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Smith LK, White CW, Villeda SA. The systemic environment: at the interface of aging and adult neurogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:105-113. [PMID: 29124393 PMCID: PMC5748432 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging results in impaired neurogenesis in the two neurogenic niches of the adult mammalian brain, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle. While significant work has characterized intrinsic cellular changes that contribute to this decline, it is increasingly apparent that the systemic environment also represents a critical driver of brain aging. Indeed, emerging studies utilizing the model of heterochronic parabiosis have revealed that immune-related molecular and cellular changes in the aging systemic environment negatively regulate adult neurogenesis. Interestingly, these studies have also demonstrated that age-related decline in neurogenesis can be ameliorated by exposure to the young systemic environment. While this burgeoning field of research is increasingly garnering interest, as yet, the precise mechanisms driving either the pro-aging effects of aged blood or the rejuvenating effects of young blood remain to be thoroughly defined. Here, we review how age-related changes in blood, blood-borne factors, and peripheral immune cells contribute to the age-related decline in adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain, and posit both direct neural stem cell and indirect neurogenic niche-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas K Smith
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Charles W White
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Saul A Villeda
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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52
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Minter MR, Hinterleitner R, Meisel M, Zhang C, Leone V, Zhang X, Oyler-Castrillo P, Zhang X, Musch MW, Shen X, Jabri B, Chang EB, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Antibiotic-induced perturbations in microbial diversity during post-natal development alters amyloid pathology in an aged APP SWE/PS1 ΔE9 murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10411. [PMID: 28874832 PMCID: PMC5585265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the commensal microbiome regulates host immunity and influences brain function; findings that have ramifications for neurodegenerative diseases. In the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we previously reported that perturbations in microbial diversity induced by life-long combinatorial antibiotic (ABX) selection pressure in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of amyloidosis is commensurate with reductions in amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque pathology and plaque-localised gliosis. Considering microbiota-host interactions, specifically during early post-natal development, are critical for immune- and neuro-development we now examine the impact of microbial community perturbations induced by acute ABX exposure exclusively during this period in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. We show that early post-natal (P) ABX treatment (P14-P21) results in long-term alterations of gut microbial genera (predominantly Lachnospiraceae and S24-7) and reduction in brain Aβ deposition in aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. These mice exhibit elevated levels of blood- and brain-resident Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells and display an alteration in the inflammatory milieu of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we confirm that plaque-localised microglia and astrocytes are reduced in ABX-exposed mice. These findings suggest that ABX-induced microbial diversity perturbations during post-natal stages of development coincide with altered host immunity mechanisms and amyloidosis in a murine model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Xulun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark W Musch
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xunuo Shen
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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53
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Roy-O'Reilly M, Ritzel RM, Conway SE, Staff I, Fortunato G, McCullough LD. CCL11 (Eotaxin-1) Levels Predict Long-Term Functional Outcomes in Patients Following Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2017. [PMID: 28634890 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11, also known as eotaxin-1) are increased in several animal models of neuroinflammation, including traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Increased levels of CCL11 have also been linked to decreased neurogenesis in mice. We hypothesized that circulating CCL11 levels would increase following ischemic stroke in mice and humans, and that higher CCL11 levels would correlate with poor long-term recovery in patients. As predicted, circulating levels of CCL11 in both young and aged mice increased significantly 24 h after experimental stroke. However, ischemic stroke patients showed decreased CCL11 levels compared to controls 24 h after stroke. Interestingly, lower post-stroke CCL11 levels were predictive of increased stroke severity and independently predictive of poorer functional outcomes in patients 12 months after ischemic stroke. These results illustrate important differences in the peripheral inflammatory response to ischemic stroke between mice and human patients. In addition, it suggests CCL11 as a candidate biomarker for the prediction of acute and long-term functional outcomes in ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Roy-O'Reilly
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Sarah E Conway
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Ilene Staff
- Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | | | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.
