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Ab'lah N, Yusuf CYL, Rojsitthisak P, Wong TW. Reinvention of starch for oral drug delivery system design. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124506. [PMID: 37085071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a polysaccharide with varying amylose-to-amylopectin ratios as a function of its biological sources. It is characterized by low shear stress resistance, poor aqueous/organic solubility and gastrointestinal digestibility which limit its ease of processing and functionality display as an oral drug delivery vehicle. Modulation of starch composition through genetic engineering primarily alters amylose-to-amylopectin ratio. Greater molecular properties changes require chemical and enzymatic modifications of starch. Acetylation reduces water solubility and enzymatic digestibility of starch. Carboxymethylation turns starch acid-insoluble and aggregative at low pHs. The summative effects are sustaining drug release in the upper gut. Acid-insoluble carboxymethylated starch can be aminated to provide an ionic character essential for hydrogel formation which further reduces its drug release. Ionic starch can coacervate with oppositely charged starch, non-starch polyelectrolyte or drug into insoluble, controlled-release complexes. Enzymatically debranched and resistant starch has a small molecular size which confers chain aggregation into a helical hydrogel network that traps the drug molecules, protecting them from biodegradation. The modified starch has been used to modulate the intestinal/colon-specific or controlled systemic delivery of oral small molecule drugs and macromolecular therapeutics. This review highlights synthesis aspects of starch and starch derivatives, and their outcomes and challenges of applications in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- NorulNazilah Ab'lah
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Dengkil 43800, Dengkil, Malaysia
| | - Chong Yu Lok Yusuf
- Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jasin, 77300, Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Kang X, Gao W, Cui B, El-Aty AMA. Structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) endosperm: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124315. [PMID: 37023877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) endosperm. Sorghum is an important cereal crop that is well suited to grow in regions with high temperatures and limited water resources due to its C4 metabolism. The endosperm of sorghum kernels is a rich source of starch, which is composed of two main components: amylose and amylopectin. The synthesis of starch in sorghum endosperm involves multiple enzymatic reactions, which are regulated by complex genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has identified several genes involved in the regulation of starch synthesis in sorghum endosperm. In addition, the structure and properties of sorghum starch can also be influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, water availability, and soil nutrients. A better understanding of the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum endosperm can have important implications for the development of sorghum-based products with improved quality and nutritional value. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum endosperm and highlights the potential for future research to further improve our understanding of this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Zhou GD, He P, Tian L, Xu S, Yang B, Liu L, Wang Y, Bai T, Li X, Li S, Zheng SJ. Disentangling the resistant mechanism of Fusarium wilt TR4 interactions with different cultivars and its elicitor application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145837. [PMID: 36938065 PMCID: PMC10018200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana, especially Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is a major factor restricting banana production. Developing a resistant cultivar and inducing plant defenses by elicitor application are currently two of the best options to control this disease. Isotianil is a monocarboxylic acid amide that has been used as a fungicide to control rice blast and could potentially induce systemic acquired resistance in plants. To determine the control effect of elicitor isotianil on TR4 in different resistant cultivars, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted and its results showed that isotianil could significantly alleviate the symptoms of TR4, provide enhanced disease control on the cultivars 'Baxi' and 'Yunjiao No.1' with control effect 50.14% and 56.14%, respectively. We compared the infection processes in 'Baxi' (susceptible cultivars) and 'Yunjiao No.1' (resistant cultivars) two cultivars inoculated with pathogen TR4. The results showed that TR4 hyphae could rapidly penetrate the cortex into the root vascular bundle for colonization, and the colonization capacity in 'Baxi' was significantly higher than that in 'Yunjiao No.1'. The accumulation of a large number of starch grains was observed in corms cells, and further analysis showed that the starch content in 'Yunjiao No. 1' as resistant cultivar was significantly higher than that in 'Baxi' as susceptible cultivar, and isotianil application could significantly increase the starch content in 'Baxi'. Besides, a mass of tyloses were observed in the roots and corms and these tyloses increased after application with isotianil. Furthermore, the total starch and tyloses contents and the control effect in the corms of 'Yunjiao No.1' was higher than that in the 'Baxi'. Moreover, the expression levels of key genes for plant resistance induction and starch synthesis were analyzed, and the results suggested that these genes were significantly upregulated at different time points after the application of isotianil. These results suggest that there are significant differences between cultivars in response to TR4 invasion and plant reactions with respect to starch accumulation, tyloses formation and the expression of plant resistance induction and starch synthesis related genes. Results also indicate that isotianil application may contribute to disease control by inducing host plant defense against TR4 infection and could be potentially used together with resistant cultivar as integrated approach to manage this destructive disease. Further research under field conditions should be included in the next phases of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Dong Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Center For Potato Research, Resource Plant Research Institute, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Libo Tian
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Center For Potato Research, Resource Plant Research Institute, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Baoming Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongfen Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Industry Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Tingting Bai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xundong Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Si-Jun Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Bioversity International, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Rizzo AJ, Palacios MB, Vale EM, Zelada AM, Silveira V, Burrieza HP. Snapshot of four mature quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa) seeds: a shotgun proteomics analysis with emphasis on seed maturation, reserves and early germination. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:319-334. [PMID: 37033760 PMCID: PMC10073371 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a crop species domesticated over 5000 years ago. This species is highly diverse, with a geographical distribution that covers more than 5000 km from Colombia to Chile, going through a variety of edaphoclimatic conditions. Quinoa grains have great nutritional quality, raising interest at a worldwide level. In this work, by using shotgun proteomics and in silico analysis, we present an overview of mature quinoa seed proteins from a physiological context and considering the process of seed maturation and future seed germination. For this purpose, we selected grains from four contrasting quinoa cultivars (Amarilla de Maranganí, Chadmo, Sajama and Nariño) with different edaphoclimatic and geographical origins. The results give insight on the most important metabolic pathways for mature quinoa seeds including: starch synthesis, protein bodies and lipid bodies composition, reserves and their mobilization, redox homeostasis, and stress related proteins like heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAs), as well as evidence for capped and uncapped mRNA translation. LEAs present in our analysis show a specific pattern of expression matching that of other species. Overall, this work presents a complete snapshot of quinoa seeds physiological context, providing a reference point for further studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01295-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Joel Rizzo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo de las Plantas, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Palacios
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo de las Plantas, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ellen Moura Vale
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ Brazil
| | - Alicia Mercedes Zelada
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ Brazil
- Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ Brazil
| | - Hernán Pablo Burrieza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo de las Plantas, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Niu L, Liu L, Zhang J, Scali M, Wang W, Hu X, Wu X. Genetic Engineering of Starch Biosynthesis in Maize Seeds for Efficient Enzymatic Digestion of Starch during Bioethanol Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043927. [PMID: 36835340 PMCID: PMC9967003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize accumulates large amounts of starch in seeds which have been used as food for human and animals. Maize starch is an importantly industrial raw material for bioethanol production. One critical step in bioethanol production is degrading starch to oligosaccharides and glucose by α-amylase and glucoamylase. This step usually requires high temperature and additional equipment, leading to an increased production cost. Currently, there remains a lack of specially designed maize cultivars with optimized starch (amylose and amylopectin) compositions for bioethanol production. We discussed the features of starch granules suitable for efficient enzymatic digestion. Thus far, great advances have been made in molecular characterization of the key proteins involved in starch metabolism in maize seeds. The review explores how these proteins affect starch metabolism pathway, especially in controlling the composition, size and features of starch. We highlight the roles of key enzymes in controlling amylose/amylopectin ratio and granules architecture. Based on current technological process of bioethanol production using maize starch, we propose that several key enzymes can be modified in abundance or activities via genetic engineering to synthesize easily degraded starch granules in maize seeds. The review provides a clue for developing special maize cultivars as raw material in the bioethanol industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liangwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Monica Scali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiuli Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Mechanical, Barrier and Thermal Properties of Amylose-Argan Proteins-Based Bioplastics in the Presence of Transglutaminase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043405. [PMID: 36834816 PMCID: PMC9966108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioeconomy aims to discover new sources for producing energy and materials and to valorize byproducts that otherwise would get wasted. In this work, we investigate the possibility of producing novel bioplastics, made up of argan seed proteins (APs), extracted from argan oilcake, and amylose (AM), obtained from barley plants through an RNA interference technique. Argan, Argania spinosa, is a plant widespread in arid regions of Northern Africa, where it plays a fundamental socio-ecological role. Argan seeds are used to obtain a biologically active and edible oil, producing a byproduct, the oilcake, that is rich in proteins, fibers, and fats, and is generally used as animal food. Recently, argan oilcakes have been attracting attention as a waste to be recovered to obtain high-added-value products. Here, APs were chosen to test the performance of blended bioplastics with AM, because they have the potential to improve the properties of the final product. High-AM-starches present attractive features for use as bioplastics, including a higher gel-forming capacity, a higher thermal stability, and reduced swelling compared to normal starch. It has already been demonstrated that pure AM-based films provide more suitable properties than normal starch-based films. Here, we report on the performance of these novel blended bioplastics in terms of their mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties; and the effect of the enzyme microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) as a reticulating agent for AP's components was also studied. These results contribute to the development of novel sustainable bioplastics with improved properties and confirm the possibility of valorizing the byproduct, APs, using them as a new raw material.
