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Liu Y, Xu J. High-resolution microscopy for imaging cancer pathobiology. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 7:85-96. [PMID: 32953251 PMCID: PMC7500261 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-019-00201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Light microscopy plays an essential role in clinical diagnosis and understanding the pathogenesis of cancer. Conventional bright-field microscope is used to visualize abnormality in tissue architecture and nuclear morphology, but often suffers from many limitations. This review focuses on the potential of new imaging techniques to improve basic and clinical research in pathobiology. RECENT FINDINGS Light microscopy has significantly expanded its ability in resolution, imaging volume, speed and contrast. It now allows 3D high-resolution volumetric imaging of tissue architecture from large tissue and molecular structures at nanometer resolution. SUMMARY Pathologists and researchers now have access to various imaging tools to study cancer pathobiology in both breadth and depth. Although clinical adoption of a new technique is slow, the new imaging tools will provide significant new insights and open new avenues for improving early cancer detection, personalized risk assessment and identifying the best treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jianquan Xu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Shirshin EA, Yakimov BP, Darvin ME, Omelyanenko NP, Rodionov SA, Gurfinkel YI, Lademann J, Fadeev VV, Priezzhev AV. Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy: The Origin of Fluorophores and Capabilities for Analyzing Biochemical Processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S69-S88. [PMID: 31213196 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a method of molecular imaging and specifically of intravital imaging that is characterized by high spatial resolution in combination with a greater depth of penetration into the tissue. MPM is a multimodal method based on detection of nonlinear optical signals - multiphoton fluorescence and optical harmonics - and also allows imaging with the use of the parameters of fluorescence decay kinetics. This review describes and discusses photophysical processes within major reporter molecules used in MPM with endogenous contrasts and summarizes several modern experiments that illustrate the capabilities of label-free MPM for molecular imaging of biochemical processes in connective tissue and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Shirshin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 108840, Moscow, Russia
| | - B P Yakimov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - N P Omelyanenko
- N. N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Moscow, 127299, Russia
| | - S A Rodionov
- N. N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Moscow, 127299, Russia
| | - Y I Gurfinkel
- Medical Scientific-Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - V V Fadeev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Priezzhev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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53
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Goedeke J, Schreiber P, Seidmann L, Li G, Birkenstock J, Simon F, König J, Muensterer OJ. Multiphoton microscopy in the diagnostic assessment of pediatric solid tissue in comparison to conventional histopathology: results of the first international online interobserver trial. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3655-3667. [PMID: 31118788 PMCID: PMC6503203 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s195470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Clear resection margins are paramount for good outcome in children undergoing solid tumor resections. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) can provide high-resolution, real-time, intraoperative microscopic images of tumor tissue. Objective: This prospective international multicenter study evaluates the diagnostic accuracy, feasibility, and interobserver congruence of MPM in diagnosing solid pediatric tissue and tumors for the first time. Material and methods: Representative fresh sections from six different neonatal solid tissues (liver, lung, kidney, adrenal gland, heart muscle, testicle) and two types of typical pediatric solid tumors (neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma) with adjacent nonneoplastic tissue were imaged with MPM and then presented online with corresponding H&E stained slides of the exact same tissue region. Both image sets of each tissue type were interpreted by 38 randomly selected international attending pediatric pathologists via an online evaluation software. Results: The quality of MPM was sufficient to make the diagnosis of all normal tissue types except cardiac muscle in >94% of assessors with high interobserver congruence and 95% sensitivity. Heart muscle was interpreted as skeletal muscle in 55% of cases. Based on MPM imaging, participating pathologists diagnosed the presented pediatric neoplasms with 100% specificity, although the sensitivity reached only about 50%. Conclusion: Even without prior training, pathologists are able to diagnose normal pediatric tissues with valuable accuracy using MPM. While current MPM imaging protocols are not yet sensitive enough to reliably rule out neuroblastoma or rhabdomyosarcoma, they seem to be specific and therefore useful to confirm a diagnosis intraoperatively. We are confident that improved algorithms, specific training, and more experience with the method will make MPM a valuable future alternative to frozen section analysis. Registration: The trial was registered at www.researchregistry.com, registration number 2967.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Goedeke
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Schreiber
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Larissa Seidmann
- Institute for Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Geling Li
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Childrens Hospital of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35233, USA
| | - Jérôme Birkenstock
- Forschungszentrum für Translationale Neurowissenschaften, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Simon
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochem König
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver J Muensterer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
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54
