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Kaczorowska J, Casey E, Lugli GA, Ventura M, Clarke DJ, van Sinderen D, Mahony J. In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Potential of Escherichia coli Phages to Treat Infections and Survive Gastric Conditions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1869. [PMID: 34576765 PMCID: PMC8472732 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Shigella ssp. infections are associated with high rates of mortality, especially in infants in developing countries. Due to increasing levels of global antibiotic resistance exhibited by many pathogenic organisms, alternative strategies to combat such infections are urgently required. In this study, we evaluated the stability of five coliphages (four Myoviridae and one Siphoviridae phage) over a range of pH conditions and in simulated gastric conditions. The Myoviridae phages were stable across the range of pH 2 to 7, while the Siphoviridae phage, JK16, exhibited higher sensitivity to low pH. A composite mixture of these five phages was tested in vivo in a Galleria mellonella model. The obtained data clearly shows potential in treating E. coli infections prophylactically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaczorowska
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.); (D.J.C.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoghan Casey
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.); (D.J.C.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Gabriele A. Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (G.A.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (G.A.L.); (M.V.)
| | - David J. Clarke
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.); (D.J.C.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.); (D.J.C.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (J.K.); (E.C.); (D.J.C.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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52
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Formulation strategies for bacteriophages to target intracellular bacterial pathogens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113864. [PMID: 34271022 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (Phages) are antibacterial viruses that are unaffected by antibiotic drug resistance. Many Phase I and Phase II phage therapy clinical trials have shown acceptable safety profiles. However, none of the completed trials could yield data supporting the promising observations noted in the experimental phage therapy. These trials have mainly focused on phage suspensions without enough attention paid to the stability of phage during processing, storage, and administration. This is important because in vivo studies have shown that the effectiveness of phage therapy greatly depends on the ratio of phage to bacterial concentrations (multiplicity of infection) at the infection site. Additionally, bacteria can evade phages through the development of phage-resistance and intracellular residence. This review focuses on the use of phage therapy against bacteria that survive within the intracellular niches. Recent research on phage behavior reveals that some phage can directly interact with, get internalized into, and get transcytosed across mammalian cells, prompting further research on the governing mechanisms of these interactions and the feasibility of harnessing therapeutic phage to target intracellular bacteria. Advances to improve the capability of phage attacking intracellular bacteria using formulation approaches such as encapsulating/conjugating phages into/with vector carriers via liposomes, polymeric particles, inorganic nanoparticles, and cell penetrating peptides, are summarized. While promising progress has been achieved, research in this area is still in its infancy and warrants further attention.
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Chang X, Lambo MT, Liu D, Li X. The study of the potential application of nanofiber microcapsules loading lactobacillus in targeted delivery of digestive tract in vitro. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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54
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Xu Y. Phage and phage lysins: New era of bio-preservatives and food safety agents. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3349-3373. [PMID: 34302296 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the search and application of new antimicrobial agents as alternatives to use of chemical preservatives and antibiotic-like compounds by the food industry. The massive use of antibiotic has created a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that find their way from farm to humans. Thus, there exists an imperative need to explore new antibacterial options and bacteriophages perfectly fit into the class of safe and potent antimicrobials. Phage bio-control has come a long way owing to advances with use of phage cocktails, recombinant phages, and phage lysins; however, there still exists unmet challenges that restrict the number of phage-based products reaching the market. Hence, further studies are required to explore for more efficient phage-based bio-control strategies that can become an integral part of food safety protocols. This review thus aims to highlight the recent developments made in the application of phages and phage enzymes covering pre-harvest as well as post-harvest usage. It further focuses on the major issues in both phage and phage lysin research hindering their optimum use while detailing out the advances made by researchers lately in this direction for full exploitation of phages and phage lysins in the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Xu
- Food Technology College Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, China
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55
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Abd-Allah IM, El-Housseiny GS, Yahia IS, Aboshanab KM, Hassouna NA. Rekindling of a Masterful Precedent; Bacteriophage: Reappraisal and Future Pursuits. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:635597. [PMID: 34136415 PMCID: PMC8201069 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.635597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is exuberantly becoming a deleterious health problem world-wide. Seeking innovative approaches is necessary in order to circumvent such a hazard. An unconventional fill-in to antibiotics is bacteriophage. Bacteriophages are viruses capable of pervading bacterial cells and disrupting their natural activity, ultimately resulting in their defeat. In this article, we will run-through the historical record of bacteriophage and its correlation with bacteria. We will also delineate the potential of bacteriophage as a therapeutic antibacterial agent, its supremacy over antibiotics in multiple aspects and the challenges that could arise on the way to its utilization in reality. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and genetic engineering of bacteriophages and its proteins will be briefly discussed as well. In addition, we will highlight some of the in-use applications of bacteriophages, and set an outlook for their future ones. We will also overview some of the miscellaneous abilities of these tiny viruses in several fields other than the clinical one. This is an attempt to encourage tackling a long-forgotten hive. Perhaps, one day, the smallest of the creatures would be of the greatest help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa M. Abd-Allah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadir S. El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim S. Yahia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Nanoscience Laboratory for Environmental and Bio-Medical Applications (NLEBA), Semiconductor Lab., Metallurgical Lab, Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia A. Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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56