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Guo X, Ge Z, Wang M, Zhao M, Pei Y, Song X. Genome-wide association study of quality traits and starch pasting properties of maize kernels. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:59. [PMID: 36732681 PMCID: PMC9893588 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch are the main nutritional components of maize (Zea mays L.), and starch pasting properties are widely used as essential indicators for quality estimation. Based on the previous studies, various genes related to pasting properties have been identified in maize. However, the loci underlying variations in starch pasting properties in maize inbred lines remain to be identified. RESULTS To investigate the genetic architecture of these traits, the starch pasting properties were examined based on 292 maize inbred lines, which were genotyped with the MaizeSNP50 BeadChip composed of 55,126 evenly spaced, random SNPs. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) implemented in the software package FarmCPU was employed to identify genomic loci for the starch pasting properties. 48 SNPs were found to be associated with pasting properties. Moreover, 37 candidate genes were correlated with pasting properties. Among the candidate genes, GRMZM2G143646 and GRMZM2G166407 were associated with breakdown and final viscosity significantly, and both genes encode PPR (Pentatricopeptide repeat) protein. We used GWAS to explore candidate genes of maize starch pasting properties in this study. The identified candidate genes will be useful for further understanding of the genetic architecture of starch pasting properties in maize. CONCLUSION This study showed a complex regulation network about maize quality trait and starch pasting properties. It may provide some useful markers for marker assisted selection and a basis for cloning the genes behind these SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Guo
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Zhaopeng Ge
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Ming Wang
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Meiai Zhao
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Yuhe Pei
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Xiyun Song
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
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Unlocking the Potential of High-Amylose Starch for Gut Health: Not All Function the Same. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-amylose starch has unique functional properties and nutritional values in food applications. This type of starch is generally resistant to enzymatic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, and contains an increased fraction of resistant starch (RS), which is a type of dietary fiber. The digestion and fermentation of high-amylose starch in the gut are of current research interest, as the processes are related to its nutritional functionality. This review summarizes recent in vitro and in vivo studies on the digestion and fermentation of high-amylose starches from different botanical sources and those that have been obtained by modifications. The RS content and fermentation properties are compared among high-amylose starches. This review aims to provide a current understanding of the relationship between high-amylose starch structures and fermentation-related nutritional properties. The results of these studies suggest that both modifications and food processing of high-amylose starch result in distinct fermentation products and nutritional properties. The review provides insight into the potential future applications of diverse high-amylose starches as bioactive compounds to modulate colonic fermentation.
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Matheus JRV, de Farias PM, Satoriva JM, de Andrade CJ, Fai AEC. Cassava starch films for food packaging: Trends over the last decade and future research. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:658-672. [PMID: 36395939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cassava starch is one of the most available and cost-effective biopolymers. This work aimed to apply a bibliometric methodology to identify the most impactful scientific data on cassava starch and its residues for food packaging in the last ten years. As a result, an increasing interest in this subject has been observed, mainly in the past five years. Among the 85 selected scientific publications, Brazil and China have been leading the research on starch-based films, accounting for 39 % of the total. The International Journal of Biological Macromolecules was the main scientific source of information. Besides cassava starch, 41.18 % of these studies added other biopolymers, 5.88 % added synthetic polymers, and 4.71 % added a combination of both. Studies analyzed suggested that different modifications in starch can improve films' mechanical and barrier properties. In addition, 52.94 % of articles evaluated the film's bioactivity. Still, only 37.65 % assessed the performance of those films as food packaging, suggesting that more studies should be conducted on assessing the potential of these alternative packages. Future research should consider scale-up methods for film production, including cost analysis, assessment life cycle, and the impact on the safety and quality of a broader range of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rabelo Vaz Matheus
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Marques de Farias
- Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Martins Satoriva
- Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano José de Andrade
- Chemical and Food Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Elizabeth Cavalcante Fai
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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High-amylose maize starch: Structure, properties, modifications and industrial applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120185. [PMID: 36876800 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
High-amylose maize refers to a special type of maize cultivar with a 50 %-90 % amylose content of the total starch. High-amylose maize starch (HAMS) is of interest because it possesses unique functionalities and provides many health benefits for humans. Therefore, many high-amylose maize varieties have been developed via mutation or transgenic breeding approaches. From the literature reviewed, the fine structure of HAMS is different from the waxy and normal corn starches, influencing its gelatinization, retrogradation, solubility, swelling power, freeze-thaw stability, transparency, pasting and rheological properties, and even in vitro digestion. HAMS has undergone physical, chemical, and enzymatical modifications to enhance its characteristics and thereby broaden its possible uses. HAMS has also been used for the benefit of increasing resistant starch levels in food products. This review summarizes the recent developments in our understanding of the extraction and chemical composition, structure, physicochemical properties, digestibility, modifications, and industrial applications of HAMS.
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Sharma V, Jahan K, Kumar P, Puri A, Sharma VK, Mishra A, Bharatam PV, Sharma D, Rishi V, Roy J. Mechanistic insights into granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI.L539P) allele in high amylose starch biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 23:20. [PMID: 36564499 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amylose fraction of grain starch is correlated with a type of resistant starch with better nutritional quality. Granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) is the known starch synthase, responsible for elongation of linear amylose chains. GBSSI expression, activity, and binding to starch and other proteins are the key factors that can affect amylose content. Previously, a QTL, qhams7A.1 carrying GBSSI mutant allele, was identified through QTL mapping using F2 population of the high amylose mutant line, 'TAC 75'. This high amylose mutant line has >2-fold higher amylose content than wild variety 'C 306'. In this study, we characterized this novel mutant allele, GBSSI.L539P. In vitro starch synthase activity of GBSSI.L539P showed improved activity than the wild type (GBSSI-wt). When expressed in yeast glycogen synthase mutants (Δgsy1gsy2), GBSSI-wt and GBSSI.L539P partially complemented the glycogen synthase (gsy1gsy2) activity in yeast. Structural analysis by circular dichroism (CD) and homology modelling showed no significant structural distortion in the mutant enzyme. Molecular docking studies suggested that the residue Leu539 is distant from the catalytic active site (ADP binding pocket) and had no detectable conformational changes in active site. Both wild and mutant enzymes were assayed for starch binding in vitro, and demonstrating higher affinity of the GBSSI.L539P mutant for starch than the wild type. The present study indicated that distant residue (L539P) influenced GBSSI activity by affecting its starch-binding ability. Therefore, it may be a potential molecular target for enhanced amylose content in grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, SAS Nagar, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Kousar Jahan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Sector-67, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradhika Puri
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishnu K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Sector-67, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Ankita Mishra
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - P V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Sector-67, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Rishi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Joy Roy
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India.