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Kolenc OI, Quinn KP. Evaluating Cell Metabolism Through Autofluorescence Imaging of NAD(P)H and FAD. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:875-889. [PMID: 29268621 PMCID: PMC6352511 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Optical imaging using the endogenous fluorescence of metabolic cofactors has enabled nondestructive examination of dynamic changes in cell and tissue function both in vitro and in vivo. Quantifying NAD(P)H and FAD fluorescence through an optical redox ratio and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) provides sensitivity to the relative balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glucose catabolism. Since its introduction decades ago, the use of NAD(P)H imaging has expanded to include applications involving almost every major tissue type and a variety of pathologies. Recent Advances: This review focuses on the use of two-photon excited fluorescence and NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime techniques in cancer, neuroscience, tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications over the last 5 years. In a variety of cancer models, NAD(P)H fluorescence intensity and lifetime measurements demonstrate a sensitivity to the Warburg effect, suggesting potential for early detection or high-throughput drug screening. The sensitivity to the biosynthetic demands of stem cell differentiation and tissue repair processes indicates the range of applications for this imaging technology may be broad. CRITICAL ISSUES As the number of applications for these fluorescence imaging techniques expand, identifying and characterizing additional intrinsic fluorophores and chromophores present in vivo will be vital to accurately measure and interpret metabolic outcomes. Understanding the full capabilities and limitations of FLIM will also be key to future advances. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future work is needed to evaluate whether a combination of different biochemical and structural outcomes using these imaging techniques can provide complementary information regarding the utilization of specific metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia I Kolenc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Kyle P Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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55
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Lentsch G, Balu M, Williams J, Lee S, Harris RM, König K, Ganesan A, Tromberg BJ, Nair N, Santhanam U, Misra M. In vivo multiphoton microscopy of melasma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:403-411. [PMID: 30506627 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melasma is a skin disorder characterized by hyperpigmented patches due to increased melanin production and deposition. In this pilot study, we evaluate the potential of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) to characterize non-invasively the melanin content, location, and distribution in melasma and assess the elastosis severity. We employed a clinical MPM tomograph to image in vivo morphological features in melasma lesions and adjacent normal skin in 12 patients. We imaged dermal melanophages in most dermal melasma lesions and occasionally in epidermal melasma. The melanin volume fraction values measured in epidermal melasma (14% ± 4%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the values measured in perilesional skin (11% ± 3%). The basal keratinocytes of melasma and perilesions showed different melanin distribution. Elastosis was predominantly more severe in lesions than in perilesions and was associated with changes in melanin distribution of the basal keratinocytes. These results demonstrate that MPM may be a non-invasive imaging tool for characterizing melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin Lentsch
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Mihaela Balu
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Joshua Williams
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ronald M Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Karsten König
- Department of Biophotonics and Laser Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Anand Ganesan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, University of California, Irvine, California
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56
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Vargas I, Alhallak K, Kolenc OI, Jenkins SV, Griffin RJ, Dings RPM, Rajaram N, Quinn KP. Rapid quantification of mitochondrial fractal dimension in individual cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5269-5279. [PMID: 30460127 PMCID: PMC6238904 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An improved technique for fractal characterization called the modified blanket method is introduced that can quantify surrounding fractal structures on a pixel by pixel basis without artifacts associated with scale-dependent image features such as object size. The method interprets images as topographical maps, obtaining information regarding the local surface area as a function of image resolution. Local fractal dimension (FD) can be quantified from the power law exponent derived from the surface area and image resolution relationship. We apply this technique on simulated cell images of known FD and compared the obtained values to power spectral density (PSD) analysis. Our method is sensitive to a wider FD range (2.0-4.5), having a mean error of 1.4% compared to 6% for PSD analysis. This increased sensitivity and an ability to compute regional FD properties enabled the discrimination of the differences in radiation resistant cancer cell responses that could not be detected using PSD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Vargas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Kinan Alhallak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Olivia I. Kolenc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Samir V. Jenkins
- Division of Radiation Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Division of Radiation Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ruud P. M. Dings
- Division of Radiation Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Kyle P. Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Gao H, Zhang X, Chen C, Li K, Ding D. Unity Makes Strength: How Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens Advance the Biomedical Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials; Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials; Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials; Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering; A*STAR; Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen Guangdong 510855 China
| | - Dan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials; Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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58
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A Radiosensitizing Inhibitor of HIF-1 alters the Optical Redox State of Human Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8815. [PMID: 29891977 PMCID: PMC5995847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment failure caused by a radiation-resistant cell phenotype remains an impediment to the success of radiation therapy in cancer. We recently showed that a radiation-resistant isogenic line of human A549 lung cancer cells had significantly elevated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), and increased glucose catabolism compared with the parental, radiation-sensitive cell line. The objective of this study was to investigate the longitudinal metabolic changes in radiation-resistant and sensitive A549 lung cancer cells after treatment with a combination of radiation therapy and YC-1, a potent HIF-1 inhibitor. Using label-free two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy, we determined changes in the optical redox ratio of FAD/(NADH and FAD) over a period of 24 hours following treatment with YC-1, radiation, and both radiation and YC-1. To complement the optical redox ratio, we also evaluated changes in mitochondrial organization, glucose uptake, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced glutathione. We observed significant differences in the optical redox ratio of radiation-resistant and sensitive A549 cells in response to radiation or YC-1 treatment alone; however, combined treatment eliminated these differences. Our results demonstrate that the optical redox ratio can elucidate radiosensitization of previously radiation-resistant A549 cancer cells, and provide a method for evaluating treatment response in patient-derived tumor biopsies.