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Raghav S, Jain P, Kumar D. Alginates: Properties and Applications. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Gondil VS, Chhibber S. Bacteriophage and Endolysin Encapsulation Systems: A Promising Strategy to Improve Therapeutic Outcomes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675440. [PMID: 34025436 PMCID: PMC8138158 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh Gondil
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Malik DJ, Catalá-Gregori P, Marin C, Sevilla-Navarro S. In Vitro and In Vivo Gastrointestinal Survival of Non-Encapsulated and Microencapsulated Salmonella Bacteriophages: Implications for Bacteriophage Therapy in Poultry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050434. [PMID: 34066346 PMCID: PMC8148174 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of bacteriophages is recognized as a viable method to control Salmonella. Microencapsulation of phages in oral dosage forms may protect phages from inherent challenges of the gastrointestinal tract in chickens. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the survival of Salmonella BP FGS011 (non-encapsulated and microencapsulated) through the gastrointestinal tract under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions after oral administration to 1-day-old chicks. To this end, the phage FGS011 was encapsulated in two different pH-responsive formulations with polymers Eudragit® L100, and Eudragit® S100 using the process of spray drying. Phages encapsulated in either of the two formulations were able to survive exposure to the proventriculus-gizzard in vitro conditions whereas free phages did not. Moreover, phages formulated in polymer Eudragit® S100 would be better suited to deliver phage to the caeca in chickens. In the in vivo assay, no statistically significant differences were observed in the phage concentrations across the gastrointestinal tract for either the free phage or the encapsulated phage given to chicks. This suggested that the pH of the proventriculus/gizzard in young chicks is not sufficiently acidic to cause differential phage titre reductions, thereby allowing free phage survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (L.L.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (S.S.-N.)
| | - Danish J. Malik
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Pablo Catalá-Gregori
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (L.L.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (S.S.-N.)
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentacion Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539 Castellón, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (L.L.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (S.S.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-657506085
| | - Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (L.L.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (S.S.-N.)
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentacion Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539 Castellón, Spain
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Richards K, Malik DJ. Microencapsulation of Bacteriophages Using Membrane Emulsification in Different pH-Triggered Controlled Release Formulations for Oral Administration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050424. [PMID: 34063218 PMCID: PMC8147480 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An E.coli-specific phage was encapsulated in three different pH responsive polymer formulations using the process of membrane emulsification. Small 100 µm capsules were fabricated and shown to afford phages suitable acid protection upon exposure to pH 1.5. Selection of polymer formulations allowed controlled release of phages at pH 5.5, pH 6 and pH 7. Other aspects of phage encapsulation including factors affecting encapsulation yield, release kinetics, acid and storage stability were evaluated. The work presented here would be useful for future evaluation of new therapeutic strategies including microbiome editing approaches allowing pH-triggered release of phages and delivery of encapsulated cargo to different intestinal compartments. The size of the capsules were selected to permit ease of delivery using small bore oral gavage tubes typically used in pre-clinical studies for evaluation of drug substances using small animal vertebrate models such as in mice and rats.
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60
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Upadhaya SD, Ahn JM, Cho JH, Kim JY, Kang DK, Kim SW, Kim HB, Kim IH. Bacteriophage cocktail supplementation improves growth performance, gut microbiome and production traits in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:49. [PMID: 33858501 PMCID: PMC8050931 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed in the poultry industry to control disease outbreaks. Phage therapy mainly utilizes lytic phages to kill their respective bacterial hosts and can be an attractive solution to combating the emergence of antibiotic resistance in livestock. METHODS Five hundred and four, one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), PC (CON + 0.025% Avilamax®), BP 0.05 (CON + 0.05% bacteriophage), and BP 0.10 (CON + 0.10% bacteriophage). RESULTS A significant linear effect on body weight gain (BWG) was observed during days 1-7, days 22-35, and cumulatively in bacteriophage (BP) supplemented groups. The BWG tended to be higher (P = 0.08) and the feed intake (FI) was increased (P = 0.017) in the PC group over CON group. A greater (P = 0.016) BWG and trends in increased FI (P = 0.06) were observed in the experiment in birds fed PC than CON diet. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was decreased in PC (65.28%), while it was similar in BP 0.05 and BP 0.10 (90.65%, 86.72%) compared to CON (90.19%). At the species level, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus salivarus was higher in BP 0.05 (40.15%) and BP 0.10 (38.58%) compared to the CON (20.04%) and PC (18.05%). A linear reduction in the weight of bursa of Fabricius (P = 0.022) and spleen (P = 0.052) was observed in birds fed graded level of BP and an increase (P = 0.059) in the weight of gizzard was observed in birds fed PC over BP diets. Linear and quadratic responses were observed in redness of breast muscle color in birds fed graded level of BP. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of the 0.05% and 0.1% BP cocktail linearly improved broiler weight during the first 7 days, 22-35 days and cumulatively, whereas 0.05% BP addition was sufficient for supporting immune organs, bursa and spleen as well as enhancing gut microbiome, indicating the efficacy of 0.05% BP as a substitute antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Devi Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea
| | - Je Min Ahn
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Cho
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea
| | - Dae Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 116 Polk Hall, Box 7621, 120 W Broughton Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea.