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da Silva Carvalho G, Saute JAM, Haas CB, Torrez VR, Brochier AW, Souza GN, Furtado GV, Gheno T, Russo A, Monte TL, Schumacher-Schuh A, D'Avila R, Donis KC, Castilhos RM, Souza DO, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Torman VL, Camey S, Portela LV, Jardim LB. Cytokines in Machado Joseph Disease/Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:518-25. [PMID: 26395908 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to describe the serum concentrations of a broad spectrum of cytokines in symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers of Machado Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD) CAG expansions. Molecularly confirmed carriers and controls were studied. Age at onset, disease duration, and clinical scales Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), Neurological Examination Score for Spinocerebellar Ataxias (NESSCA), SCA Functional Index (SCAFI), and Composite Cerebellar Functional Score (CCFS) were obtained from the symptomatic carriers. Serum was obtained from all individuals and a cytokine panel "consisted of" eotaxin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-a, MIP-b, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was analyzed. In a subgroup of symptomatic carriers, the cytokine panel was repeated after 360 days. Cytokine distribution among groups was studied by discriminant analysis; changes in serum levels after 360 days were studied by generalized estimation equation. Sixty-six symptomatic carriers, 13 asymptomatic carriers, and 43 controls were studied. No differences in cytokine patterns were found between controls and carriers of the CAG expansions or between controls and symptomatic carriers only. In contrast, eotaxin concentrations were significantly higher in asymptomatic than in symptomatic carriers or in controls (p = 0.001, ANCOVA). Eotaxin did not correlate with age, disease duration, CAG expansion, NESSCA score, and SARA score. Among symptomatic carriers, eotaxin dropped after 360 days (p = 0.039, GEE). SCA3/MJD patients presented a benign pattern of serum cytokines. In contrast, levels of eotaxin, a peptide secreted by astrocytes, were elevated in the asymptomatic carriers, suggesting that a specific response of these cells can be related to symptom progression, in SCA3/MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson da Silva Carvalho
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jonas Alex Morales Saute
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Branco Haas
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rocco Torrez
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Wigner Brochier
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Nunes Souza
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vasata Furtado
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tailise Gheno
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Russo
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thais Lampert Monte
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Artur Schumacher-Schuh
- Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rui D'Avila
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina Carvalho Donis
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raphael Machado Castilhos
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (INCTEN), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Leotti Torman
- Department of Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Suzi Camey
- Department of Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Valmor Portela
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (INCTEN), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Post-Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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55
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T Lymphocytes and Inflammatory Mediators in the Interplay between Brain and Blood in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Pools of New Biomarkers. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4626540. [PMID: 28293644 PMCID: PMC5331319 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4626540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia. The disease is among the leading medical concerns of the modern world, because only symptomatic therapies are available, and no reliable, easily accessible biomarkers exist for AD detection and monitoring. Therefore extensive research is conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, which seems to be heterogeneous and multifactorial. Recently much attention has been given to the neuroinflammation and activation of glial cells in the AD brain. Reports also highlighted the proinflammatory role of T lymphocytes infiltrating the AD brain. However, in AD molecular and cellular alterations involving T cells and immune mediators occur not only in the brain, but also in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here we review alterations concerning T lymphocytes and related immune mediators in the AD brain, CSF, and blood and the mechanisms by which peripheral T cells cross the blood brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier. This knowledge is relevant for better AD therapies and for identification of novel biomarkers for improved AD diagnostics in the blood and the CSF. The data will be reviewed with the special emphasis on possibilities for development of AD biomarkers.
