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Investigation of Macrolide Resistance Genotypes in Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Canadian Feedlot Cattle. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080622. [PMID: 32751555 PMCID: PMC7459582 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome (CPPS) in feedlot cattle. No efficacious vaccines for M. bovis exist; hence, macrolides are commonly used to control mycoplasmosis. Whole genome sequences of 126 M. bovis isolates, derived from 96 feedlot cattle over 12 production years, were determined. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of five macrolides (gamithromycin, tildipirosin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, tylosin) was conducted using a microbroth dilution method. The AST phenotypes were compared to the genotypes generated for 23S rRNA and the L4 and L22 ribosomal proteins. Mutations in domains II (nucleotide 748; E. coli numbering) and V (nucleotide 2059 and 2060) of the 23S rRNA (rrl) gene alleles were associated with resistance. All isolates with a single mutation at Δ748 were susceptible to tulathromycin, but resistant to tilmicosin and tildipirosin. Isolates with mutations in both domain II and V (Δ748Δ2059 or Δ748Δ2060) were resistant to all five macrolides. However, >99% of isolates were resistant to tildipirosin and tilmicosin, regardless of the number and positions of the mutations. Isolates with a Δ748 mutation in the 23S rRNA gene and mutations in L4 and L22 were resistant to all macrolides except for tulathromycin.
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Monitoring Mycoplasma bovis Diversity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Calf Feedlots Undergoing a Respiratory Disease Outbreak. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070593. [PMID: 32708285 PMCID: PMC7400015 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) are widespread in veal calf feedlots. Several pathogens are implicated, both viruses and bacteria, one of which, Mycoplasma bovis, is under-researched. This worldwide-distributed bacterium has been shown to be highly resistant in vitro to the main antimicrobials used to treat BRD. Our objective was to monitor the relative prevalence of M. bovis during BRD episodes, its diversity, and its resistance phenotype in relation to antimicrobial use. For this purpose, a two-year longitudinal follow-up of 25 feedlots was organized and 537 nasal swabs were collected on 358 veal calves at their arrival in the lot, at the BRD peak and 4 weeks after collective antimicrobial treatments. The presence of M. bovis was assessed by real-time PCR and culture. The clones isolated were then subtyped (polC subtyping and PFGE analysis), and their susceptibility to five antimicrobials was determined. The course of the disease and the antimicrobials used had no influence on the genetic diversity of the M. bovis strains: The subtype distribution was the same throughout the BRD episode and similar to that already described in France, with a major narrowly-variable subtype circulating, st2. The same conclusion holds for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes: All the clones were already multiresistant to the main antimicrobials used (except for fluoroquinolones) prior to any treatments. By contrast, changes of AMR phenotypes could be suspected for Pasteurellaceae in two cases in relation to the treatments registered.
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Kolar QK, Waddell LA, Raper A, Rocchi MS, Shaw DJ, Corbishley A, Hope JC. Anatomical distribution of respiratory tract leukocyte cell subsets in neonatal calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 227:110090. [PMID: 32663724 PMCID: PMC7331561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calves are highly susceptible to a number of diseases including those that infect via the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In order to determine appropriate vaccine design and delivery systems, or to identify suitable immunostimulatory methods to combat these infections, a detailed understanding of the immune cell populations present at clinically relevant sites is key. Few studies have assessed the immune cell composition of the neonatal calf lung and comparisons with circulating immune cells in the blood are lacking. We describe immune cell populations present in the peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue of young disease-free calves. Flow cytometric analysis revealed significant differences in cell subset distribution between the peripheral blood and respiratory tract, and between compartments within the respiratory tract. Notably, whereas WC1+ γδ TCR + T lymphocytes dominate the peripheral blood, both the BAL fluid and lung tissue contained a high proportion of myeloid cells which expressed CD14 and CD172a (SIRPα). Very low numbers of tissue myeloid cells expressed MHC Class II in comparison to circulating myeloid cells in the blood. Respiratory tract tissues had low frequencies of CD4+ and CD8 + T lymphocytes, which were significantly lower than in the blood. Differences in the proportion of NKp46+ natural killer cells were also observed between tissue compartments. In order to target vaccines or immunostimulatory therapeutics appropriately, these differences in immune cell populations in tissue compartments should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn K Kolar
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH259RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey A Waddell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH259RG, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH259RG, United Kingdom
| | - Mara S Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH260PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Shaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH259RG, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Corbishley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH259RG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH259RG, United Kingdom.