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No.29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 31116, South Korea.
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61
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Loponte R, Pagnini U, Iovane G, Pisanelli G. Phage Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040421. [PMID: 33920369 PMCID: PMC8069180 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome the obstacle of antimicrobial resistance, researchers are investigating the use of phage therapy as an alternative and/or supplementation to antibiotics to treat and prevent infections both in humans and in animals. In the first part of this review, we describe the unique biological characteristics of bacteriophages and the crucial aspects influencing the success of phage therapy. However, despite their efficacy and safety, there is still no specific legislation that regulates their use. In the second part of this review, we describe the comprehensive research done in the past and recent years to address the use of phage therapy for the treatment and prevention of bacterial disease affecting domestic animals as an alternative to antibiotic treatments. While in farm animals, phage therapy efficacy perspectives have been widely studied in vitro and in vivo, especially for zoonoses and diseases linked to economic losses (such as mastitis), in pets, studies are still few and rather recent.
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62
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Goswami A, Sharma PR, Agarwal R. Combatting intracellular pathogens using bacteriophage delivery. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:461-478. [PMID: 33818246 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1902266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens reside in specialised compartments within the host cells restricting the access of antibiotics. Insufficient intracellular delivery of antibiotics along with several other resistance mechanisms weaken the efficacy of current therapies. An alternative to antibiotic therapy could be bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Although phage therapy has been in practice for a century against various bacterial infections, the efficacy of phages against intracellular bacteria is still being explored. In this review, we will discuss the advancement and challenges in phage therapy, particularly against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Finally, we will highlight the uptake mechanisms and approaches to overcome the challenges to phage therapy against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Goswami
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pallavi Raj Sharma
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Ergin F, Atamer Z, Comak Göcer EM, Demir M, Hinrichs J, Kucukcetin A. Optimization of Salmonella bacteriophage microencapsulation in alginate-caseinate formulation using vibrational nozzle technique. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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64
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Francius G, Cervulle M, Clément E, Bellanger X, Ekrami S, Gantzer C, Duval JFL. Impacts of Mechanical Stiffness of Bacteriophage-Loaded Hydrogels on Their Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2614-2627. [PMID: 35014378 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The elaboration of efficient hydrogel-based materials with antimicrobial properties requires a refined control of defining their physicochemical features, which includes mechanical stiffness, so as to properly mediate their antibacterial activity. In this work, we design hydrogels consisting of polyelectrolyte multilayer films for the loading of T4 and φX174 bacteria-killing viruses, also called bacteriophages. We investigate the antiadhesion and bactericidal performances of this biomaterial against Escherichia coli, with a specific focus on the effects of chemical cross-linking of the hydrogel matrix, which, in turn, mediates the hydrogel stiffness. Depending on the latter and on phage replication features, it is found that the hydrogels loaded with the bacteria-killing viruses make both contact killing (targeted bacteria are those adhered at the hydrogel surface) and release killing (planktonic bacteria are the targets) possible with ca. 20-80% efficiency after only 4 h of incubation at 25 °C as compared to cases where hydrogels are free of viruses. We further demonstrate the lack of dependence of virus diffusion within the hydrogel and of the maximal viral storage capacity on the hydrogel mechanical properties. In addition to the evidenced bacteriolytic activity of the phages loaded in the hydrogels, the antimicrobial property of the phage-loaded materials is shown to be partly controlled by the chemistry of the hydrogel skeleton and, more specifically, by the mobility of the peripheral free polycationic components, known for their ability to weaken and permeabilize membranes of bacteria, the latter then becoming "easier" targets for the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manon Cervulle
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Eloïse Clément
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Saeid Ekrami
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Pires DP, Costa AR, Pinto G, Meneses L, Azeredo J. Current challenges and future opportunities of phage therapy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:684-700. [PMID: 32472938 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health challenge worldwide, whose implications for global health might be devastating if novel antibacterial strategies are not quickly developed. As natural predators of bacteria, (bacterio)phages may play an essential role in escaping such a dreadful future. The rising problem of antibiotic resistance has revived the interest in phage therapy and important developments have been achieved over the last years. But where do we stand today and what can we expect from phage therapy in the future? This is the question we set to answer in this review. Here, we scour the outcomes of human phage therapy clinical trials and case reports, and address the major barriers that stand in the way of using phages in clinical settings. We particularly address the potential of phage resistance to hinder phage therapy and discuss future avenues to explore the full capacity of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Pires
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Costa
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Graça Pinto
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luciana Meneses