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56
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Wang F, Baba N, Shen Y, Yamashita T, Tsuru E, Tsuda M, Maeda N, Sagara Y. CCL11 promotes migration and proliferation of mouse neural progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:26. [PMID: 28173860 PMCID: PMC5297016 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induces massive brain damage during the perinatal period, resulting in long-term consequences to central nervous system structural and functional maturation. Although neural progenitor cells (NPCs) migrate through the parenchyma and home in to injury sites in the rodent brain, the molecular mechanisms are unknown. We examined the role of chemokines in mediating NPC migration after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. METHODS Nine-day-old mice were exposed to a 120-minute hypoxia following unilateral carotid occlusion. Chemokine levels were quantified in mouse brain extract. Migration and proliferation assays were performed using embryonic and infant mouse NPCs. RESULTS The neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury resulted in an ipsilateral lesion, which was extended to the cortical and striatal areas. NPCs migrated toward an injured area, where a marked increase of CC chemokines was detected. In vitro studies showed that incubation of NPCs with recombinant mouse CCL11 promoted migration and proliferation. These effects were partly inhibited by a CCR3 antagonist, SB297006. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate an important effect of CCL11 for mouse NPCs. The effective activation of NPCs may offer a promising strategy for neuroregeneration in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Nobuyasu Baba
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yuan Shen
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yamashita
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Emi Tsuru
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Science Research Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Science Research Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nagamasa Maeda
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sagara
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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57
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He T, Santhanam AVR, Lu T, d'Uscio LV, Katusic ZS. Role of prostacyclin signaling in endothelial production of soluble amyloid precursor protein-α in cerebral microvessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:106-122. [PMID: 26661245 PMCID: PMC5363732 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15618977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested hypothesis that activation of the prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor (IP receptor) signaling pathway in cerebral microvessels plays an important role in the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP). In human brain microvascular endothelial cells activation of IP receptor with the stable analogue of PGI2, iloprost, stimulated expression of amyloid precursor protein and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), resulting in an increased production of the neuroprotective and anticoagulant molecule, soluble APPα (sAPPα). Selective agonist of IP receptor, cicaprost, and adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, also enhanced expression of amyloid precursor protein and ADAM10. Notably, in cerebral microvessels of IP receptor knockout mice, protein levels of APP and ADAM10 were reduced. In addition, iloprost increased protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. PPARδ-siRNA abolished iloprost-augmented protein expression of ADAM10. In contrast, GW501516 (a selective agonist of PPARδ) upregulated ADAM10 and increased production of sAPPα. Genetic deletion of endothelial PPARδ (ePPARδ-/-) in mice significantly reduced cerebral microvascular expression of ADAM10 and production of sAPPα. In vivo treatment with GW501516 increased sAPPα content in hippocampus of wild type mice but not in hippocampus of ePPARδ-/- mice. Our findings identified previously unrecognized role of IP-PPARδ signal transduction pathway in the production of sAPPα in cerebral microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrong He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anantha Vijay R Santhanam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Livius V d'Uscio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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58
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Zhu C, Xu B, Sun X, Zhu Q, Sui Y. Targeting CCR3 to Reduce Amyloid-β Production, Tau Hyperphosphorylation, and Synaptic Loss in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7964-7978. [PMID: 27878757 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have a late onset, and chronic neuroinflammation, characterized by glial activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD. The chemokine CCL11 has been shown to be a causative factor of cognitive decline in the process of aging, but little is known whether it is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present study, we showed that CCR3, the receptor for CCL11, was expressed by hippocampal neurons and treatment of primary hippocampal neuronal cultures (14 days in vitro) with CCL11 resulted in activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, associated with elevated tau phosphorylation at multiple sites. CCL11 treatment also induced the production of Aβ and dendritic spine loss in the hippocampal neuronal cultures. All these effects were blocked by the CCR3 specific antagonist, GW766994. An age-dependent increase in CCL11, predominantly expressed by the activated microglia, was observed in the cerebrospinal fluid of both APP/PS1 double transgenic mice and wild-type (WT) littermates, with a markedly higher level in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice than that in WT littermates. Deletion of CCR3 in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice significantly reduced the phosphorylation of CDK5 and GSK3β, tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ deposition, microgliosis, astrogliosis, synaptic loss, and spatial learning and memory deficits. Thus, the age-related increase in CCL11 may be a risk factor of AD, and antagonizing CCR3 may bring therapeutic benefits to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Seventh People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang First People's Hospital, Shenyang Brain Hospital, Shenyang Brain Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiwen Zhu
- Key laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Sui
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang First People's Hospital, Shenyang Brain Hospital, Shenyang Brain Institute, Shenyang, China. .,Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. .,Key laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
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59
