various summering sites. Further, pairwise analyses suggest that swarming sites are not necessarily comprised of only individuals from the most proximal summering colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N L Johnson
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brenna A McLeod
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lynne E Burns
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Krista Arseneault
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Timothy R Frasier
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hugh G Broders
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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98
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Blyton MDJ, Banks SC, Peakall R. The effect of sex-biased dispersal on opposite-sexed spatial genetic structure and inbreeding risk. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1681-95. [PMID: 25761248 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natal sex-biased dispersal has long been thought to reduce the risk of inbreeding by spatially separating opposite-sexed kin. Yet, comprehensive and quantitative evaluations of this hypothesis are lacking. In this study, we quantified the effectiveness of sex-biased dispersal as an inbreeding avoidance strategy by combining spatially explicit simulations and empirical data. We quantified the extent of kin clustering by measuring the degree of spatial autocorrelation among opposite-sexed individuals (FM structure). This allowed us to systematically explore how the extent of sex-biased dispersal, generational overlap, and mate searching distance, influenced both kin clustering, and the resulting inbreeding in the absence of complementary inbreeding avoidance strategies. Simulations revealed that when sex-biased dispersal was limited, positive FM genetic structure developed quickly and increased as the mate searching distance decreased or as generational overlap increased. Interestingly, complete long-range sex-biased dispersal did not prevent the development of FM genetic structure when generations overlapped. We found a very strong correlation between FM genetic structure and both FIS under random mating, and pedigree-based measures of inbreeding. Thus, we show that the detection of FM genetic structure can be a strong indicator of inbreeding risk. Empirical data for two species with different life history strategies yielded patterns congruent with our simulations. Our study illustrates a new application of spatial genetic autocorrelation analysis that offers a framework for quantifying the risk of inbreeding that is easily extendable to other species. Furthermore, our findings provide other researchers with a context for interpreting observed patterns of opposite-sexed spatial genetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela D J Blyton
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia; The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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99
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Brashear WA, Ammerman LK, Dowler RC. Short-distance dispersal and lack of genetic structure in an urban striped skunk population. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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100
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Cristofari R, Trucchi E, Whittington JD, Vigetta S, Gachot-Neveu H, Stenseth NC, Le Maho Y, Le Bohec C. Spatial heterogeneity as a genetic mixing mechanism in highly philopatric colonial seabirds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117981. [PMID: 25680103 PMCID: PMC4332635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How genetic diversity is maintained in philopatric colonial systems remains unclear, and understanding the dynamic balance of philopatry and dispersal at all spatial scales is essential to the study of the evolution of coloniality. In the King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, return rates of post-fledging chicks to their natal sub-colony are remarkably high. Empirical studies have shown that adults return year after year to their previous breeding territories within a radius of a few meters. Yet, little reliable data are available on intra- and inter-colonial dispersal in this species. Here, we present the first fine-scale study of the genetic structure in a king penguin colony in the Crozet Archipelago. Samples were collected from individual chicks and analysed at 8 microsatellite loci. Precise geolocation data of hatching sites and selective pressures associated with habitat features were recorded for all sampling locations. We found that despite strong natal and breeding site fidelity, king penguins retain a high degree of panmixia and genetic diversity. Yet, genetic structure appears markedly heterogeneous across the colony, with higher-than-expected inbreeding levels, and local inbreeding and relatedness hotspots that overlap predicted higher-quality nesting locations. This points towards heterogeneous population structure at the sub-colony level, in which fine-scale environmental features drive local philopatric behaviour, while lower-quality patches may act as genetic mixing mechanisms at the colony level. These findings show how a lack of global genetic structuring can emerge from small-scale heterogeneity in ecological parameters, as opposed to the classical model of homogeneous dispersal. Our results also emphasize the importance of sampling design for estimation of population parameters in colonial seabirds, as at high spatial resolution, basic genetic features are shown to be location-dependent. Finally, this study stresses the importance of understanding intra-colonial dispersal and genetic mixing mechanisms in order to better estimate species-wide gene flows and population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Cristofari
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), LIA-647 BioSensib, 8, Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
- University of Oslo, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, Postboks 1066, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emiliano Trucchi
- University of Oslo, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, Postboks 1066, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jason D. Whittington
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), LIA-647 BioSensib, 8, Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
- University of Oslo, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, Postboks 1066, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stéphanie Vigetta
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Hélène Gachot-Neveu
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Nils Christian Stenseth
- University of Oslo, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, Postboks 1066, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), LIA-647 BioSensib, 8, Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Céline Le Bohec
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), LIA-647 BioSensib, 8, Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
- University of Oslo, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, Postboks 1066, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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