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Loh B, Gondil VS, Manohar P, Khan FM, Yang H, Leptihn S. Encapsulation and Delivery of Therapeutic Phages. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.01979-20. [PMID: 33310718 PMCID: PMC8090888 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01979-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic compounds to the site of action is crucial. While many chemical substances such as beta-lactam antibiotics can reach therapeutic levels in most parts throughout the human body after administration, substances of higher molecular weight such as therapeutic proteins may not be able to reach the site of action (e.g. an infection), and are therefore ineffective. In the case of therapeutic phages, i.e. viruses that infect microbes that can be used to treat bacterial infections, this problem is exacerbated; not only are phages unable to penetrate tissues, but phage particles can be cleared by the immune system and phage proteins are rapidly degraded by enzymes or inactivated by the low pH in the stomach. Yet, the use of therapeutic phages is a highly promising strategy, in particular for infections caused by bacteria that exhibit multi-drug resistance. Clinicians increasingly encounter situations where no treatment options remain available for such infections, where antibiotic compounds are ineffective. While the number of drug-resistant pathogens continues to rise due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, no new compounds are becoming available as many pharmaceutical companies discontinue their search for chemical antimicrobials. In recent years, phage therapy has undergone massive innovation for the treatment of infections caused by pathogens resistant to conventional antibiotics. While most therapeutic applications of phages are well described in the literature, other aspects of phage therapy are less well documented. In this review, we focus on the issues that are critical for phage therapy to become a reliable standard therapy and describe methods for efficient and targeted delivery of phages, including their encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China and The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU), School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Vijay Singh Gondil
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China and The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU), School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fazal Mehmood Khan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
- University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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Li J, Li Y, Ding Y, Huang C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang X. Characterization of a novel Siphoviridae Salmonella bacteriophage T156 and its microencapsulation application in food matrix. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P, Gnat S, Matuszewski Ł. Last Call for Replacement of Antimicrobials in Animal Production: Modern Challenges, Opportunities, and Potential Solutions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120883. [PMID: 33317032 PMCID: PMC7762978 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant market demand for easily available and cheap food of animal origin necessitates an increasing use of antibiotics in animal production. The alarming data provided by organizations monitoring drug resistance in indicator and pathogenic bacteria isolated from humans and animals indicate a possible risk of a return to the preantibiotic era. For this reason, it seems that both preventive and therapeutic measures, taken as an alternative to antimicrobials, seem not only advisable but also necessary. Nevertheless, the results of various studies and market analyses, as well as difficulties in the implementation of alternative substances into veterinary medicine, do not guarantee that the selected alternatives will completely replace antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and animal production on a global scale. This publication is a brief overview of the drug resistance phenomenon and its determinants, the steps taken to solve the problem, including the introduction of alternatives to antimicrobials, and the evaluation of some factors influencing the potential implementation of alternatives in animal production. The review also presents two groups of alternatives, which, given their mechanism of action and spectrum, are most comparable to the effectiveness of antibiotics, as emphasized by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Matuszewski
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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Silva Batalha L, Pardini Gontijo MT, Vianna Novaes de Carvalho Teixeira A, Meireles Gouvêa Boggione D, Soto Lopez ME, Renon Eller M, Santos Mendonça RC. Encapsulation in alginate-polymers improves stability and allows controlled release of the UFV-AREG1 bacteriophage. Food Res Int 2020; 139:109947. [PMID: 33509500 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bacteriophage UFV-AREG1 was used as a model organism to evaluate the encapsulation via extrusion using different hydrocolloids. Pure alginate [0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% (m/v)] and mixtures of alginate [0.75% or 1.0% (m/v)] with carrageenan [1.25% (m/v)], chitosan [0.5% (m/v)], or whey protein [1.5% (m/v)] were used to produce bacteriophage-loaded beads. The encapsulating solutions presented flow behavior of non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluids and the concentration of hydrocolloid did not influence (p > 0.05) the morphology of the beads, except for alginate-chitosan solutions, which presented the higher flow consistency index (K) and the lower flow behavior index (n). The encapsulation efficiency was about 99% and the confocal photomicrography of the encapsulated bacteriophages labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate showed homogenous distribution of the viral particles within the beads. The phages remained viable in the beads of alginate-whey protein even when submitted to pH 2.5 for 2 h. Beads incubated directly in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) resulted in a minimal of 50% release of the UFV-AREG1 phages after 5 min, even when previously submitted to the simulated gastric fluid (pH 2.5). Encapsulation enabled phages to remain viable under refrigeration for five months. Encapsulated UFV-AREG1 phages were sensitive to dehydration, suggesting the need for protective agents. In this study, for the first-time bacteriophages were encapsulated in alginate-carrageenan beads, as well as alginate-chitosan as a bead-forming hydrocolloid. In addition, a novel procedure for encapsulating bacteriophages in alginate-whey protein was proposed. The assembled system showed efficiency in the encapsulation of UFV-AREG1 bacteriophages using different hydrocolloids and has potential to be used for the entrapment of a variety of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Silva Batalha
- Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, 36570-900 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Pardini Gontijo
- Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, 36570-900 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maryoris Elisa Soto Lopez
- Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, 36570-900 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Food Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba (UNICORDOBA), Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Monique Renon Eller
- Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, 36570-900 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Paczesny J, Bielec K. Application of Bacteriophages in Nanotechnology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1944. [PMID: 33003494 PMCID: PMC7601235 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages for short) are viruses, which have bacteria as hosts. The single phage body virion, is a colloidal particle, often possessing a dipole moment. As such, phages were used as perfectly monodisperse systems to study various physicochemical phenomena (e.g., transport or sedimentation in complex fluids), or in the material science (e.g., as scaffolds). Nevertheless, phages also execute the life cycle to multiply and produce progeny virions. Upon completion of the life cycle of phages, the host cells are usually destroyed. Natural abilities to bind to and kill bacteria were a starting point for utilizing phages in phage therapies (i.e., medical treatments that use phages to fight bacterial infections) and for bacteria detection. Numerous applications of phages became possible thanks to phage display-a method connecting the phenotype and genotype, which allows for selecting specific peptides or proteins with affinity to a given target. Here, we review the application of bacteriophages in nanoscience, emphasizing bio-related applications, material science, soft matter research, and physical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
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71
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Rotman SG, Sumrall E, Ziadlou R, Grijpma DW, Richards RG, Eglin D, Moriarty TF. Local Bacteriophage Delivery for Treatment and Prevention of Bacterial Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:538060. [PMID: 33072008 PMCID: PMC7531225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.538060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As viruses with high specificity for their bacterial hosts, bacteriophages (phages) are an attractive means to eradicate bacteria, and their potential has been recognized by a broad range of industries. Against a background of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria, bacteriophages have received much attention as a possible "last-resort" strategy to treat infections. The use of bacteriophages in human patients is limited by their sensitivity to acidic pH, enzymatic attack and short serum half-life. Loading phage within a biomaterial can shield the incorporated phage against many of these harmful environmental factors, and in addition, provide controlled release for prolonged therapeutic activity. In this review, we assess the different classes of biomaterials (i.e., biopolymers, synthetic polymers, and ceramics) that have been used for phage delivery and describe the processing methodologies that are compatible with phage embedding or encapsulation. We also elaborate on the clinical or pre-clinical data generated using these materials. While a primary focus is placed on the application of phage-loaded materials for treatment of infection, we also include studies from other translatable fields such as food preservation and animal husbandry. Finally, we summarize trends in the literature and identify current barriers that currently prevent clinical application of phage-loaded biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Gerard Rotman
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland.,MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Eric Sumrall
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Reihane Ziadlou
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk W Grijpma
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | | | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland.,MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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Ismail R, Dorighello Carareto ND, Hornez JC, Bouchart F. A Localized Phage-Based Antimicrobial System: Effect of Alginate on Phage Desorption from β-TCP Ceramic Bone Substitutes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E560. [PMID: 32878156 PMCID: PMC7558949 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a prosthetic material commonly used as a bone substitute to repair osteoarticular diseases and injuries. In this type of bone reconstruction surgery, antibiotics remain the common preventive and therapeutic treatment for bacterial infection. Nevertheless, the emergence of multi-resistant strains requires complimentary or alternative treatments. Today, one of the promising alternative approaches is phage therapy. Phages are bacterial viruses that have several advantages over chemotherapy, such as the specificity of bacterial strain, the absence of side effects, and a rapid response. In this work, we studied the impact of alginate hydrogels for overlaying λvir-phage-loaded β-TCP ceramic bone substitutes, delaying the phage desorption. The results show that the use of a 1% alginate-CaCl2 hydrogel overlapping the β-TCP ceramic pellets leads to higher initial phage concentration on the material and extends the released time of phages to two weeks when compared with control pellets. These alginate-coated biomaterials also generate faster bacterial lysis kinetics and could therefore be a good practical prosthetic device for bone and joint surgeries by allowing local treatment of bacterial infections with phage therapy for a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franck Bouchart
- LMCPA—Laboratoire des Matériaux Céramiques et Procédés Associés, EA 2443, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, F-59313 Valenciennes, France; (R.I.); (N.D.D.C.); (J.-C.H.)
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73
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Optimization of wall material for phage encapsulation via freeze-drying and antimicrobial efficacy of microencapsulated phage against Salmonella. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 58:1937-1946. [PMID: 33897030 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulated phage as dry powder provides a protection to the phage particles from the harsh conditions while improving efficacy for controlling Salmonella. In this study, wall materials for phage encapsulation were optimized by altering the ratios of whey protein isolate (WPI) and trehalose prior to freeze-drying. Combination of WPI/trehalose at ratio of 3:1 (w/w) represented the optimal formulation with the highest encapsulation efficiency (91.9%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed H-bonding in the mixture system and glass transition temperature presented at 63.43 °C. Encapsulated form showed the phage survivability of > 90% after 5 h of exposure to pH 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5 and 9.5. Phages in the non-encapsulated form could not survive at pH 1.5. In addition, microencapsulated phage showed high effectiveness in decreasing the numbers of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium by approximately 1 log CFU/ml at 10 °C and 30 °C for both serovars. Phage powder newly developed in this study provides a convenient form for Salmonella control application and this form exhibits high stability over a wide range of temperatures and pH. This encapsulated phage thus can be used in various food applications without being interfered by physiological acidic or alkaline pH of foods or environments where phages are applied.