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Buckle KN, Castillo-Alcala F, Ha H, Begg D, McDonald W, Bingham P. First report of the use of mucosal swabs of the palatine tonsillar crypt for detection of Mycoplasma bovis in naturally infected calves. N Z Vet J 2020; 68:309-312. [PMID: 32422083 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2020.1765892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To compare detection by real-time PCR of DNA from Mycoplasma bovis on mucosal swabs taken from the palatine tonsillar crypt and the mainstem bronchi of clinically asymptomatic calves after slaughter. Methods: We compared the sensitivity of mucosal swabs taken from two sites: the palatine tonsillar crypt and the mainstem bronchi. Paired samples were taken post-mortem at slaughter from 55 clinically well calves from an infected herd and were tested by real-time PCR for the presence of M. bovis-specific DNA. Results: Mycoplasma bovis DNA was detected in 51 palatine tonsillar crypt swabs (92.7 (95% CI = 82.4-98.0)%) and seven mainstem bronchial swabs (12.7 (95% CI = 5.3-24.5)%). All seven calves with positive mainstem bronchial swabs also had positive palatine tonsillar crypt swabs. Conclusions: When compared to mucosal swabs of the mainstem bronchi, mucosal swabs of the palatine tonsillar crypt were seven times more sensitive for the post-mortem detection of M. bovis DNA. The viability of detected M. bovis was not assessed, because any cattle carrying viable or non-viable M. bovis DNA were determined to be a potential risk to eradication. Palatine tonsillar crypt mucosa may be a useful anatomical site for real-time PCR detection of M. bovis DNA in naturally infected calves. More work is needed to define the persistence and viability of M. bovis at this anatomical site. Clinical relevance: The results of this study helped form the basis of surveillance tools used in M. bovis control and eradication efforts. Familiarity with these results may help veterinarians better communicate with their clients about the science behind the eradication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Buckle
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, NZ Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - F Castillo-Alcala
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H Ha
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, NZ Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - D Begg
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, NZ Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - W McDonald
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, NZ Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - P Bingham
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, NZ Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
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Complete Genome Sequences of 16 Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Canadian Bison and Cattle. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/23/e00325-20. [PMID: 32499343 PMCID: PMC7272552 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00325-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequences of 12 Mycoplasma bovis isolates cultured from Canadian bison and 4 cultured from Canadian cattle. The sequences are of value for understanding the phylogenetic relationship between cattle and bison isolates and will aid in elucidating the genetic basis for virulence and host specificity. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of 12 Mycoplasma bovis isolates cultured from Canadian bison and 4 cultured from Canadian cattle. The sequences are of value for understanding the phylogenetic relationship between cattle and bison isolates and will aid in elucidating the genetic basis for virulence and host specificity.
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Rapid Identification of Mycoplasma bovis Strains from Bovine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry after Enrichment Procedure. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00004-20. [PMID: 32229599 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00004-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a leading cause of pneumonia in modern calf rearing. Fast identification is essential to ensure appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a protocol to identify M. bovis from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS and to determine the diagnostic accuracy in comparison with other techniques. BALf was obtained from 104 cattle, and the presence of M. bovis was determined in the following three ways: (i) rapid identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS (RIMM) (BALf was enriched and after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation and was analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS), (ii) triplex real-time PCR for M. bovis, Mycoplasma bovirhinis, and Mycoplasma dispar, and (iii) 10-day incubation on selective-indicative agar. The diagnostic accuracy of the three tests was determined with Bayesian latent class modeling (BLCM). After 24 h of enrichment, M. bovis was identified with MALDI-TOF MS in 3 out of 104 BALf samples. After 48 and 72 h of enrichment, 32/104 and 38/100 samples, respectively, were M. bovis positive. Lipase-positive Mycoplasma-like colonies were seen in 28 of 104 samples. Real-time PCR resulted in 28/104 positive and 12/104 doubtful results for M. bovis The BLCM showed a sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of 86.6% (95% credible interval [CI], 69.4% to 97.6%) and 86.4% (CI, 76.1 to 93.8) for RIMM. For real-time PCR, Se was 94.8% (CI, 89.9 to 97.9) and Sp was 88.9% (CI, 78.0 to 97.4). For selective-indicative agar, Se and Sp were 70.5% (CI, 52.1 to 87.1) and 93.9% (CI, 85.9 to 98.4), respectively. These results suggest that rapid identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS after an enrichment procedure is a promising test for routine diagnostics in veterinary laboratories.