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Strauss KI, Elisevich KV. Brain region and epilepsy-associated differences in inflammatory mediator levels in medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:270. [PMID: 27737716 PMCID: PMC5064886 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy patients have distinct immune/inflammatory cell profiles and inflammatory mediator levels in the blood. Although the neural origin of inflammatory cells and mediators has been implied, few studies have measured these inflammatory components in the human brain itself. This study examines the brain levels of chemokines (8), cytokines (14), and vascular injury mediators (3) suspected of being altered in epilepsy. Methods Soluble protein extracts of fresh frozen resected hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and temporal cortex from 58 medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy subjects and 4 nonepileptic neurosurgical subjects were assayed for 25 inflammation-related mediators using ultrasensitive low-density arrays. Results Brain mediator levels were compared between regions and between epileptic and nonepileptic cases, showing a number of regional and possible epilepsy-associated differences. Eotaxin, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-12 p70, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 levels were highest in the hippocampus, the presumptive site of epileptogenesis. Surprisingly, IL-1β and IL-1α were lowest in the hippocampus, compared to cortical regions. In the temporal cortex, IL-1β, IL-8, and MIP-1α levels were highest, compared to the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus. The most pronounced epilepsy-associated differences were decreased levels of eotaxin, IL-1β, C-reactive protein, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and increased IL-12 p70 levels. Caution must be used in interpreting these results, however, because nonepileptic subjects were emergent neurosurgical cases, not a control group. Correlation analyses of each mediator in each brain region yielded valuable insights into the regulation of these mediator levels in the brain. Over 70 % of the associations identified were between different mediators in a single brain region, providing support for local control of mediator levels. Correlations of different mediators in different brain regions suggested more distributed control mechanisms, particularly in the hippocampus. Interestingly, only four mediators showed robust correlations between the brain regions, yet levels in three of these were significantly different between regions, indicating both global and local controls for these mediators. Conclusions Both brain region-specific and epilepsy-associated changes in inflammation-related mediators were detected. Correlations in mediator levels within and between brain regions indicated local and global regulation, respectively. The hippocampus showed the majority of interregional associations, suggesting a focus of inflammatory control between these regions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0727-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I Strauss
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Kost V Elisevich
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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60
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“Pro-youthful” factors in the “labyrinth” of cardiac rejuvenation. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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61
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Huber AK, Giles DA, Segal BM, Irani DN. An emerging role for eotaxins in neurodegenerative disease. Clin Immunol 2016; 189:29-33. [PMID: 27664933 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eotaxins are C-C motif chemokines first identified as potent eosinophil chemoattractants. They facilitate eosinophil recruitment to sites of inflammation in response to parasitic infections as well as allergic and autoimmune diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The eotaxin family currently includes three members: eotaxin-1 (CCL11), eotaxin-2 (CCL24), and eotaxin-3 (CCL26). Despite having only ~30% sequence homology to one another, each was identified based on its ability to bind the chemokine receptor, CCR3. Beyond their role in innate immunity, recent studies have shown that CCL11 and related molecules may directly contribute to degenerative processes in the central nervous system (CNS). CCL11 levels increase in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of both mice and humans as part of normal aging. In mice, these increases are associated with declining neurogenesis and impaired cognition and memory. In humans, elevated plasma levels of CCL11 have been observed in Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis when compared to age-matched, healthy controls. Since CCL11 is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier of normal mice, it is plausible that eotaxins generated in the periphery may exert physiological and pathological actions in the CNS. Here, we briefly review known functions of eotaxin family members during innate immunity, and then focus on whether and how these molecules might participate in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Huber
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Giles
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N Irani
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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62
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Prophylactic Chronic Zinc Administration Increases Neuroinflammation in a Hypoxia-Ischemia Model. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4039837. [PMID: 27635404 PMCID: PMC5007350 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4039837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and subacute administration of zinc exert neuroprotective effects in hypoxia-ischemia animal models; yet the effect of chronic administration of zinc still remains unknown. We addressed this issue by injecting zinc at a tolerable dose (0.5 mg/kg weight, i.p.) for 14 days before common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) in a rat. After CCAO, the level of zinc was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, nitrites were determined by Griess method, lipoperoxidation was measured by Gerard-Monnier assay, and mRNA expression of 84 genes coding for cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors was measured by qRT-PCR, whereas nitrotyrosine, chemokines, and their receptors were assessed by ELISA and histopathological changes in the temporoparietal cortex-hippocampus at different time points. Long-term memory was evaluated using Morris water maze. Following CCAO, a significant increase in nitrosative stress, inflammatory chemokines/receptors, and cell death was observed after 8 h, and a 2.5-fold increase in zinc levels was detected after 7 days. Although CXCL12 and FGF2 protein levels were significantly increased, the long-term memory was impaired 12 days after reperfusion in the Zn+CCAO group. Our data suggest that the chronic administration of zinc at tolerable doses causes nitrosative stress, toxic zinc accumulation, and neuroinflammation, which might account for the neuronal death and cerebral dysfunction after CCAO.