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74
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Bao H, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Zhu S, Pang M, Shahin K, Olaniran A, Schmidt S, Wang R. Transient carriage and low-level colonization of orally administrated lytic and temperate phages in the gut of mice. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-020-00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many studies have shown the efficacy of phage therapy in reducing gastrointestinal pathogens. However, it is unclear whether phages can successfully colonize the gut when administered in an adequate amount for a long time. About 1 × 108 PFU/mL of purified lytic phage PA13076 or temperate phage BP96115 were fed daily to mice via drinking water over 31 days, to elucidate the distribution of phages in the gastrointestinal tract. At day 16 and 31, six different segments of the gastrointestinal tract with their contents, including stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and fresh feces, were aseptically collected. The phage titers were determined using the double-layered plate method with S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 or S. Pullorum SPu-109 used as host cells. The results indicated that a small portion of administered phages survived exposure to gastric acid and entered the intestinal tract. The prevalence of phages in the gastrointestinal tract was lower than 1% of the primary phage count. Highest phage titers were detected in the cecum with 104 ~ 105 PFU/g, and most of the phages were eliminated from the body via feces with 106 PFU/g. On day 16 and day 31, the same level of phage titers in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract indicated that the colonization of phages had reached saturation at day 16. These results demonstrate transient phage carriage and low-level colonization of orally administrated lytic and temperate gut phages in mice.
Graphical abstract
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75
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Solomando JC, Antequera T, Perez-Palacios T. Lipid digestion and oxidative stability in ω-3-enriched meat model systems: Effect of fish oil microcapsules and processing or culinary cooking. Food Chem 2020; 328:127125. [PMID: 32480262 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the addition of monolayered (MO) and multilayered (MU) fish oil microcapsules to meat model systems and determines the effects of processing and culinary cooking. Adding MO and MU increased the content of EPA and DHA and the level of secondary oxidation products but being far away from the oxidation values that generate anomalous flavours. However, it did not lead to oxidative damage of the enriched batches or affect the moisture and lipid content during processing and/or culinary cooking. The type of fish oil microcapsules, the processing and/or culinary cooking and the type of meat matrix influenced the fatty acid digestion. The highest bioaccessibility of EPA and DHA occurred in cooked samples enriched with MO after processing and before culinary cooking. To optimize EPA and DHA enrichment and bioaccessibility, the type of fish oil microcapsules may be selected as a function of the type of added meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Solomando
- Research Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IProCar), University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Teresa Antequera
- Research Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IProCar), University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Trinidad Perez-Palacios
- Research Institute of Meat and Meat Products (IProCar), University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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76
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ghosh D. The Stabilizing Excipients in Dry State Therapeutic Phage Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:133. [PMID: 32415395 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy has gained prominence due to the increasing pathogenicity of "super bugs" and the rise of their multidrug resistance to conventional antibiotics. Dry state formulation of therapeutic phage is attractive to improve their "druggability" by increasing their shelf life, improving their ease of handling, and ultimately retaining their long-term potency. The use and selection of excipients are critical to stabilize phage in solid formulations and protect their viability from stresses encountered during the solidification process and long-term storage prior to use. Here, this review focuses on the current classes of excipients used to manufacture dry state phage formulations and their ability to stabilize and protect phage throughout the process, as discussed in the literature. We provide perspective of outstanding challenges involved in the formulation of dry state phage. We suggest strategies to improve excipient identification and selection, optimize the potential excipient combinations to improve phage viability during formulation, and evaluate new methodologies that can provide greater insight into phage-excipient interactions to improve design criteria to improve formulation of dry state phage therapeutics. Addressing these challenges opens up new opportunities to re-design and re-imagine phage formulations for improved efficacy as a pharmaceutical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Stop A1920, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
- Formulation Development Department, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Hairui Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Stop A1920, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
- Analytical Development Department, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., 5000 Marina Blvd., Brisbane, California, 94005, USA
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Stop A1920, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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78
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Jamaledin R, Sartorius R, Di Natale C, Vecchione R, De Berardinis P, Netti PA. Recombinant Filamentous Bacteriophages Encapsulated in Biodegradable Polymeric Microparticles for Stimulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050650. [PMID: 32365728 PMCID: PMC7285279 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli filamentous bacteriophages (M13, f1, or fd) have attracted tremendous attention from vaccinologists as a promising immunogenic carrier and vaccine delivery vehicle with vast possible applications in the development of vaccines. The use of fd bacteriophage as an antigen delivery system is based on a modification of bacteriophage display technology. In particular, it is designed to express multiple copies of exogenous peptides (or polypeptides) covalently linked to viral capsid proteins. This study for the first time proposes the use of microparticles (MPs) made of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to encapsulate fd bacteriophage. Bacteriophage–PLGA MPs were synthesized by a water in oil in water (w1/o/w2) emulsion technique, and their morphological properties were analyzed by confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, phage integrity, encapsulation efficiency, and release were investigated. Using recombinant bacteriophages expressing the ovalbumin (OVA) antigenic determinant, we demonstrated the immunogenicity of the encapsulated bacteriophage after being released by MPs. Our results reveal that encapsulated bacteriophages are stable and retain their immunogenic properties. Bacteriophage-encapsulated PLGA microparticles may thus represent an important tool for the development of different bacteriophage-based vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Jamaledin
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (C.D.N.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.S.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (C.D.N.); (P.A.N.)
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (C.D.N.); (P.A.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (C.D.N.); (P.A.N.)