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Register KB, Lysnyansky I, Jelinski MD, Boatwright WD, Waldner M, Bayles DO, Pilo P, Alt DP. Comparison of Two Multilocus Sequence Typing Schemes for Mycoplasma bovis and Revision of the PubMLST Reference Method. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e00283-20. [PMID: 32295891 PMCID: PMC7269390 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00283-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes pneumonia, pharyngitis, otitis, arthritis, mastitis, and reproductive disorders in cattle and bison. Two multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes have been developed for M. bovis, with one serving as the PubMLST reference method, but no comparison of the schemes has been undertaken. Although the PubMLST scheme has proven to be highly discriminatory and informative, the recent discovery of isolates missing one of the typing loci, adh-1, raises concern about its suitability for continued use. The goal of our study was to compare the performance of the two MLST schemes and identify a new reference scheme capable of fully typing all isolates. We evaluated 448 isolates from diverse geographic and anatomic sites that collectively represent cattle, bison, deer, and a goat. The discrimination indexes (DIs) for the PubMLST and the alternative scheme are 0.909 (91 sequence types [STs]) and 0.842 (77 STs), respectively. Although the PubMLST scheme outperformed the alternative scheme, the adh-1 locus must be retired from the PubMLST scheme if it is to be retained as a reference method. The DI obtained using the six remaining PubMLST loci (0.897, 79 STs) fails to reach the benchmark recommended for a reference method (0.900), mandating the addition of a seventh locus. Comparative analysis of genome sequences from the isolates used here identified the dnaA locus from the alternative scheme as the optimal replacement for adh-1 This revised scheme, which will be implemented as the new PubMLST reference method, has a DI of 0.914 and distinguishes 88 STs from the 448 isolates evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Register
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service/National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Murray D Jelinski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - William D Boatwright
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service/National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service/National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Paola Pilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David P Alt
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service/National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Mycoplasma bovis Membrane Protein MilA Is a Multifunctional Lipase with Novel Lipid and Glycosaminoglycan Binding Activity. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00945-19. [PMID: 32253247 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00945-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival, replication, and virulence of mycoplasmas depend on their ability to capture and import host-derived nutrients using poorly characterized membrane proteins. Previous studies on the important bovine pathogen Mycoplasma bovis demonstrated that the amino-terminal end of an immunogenic 226-kDa (P226) protein, encoded by milA (the full-length product of which has a predicted molecular weight of 303 kDa), had lipase activity. The predicted sequence of MilA contains glycosaminoglycan binding motifs, as well as multiple copies of a domain of unknown function (DUF445) that is also found in apolipoproteins. We mutagenized the gene to facilitate expression of a series of regions spanning the gene in Escherichia coli Using monospecific antibodies against these recombinant proteins, we showed that MilA was proteolytically processed into 226-kDa and 50-kDa fragments that were both partitioned into the detergent phase by Triton X-114 phase fractionation. Trypsin treatment of intact cells showed that P226 was surface exposed. In vitro, the recombinant regions of MilA bound to 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid and to a variety of lipids. The MilA fragments were also shown to bind heparin. Antibody against the carboxyl-terminal fragment inhibited the growth of M. bovis in vitro This carboxyl end also bound and hydrolyzed ATP, suggestive of a potential role as an autotransporter. Our studies have demonstrated that DUF445 has lipid binding activity and that MilA is a multifunctional protein that may play multiple roles in the pathogenesis of infection with M. bovis.
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Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex and recent reports identified that other species are also affected by M bovis. Control of the disease caused by M bovis has been unsuccessful owing to many factors, including the capacity of M bovis to evade and modulate the immune system of the host; the lack of known virulence factors; the absence of a cell wall, which renders antibiotics targeting cell-wall synthesis unusable; and the failure of vaccines to control disease on the field. The current knowledge on virulence and pathogenesis is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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60
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Gille L, Evrard J, Callens J, Supré K, Grégoire F, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Deprez P, Pardon B. The presence of Mycoplasma bovis in colostrum. Vet Res 2020; 51:54. [PMID: 32299498 PMCID: PMC7164199 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In herds with Mycoplasma bovis circulation, colostrum is often considered infectious. However, in contrast to milk, the presence of M. bovis in colostrum was not previously evidenced. In this survey, the presence of M. bovis DNA was determined with real-time PCR in 368 colostrum samples from 17 herds, recently infected with M. bovis. Only 1.9% of the samples tested positive, with 13 herds having no positive samples and an overall within-herd prevalence of 3.2% (SD: 4.9%; Range: 0–30.0%). These results show that in infected herds M. bovis DNA can be retrieved in colostrum. To what extend colostrum is infectious remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Julien Evrard
- Regional Association for Animal Identification and Health (ARSIA), Ciney, Belgium
| | - Jozefien Callens
- Animal Health Service Flanders (DGZ-Vlaanderen), Torhout, Belgium
| | - Karlien Supré
- Flanders Milk Control Centre (MCC-Vlaanderen), Lier, Belgium.,Zoetis SA, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Fabien Grégoire
- Regional Association for Animal Identification and Health (ARSIA), Ciney, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Members of the Bacterial Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Isolated from Lung Tissue of Cattle Mortalities Managed with or without the Use of Antimicrobials. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020288. [PMID: 32093326 PMCID: PMC7074851 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a two-year period, Mannheimia haemolytica (MH; n = 113), Pasteurella multocida (PM; n = 47), Histophilus somni (HS; n = 41) and Mycoplasma bovis (MB; n = 227) were isolated from bovine lung tissue at necropsy from cattle raised conventionally (CON, n = 29 feedlots) or without antimicrobials [natural (NAT), n = 2 feedlots]. Excluding MB, isolates were assayed by PCR to detect the presence of 13 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and five core genes associated with integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs, µg/mL) were determined for a subset of isolates (MH, n = 104; PM, n = 45; HS, n = 23; and MB, n = 61) using Sensititre analyses. A subset of isolates (n = 21) was also evaluated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) based on variation in AMR phenotype. All five ICE core genes were detected in PM and HS by PCR, but only 3/5 were present in MH. Presence of mco and tnpA ICE core genes in MH was associated with higher MICs (p < 0.05) for all tetracyclines, and 2/3 of all macrolides, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones evaluated. In contrast, association of ICE core genes with MICs was largely restricted to macrolides for PM and to individual tetracyclines and macrolides for HS. For MH, the average number of AMR genes markedly increased (p < 0.05) in year 2 of the study due to the emergence of a strain that was PCR positive for all 13 PCR-tested AMR genes as well as two additional AMR genes (aadA31 and blaROB-1) detected by WGS. Conventional management of cattle increased (p < 0.05) MICs of tilmicosin and tulathromycin for MH; neomycin and spectinomycin for PM; and gamithromycin and tulathromycin for MB. The average number of PCR-detected AMR genes in PM was also increased (p < 0.05) in CON mortalities. This study demonstrates increased AMR especially to macrolides by bovine respiratory disease organisms in CON as compared to NAT feedlots and a rapid increase in AMR following dissemination of strain(s) carrying ICE-associated multidrug resistance.