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63
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Minter MR, Zhang C, Leone V, Ringus DL, Zhang X, Oyler-Castrillo P, Musch MW, Liao F, Ward JF, Holtzman DM, Chang EB, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Antibiotic-induced perturbations in gut microbial diversity influences neuro-inflammation and amyloidosis in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30028. [PMID: 27443609 PMCID: PMC4956742 DOI: 10.1038/srep30028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe amyloidosis and plaque-localized neuro-inflammation are key pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to astrocyte and microglial reactivity, emerging evidence suggests a role of gut microbiota in regulating innate immunity and influencing brain function. Here, we examine the role of the host microbiome in regulating amyloidosis in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of AD. We show that prolonged shifts in gut microbial composition and diversity induced by long-term broad-spectrum combinatorial antibiotic treatment regime decreases Aβ plaque deposition. We also show that levels of soluble Aβ are elevated and that levels of circulating cytokine and chemokine signatures are altered in this setting. Finally, we observe attenuated plaque-localised glial reactivity in these mice and significantly altered microglial morphology. These findings suggest the gut microbiota community diversity can regulate host innate immunity mechanisms that impact Aβ amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Daina L Ringus
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Mark W Musch
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph F Ward
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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64
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Dá Mesquita S, Ferreira AC, Sousa JC, Correia-Neves M, Sousa N, Marques F. Insights on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: The crosstalk between amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:547-562. [PMID: 27328788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, whose prevalence is growing along with the increased life expectancy. Although the accumulation and deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain is viewed as one of the pathological hallmarks of AD and underlies, at least in part, brain cell dysfunction and behavior alterations, the etiology of this neurodegenerative disease is still poorly understood. Noticeably, increased amyloid load is accompanied by marked inflammatory alterations, both at the level of the brain parenchyma and at the barriers of the brain. However, it is debatable whether the neuroinflammation observed in aging and in AD, together with alterations in the peripheral immune system, are responsible for increased amyloidogenesis, decreased clearance of Aβ out of the brain and/or the marked deficits in memory and cognition manifested by AD patients. Herein, we scrutinize some important traits of the pathophysiology of aging and AD, focusing on the interplay between the amyloidogenic pathway, neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Dá Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal.
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65
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A Common Language: How Neuroimmunological Cross Talk Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1681590. [PMID: 27143977 PMCID: PMC4842066 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1681590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation of the brain is generally studied in the context of injury or disease. Less is known about how the immune system regulates the brain during normal brain function. Recent work has redefined the field of neuroimmunology and, as long as their recruitment and activation are well regulated, immune cells are now known to have protective properties within the central nervous system in maintaining brain health. Adult neurogenesis, the process of new neuron generation in the adult brain, is highly plastic and regulated by diverse extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Emerging research has shown that immune cells and their secreted factors can influence adult neurogenesis, both under baseline conditions and during conditions known to change neurogenesis levels, such as aging and learning in an enriched environment. This review will discuss how, under nonpathological conditions, the immune system can interact with the neural stem cells to regulate adult neurogenesis with particular focus on the hippocampus—a region crucial for learning and memory.
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66
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Gevaert B, Wynendaele E, Stalmans S, Bracke N, D'Hondt M, Smolders I, van Eeckhaut A, De Spiegeleer B. Blood-brain barrier transport kinetics of the neuromedin peptides NMU, NMN, NMB and NT. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:460-470. [PMID: 27040796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuromedin peptides are peripherally and centrally produced, but until now, it is generally believed that they only function as locally acting compounds without any quantitative knowledge about their blood-brain barrier (BBB) passage. Here, we characterize the transport kinetics of four neuromedins (NMU, NMN, NMB and NT) across the BBB, as well as their metabolization profile, and evaluate if they can act as endocrine hormones. Using the in vivo mouse model, multiple time regression (MTR), capillary depletion (CD) and brain efflux studies were performed. Data was fitted using linear (NMU, NT and NMB) or biphasic modeling (NMU and NMN). Three of the four investigated peptides, i.e. NMU, NT and NMN, showed a significant influx into the brain with unidirectional influx rate constants of 1.31 and 0.75 μL/(g × min) for NMU and NT respectively and initial influx constants (K1) of 72.14 and 7.55 μL/(g × min) and net influx constants (K) of 1.28 and 1.36 × 10(-16) μL/(g×min) for NMU and NMN respectively. The influx of NMB was negligible. Only NMN and NT showed a significant efflux out of the brain with an efflux constant (kout) of 0.042 min(-1) and 0.053 min(-1) respectively. Our results indicate that locally produced neuromedin peptides and/or fragments can be transported through the whole body, including passing the BBB, and taken up by different organs/tissues, supporting the idea that the neuromedins could have a much bigger role in the regulation of biological processes than currently assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Gevaert