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Biomaterials, CRIB, University Federico II, P.leTecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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79
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Melo LDR, Oliveira H, Pires DP, Dabrowska K, Azeredo J. Phage therapy efficacy: a review of the last 10 years of preclinical studies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:78-99. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1729695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís D. R. Melo
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hugo Oliveira
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana P. Pires
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Krystyna Dabrowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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80
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Pinto AM, Cerqueira MA, Bañobre-Lópes M, Pastrana LM, Sillankorva S. Bacteriophages for Chronic Wound Treatment: from Traditional to Novel Delivery Systems. Viruses 2020; 12:E235. [PMID: 32093349 PMCID: PMC7077204 DOI: 10.3390/v12020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment and management of chronic wounds presents a massive financial burden for global health care systems, with significant and disturbing consequences for the patients affected. These wounds remain challenging to treat, reduce the patients' life quality, and are responsible for a high percentage of limb amputations and many premature deaths. The presence of bacterial biofilms hampers chronic wound therapy due to the high tolerance of biofilm cells to many first- and second-line antibiotics. Due to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant and multidrug-resistant pathogens in these types of wounds, the research for alternative and complementary therapeutic approaches has increased. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy, discovered in the early 1900s, has been revived in the last few decades due to its antibacterial efficacy against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates. Its use in the treatment of non-healing wounds has shown promising outcomes. In this review, we focus on the societal problems of chronic wounds, describe both the history and ongoing clinical trials of chronic wound-related treatments, and also outline experiments carried out for efficacy evaluation with different phage-host systems using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo animal models. We also describe the modern and most recent delivery systems developed for the incorporation of phages for species-targeted antibacterial control while protecting them upon exposure to harsh conditions, increasing the shelf life and facilitating storage of phage-based products. In this review, we also highlight the advances in phage therapy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Pinto
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.A.C.); (M.B.-L.); (L.M.P.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Cerqueira
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.A.C.); (M.B.-L.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Manuel Bañobre-Lópes
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.A.C.); (M.B.-L.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Lorenzo M. Pastrana
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.A.C.); (M.B.-L.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Sanna Sillankorva
- INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.A.C.); (M.B.-L.); (L.M.P.)
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81
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Solomando JC, Antequera T, Pérez-Palacios T. Study on fish oil microcapsules as neat and added to meat model systems: Enrichment and bioaccesibility of EPA and DHA. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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82
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Barros JAR, Melo LDRD, Silva RARD, Ferraz MP, Azeredo JCVDR, Pinheiro VMDC, Colaço BJA, Fernandes MHR, Gomes PDS, Monteiro FJ. Encapsulated bacteriophages in alginate-nanohydroxyapatite hydrogel as a novel delivery system to prevent orthopedic implant-associated infections. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 24:102145. [PMID: 31857183 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An innovative delivery system based on bacteriophages-loaded alginate-nanohydroxyapatite hydrogel was developed as a multifunctional approach for local tissue regeneration and infection prevention and control. Bacteriophages were efficiently encapsulated, without jeopardizing phage viability and functionality, nor affecting hydrogel morphology and chemical composition. Bacteriophage delivery occurred by swelling-disintegration-degradation process of the alginate structure and was influenced by environmental pH. Good tissue response was observed following the implantation of bacteriophages-loaded hydrogels, sustaining their biosafety profile. Bacteriophages-loaded hydrogels did not affect osteoblastic cells' proliferation and morphology. A strong osteogenic and mineralization response was promoted through the implantation of hydrogels system with nanohydroxyapatite. Lastly, bacteriophages-loaded hydrogel showed excellent antimicrobial activity inhibiting the attachment and colonization of multidrug-resistant E. faecalis surrounding and within femoral tissues. This new local delivery approach could be a promising approach to prevent and control bacterial contamination during implantation and bone integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Alberta Ribeiro Barros
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luís Daniel Rodrigues de Melo
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rita Araújo Reis da Silva
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration - Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Pia Ferraz
- FP-ENAS/CEBIMED - University Fernando Pessoa Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit/Biomedical Research Center, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bruno Jorge Antunes Colaço
- Department of Animal Sciences, ECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Raposo Fernandes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration - Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro de Sousa Gomes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration - Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Jorge Monteiro
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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83
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Gigante A, Atterbury RJ. Veterinary use of bacteriophage therapy in intensively-reared livestock. Virol J 2019; 16:155. [PMID: 31831017 PMCID: PMC6909661 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses are infectious diseases transmitted directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Several important zoonotic pathogens colonize farm animals asymptomatically, which may lead to contamination of the food chain and public health hazards. Moreover, routine sampling of carcasses at retail by government authorities over the past 20 years suggests the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens has increased. If this continues, antibiotics may be ineffective against such pathogens in the future and alternative approaches, such as phage therapy, may be necessary. Intensive livestock farming is the only realistic way of meeting the demand for meat from an increasing global population and growth in middle class consumers in developing countries, particularly in Asia. This review elaborates on the use of phages to control zoonotic pathogens in intensively-reared livestock (poultry and pigs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Gigante
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Robert J Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
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84
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Akhter DT, Simpson JD, Fletcher NL, Houston ZH, Fuchs AV, Bell CA, Thurecht KJ. Oral Delivery of Multicompartment Nanomedicines for Colorectal Cancer Therapeutics: Combining Loco‐Regional Delivery with Cell‐Target Specificity. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dewan T. Akhter