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Yair Y, Borovok I, Mikula I, Falk R, Fox LK, Gophna U, Lysnyansky I. Genomics-based epidemiology of bovine Mycoplasma bovis strains in Israel. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:70. [PMID: 31969124 PMCID: PMC6977290 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma bovis is an important etiologic agent of bovine mycoplasmosis affecting cattle production and animal welfare. In the past in Israel, M. bovis has been most frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and was rarely isolated from mastitis. This situation changed in 2008 when M. bovis-associated mastitis emerged in Israel. The aim of this study was to utilize whole genome sequencing to evaluate the molecular epidemiology and genomic diversity of M. bovis mastitis-associated strains and their genetic relatedness to M. bovis strains isolated from BRD in local feedlot calves and those imported to Israel from different European countries and Australia. Results Phylogeny based on total single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of 225 M. bovis genomes clearly showed clustering of isolates on the basis of geographical origin: strains isolated from European countries clustered together and separately from Australian and Chinese isolates, while Israeli isolates were found in the both groups. The dominant genotype was identified among local mastitis-associated M. bovis isolates. This genotype showed a close genomic relatedness to M. bovis strains isolated from calves imported to Israel from Australia, to original Australian M. bovis strains, as well as to strains isolated in China. Conclusions This study represents the first comprehensive high-resolution genome-based epidemiological analysis of M. bovis in Israel and illustrates the possible dissemination of the pathogen across the globe by cattle trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Yair
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilya Borovok
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Mikula
- Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, 50250, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Rama Falk
- Israel Dairy Board, Laboratory for Udder Health and Milk Quality, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Larry K Fox
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Uri Gophna
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, 50250, Beit Dagan, Israel.
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Pardon B, Callens J, Maris J, Allais L, Van Praet W, Deprez P, Ribbens S. Pathogen-specific risk factors in acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2556-2566. [PMID: 31954585 PMCID: PMC7094370 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (bovine respiratory disease) are a major concern in calf rearing. The objective of this study was to identify pathogen-specific risk factors associated with epidemic respiratory disease in calves. A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 128 outbreaks (29 dairy, 58 dairy-mixed, and 41 beef) in Belgium (2016–2018). A semiquantitative PCR for 7 respiratory pathogens was done on a pooled nonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage sample for each herd. Potential risk factors were collected by questionnaire and derived from the national cattle registration databank. Most outbreaks occurred between October and March, and single and multiple viral infections were detected in 58.6% (75/128) and 13.3% (17/128), respectively. Bovine coronavirus (BCV) was the most frequently isolated virus (38.4%), followed by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV; 29.4%) and parainfluenzavirus type 3 (PI-3; 8.1%). Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni were detected in 33.3, 41.2, 89.1, and 36.4% of the herds, respectively. Specific risk factors for BCV detection were detection of M. haemolytica [odds ratio (OR) = 2.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.1–7.5)], increasing herd size [OR = 1.3 (1.0–1.8) for each increase with 100 animals] and detection of BCV by antigen ELISA on feces in calves in the last year [OR = 3.6 (1.2–11.1)]. A seasonal effect was shown for bRSV only {more in winter compared with autumn [OR = 10.3 (2.8–37.5)]}. Other factors associated with bRSV were PI-3 detection [OR = 13.4 (2.1–86.0)], prevalence of calves with respiratory disease [OR = 1.02 (1.00–1.04) per 1% increase], and number of days with respiratory signs before sampling [OR = 0.99 (0.98–0.99) per day increase]. Next to its association with BCV, M. haemolytica was more frequently detected in herds with 5 to 10 animals per pen [OR = 8.0 (1.4–46.9)] compared with <5 animals, and in herds with sawdust as bedding [OR = 18.3 (1.8–191.6)]. Also, for H. somni, housing on sawdust was a risk factor [OR = 5.2 (1.2–23.0)]. Purchase of cattle [OR = 2.9 (1.0–8.0)] and housing of recently purchased animals in the same airspace [OR = 5.0 (1.5–16.5)] were risk factors for M. bovis. This study identified pathogen-specific risk factors that might be useful for the development of customized control and prevention and for the design of decision support tools to justify antimicrobial use by predicting the most likely pathogen before sampling results are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Callens
- Animal Health Service Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - J Maris
- Boehringer Ingelheim Belgium, Arianelaan 16, 1200 Sint-Lambrechts-Wolume, Belgium
| | - L Allais
- Animal Health Service Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - W Van Praet
- Animal Health Service Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Ribbens
- Animal Health Service Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium
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Jaÿ M, Tardy F. Contagious Agalactia In Sheep And Goats: Current Perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:229-247. [PMID: 31921613 PMCID: PMC6938181 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s201847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a disease caused equally by four Mycoplasma species, in single or mixed infections. Clinical signs are multiple, including mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, and septicemia, non-specific, and expressed differently depending whether sheep or goats are affected, on causative mycoplasmas as well as type of husbandry. CA has been reported worldwide and its geographic distribution maps to that of small ruminant breeding areas. However, as current diagnostic tests are expensive and difficult to implement, it is certainly underdiagnosed and prevalence data are only available for a few countries. CA control relies on vaccines, chemotherapy and good herd management practices. It requires long-term commitment but is often unsuccessful, with frequent clinical relapses. The persistence of the etiological agents, despite their overall susceptibility to antimicrobials, comes from their genetic plasticity and capacity to escape the host immune response. The existence of asymptomatic carriers and the numerous sources of infections contribute to rapid spread of the disease and complicate the control and prevention efforts. Here we review all these aspects in order to highlight recent progress made and identify gaps in knowledge or tools needed for better disease management. Discussion also underlines the detrimental effect of contagious agalactia on small ruminant welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Jaÿ