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Alternations in the chain length distribution of polysaccharides by adjusting the active sites of the 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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63
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Identification of Key Genes during Ethylene-Induced Adventitious Root Development in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112981. [PMID: 36361778 PMCID: PMC9658848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene (ETH), as a key plant hormone, plays critical roles in various processes of plant growth and development. ETH has been reported to induce adventitious rooting. Moreover, our previous studies have shown that exogenous ETH may induce plant adventitious root development in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). However, the key genes involved in this process are still unclear. To explore the key genes in ETH-induced adventitious root development, we employed a transcriptome technique and revealed 1415 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 687 DEGs up-regulated and 728 DEGs down-regulated. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, we further identified critical pathways that were involved in ETH-induced adventitious root development, including carbon metabolism (starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid degradation), secondary metabolism (phenylalanine metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis) and plant hormone signal transduction. In carbon metabolism, ETH reduced the content of sucrose, glucose, starch, the activity of sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose–phosphate synthase (SPS) and hexokinase (HK), and the expressions of CsHK2, pyruvate kinase2 (CsPK2), and CsCYP86A1, whereas it enhanced the expressions of β-amylase 1 (CsBAM1) and β-amylase 3 (CsBAM3). In secondary metabolism, the transcript levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (CsPAL) and flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase (CsF3′M) were negatively regulated, and that of primary-amine oxidase (CsPAO) was positively regulated by ETH. Additionally, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content and the expressions of auxin and ETH signaling transduction-related genes (auxin transporter-like protein 5 (CsLAX5), CsGH3.17, CsSUAR50, and CsERS) were suppressed, whereas the abscisic acid (ABA) content and the expressions of ABA and BR signaling transduction-related genes (CsPYL1, CsPYL5, CsPYL8, BRI1-associated kinase 1 (CsBAK1), and CsXTH3) were promoted by ETH. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of these genes were confirmed by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). These results indicate that genes related to carbon metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant hormone signaling transduction are involved in ETH-induced adventitious root development. This work identified the key pathways and genes in ETH-induced adventitious rooting in cucumber, which may provide new insights into ETH-induced adventitious root development and will be useful for investigating the molecular roles of key genes in this process in further studies.
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64
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Tu D, Wu W, Xi M, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Chen J, Shao C, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. Effect of Temperature and Radiation on Indica Rice Yield and Quality in Middle Rice Cropping System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2697. [PMID: 36297721 PMCID: PMC9607267 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions, thereby inducing great variations in the rice growth, yield and quality. However, the comprehensive effects of temperature and solar radiation under different ecological regions on the rice growth, yield and quality are not well understood, especially in a middle rice cropping system. The rice growth, yield- and quality-related traits were investigated under different ecological regions. Among different areas, the days before the heading stage and after the heading stage of six cultivars ranged from 80 to 120 and from 30 to 50. The gaps of the grain yield, head rice rate, chalky grain rate and chalkiness level were about 1.2-52.4%, 1.0-3.0%, 2.7-12.7% and 0.3-4.5%, respectively. This study demonstrated that in these regions, temperature is a limiting factor compared with radiation. Moreover, the rice growth, yield and quality were closely associated with daily air (DT), maximum (MaT), minimum (MiT) and effective accumulated temperatures (EAT). An excellent rice growth, a high grain yield and an excellent quality could be achieved if the EAT was higher than 1592 °C·d and the MiT was lower than 23.1 °C before the heading stage, and if the DT, MiT and MaT were lower than 25.7 °C, 22.0 °C and 30 °C after the heading stage, respectively. These findings served as an important reference for optimizing cultivar selection for a specific area and determining suitable areas for a certain variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debao Tu
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenge Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Min Xi
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yongjin Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Youzun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Anhui Agrometeorological Institute, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Caihong Shao
- Red Soil Engineering and Technology Center, Soil and Fertilizer & Resource and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Henan Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth and Development, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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65
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Liao JN, Chen WL, Lo CY, Lai MH, Tsai HL, Chang YM. Nondestructive circadian profiling of starch content in fresh intact Arabidopsis leaf with two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16525. [PMID: 36192622 PMCID: PMC9530172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis to convert solar energy into sugars for the carbon source essential for cell living and growth during the day. One fraction of photosynthetic products is stored in chloroplasts by forming starch granules to continue the provision of carbon energy during the night. Currently, profiling the starch temporal pattern requires either: (i) sacrificing the leaves, or (ii) generating transgenic plants at the risk of changing the metabolisms by incorporating a genetically modified granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). In this paper, we demonstrated a nondestructive method using two-photon fluorescence (TPF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging to quantify starch granules within chloroplasts of fresh intact leaves across a day-night cycle. We did so using two Arabidopsis lines having normal and excess starch contents: wild-type (Columbia-0) and starch excess 1 (sex1). The starch granules were visualized by SHG imaging, while the chloroplasts in mesophyll cells were visualized by TPF imaging. Our results provided micron scale spatial resolution of starch distribution within leaves and showed starch circadian patterns consistent with those profiled by enzymatic assays in previous studies. We demonstrated that TPF-SHG imaging is a potential tool for revealing the real-time heterogeneity of starch circadian rhythm in leaf cells, without the need for destructive sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juo-Nang Liao
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Lo
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hong Lai
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Lung Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ming Chang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Thermostability and catalytic ability enhancements of 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme by introducing salt bridges at flexible amino acid sites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:1276-1282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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67
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Pfister B, Shields JM, Kockmann T, Grossmann J, Abt MR, Stadler M, Zeeman SC. Tuning heterologous glucan biosynthesis in yeast to understand and exploit plant starch diversity. BMC Biol 2022; 20:207. [PMID: 36153520 PMCID: PMC9509603 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Starch, a vital plant-derived polysaccharide comprised of branched glucans, is essential in nutrition and many industrial applications. Starch is often modified post-extraction to alter its structure and enhance its functionality. Targeted metabolic engineering of crops to produce valuable and versatile starches requires knowledge of the relationships between starch biosynthesis, structure, and properties, but systematic studies to obtain this knowledge are difficult to conduct in plants. Here we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a testbed to dissect the functions of plant starch biosynthetic enzymes and create diverse starch-like polymers. Results We explored yeast promoters and terminators to tune the expression levels of the starch-biosynthesis machinery from Arabidopsis thaliana. We systematically modulated the expression of each starch synthase (SS) together with a branching enzyme (BE) in yeast. Protein quantification by parallel reaction monitoring (targeted proteomics) revealed unexpected effects of glucan biosynthesis on protein abundances but showed that the anticipated broad range of SS/BE enzyme ratios was maintained during the biosynthetic process. The different SS/BE ratios clearly influenced glucan structure and solubility: The higher the SS/BE ratio, the longer the glucan chains and the more glucans were partitioned into the insoluble fraction. This effect was irrespective of the SS isoform, demonstrating that the elongation/branching ratio controls glucan properties separate from enzyme specificity. Conclusions Our results provide a quantitative framework for the in silico design of improved starch biosynthetic processes in plants. Our study also exemplifies a workflow for the rational tuning of a complex pathway in yeast, starting from the selection and evaluation of expression modules to multi-gene assembly and targeted protein monitoring during the biosynthetic process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01408-x.