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Stalmans
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Bracke
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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67
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Abstract
In autoimmune neurologic disorders, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a central role in immunopathogenesis, since this vascular interface is an entry path for cells and effector molecules of the peripheral immune system to reach the target organ, the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB's unique anatomic structure and the tightly regulated interplay of its cellular and acellular components allow for maintenance of brain homeostasis, regulation of influx and efflux, and protection from harm; these ensure an optimal environment for the neuronal network to function properly. In both health and disease, the BBB acts as mediator between the periphery and the CNS. For example, immune cell trafficking through the cerebral vasculature is essential to clear microbes or cell debris from neural tissues, while poorly regulated cellular transmigration can underlie or worsen CNS pathology. In this chapter, we focus on the specialized multicellular structure and function of the BBB/neurovascular unit and discuss how BBB breakdown can precede or be a consequence of neuroinflammation. We introduce the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and include a brief aside about evolutionary aspects of barrier formation and refinements. Lastly, since restoration of barrier function is considered key to ameliorate neurologic disease, we speculate about new therapeutic avenues to repair a damaged BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Verma
- Biomarkers and Experimental Medicine, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
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68
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Rochette L, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11): Functions in the regulation of erythropoiesis and cardiac regeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 156:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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69
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Parajuli B, Horiuchi H, Mizuno T, Takeuchi H, Suzumura A. CCL11 enhances excitotoxic neuronal death by producing reactive oxygen species in microglia. Glia 2015; 63:2274-84. [PMID: 26184677 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL11 (also known as eotaxin-1) is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant that mediates allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that concentrations of CCL11 are elevated in the sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of patients with neuroinflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Moreover, the levels of CCL11 in plasma and CSF increase with age, and CCL11 suppresses adult neurogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in memory impairment. However, the precise source and function of CCL11 in the CNS are not fully understood. In this study, we found that activated astrocytes release CCL11, whereas microglia predominantly express the CCL11 receptor. CCL11 significantly promoted the migration of microglia, and induced microglial production of reactive oxygen species by upregulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase 1 (NOX1), thereby promoting excitotoxic neuronal death. These effects were reversed by inhibition of NOX1. Our findings suggest that CCL11 released from activated astrocytes triggers oxidative stress via microglial NOX1 activation and potentiates glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Parajuli
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horiuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizuno
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Japan
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70
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Banks WA. The blood-brain barrier in neuroimmunology: Tales of separation and assimilation. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:1-8. [PMID: 25172555 PMCID: PMC4275374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmunology is concerned with the relations between the central nervous and immune systems and with the mechanisms that drive those relations. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) employs mechanisms that both separate and connect these two systems. In fact, the relative immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) is largely attributable to the BBB's ability to prevent the unregulated exchange of immune cells and their secretions between the CNS and blood. Having separated the two systems, the BBB then participates in mechanisms that allow them to influence, communicate, and interact with one another. Likewise, the BBB itself is influenced by immune events that are occurring in the periphery and in the CNS so that these three components (the BBB, the immune system, and the CNS) form neuroimmune axes that adapt to physiological and pathological conditions. To date, four major themes have emerged by which the BBB participates in these neuroimmune axes. The first of these four, the formation of the barrier, acts to separate the immune and central nervous systems. The other three themes provide mechanisms for re-establishing communication: response of the BBB to immunomodulatory molecules (e.g., prostaglandins, cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide) secreted by immune and CNS cells; the controlled, regulated exchange of chemokines, cytokines, and immune cells between the CNS and the blood (i.e., transport across the BBB); the secretion of immunomodulatory molecules by the BBB, often in a polarized fashion. Taken together, these mechanisms reveal the BBB to be a dynamic, interactive, and adaptable interface between the immune system and the CNS, separating them on the one hand and fostering their interactions on the other hand, adjusting to physiological changes, while being a target for disease processes. This review examines specific examples by which the BBB plays an interactive, defining role in neuroimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
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