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon69364, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon69364, France
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65
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Andrés-Lasheras S, Zaheer R, Ha R, Lee C, Jelinski M, McAllister TA. A direct qPCR screening approach to improve the efficiency of Mycoplasma bovis isolation in the frame of a broad surveillance study. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 169:105805. [PMID: 31837972 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Culturing Mycoplasma bovis is laborious and unpredictable with most laboratories relying on molecular methods for its detection and identification. However, bacterial culture is still necessary to relate phenotypic characteristics to genotypic traits within and between individual strains. Thus, the main objective of this study was to develop a procedure that saved time and consumables during the culturing of M. bovis within the scope of a broad antimicrobial resistance surveillance project. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs (DNPS) collected from feedlot cattle upon arrival at 10 Southern Alberta feedlots were enriched in broth and an aliquot of the culture was directly used in a M. bovis-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Only qPCR-positive cultures were plated onto agar media for the isolation of M. bovis. The detection of M. bovis from broth culture by direct-culture-qPCR proved to be more sensitive (1.61 × 102 CFU/mL) than using a commercial kit (1.61 × 103 CFU/mL) to extract DNA from pure cultures of M. bovis. When isolation of M. bovis from broth-enriched DNPS (n = 208 samples) was used as the gold standard for diagnostics, the qPCR screening approach showed 100% sensitivity, 87.27% specificity, and a kappa index = 0.87 (strong agreement). In contrast, qPCR of DNPS samples (n = 58) exhibited 100% sensitivity, 42.86% specificity, and a kappa index = 0.49 (weak agreement). The qPCR protocol described here together with a high throughput direct-culture-qPCR approach for sample testing made it possible to reduce the labor and cost of M. bovis isolation by eliminating the need to process 97.3% of M. bovis-negative samples. This was possible through the use of qPCR Ct values as a predictive tool of the likelihood of M. bovis isolation. This new procedure could be evaluated for its use in antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs that focus on Mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrés-Lasheras
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Reuben Ha
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Catrione Lee
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Murray Jelinski
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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66
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Maunsell FP, Chase C. Mycoplasma bovis: Interactions with the Immune System and Failure to Generate an Effective Immune Response. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:471-483. [PMID: 31590898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host responses are often ineffective at clearing Mycoplasma bovis infection and may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. M bovis possesses a surprisingly large repertoire of strategies to evade and modulate host responses. Unopsonized M bovis impairs phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils and macrophages. Apoptosis of neutrophils and lymphocytes is enhanced, whereas it is delayed in macrophages. Both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines are stimulated during M bovis infection depending on the cell type and location, and overall systemic responses tend to have a T-helper 2 bias. M bovis reduces proliferation of T cells and, in chronic infection, causes T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Christopher Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2175, SAR Room 125 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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67
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Andersson AM, Aspán A, Wisselink HJ, Smid B, Ridley A, Pelkonen S, Autio T, Lauritsen KT, Kensø J, Gaurivaud P, Tardy F. A European inter-laboratory trial to evaluate the performance of three serological methods for diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection in cattle using latent class analysis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:369. [PMID: 31653217 PMCID: PMC6814985 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an emerging bovine pathogen, leading to significant economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. Infection can result in a variety of clinical signs, such as arthritis, pneumonia, mastitis and keratoconjunctivitis, none of which are M. bovis-specific. Laboratory diagnosis is therefore important. Serological tests to detect M. bovis antibodies is considered an effective indicator of infection in a herd and often used as a herd test. Combined with clinical judgement, it can also be used to implement control strategies and/or to estimate the disease prevalence within a country. However, due to lack of harmonisation of approaches to testing, and serological tests used by different laboratories, comparisons of prevalence data between countries is often difficult. A network of researchers from six European countries designed and participated in an inter-laboratory trial, with the aim of evaluating the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of two commercially available ELISA tests (ID Screen® ELISA (IDvet) and BIO K302 ELISA (BIO-X Diagnostics)) for diagnosis of M. bovis infection. Each laboratory received a blinded panel of bovine sera and tested independently, according to manufacturer’s instructions. Western blot analyses (WB) performed by one of the participating laboratories was used as a third diagnostic test in the statistical evaluation of Se and Sp values using latent class analysis. Results The Se of WB, the ID Screen® ELISA and the BIO K302 ELISA were determined to be 91.8, 93.5 and 49.1% respectively, and corresponding Sp of the three tests were 99.6, 98.6 and 89.6%, respectively. Conclusions The present study is, to our knowledge, the first to present an inter-laboratory comparison of the BIO K302 ELISA and the ID Screen® ELISA. Based on our results, the ID Screen® ELISA showed high consistency with WB and performed with higher precision and accuracy than the BIO K302 ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Aspán
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henk J Wisselink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200, AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands.