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68
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Irshad A, Guo H, Ur Rehman S, Gu J, Wang C, Xiong H, Xie Y, Zhao S, Liu L. Screening of Induced Mutants Led to the Identification of Starch Biosynthetic Genes Associated with Improved Resistant Starch in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10741. [PMID: 36142653 PMCID: PMC9502818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several health benefits are obtained from resistant starch, also known as healthy starch. Enhancing resistant starch with genetic modification has huge commercial importance. The variation of resistant starch content is narrow in wheat, in relation to which limited improvement has been attained. Hence, there is a need to produce a wheat population that has a wide range of variations in resistant starch content. In the present study, stable mutants were screened that showed significant variation in the resistant starch content. A megazyme kit was used for measuring the resistant starch content, digestible starch, and total starch. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the mutant population for resistant starch. Furthermore, four diverse mutant lines for resistant starch content were used to study the quantitative expression patterns of 21 starch metabolic pathway genes; and to evaluate the candidate genes for resistant starch biosynthesis. The expression pattern of 21 starch metabolic pathway genes in two diverse mutant lines showed a higher expression of key genes regulating resistant starch biosynthesis (GBSSI and their isoforms) in the high resistant starch mutant lines, in comparison to the parent variety (J411). The expression of SBEs genes was higher in the low resistant starch mutants. The other three candidate genes showed overexpression (BMY, Pho1, Pho2) and four had reduced (SSIII, SBEI, SBEIII, ISA3) expression in high resistant starch mutants. The overexpression of AMY and ISA1 in the high resistant starch mutant line JE0146 may be due to missense mutations in these genes. Similarly, there was a stop_gained mutation for PHO2; it also showed overexpression. In addition, the gene expression analysis of 21 starch metabolizing genes in four different mutants (low and high resistant starch mutants) shows that in addition to the important genes, several other genes (phosphorylase, isoamylases) may be involved and contribute to the biosynthesis of resistant starch. There is a need to do further study about these new genes, which are responsible for the fluctuation of resistant starch in the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Irshad
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shoaib Ur Rehman
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Jiayu Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongchun Xiong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongdun Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Luxiang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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69
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Ying Y, Zhang Z, Tappiban P, Xu F, Deng G, Dai G, Bao J. Starch fine structure and functional properties during seed development in BEIIb active and deficient rice. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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70
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Wang N, Xing C, Qu G, Zhuo J, Wang X, Li Y, Yan Y, Li X. New insight into the sucrose biosynthesis pathway from genome-wide identification, gene expression analysis, and subcellular localization in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153770. [PMID: 35932649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose, the main synthesized product and transported form of photoassimilates, moves from leaves to support plant growth and storage substance biosynthesis occurring in the heterotrophic sink organs. Enhancing sucrose biosynthesis efficiency is a top priority for crop yield breeding programs. However, the molecular mechanism of sucrose biosynthesis is still elusive, especially in wheat. We performed transcriptome sequencing, subcellular localization, and bioinformatics analysis to identify key isoforms and metabolic branches associated with sucrose biosynthesis in wheat. Our analysis identified 45 genes from 13 families that exhibited high expression in young leaves with an evident diurnal change. The carbon flux from photoassimilates to sucrose was divided into two pathways. In the cytoplasm, assimilates initiating at phosphotrioses (TPs) exported by TaTPT1 from chloroplasts flowed along the TP-Sucrose branch formed by TaALD6, TaFBP5, TacPGI, TacPGM, TaUGP1, TaSPS5, and TaSPP1. Intermediates either from the Calvin cycle or TP-Sucrose branch were converted into ADPGlc to synthesize the simple starch, which was transiently degraded by a series of enzymes, including TaBAM4 and TaSEX4 in the chloroplast. Similar to the starch-biosynthesis branch in endosperms, the TP-Sucrose branch is the most prominent in leaves because each reaction can be catalyzed by at least one highly expressed isoform with expected cytosolic localization. The key isoforms and major branches highlighted in the wheat sucrose biosynthesis pathway expand our molecular understanding of crop sucrose biosynthesis and provide clues to increase wheat yield by enhancing the sucrose synthesis efficiency of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Caihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiahui Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yueming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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71
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Cui C, Jia Y, Sun Q, Yu M, Ji N, Dai L, Wang Y, Qin Y, Xiong L, Sun Q. Recent advances in the preparation, characterization, and food application of starch-based hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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72
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The Starch Physicochemical Properties between Superior and Inferior Grains of Japonica Rice under Panicle Nitrogen Fertilizer Determine the Difference in Eating Quality. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162489. [PMID: 36010489 PMCID: PMC9407410 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizer is essential for rice growth and development, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at panicle stage has a huge impact on rice grain quality. However, the effect of panicle nitrogen fertilizer (PNF) on starch physicochemical properties and fine structure remain unclear. In this study, four PNF levels (0, 60, 120, 180 kg N ha−1) were grown with the same basal and tiller fertilizer (150 kg N ha−1). The starch physicochemical properties, fine structure, texture properties and eating quality of two japonica rice were determined. We found that the content of total protein, crude fat and amylose between superior and inferior grains were significantly different. Compared with inferior grains, superior grains had low relative crystallinity, good pasting characteristics and outstanding eating quality. With the increase of nitrogen application rates, the starch volume mean diameter was lower; the average chain length of amylopectin was longer; and the relative crystallinity of starch was higher. The changes above in starch structure resulted in an increase in starch solubility, swelling power and gelatinization enthalpy, and led to a decrease in retrogradation enthalpy, retrogradation percentage and pasting viscosity, consequently contributing to the increase in hardness and stickiness of rice and the deterioration of taste value. These results indicated that topdressing PNF lengthened the amylopectin chain, decreased starch granule size, enhanced crystallization stability and increased gelatinization enthalpy, which were the direct reasons for the deterioration of cooking and eating quality.
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73
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Shi Q, Chen C, He T, Fan J. Circadian rhythm promotes the biomass and amylose hyperaccumulation by mixotrophic cultivation of marine microalga Platymonas helgolandica. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:75. [PMID: 35794631 PMCID: PMC9261046 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgal starch can be exploited for bioenergy, food, and bioplastics. Production of starch by green algae has been concerned for many years. Currently commonly used methods such as nutrient stress will affect cell growth, thereby inhibiting the production efficiency and quality of starch production. Simpler and more efficient control strategies need to be developed. RESULT We proposed a novel regulation method to promote the growth and starch accumulation by a newly isolated Chlorophyta Platymonas helgolandica. By adding exogenous glucose and controlling the appropriate circadian light and dark time, the highest dry weight accumulation 6.53 g L-1 (Light:Dark = 12:12) can be achieved, and the highest starch concentration could reach 3.88 g L-1 (Light:Dark = 6:18). The highest production rate was 0.40 g L-1 d-1 after 9 days of production. And this method helps to improve the ability to produce amylose, with the highest accumulation of 39.79% DW amylose. We also discussed the possible mechanism of this phenomenon through revealing changes in the mRNA levels of key genes. CONCLUSION This study provides a new idea to regulate the production of amylose by green algae. For the first time, it is proposed to combine organic carbon source addition and circadian rhythm regulation to increase the starch production from marine green alga. A new starch-producing microalga has been isolated that can efficiently utilize organic matter and grow with or without photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingwei He
- Department of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, People's Republic of China.