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59
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Gómez CA, Sutin J, Wu W, Fu B, Uhlirova H, Devor A, Boas DA, Sakadžić S, Yaseen MA. Phasor analysis of NADH FLIM identifies pharmacological disruptions to mitochondrial metabolic processes in the rodent cerebral cortex. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194578. [PMID: 29561904 PMCID: PMC5862490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating cerebral metabolism in vivo at a microscopic level is essential for understanding brain function and its pathological alterations. The intricate signaling and metabolic dynamics between neurons, glia, and microvasculature requires much more detailed understanding to better comprehend the mechanisms governing brain function and its disease-related changes. We recently demonstrated that pharmacologically-induced alterations to different steps of cerebral metabolism can be distinguished utilizing 2-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging of endogenous reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence in vivo. Here, we evaluate the ability of the phasor analysis method to identify these pharmacological metabolic alterations and compare the method's performance with more conventional nonlinear curve-fitting analysis. Visualization of phasor data, both at the fundamental laser repetition frequency and its second harmonic, enables resolution of pharmacologically-induced alterations to mitochondrial metabolic processes from baseline cerebral metabolism. Compared to our previous classification models based on nonlinear curve-fitting, phasor-based models required fewer parameters and yielded comparable or improved classification accuracy. Fluorescence lifetime imaging of NADH and phasor analysis shows utility for detecting metabolic alterations and will lead to a deeper understanding of cerebral energetics and its pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Gómez
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Jason Sutin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Weicheng Wu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Buyin Fu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Hana Uhlirova
- Department of Neurosciences and Radiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Devor
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences and Radiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - David A. Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad A. Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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60
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Liu Z, Pouli D, Alonzo CA, Varone A, Karaliota S, Quinn KP, Münger K, Karalis KP, Georgakoudi I. Mapping metabolic changes by noninvasive, multiparametric, high-resolution imaging using endogenous contrast. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap9302. [PMID: 29536043 PMCID: PMC5846284 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring subcellular functional and structural changes associated with metabolism is essential for understanding healthy tissue development and the progression of numerous diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Unfortunately, established methods for this purpose either are destructive or require the use of exogenous agents. Recent work has highlighted the potential of endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) as a method to monitor subtle metabolic changes; however, mechanistic understanding of the connections between the detected optical signal and the underlying metabolic pathways has been lacking. We present a quantitative approach to detecting both functional and structural metabolic biomarkers noninvasively, relying on endogenous TPEF from two coenzymes, NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). We perform multiparametric analysis of three optical biomarkers within intact, living cells and three-dimensional tissues: cellular redox state, NADH fluorescence lifetime, and mitochondrial clustering. We monitor the biomarkers in cells and tissues subjected to metabolic perturbations that trigger changes in distinct metabolic processes, including glycolysis and glutaminolysis, extrinsic and intrinsic mitochondrial uncoupling, and fatty acid oxidation and synthesis. We demonstrate that these optical biomarkers provide complementary insights into the underlying biological mechanisms. Thus, when used in combination, these biomarkers can serve as a valuable tool for sensitive, label-free identification of changes in specific metabolic pathways and characterization of the heterogeneity of the elicited responses with single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Dimitra Pouli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Carlo A. Alonzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Antonio Varone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Kyle P. Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Karl Münger
- Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Katia P. Karalis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Corresponding author.