| | - Bregtje Smid
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200, AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Ridley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jane Kensø
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrice Gaurivaud
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des ruminants, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des ruminants, Lyon, France
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68
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Klein U, de Jong A, Youala M, El Garch F, Stevenin C, Moyaert H, Rose M, Catania S, Gyuranecz M, Pridmore A, Ayling RD. New antimicrobial susceptibility data from monitoring of Mycoplasma bovis isolated in Europe. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108432. [PMID: 31648729 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important respiratory pathogen of cattle across Europe and is included in the MycoPath pan-European antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring programme. M. bovis strains (232) were isolated from cattle, not recently treated with antimicrobials, at diverse geographical locations in France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy and Spain during 2014 to 2016. Only one isolate per farm and per outbreak was retained. For each isolate, the MICs of ten antimicrobials were determined in a central laboratory using a broth microdilution method with modified Eaton's medium and incubation at 35 °C ± 1 °C for 24 ± 6 h. MIC50/MIC90 (mg/L) values for the 232 strains were: danofloxacin 0.25/1; enrofloxacin 0.5/8; marbofloxacin 1/4; gamithromycin >64/>64; spiramycin 8/16; tilmicosin >64/>64; tulathromycin >64/>64; tylosin 64/>64; florfenicol 4/8; oxytetracycline 8/32. Minor between-country differences in the MIC90 values were observed for the fluoroquinolones, spiramycin and oxytetracycline, whilst the MIC values for the other compounds were similar. Spain and Italy had the higher MIC90 values for the fluoroquinolones. Compared with the 2010-2012 study (156 isolates) results are similar, with an overall MIC50 increase of at most one doubling dilution for enrofloxacin, spiramycin, tylosin, florfenicol and oxytetracycline. In contrast, the MIC90 value for oxytetracycline decreased from >64 to 32 mg/L. Standardized laboratory methods and interpretive criteria for MIC testing of veterinary mycoplasmas are clearly needed; there are currently no clinical breakpoints available to facilitate data interpretation and correlation of MICs with in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Klein
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150, Brussels, Belgium; Elanco Animal Health, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Anno de Jong
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150, Brussels, Belgium; Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Monheim, Germany.
| | - Myriam Youala
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150, Brussels, Belgium; Virbac, Carros, France
| | - Farid El Garch
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150, Brussels, Belgium; Vetoquinol S.A, Lure, France
| | - Clelia Stevenin
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150, Brussels, Belgium; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Hilde Moyaert
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150, Brussels, Belgium; Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Markus Rose
- MycoPath Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168 Av de Tervueren, 1150, Brussels, Belgium; MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Salvatore Catania
- Mycoplasma Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Verona, Italy
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research CAR-HAS, Budapest, Hungary
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69
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Josi C, Bürki S, Vidal S, Dordet-Frisoni E, Citti C, Falquet L, Pilo P. Large-Scale Analysis of the Mycoplasma bovis Genome Identified Non-essential, Adhesion- and Virulence-Related Genes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2085. [PMID: 31572317 PMCID: PMC6753880 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen of cattle causing bovine mycoplasmosis. Clinical manifestations are numerous, but pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis cases are mainly reported. Currently, no efficient vaccine is available and antibiotic treatments are not always satisfactory. The design of new, efficient prophylactic and therapeutic approaches requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for M. bovis pathogenicity. Random transposon mutagenesis has been widely used in Mycoplasma species to identify potential gene functions. Such an approach can also be used to screen genomes and search for essential and non-essential genes for growth. Here, we generated a random transposon mutant library of M. bovis strain JF4278 containing approximately 4000 independent insertion sites. We then coupled high-throughput screening of this mutant library to transposon sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to identify M. bovis non-essential, adhesion- and virulence-related genes. Three hundred and fifty-two genes of M. bovis were assigned as essential for growth in rich medium. Among the remaining non-essential genes, putative virulence-related factors were subsequently identified. The complete mutant library was screened for adhesion using primary bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Data from this assay resulted in a list of conditional-essential genes with putative adhesion-related functions by identifying non-essential genes for growth that are essential for host cell-adhesion. By individually assessing the adhesion capacity of six selected mutants, two previously unknown factors and the adhesin TrmFO were associated with a reduced adhesion phenotype. Overall, our study (i) uncovers new, putative virulence-related genes; (ii) offers a list of putative adhesion-related factors; and (iii) provides valuable information for vaccine design and for exploring M. bovis biology, pathogenesis, and host-interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Josi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Bürki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Vidal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christine Citti
- UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Register KB, Jelinski MD, Waldner M, Boatwright WD, Anderson TK, Hunter DL, Hamilton RG, Burrage P, Shury T, Bildfell R, Wolff PL, Miskimins D, Derscheid RJ, Woodbury MR. Comparison of multilocus sequence types found among North American isolates of Mycoplasma bovis from cattle, bison, and deer, 2007-2017. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:899-904. [PMID: 31510908 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719874848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A prior multilocus sequence typing (MLST) study reported that Mycoplasma bovis isolates from North American bison possess sequence types (STs) different from those found among cattle. The 42 bison isolates evaluated were obtained in 2007 or later, whereas only 19 of 94 (~20%) of the available cattle isolates, with only 1 from North America, were from that same time. We compared STs of additional, contemporary, North American cattle isolates with those from bison, as well as isolates from 2 North American deer, all originating during the same timeframe, to more definitively assess potential strain-related host specificity and expand our understanding of the genetic diversity of M. bovis. From 307 isolates obtained between 2007 and 2017 (209 from cattle, 96 from bison, 2 from deer), we identified 49 STs, with 39 found exclusively in cattle and 5 exclusively in bison. Four STs were shared between bison and cattle isolates; one ST was found in cattle and in a deer. There was no clear association between ST and the health status of the animal of origin. An MLST-based phylogeny including 41 novel STs identified in our study reveals that STs found in bison fall within several divergent lineages that include STs found exclusively in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Register
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit (Register, Boatwright) and Virus and Prion Research Unit (Anderson), USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA
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71
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Bokma J, Pardon B, Van Driessche L, Gille L, Deprez P, Haesebrouck F, Boyen F. Optimizing identification of Mycoplasma bovis by MALDI-TOF MS. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:185-188. [PMID: 31252368 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate identification of Mycoplasma bovis in cattle samples is of great importance for rational treatment and control of pneumonia, arthritis and mastitis. However, which growth conditions will allow the fastest identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS remains unclear. Therefore, growth conditions and incubation time were investigated to optimize identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS and an in-house library was constructed. Nine different M. bovis strains were inoculated in triplicate in three liquid media (B1-3). Basic broth (B1) consisted of pleuropneumonia-like organism broth, enriched with 25% horse serum and 0.7% yeast extract. B2 and B3 were additionally supplemented with 0.5% pyruvate or 520 μg/mL ampicillin, respectively. Protein extraction was performed after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h of incubation (37 °C, 5% CO2) and processed with Autoflex III smartbeam. Identification scores ≥1.7 were interpreted as reliable. The present study showed reliable identification of M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS as early as 24 h after inoculation, and in broth supplemented with pyruvate, up to 120 h after inoculation. Serial dilutions showed improved survival of M. bovis in broth with pyruvate. The addition of ampicillin to prevent contamination, did not impair identification of M. bovis and state-of-the-art in-house libraries contributed to higher identification scores for M. bovis with MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Laura Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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72
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Wen J, Zhang J, Hao Y. The status of
Mycoplasma bovis
infection in clinical mastitis cases in China. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Huhhot 010018 China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease Ministry of Agriculture Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Huhhot 010081 China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Huhhot 010018 China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease Ministry of Agriculture Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Huhhot 010081 China
| | - Yongqing Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Huhhot 010018 China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease Ministry of Agriculture Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Huhhot 010081 China
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73
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Boonyarattanasoonthorn T, Elewa YHA, Tag-El-Din-Hassan HT, Morimatsu M, Agui T. Profiling of cellular immune responses to Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:55-65. [PMID: 31026602 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections cause respiratory tract damages and atypical pneumonia, resulting in serious problems in humans and animals worldwide. It is well known that laboratory inbred mouse strains show various susceptibility to Mycoplasma pulmonis (M. pulmonis) infection, which causes murine respiratory mycoplasmosis. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the difference in cellular immune responses between resistant strain, C57BL/6NCrSlc (B6) and susceptible strain, DBA/2CrSlc (D2) after challenging M. pulmonis infection. D2 mice showed higher amount of bacterial proliferation in lung, higher pulmonary infiltration of immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than did B6 mice. The results of this study suggest that D2 mice are more susceptible than B6 mice to M. pulmonis infection due to a hyper-immune inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tussapon Boonyarattanasoonthorn
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hassan T Tag-El-Din-Hassan
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Poultry Production Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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Wisselink HJ, Smid B, Plater J, Ridley A, Andersson AM, Aspán A, Pohjanvirta T, Vähänikkilä N, Larsen H, Høgberg J, Colin A, Tardy F. A European interlaboratory trial to evaluate the performance of different PCR methods for Mycoplasma bovis diagnosis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:86. [PMID: 30866933 PMCID: PMC6417145 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several species-specific PCR assays, based on a variety of target genes are currently used in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle herds with respiratory diseases and/or mastitis. With this diversity of methods, and the development of new methods and formats, regular performance comparisons are required to ascertain diagnostic quality. The present study compares PCR methods that are currently used in six national veterinary institutes across Europe. Three different sample panels were compiled and analysed to assess the analytical specificity, analytical