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Takahashi K, Fujita H, Fujita N, Takahashi Y, Kato S, Shimizu T, Suganuma Y, Sato T, Waki H, Yamada Y. A Pilot Study to Assess Glucose, Insulin, and Incretin Responses Following Novel High Resistant Starch Rice Ingestion in Healthy Men. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:1383-1393. [PMID: 35708892 PMCID: PMC9240163 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-022-01283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A newly developed resistant starch (RS) rice line with double mutation of starch synthase IIIa and branching enzyme IIb (ss3a/be2b) exhibits a tenfold greater percentage RS value than the wild-type rice line. Currently, the effects of cooked rice with such high RS content on secretion and action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are unclear. Therefore, we conducted a pilot study to assess postprandial responses of GLP-1 and GIP along with glucose and insulin and also gastric emptying after ingestion of the high-RS cooked rice with ss3a/be2b in healthy subjects. METHODS In a non-randomized crossover design, five healthy men ingested two test foods, control (low-RS) and high-RS cooked rice, with at least 1-week washout period between testing days. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, plasma total GLP-1, plasma total GIP, and also gastric emptying rate were measured after ingestion of each test food, and the incremental area under the curves (iAUC) was calculated for each biochemical parameter using the values from 0 to 180 min after ingestion. RESULTS The high-RS cooked rice ingestion tended to reduce iAUC-glucose (p = 0.06) and significantly reduced iAUC-insulin (p < 0.01) and iAUC-GLP-1 (p < 0.05) but not iAUC-GIP (p = 0.21) relative to control cooked rice ingestion. In addition, the high-RS cooked rice ingestion did not affect gastric emptying. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that the suppressive effects of the high-RS cooked rice ingestion on postprandial responses of glucose and insulin may be provided through attenuation in GLP-1 secretion along with its low digestibility into glucose. We suggest that the high-RS rice with ss3a/be2b may serve as a better carbohydrate source and also as a novel functional food for dietary interventions to improve postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia without both enhancing GLP-1 secretion and affecting gastric emptying in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujita
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuya Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kato
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Shimizu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yumi Suganuma
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hironori Waki
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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75
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Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112215. [PMID: 35683888 PMCID: PMC9183024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a "green path" raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Nigeria
| | - Anamol Pokharel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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76
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Tian Y, Hou X, Ni D, Xu W, Guang C, Zhang W, Chen Q, Rao Y, Mu W. Structure-based interface engineering methodology in designing a thermostable amylose-forming transglucosylase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102074. [PMID: 35643316 PMCID: PMC9234714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs and prebiotics derive their activities from sugar substituents. Due to the prevalence and complexity of these biologically active compounds, enzymatic glycodiversification that facilitates easier access to these compounds can make profound contributions to the pharmaceutical, food, and feed industries. Amylosucrases (ASases) are attractive tools for glycodiversification because of their broad acceptor substrate specificity, but the lack of structural information and their poor thermostability limit their industrial applications. Herein, we reported the crystal structure of ASase from Calidithermus timidus, which displays a homotetrameric quaternary organization not previously observed for other ASases. We employed a workflow composed of five common strategies, including interface engineering, folding energy calculations, consensus sequence, hydrophobic effects enhancement, and B-factor analysis, to enhance the thermostability of C. timidus ASase. As a result, we obtained a quadruple-point mutant M31 ASase with a half-life at 65 °C increased from 22.91 h to 52.93 h, which could facilitate biosynthesis of glucans with a degree of polymerization of more than 20 using sucrose as a substrate at 50 °C. In conclusion, this study provides a structural basis for understanding the multifunctional biocatalyst ASase and presents a powerful methodology to effectively and systematically enhance protein thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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77
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Zhou L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu Q. Genetic manipulation of endosperm amylose for designing superior quality rice to meet the demands in the 21st century. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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78
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Okooboh GO, Haferkamp I, Valifard M, Pommerrenig B, Kelly A, Feussner I, Neuhaus HE. Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar importer BvTST1 from sugar beet in Camelina improves seed properties and leads to altered root characteristics. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13653. [PMID: 35187664 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar transporter TST1 in Arabidopsis leads to higher seed lipid levels and higher total seed yield per plant. However, effects on fruit biomass have not been observed in crop plants like melon, strawberry, cotton, apple, or tomato with increased tonoplast sugar transporter (TST) activity. Thus, it was unclear whether overexpression of TST in selected crops might lead to increased fruit yield, as observed in Arabidopsis. Here, we report that constitutive overexpression of TST1 from sugar beet in the important crop species Camelina sativa (false flax) resembles the seed characteristics observed for Arabidopsis upon increased TST activity. These effects go along with a stimulation of sugar export from source leaves and not only provoke optimised seed properties like higher lipid levels and increased overall seed yield per plant, but also modify the root architecture of BvTST1 overexpressing Camelina lines. Such mutants grew longer primary roots and showed an increased number of lateral roots, especially when developed under conditions of limited water supply. These changes in root properties result in a stabilisation of total seed yield under drought conditions. In summary, we demonstrate that increased vacuolar TST activity may lead to optimised yield of an oil-seed crop species with high levels of healthy ω3 fatty acids in storage lipids. Moreover, since BvTST1 overexpressing Camelina mutants, in addition, exhibit optimised yield under limited water availability, we might devise a strategy to create crops with improved tolerance against drought, representing one of the most challenging environmental cues today and in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria O Okooboh
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern
| | - Ilka Haferkamp
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern
| | - Marzieh Valifard
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern
| | - Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern
| | - Amélie Kelly
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Wan Mahari WA, Waiho K, Fazhan H, Necibi MC, Hafsa J, Mrid RB, Fal S, El Arroussi H, Peng W, Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, Almomani F, Lam SS, Sillanpää M. Progress in valorisation of agriculture, aquaculture and shellfish biomass into biochemicals and biomaterials towards sustainable bioeconomy. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133036. [PMID: 34822867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The recurrent environmental and economic issues associated with the diminution of fossil fuels are the main impetus towards the conversion of agriculture, aquaculture and shellfish biomass and the wastes into alternative commodities in a sustainable approach. In this review, the recent progress on recovering and processing these biomass and waste feedstocks to produce a variety of value-added products via various valorisation technologies, including hydrolysis, extraction, pyrolysis, and chemical modifications are presented, analysed, and discussed. These technologies have gained widespread attention among researchers, industrialists and decision makers alike to provide markets with bio-based chemicals and materials at viable prices, leading to less emissions of CO2 and sustainable management of these resources. In order to echo the thriving research, development and innovation, bioresources and biomass from various origins were reviewed including agro-industrial, herbaceous, aquaculture, shellfish bioresources and microorganisms that possess a high content of starch, cellulose, lignin, lipid and chitin. Additionally, a variety of technologies and processes enabling the conversion of such highly available bioresources is thoroughly analysed, with a special focus on recent studies on designing, optimising and even innovating new processes to produce biochemicals and biomaterials. Despite all these efforts, there is still a need to determine the more cost-effective and efficient technologies to produce bio-based commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Adibah Wan Mahari
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Khor Waiho
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China; Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Mohamed Chaker Necibi
- International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150 Ben-Guerir, Morocco.