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61
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Kolossov VL, Sivaguru M, Huff J, Luby K, Kanakaraju K, Gaskins HR. Airyscan super-resolution microscopy of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in living tumor cells. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 81:115-128. [PMID: 29131445 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by continuous fusion-and-fission events that are essential for maintaining normal function. Despite the prominence of mitochondrial function in energy generation and cell signaling, understanding of processes of fusion and fission dynamics has been hampered by the lack of high-resolution optical systems that accommodate live-cell imaging. We have examined different confocal modalities in terms of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a point scanning confocal microscope with Airyscan super-resolution (AS-SR). Results indicated that Airyscan (AS) provided speed, super-resolution, and high SNR. This modality was then used for monitoring mitochondrial dynamics in live tumor cells modified to harbor green-fluorescent protein localized to mitochondria. We then compared regular AS and fast-Airyscan modalities in terms of gentleness on the live-cell samples. The fast mode provided unprecedented imaging speed that permits monitoring dynamics both in 2D and also in three-dimensional dataset with time lapses (4D). Alterations to the mitochondrial network in U87 glioblastoma cells occurred within seconds and the cells were not affected by modest inhibition of fission. The super-resolution permitted quantitative measurements of mitochondrial diameter with a precision that enabled detection of significant differences in mitochondrial morphology between cell lines. We have observed swelling of mitochondrial tubules in A549 lung cancer cells after 2 hr treatment with deoxynyboquinone, an ROS-generating pharmacologic drug. We also tested different 3D analytical parameters and how they can affect morphometric quantitation. The AS-SR imaging enabled high-speed imaging of mitochondrial dynamics without the compromise to cell morphology or viability that is common with conventional fluorescence imaging due to photo-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir L Kolossov
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Mayandi Sivaguru
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Joseph Huff
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Thornwood, New York 10564
| | - Katherine Luby
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Kaviamuthan Kanakaraju
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Non-destructive two-photon excited fluorescence imaging identifies early nodules in calcific aortic-valve disease. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:914-924. [PMID: 29456878 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Calcifications occur during the development of healthy bone, and at the onset of calcific aortic-valve disease (CAVD) and many other pathologies. Although the mechanisms regulating early calcium deposition are not fully understood, they may provide targets for new treatments and for early interventions. Here, we show that two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) can provide quantitative and sensitive readouts of calcific nodule formation, in particular in the context of CAVD. Specifically, by means of the decomposition of TPEF spectral images from excised human CAVD valves and from rat bone prior to and following demineralization, as well as from calcific nodules formed within engineered gels, we identified an endogenous fluorophore that correlates with the level of mineralization in the samples. We then developed a ratiometric imaging approach that provides a quantitative readout of the presence of mineral deposits in early calcifications. TPEF should enable non-destructive, high-resolution imaging of three-dimensional tissue specimens for the assessment of the presence of calcification.
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63
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Liasi FT, Samatham R, Jacques SL. Noninvasive in vivo optical characterization of blood flow and oxygen consumption in the superficial plexus of skin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-6. [PMID: 29110444 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.11.115002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the metabolic activity of a tissue, whether normal, damaged, aged, or pathologic, is useful for diagnosis and evaluating the effects of drugs. This report describes a handheld optical fiber probe that contacts the skin, applies pressure to blanch the superficial vascular plexus of the skin, then releases the pressure to allow refill of the plexus. The optical probe uses white light spectroscopy to record the time dynamics of blanching and refilling. The magnitude and dynamics of changes in blood content and hemoglobin oxygen saturation yield an estimate of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in units of attomoles per cell per second. The average value of OCR on nine forearm sites on five subjects was 10±5 (amol/cell/s). This low-cost, portable, rapid, noninvasive optical probe can characterize the OCR of a skin site to assess the metabolic activity of the epidermis or a superficial lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Talebi Liasi
- Oregon Health and Science University, Biomedical Engineering Dermatology, Portland, Oregon, United States
- University of Washington, Dermatology, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ravikant Samatham
- Oregon Health and Science University, Biomedical Engineering Dermatology, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Steven L Jacques
- Oregon Health and Science University, Biomedical Engineering Dermatology, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Tufts University, Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
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64