sensitivity and comparability of the different PCR methods. The results were also compared, when appropriate, to those obtained through isolation by culture. The sensitivity and comparability panels were composed of samples from bronchoalveolar fluids of veal calves, artificially contaminated or naturally infected, and hence the comparison of the different methods included the whole workflow from DNA extraction to PCR analysis. RESULTS The participating laboratories used i) five different DNA extraction methods, ii) seven different real-time and/or end-point PCRs targeting four different genes and iii) six different real-time PCR platforms. Only one commercial kit was assessed; all other PCR assays were in-house tests adapted from published methods. The analytical specificity of the different PCR methods was comparable except for one laboratory where Mycoplasma agalactiae was tested positive. Frequently, weak-positive results with Ct values between 37 and 40 were obtained for non-target Mycoplasma strains. The limit of detection (LOD) varied from 10 to 103 CFU/ml to 103 and 106 CFU/ml for the real-time and end-point assays, respectively. Cultures were also shown to detect concentrations down to 102 CFU/ml. Although Ct values showed considerable variation with naturally infected samples, both between laboratories and tests, the final result interpretation of the samples (positive versus negative) was essentially the same between the different laboratories. CONCLUSION With a few exceptions, all methods used routinely in the participating laboratories showed comparable performance, which assures the quality of diagnosis, despite the multiplicity of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk J Wisselink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Bregtje Smid
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jane Plater
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, UK
| | - Anne Ridley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, UK
| | | | - Anna Aspán
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Helene Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Høgberg
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adélie Colin
- Anses, Lyon Laboratory, JRU Ruminants Mycoplasmoses, Anses, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Anses, Lyon Laboratory, JRU Ruminants Mycoplasmoses, Anses, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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75
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Hananeh WM, Momani WMA, Ababneh MM, Abutarbush SM. Mycoplasma bovis arthritis and pneumonia in calves in Jordan: An emerging disease. Vet World 2019; 11:1663-1668. [PMID: 30774255 PMCID: PMC6362338 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1663-1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Clinical, microbiological, molecular, and pathological assays were undertaken to characterize an outbreak of increasingly reported signs of unresponsive arthritis and pneumonia of Mycoplasma bovis infection in young calves in Jordan. Materials and Methods: Clinical history of the affected bovine herd was investigated for the presence of respiratory and/or joint problems. Two calves with such history were clinically examined and necropsied. Representative tissues were sent for microbiological, molecular, and pathological examinations for M. bovis infection. Results: The outbreak started in a herd of 220 nursing calves, 2 months before the receiving of two calves for postmortem examination. Clinically, respiratory signs and infection of one or more joints dominated in the affected calves. The morbidity and case fatality rates were 27.27% and 61.7%, respectively. The left carpal joint was markedly swollen in both calves and exhibited necrofibrinous to granulomatous arthritis in varying degrees of severity. The anteroventral lung lobes in both calves were consistently affected and revealed multifocal to coalescing severe necrogranulomatous and fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia. Microbiological and molecular findings confirmed the pathological examination. Furthermore, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was diagnosed in one calf by histopathology and polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion: This investigation reports the first outbreak of M. bovis infection in calves located in Jordan that could occur concurrently with BVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Hananeh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Waleed M Al Momani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mustafa M Ababneh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sameeh M Abutarbush
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Abstract
This article was prepared by Anne Ridley, Lead of the APHA Mycoplasma Team, and Gareth Hateley, Veterinary Lead of the APHA Cattle Expert Group.
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77
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Gille L, Callens J, Supré K, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Van Driessche L, van Leenen K, Deprez P, Pardon B. Use of a breeding bull and absence of a calving pen as risk factors for the presence of Mycoplasma bovis in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8284-8290. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Charlier J, Barkema HW. DISCONTOOLS supplement: Current research gaps for advancing control of infectious diseases in production animals. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:5-8. [PMID: 29878664 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DISCONTOOLS (DISease CONtrol TOOLS) is an open-access database to assist public and private funders of animal health research in identifying research gaps and planning future research. This database is supported by a range of national funders of animal health research in Europe, with industry providing secretariat support. Information in the database is generated by disease-specific expert groups. In this DISCONTOOLS Supplement, contributing experts expanded their gap analyses into review papers for 15 diseases, covering zoonotic, production and epizootic diseases. Across this diverse array of diseases, it is clear that fundamental research on host-pathogen relationships and immune responses remains critical for evidence-based development of novel vaccines, pharmaceuticals and diagnostics to improve animal health. Furthermore, it is also obvious that there is need to better utilize economics and knowledge regarding "human factors" to optimise uptake and use of a broad range of tools and insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- AnimalhealthEurope, Brussels, Belgium.,Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium
| | - H W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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