| | - Jawhar Hafsa
- AgroBioSciences Research Division, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150 Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Reda Ben Mrid
- AgroBioSciences Research Division, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150 Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Soufiane Fal
- Green Biotechnology laboratory, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation & Research (MASCIR). Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat 10100 Morocco; Plant Physiology and Biotechnology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment. Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, 10000, Morocco
| | - Hicham El Arroussi
- Green Biotechnology laboratory, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation & Research (MASCIR). Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat 10100 Morocco
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Malaysia Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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80
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Rendón-Villalobos R, Lorenzo-Santiago MA, Olvera-Guerra R, Trujillo-Hernández CA. Bioplastic composed of starch and micro-cellulose from waste mango: mechanical properties and biodegradation. POLIMEROS 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20210031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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81
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Trends and challenges of starch-based foams for use as food packaging and food container. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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82
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Yu X, Zhang Y, Ran L, Lu W, Zhang E, Xiong F. Accumulation and physicochemical properties of starch in relation to eating quality in different parts of taro (Colocasia esculenta) corm. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:924-932. [PMID: 34852257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation and physicochemical properties of starch affect the eating quality of taro corm. This study aims to investigate the accumulation, morphology, and physicochemical properties of starch from inner and outer tissues in the top, middle, and basal parts of taro corm. Structural and morphological observations showed that the inner tissues of the taro corm accumulated more starch, and the middle tissue had moderate amylose content and the largest granule diameter. Starch from different tissues exhibited A-type orthorhombic structure and similar nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The relative crystallinity of starch in the middle tissue was higher than that in the top and basal tissues. Compared with middle and basal tissues, starch from top tissue showed higher peak viscosity, pasting time, swelling power and solubility. Compared with the top and basal tissues, the middle tissue of taro corm exhibited higher index of eating quality including smell, texture, and total evaluation score. The results indicated that starches in various spatial parts of taro corm exhibit differences in accumulation, morphology, structure and physicochemical properties that lead to diverse eating qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liping Ran
- Guangling College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
| | - Wenyi Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Erjin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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83
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Zailani MA, Kamilah H, Husaini A, Awang Seruji AZR, Sarbini SR. Functional and digestibility properties of sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch modified by microwave heat treatment. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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84
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Zhang H, Xu H, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Wang F, Zhu Y. Genetic Control and High Temperature Effects on Starch Biosynthesis and Grain Quality in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:757997. [PMID: 34975940 PMCID: PMC8718882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.757997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Grain quality is one of the key targets to be improved for rice breeders and covers cooking, eating, nutritional, appearance, milling, and sensory properties. Cooking and eating quality are mostly of concern to consumers and mainly determined by starch structure and composition. Although many starch synthesis enzymes have been identified and starch synthesis system has been established for a long time, novel functions of some starch synthesis genes have continually been found, and many important regulatory factors for seed development and grain quality control have recently been identified. Here, we summarize the progress in this field as comprehensively as possible and hopefully reveal some underlying molecular mechanisms controlling eating quality in rice. The regulatory network of amylose content (AC) determination is emphasized, as AC is the most important index for rice eating quality (REQ). Moreover, the regulatory mechanism of REQ, especially AC influenced by high temperature which is concerned as a most harmful environmental factor during grain filling is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
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85
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Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly Provides New Insights into Genome Evolution and Tuberous Root Formation of Potentilla anserina. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121993. [PMID: 34946942 PMCID: PMC8700974 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentilla anserina is a perennial stoloniferous plant with edible tuberous roots in Rosaceae, served as important food and medicine sources for Tibetans in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), China, over thousands of years. However, a lack of genome information hindered the genetic study. Here, we presented a chromosome-level genome assembly using single-molecule long-read sequencing, and the Hi-C technique. The assembled genome was 454.28 Mb, containing 14 chromosomes, with contig N50 of 2.14 Mb. A total of 46,495 protein-coding genes, 169.74 Mb repeat regions, and 31.76 Kb non-coding RNA were predicted. P. anserina diverged from Potentilla micrantha ∼28.52 million years ago (Mya). Furthermore, P. anserina underwent a recent tetraploidization ∼6.4 Mya. The species-specific genes were enriched in Starch and sucrose metabolism and Galactose metabolism pathways. We identified the sub-genome structures of P. anserina, with A sub-genome was larger than B sub-genome and closer to P. micrantha phylogenetically. Despite lacking significant genome-wide expression dominance, the A sub-genome had higher homoeologous gene expression in shoot apical meristem, flower and tuberous root. The resistance genes was contracted in P. anserina genome. Key genes involved in starch biosynthesis were expanded and highly expressed in tuberous roots, which probably drives the tuber formation. The genomics and transcriptomics data generated in this study advance our understanding of the genomic landscape of P. anserina, and will accelerate genetic studies and breeding programs.
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Guo W, Yang J, Huang T, Liu D, Liu Q, Li J, Sun W, Wang X, Zhu L, Tian C. Synergistic effects of multiple enzymes from industrial Aspergillus niger strain O1 on starch saccharification. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:225. [PMID: 34838099 PMCID: PMC8627030 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is one of the most important renewable polysaccharides in nature for production of bio-ethanol. The starch saccharification step facilitates the depolymerization of starch to yield glucose for biofuels production. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger (A. niger) is the most used microbial cell factory for production of the commercial glucoamylase. However, the role of each component in glucoamylases cocktail of A. niger O1 for starch saccharification remains unclear except glucoamylase. RESULTS In this study, we identified the key enzymes contributing to the starch saccharification process are glucoamylase, α-amylase and acid α-amylase out of 29 glycoside hydrolases from the 6-day fermentation products of A. niger O1. Through the synergistic study of the multienzymes for the starch saccharification in vitro, we found that increasing the amount of α-amylase by 5-10 times enhanced the efficiency of starch saccharification by 14.2-23.2%. Overexpression of acid α-amylase in strain O1 in vivo increased the total glucoamylase activity of O1 cultures by 15.0%. CONCLUSIONS Our study clarifies the synergistic effects among the components of glucoamylases cocktail, and provides an effective approach to optimize the profile of saccharifying enzymes of strain O1 for improving the total glucoamylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tianchen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jingen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Wenliang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xingji Wang
- Longda Biotechnology Inc, Shandong, 276400, China
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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87