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Pouli D, Tozzi L, Alonzo CA, Liu Z, Kaplan DL, Balduini A, Georgakoudi I. Label free monitoring of megakaryocytic development and proplatelet formation in vitro. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4742-4755. [PMID: 29082099 PMCID: PMC5654814 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Megakaryopoiesis and platelet production are complex biological processes that require tight regulation of successive lineage commitment steps and are ultimately responsible for maintaining and renewing the pool of circulating platelets in the blood. Despite major advancements in the understanding of megakaryocytic biology, the detailed mechanisms driving megakaryocytic differentiation have yet to be elucidated. Here we show that automated image analysis algorithms applied to two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) images can non-invasively monitor structural and metabolic megakaryocyte behavior changes occurring during differentiation and platelet formation in vitro. Our results demonstrate that high-contrast, label-free two photon imaging holds great potential in studying the underlying physiological processes controlling the intricate process of platelet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Pouli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., 02155 Medford MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lorenzo Tozzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., 02155 Medford MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Carlo A. Alonzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., 02155 Medford MA, USA
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., 02155 Medford MA, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., 02155 Medford MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., 02155 Medford MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., 02155 Medford MA, USA
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65
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Dremin VV, Zherebtsov EA, Sidorov VV, Krupatkin AI, Makovik IN, Zherebtsova AI, Zharkikh EV, Potapova EV, Dunaev AV, Doronin AA, Bykov AV, Rafailov IE, Litvinova KS, Sokolovski SG, Rafailov EU. Multimodal optical measurement for study of lower limb tissue viability in patients with diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-10. [PMID: 28825287 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.8.085003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
According to the International Diabetes Federation, the challenge of early stage diagnosis and treatment effectiveness monitoring in diabetes is currently one of the highest priorities in modern healthcare. The potential of combined measurements of skin fluorescence and blood perfusion by the laser Doppler flowmetry method in diagnostics of low limb diabetes complications was evaluated. Using Monte Carlo probabilistic modeling, the diagnostic volume and depth of the diagnosis were evaluated. The experimental study involved 76 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These patients were divided into two groups depending on the degree of complications. The control group consisted of 48 healthy volunteers. The local thermal stimulation was selected as a stimulus on the blood microcirculation system. The experimental studies have shown that diabetic patients have elevated values of normalized fluorescence amplitudes, as well as a lower perfusion response to local heating. In the group of people with diabetes with trophic ulcers, these parameters also significantly differ from the control and diabetes only groups. Thus, the intensity of skin fluorescence and level of tissue blood perfusion can act as markers for various degrees of complications from the beginning of diabetes to the formation of trophic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Dremin
- Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Biomedical Photonics Laboratory of University Clini, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Zherebtsov
- Aston University, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Irina N Makovik
- Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Biomedical Photonics Laboratory of University Clini, Russia
| | - Angelina I Zherebtsova
- Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Biomedical Photonics Laboratory of University Clini, Russia
| | - Elena V Zharkikh
- Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Biomedical Photonics Laboratory of University Clini, Russia
| | - Elena V Potapova
- Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Biomedical Photonics Laboratory of University Clini, Russia
| | - Andrey V Dunaev
- Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Biomedical Photonics Laboratory of University Clini, Russia
| | - Alexander A Doronin
- Yale University, Department of Computer Science, Computer Graphics Group, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Alexander V Bykov
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Information Te, Finland
| | - Ilya E Rafailov
- Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologi, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sergei G Sokolovski
- Aston University, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics, United Kingdom
| | - Edik U Rafailov
- Aston University, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics, United Kingdom
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66