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Maung TZ, Chu SH, Park YJ. Functional Haplotypes and Evolutionary Insight into the Granule-Bound Starch Synthase II ( GBSSII) Gene in Korean Rice Accessions (KRICE_CORE). Foods 2021; 10:2359. [PMID: 34681408 PMCID: PMC8535093 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule-bound starch synthase 2 (GBSSII), a paralogous isoform of GBSSI, carries out amylose biosynthesis in rice. Unlike GBSSI, it mainly functions in transient organs, such as leaves. Despite many reports on the starch gene family, little is known about the genetics and genomics of GBSSII. Haplotype analysis was conducted to unveil genetic variations (SNPs and InDels) of GBSSII (OS07G0412100) and it was also performed to gain evolutionary insight through genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and phylogenetic analyses using the KRICE_CORE set (475 rice accessions). Thirty nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) were detected across the diverse GBSSII coding regions, representing 38 haplotypes, including 13 cultivated, 21 wild, and 4 mixed (a combination of cultivated and wild) varieties. The cultivated haplotypes (C_1-C_13) contained more nsSNPs across the GBSSII genomic region than the wild varieties. Nucleotide diversity analysis highlighted the higher diversity values of the cultivated varieties (weedy = 0.0102, landrace = 0.0093, and bred = 0.0066) than the wild group (0.0045). The cultivated varieties exhibited no reduction in diversity during domestication. Diversity reduction in the japonica and the wild groups was evidenced by the negative Tajima's D values under purifying selection, suggesting the domestication signatures of GBSSII; however, balancing selection was indicated by positive Tajima's D values in indica. Principal component analysis and population genetics analyses estimated the ambiguous evolutionary relationships among the cultivated and wild rice groups, indicating highly diverse structural features of the rice accessions within the GBSSII genomic region. FST analysis differentiated most of the classified populations in a range of greater FST values. Our findings provide evolutionary insights into GBSSII and, consequently, a molecular breeding program can be implemented for select desired traits using these diverse nonsynonymous (functional) alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thant Zin Maung
- Department of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea;
| | - Sang-Ho Chu
- Center of Crop Breeding on Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea;
| | - Yong-Jin Park
- Department of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea;
- Center of Crop Breeding on Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea;
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88
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Botticella E, Savatin DV, Sestili F. The Triple Jags of Dietary Fibers in Cereals: How Biotechnology Is Longing for High Fiber Grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:745579. [PMID: 34594354 PMCID: PMC8477015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cereals represent an important source of beneficial compounds for human health, such as macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, and bioactive molecules. Generally, the consumption of whole-grain products is associated with significant health benefits, due to the elevated amount of dietary fiber (DF). However, the consumption of whole-grain foods is still modest compared to more refined products. In this sense, it is worth focusing on the increase of DF fractions inside the inner compartment of the seed, the endosperm, which represents the main part of the derived flour. The main components of the grain fiber are arabinoxylan (AX), β-glucan (βG), and resistant starch (RS). These three components are differently distributed in grains, however, all of them are represented in the endosperm. AX and βG, classified as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), are in cell walls, whereas, RS is in the endosperm, being a starch fraction. As the chemical structure of DFs influences their digestibility, the identification of key actors involved in their metabolism can pave the way to improve their function in human health. Here, we reviewed the main achievements of plant biotechnologies in DFs manipulation in cereals, highlighting new genetic targets to be exploited, and main issues to face to increase the potential of cereals in fighting malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Botticella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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89
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Huang L, Tan H, Zhang C, Li Q, Liu Q. Starch biosynthesis in cereal endosperms: An updated review over the last decade. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100237. [PMID: 34746765 PMCID: PMC8554040 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a vital energy source for living organisms and is a key raw material and additive in the food and non-food industries. Starch has received continuous attention in multiple research fields. The endosperm of cereals (e.g., rice, corn, wheat, and barley) is the most important site for the synthesis of storage starch. Around 2010, several excellent reviews summarized key progress in various fields of starch research, serving as important references for subsequent research. In the past 10 years, many achievements have been made in the study of starch synthesis and regulation in cereals. The present review provides an update on research progress in starch synthesis of cereal endosperms over the past decade, focusing on new enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins involved in starch synthesis, regulatory networks of starch synthesis, and the use of elite alleles of starch synthesis-related genes in cereal breeding programs. We also provide perspectives on future research directions that will further our understanding of cereal starch biosynthesis and regulation to support the rational design of ideal quality grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongyan Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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90
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Yu B, Xiang D, Mahfuz H, Patterson N, Bing D. Understanding Starch Metabolism in Pea Seeds towards Tailoring Functionality for Value-Added Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8972. [PMID: 34445676 PMCID: PMC8396644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most abundant storage carbohydrate and a major component in pea seeds, accounting for about 50% of dry seed weight. As a by-product of pea protein processing, current uses for pea starch are limited to low-value, commodity markets. The globally growing demand for pea protein poses a great challenge for the pea fractionation industry to develop new markets for starch valorization. However, there exist gaps in our understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying starch metabolism, and its relationship with physicochemical and functional properties, which is a prerequisite for targeted tailoring functionality and innovative applications of starch. This review outlines the understanding of starch metabolism with a particular focus on peas and highlights the knowledge of pea starch granule structure and its relationship with functional properties, and industrial applications. Using the currently available pea genetics and genomics knowledge and breakthroughs in omics technologies, we discuss the perspectives and possible avenues to advance our understanding of starch metabolism in peas at an unprecedented level, to ultimately enable the molecular design of multi-functional native pea starch and to create value-added utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianyun Yu
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Humaira Mahfuz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nii Patterson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Dengjin Bing
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada;
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91
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Kumar A, Anju T, Kumar S, Chhapekar SS, Sreedharan S, Singh S, Choi SR, Ramchiary N, Lim YP. Integrating Omics and Gene Editing Tools for Rapid Improvement of Traditional Food Plants for Diversified and Sustainable Food Security. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8093. [PMID: 34360856 PMCID: PMC8348985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous communities across the globe, especially in rural areas, consume locally available plants known as Traditional Food Plants (TFPs) for their nutritional and health-related needs. Recent research shows that many TFPs are highly nutritious as they contain health beneficial metabolites, vitamins, mineral elements and other nutrients. Excessive reliance on the mainstream staple crops has its own disadvantages. Traditional food plants are nowadays considered important crops of the future and can act as supplementary foods for the burgeoning global population. They can also act as emergency foods in situations such as COVID-19 and in times of other pandemics. The current situation necessitates locally available alternative nutritious TFPs for sustainable food production. To increase the cultivation or improve the traits in TFPs, it is essential to understand the molecular basis of the genes that regulate some important traits such as nutritional components and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. The integrated use of modern omics and gene editing technologies provide great opportunities to better understand the genetic and molecular basis of superior nutrient content, climate-resilient traits and adaptation to local agroclimatic zones. Recently, realizing the importance and benefits of TFPs, scientists have shown interest in the prospection and sequencing of TFPs for their improvements, cultivation and mainstreaming. Integrated omics such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and ionomics are successfully used in plants and have provided a comprehensive understanding of gene-protein-metabolite networks. Combined use of omics and editing tools has led to successful editing of beneficial traits in several TFPs. This suggests that there is ample scope for improvement of TFPs for sustainable food production. In this article, we highlight the importance, scope and progress towards improvement of TFPs for valuable traits by integrated use of omics and gene editing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, Kerala, India; (T.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Thattantavide Anju
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, Kerala, India; (T.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Kishtwar 182204, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Molecular Genetics & Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.S.C.); (S.S.); (S.R.C.)
| | - Sajana Sreedharan
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, Kerala, India; (T.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Sonam Singh
- Molecular Genetics & Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.S.C.); (S.S.); (S.R.C.)
| | - Su Ryun Choi
- Molecular Genetics & Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.S.C.); (S.S.); (S.R.C.)
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, Delhi, India
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics & Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.S.C.); (S.S.); (S.R.C.)