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Pendin D, Filadi R, Pizzo P. The Concerted Action of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Positioning: New Characters in Cancer Onset and Progression. Front Oncol 2017; 7:102. [PMID: 28589083 PMCID: PMC5439081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles whose morphology and activity are extremely variable, depending on the metabolic state of the cell. In particular, their shape and movements within the cell are finely regulated by an increasing number of proteins, which take part in the process of mitochondrial fission/fusion and connect the organelles to the cytoskeleton. As to their activities, mitochondria are considered to be at the crossroad between cell life and death since, on the one hand, they are essential in ATP production and in multiple metabolic pathways but, on the other, they are involved in the intrinsic apoptotic cascade, triggered by different stress conditions. Importantly, the process of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, as well as the morphology and the dynamics of these organelles, is known to deeply impact on both pro-survival and pro-death mitochondrial activities. Recently, increasing evidence has accrued on a central role of deregulated mitochondrial functionalities in the onset and progression of different pathologies, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to cancer. In this contribution, we will present the latest findings connecting alterations in the machineries that control mitochondrial dynamics and localization to specific cancer hallmarks, highlighting the importance of mitochondria for the viability of cancer cells and discussing their role as promising targets for the development of novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pendin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
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67
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Reproducibility of flow mediated skin fluorescence to assess microvascular function. Microvasc Res 2017; 113:60-64. [PMID: 28529171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent technical developments enable skin fluorescence to be quantified in vivo in humans. The present study aimed at determining whether flow mediated skin fluorescence was reproducible, sensitive to changes within an individual, and if it could differ between patients with coronary artery disease and healthy volunteers. METHODS First, forearm flow mediated skin fluorescence recorded during and after brachial artery occlusion was assessed following successive forearm occlusion periods (1, 2, 3 and 5min) and expressed as ischemic and hyperemic responses (as % of baseline). Secondly, 3min flow mediated skin fluorescence was assessed before and after 10min local cooling to 15°C. In a third protocol, the inter-day reproducibility of ischemic and hyperemic responses to 3min occlusion was tested at an interval of 7days, and compared between healthy controls and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). RESULTS In the first protocol, we observed a time dependent increase in the ischemic and hyperemic responses to occlusion. Next, we observed a lower hyperemic response after local cooling (9.8±4.2 versus 17.8±2.5% respectively, P<0.001), while in contrast, the ischemic response was higher and exhibited greater variability (23±15 versus 11.8±6.4%; P=0.028). In the third protocol, the inter-day reproducibility of flow mediated skin fluorescence for a 3min occlusion period was excellent. The ischemic response was significantly lower in CAD patients than in healthy controls (6.7±4.8% vs 14.7±6.8% respectively, P<0.001). Similarly, the hyperemic response was significantly decreased in the CAD group compared to healthy controls (11.6±3.6% vs 19.5±5.4% respectively, P<0.001). CONCLUSION We show that quantifying the ischemic and hyperemic flow mediated skin fluorescence is feasible, reproducible, sensitive to acute changes in skin blood flow, and distinguishes patients populations. However, more data are needed to evaluate the correlation with other methods or specific biochemical endothelial markers.
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68
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Thomas LW, Staples O, Turmaine M, Ashcroft M. CHCHD4 Regulates Intracellular Oxygenation and Perinuclear Distribution of Mitochondria. Front Oncol 2017; 7:71. [PMID: 28497026 PMCID: PMC5406405 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic of the tumor microenvironment and is known to contribute to tumor progression and treatment resistance. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) dimeric transcription factors control the cellular response to reduced oxygenation by regulating the expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptation, cell motility, and survival. Alterations in mitochondrial metabolism are not only a downstream consequence of HIF-signaling but mitochondria reciprocally regulate HIF signaling through multiple means, including oxygen consumption, metabolic intermediates, and reactive oxygen species generation. CHCHD4 is a redox-sensitive mitochondrial protein, which we previously identified and showed to be a novel regulator of HIF and hypoxia responses in tumors. Elevated expression of CHCHD4 in human tumors correlates with the hypoxia gene signature, disease progression, and poor patient survival. Here, we show that either long-term (72 h) exposure to hypoxia (1% O2) or elevated expression of CHCHD4 in tumor cells in normoxia leads to perinuclear accumulation of mitochondria, which is dependent on the expression of HIF-1α. Furthermore, we show that CHCHD4 is required for perinuclear localization of mitochondria and HIF activation in response to long-term hypoxia. Mutation of the functionally important highly conserved cysteines within the Cys-Pro-Cys motif of CHCHD4 or inhibition of complex IV activity (by sodium azide) redistributes mitochondria from the perinuclear region toward the periphery of the cell and blocks HIF activation. Finally, we show that CHCHD4-mediated perinuclear localization of mitochondria is associated with increased intracellular hypoxia within the perinuclear region and constitutive basal HIF activation in normoxia. Our study demonstrates that the intracellular distribution of the mitochondrial network is an important feature of the cellular response to hypoxia, contributing to hypoxic signaling via HIF activation and regulated by way of the cross talk between CHCHD4 and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Staples
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret Ashcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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69
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Strowd LC. In vivo cutaneous malignancy diagnosis using mitochondrial imaging. Oral Dis 2017; 24:875-878. [PMID: 28430393 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Strowd
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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