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92
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Hawkins E, Chen J, Watson-Lazowski A, Ahn-Jarvis J, Barclay JE, Fahy B, Hartley M, Warren FJ, Seung D. STARCH SYNTHASE 4 is required for normal starch granule initiation in amyloplasts of wheat endosperm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2371-2386. [PMID: 33714222 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Starch granule initiation is poorly understood at the molecular level. The glucosyltransferase, STARCH SYNTHASE 4 (SS4), plays a central role in granule initiation in Arabidopsis leaves, but its function in cereal endosperms is unknown. We investigated the role of SS4 in wheat, which has a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of granule initiation during grain development. We generated TILLING mutants in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum) that are defective in both SS4 homoeologs. The morphology of endosperm starch was examined in developing and mature grains. SS4 deficiency led to severe alterations in endosperm starch granule morphology. During early grain development, while the wild-type initiated single 'A-type' granules per amyloplast, most amyloplasts in the mutant formed compound granules due to multiple initiations. This phenotype was similar to mutants deficient in B-GRANULE CONTENT 1 (BGC1). SS4 deficiency also reduced starch content in leaves and pollen grains. We propose that SS4 and BGC1 are required for the proper control of granule initiation during early grain development that leads to a single A-type granule per amyloplast. The absence of either protein results in a variable number of initiations per amyloplast and compound granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hawkins
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jiawen Chen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Brendan Fahy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew Hartley
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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93
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Tappiban P, Ying Y, Xu F, Bao J. Proteomics and Post-Translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-Related Proteins in Developing Seeds of Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5901. [PMID: 34072759 PMCID: PMC8199009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a foremost staple food for approximately half the world's population. The components of rice starch, amylose, and amylopectin are synthesized by a series of enzymes, which are responsible for rice starch properties and functionality, and then affect rice cooking and eating quality. Recently, proteomics technology has been applied to the establishment of the differentially expressed starch biosynthesis-related proteins and the identification of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) target starch biosynthesis proteins as well. It is necessary to summarize the recent studies in proteomics and PTMs in rice endosperm to deepen our understanding of starch biosynthesis protein expression and regulation, which will provide useful information to rice breeding programs and industrial starch applications. The review provides a comprehensive summary of proteins and PTMs involved in starch biosynthesis based on proteomic studies of rice developing seeds. Starch biosynthesis proteins in rice seeds were differentially expressed in the developing seeds at different developmental stages. All the proteins involving in starch biosynthesis were identified using proteomics methods. Most starch biosynthesis-related proteins are basically increased at 6-20 days after flowering (DAF) and decreased upon the high-temperature conditions. A total of 10, 14, 2, 17, and 7 starch biosynthesis related proteins were identified to be targeted by phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and malonylation, respectively. The phosphoglucomutase is commonly targeted by five PTMs types. Research on the function of phosphorylation in multiple enzyme complex formation in endosperm starch biosynthesis is underway, while the functions of other PTMs in starch biosynthesis are necessary to be conducted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piengtawan Tappiban
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Yining Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Feifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
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94
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Adegoke TV, Wang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Liu W, Liu X, Cheng YC, Tong X, Ying J, Zhang J. Posttranslational Modification of Waxy to Genetically Improve Starch Quality in Rice Grain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4845. [PMID: 34063649 PMCID: PMC8124582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The waxy (Wx) gene, encoding the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), is responsible for amylose biosynthesis and plays a crucial role in defining eating and cooking quality. The waxy locus controls both the non-waxy and waxy rice phenotypes. Rice starch can be altered into various forms by either reducing or increasing the amylose content, depending on consumer preference and region. Low-amylose rice is preferred by consumers because of its softness and sticky appearance. A better way of improving crops other than downregulation and overexpression of a gene or genes may be achieved through the posttranslational modification of sites or regulatory enzymes that regulate them because of their significance. The impact of posttranslational GBSSI modifications on extra-long unit chains (ELCs) remains largely unknown. Numerous studies have been reported on different crops, such as wheat, maize, and barley, but the rice starch granule proteome remains largely unknown. There is a need to improve the yield of low-amylose rice by employing posttranslational modification of Wx, since the market demand is increasing every day in order to meet the market demand for low-amylose rice in the regional area that prefers low-amylose rice, particularly in China. In this review, we have conducted an in-depth review of waxy rice, starch properties, starch biosynthesis, and posttranslational modification of waxy protein to genetically improve starch quality in rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Huimei Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wanning Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xingyong Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yi-Chen Cheng
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiezheng Ying
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (T.V.A.); (Y.W.); (L.C.); (H.W.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.-C.C.); (X.T.); (J.Y.)
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Kadokawa JI, Wada Y, Yamamoto K. Preparation of Amylose-Oligo[( R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] Inclusion Complex by Vine-Twining Polymerization. Molecules 2021; 26:2595. [PMID: 33946828 PMCID: PMC8124448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we attempted to prepare an amylose-oligo[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (ORHB) inclusion complex using a vine-twining polymerization approach. Our previous studies indicated that glucan phosphorylase (GP)-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization in the presence of appropriate hydrophobic guest polymers produces the corresponding amylose-polymer inclusion complexes, a process named vine-twining polymerization. When vine-twining polymerization was conducted in the presence of ORHB under general enzymatic polymerization conditions (45 °C), the enzymatically produced amylose did not undergo complexation with ORHB. However, using a maltotriose primer in the same polymerization system at 70 °C for 48 h to obtain water-soluble amylose, called single amylose, followed by cooling the system over 7 h to 45 °C, successfully induced the formation of the inclusion complex. Furthermore, enzymatic polymerization initiated from a longer primer under the same conditions induced the partial formation of the inclusion complex. The structures of the different products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, 1H-NMR, and IR measurements. The mechanism of formation of the inclusion complexes discussed in the study is proposed based on the additional experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.W.); (K.Y.)
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96
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Nadia J, Bronlund J, Singh RP, Singh H, Bornhorst GM. Structural breakdown of starch-based foods during gastric digestion and its link to glycemic response: In vivo and in vitro considerations. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2660-2698. [PMID: 33884751 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of starch-based foods in the small intestine as well as factors affecting their digestibility have been previously investigated and reviewed in detail. Starch digestibility has been studied both in vivo and in vitro, with increasing interest in the use of in vitro models. Although previous in vivo studies have indicated the effect of mastication and gastric digestion on the digestibility of solid starch-based foods, the physical breakdown of starch-based foods prior to small intestinal digestion is often less considered. Moreover, gastric digestion has received little attention in the attempt to understand the digestion of solid starch-based foods in the digestive tract. In this review, the physical breakdown of starch-based foods in the mouth and stomach, the quantification of these breakdown processes, and their links to physiological outcomes, such as gastric emptying and glycemic response, are discussed. In addition, the physical breakdown aspects related to gastric digestion that need to be considered when developing in vitro-in vivo correlation in starch digestion studies are discussed. The discussion demonstrates that physical breakdown prior to small intestinal digestion, especially during gastric digestion, should not be neglected in understanding the digestion of solid starch-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nadia
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John Bronlund
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rajinder Paul Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gail M Bornhorst
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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97
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Chen J, Hawkins E, Seung D. Towards targeted starch modification in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:102013. [PMID: 33677239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic approaches to modify starch in crops have been limited by our knowledge of starch biosynthesis. Recent advances in Arabidopsis have revealed key genetic components determining the size, shape and number of granules in a plastid. This has opened the doors to new discoveries on granule initiation in crop species. In parallel, advances in genomic resources and gene editing technologies allow targeted manipulation of starch biosynthesis genes in isogenic crop backgrounds. Such technologies have been successfully deployed to alter starch composition, and can now be used to modify other starch traits. This will allow the complex relationships between starch structure and physicochemical properties to be elucidated, which will facilitate the rational manipulation of starches in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Erica Hawkins
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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98
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Tetlow IJ, Bertoft E. A Review of Starch Biosynthesis in Relation to the Building Block-Backbone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7011. [PMID: 32977627 PMCID: PMC7582286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polymer of glucose synthesized as discrete granules inside the stroma of plastids in plant cells. Starch reserves provide a source of carbohydrate for immediate growth and development, and act as long term carbon stores in endosperms and seed tissues for growth of the next generation, making starch of huge agricultural importance. The starch granule has a highly complex hierarchical structure arising from the combined actions of a large array of enzymes as well as physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. Understanding the precise nature of granule architecture, and how both biological and abiotic factors determine this structure is of both fundamental and practical importance. This review outlines current knowledge of granule architecture and the starch biosynthesis pathway in relation to the building block-backbone model of starch structure. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge in relation to our understanding of the structure and synthesis of starch, and argue that the building block-backbone model takes accurate account of both structural and biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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