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Joshua D. Simpson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Zachary H. Houston
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Adrian V. Fuchs
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Craig A. Bell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
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85
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Comprehensive evaluation of chitosan nanoparticle based phage lysin delivery system; a novel approach to counter S. pneumoniae infections. Int J Pharm 2019; 573:118850. [PMID: 31759993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cpl-1, an endolysin derived from Cp-1 phage has been found to be effective in a number of in-vitro and in-vivo pneumococcal infection models. However its lower bioavailability under in-vivo conditions limits its applicability as therapeutic agent. In this study, Cpl-1 loaded chitosan nanoparticles were set up in order to develop a novel therapeutic delivery system to counter antibiotic resistant S. pneumoniae infections. Interactions of chitosan and Cpl-1 were studied by in-silico docking analysis. Chitosan nanoparticles and Cpl-1 loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by using ionic gelation method and the process was optimized by varying chitosan:TPP ratio, pH, stirring time, stirring rate and Cpl-1 concentration. Chitosan nanoparticles and Cpl-1 loaded chitosan nanoparticles were characterized to ascertain successful formation of nanoparticles and entrapment of Cpl-1 into nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles and Cpl-1 loaded nanoparticles were also evaluated for nanoparticle yield, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro release, stability, structural integrity of Cpl-1, in-vitro bioassay, swelling studies, in-vitro biodegradation and heamolysis studies. Mucoadhesion behavior of chitosan nanoparticles and Cpl-1 loaded nanoparticles was explored using mucous glycoprotein assay and ex-vivo mucoadhesion assay, both preparations exhibited their mucoadhesive nature. Cellular cytotoxicity and immune stimulation studies revealed biocompatible nature of nanoparticles. The results of this study confirm that chitosan nanoparticles are a promising biocompatible candidate for Cpl-1 delivery with a significant potential to increase bioavailability of enzyme that in turn can increase its in-vivo half life to treat S. pneumoniae infections.
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86
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Bacteriophages as Potential Tools for Detection and Control of Salmonella spp. in Food Systems. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110570. [PMID: 31744260 PMCID: PMC6920764 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The global problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is quickly developing in most antibiotics used in hospitals and livestock. Recently, the infections with multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria become a major cause of death worldwide. Current antibiotics are not very effective in treating MDR Salmonella infections, which have become a public health threat. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to rapidly detect and effectively control antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Bacteriophages (phages) have seen renewed attention for satisfying those requirements due to their host-specific properties. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the possibility of using phages as a detection tool for recognizing bacterial cell surface receptors and an alternative approach for controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogens in food systems.
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87
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Połaska M, Sokołowska B. Bacteriophages-a new hope or a huge problem in the food industry. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 5:324-346. [PMID: 31915746 PMCID: PMC6946638 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2019.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that are ubiquitous in nature and infect only bacterial cells. These organisms are characterized by high specificity, an important feature that enables their use in the food industry. Phages are applied in three sectors in the food industry: primary production, biosanitization, and biopreservation. In biosanitization, phages or the enzymes that they produce are mainly used to prevent the formation of biofilms on the surface of equipment used in the production facilities. In the case of biopreservation, phages are used to extend the shelf life of products by combating pathogenic bacteria that spoil the food. Although phages are beneficial in controlling the food quality, they also have negative effects. For instance, the natural ability of phages that are specific to lactic acid bacteria to destroy the starter cultures in dairy production incurs huge financial losses to the dairy industry. In this paper, we discuss how bacteriophages can be either an effective weapon in the fight against bacteria or a bane negatively affecting the quality of food products depending on the type of industry they are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Połaska
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
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88
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Dhamecha D, Movsas R, Sano U, Menon JU. Applications of alginate microspheres in therapeutics delivery and cell culture: Past, present and future. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118627. [PMID: 31421199 PMCID: PMC7073469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are the backbone of pharmaceutical drug delivery. There are several polymers with varying properties available today for use in different pharmaceutical applications. Alginate is widely used in biomedical research due to its attractive features such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, inertness, low cost, and ease of production and formulation. Encapsulation of therapeutic agents in alginate/alginate complex microspheres protects them from environmental stresses, including the acidic environment in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and enzymatic degradation, and allows targeted and sustained delivery of the agents. Microencapsulation is playing an increasingly important role in drug delivery as evidenced by the recent surge in research articles on the use of alginate in the delivery of small molecules, cells, bacteria, proteins, vaccines, and for tissue engineering applications. Formulation of these alginate microspheres (AMS) are commonly achieved by conventional external gelation method using various instrumental manipulation such as vortexing, homogenization, ultrasonication or spray drying, and each method affects the overall particle characteristics. In this review, an inclusive summary of the currently available methods for the formulation of AMS, its recent use in the encapsulation and delivery of therapeutics, and future outlook will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Dhamecha
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Rachel Movsas
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ugene Sano
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Jyothi U Menon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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89
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Vinner GK, Richards K, Leppanen M, Sagona AP, Malik DJ. Microencapsulation of Enteric Bacteriophages in a pH-Responsive Solid Oral Dosage Formulation Using a Scalable Membrane Emulsification Process. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E475. [PMID: 31540028 PMCID: PMC6781335 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A scalable low-shear membrane emulsification process was used to produce microencapsulated Escherichia coli-phages in a solid oral dosage form. Uniform pH-responsive composite microparticles (mean size ~100 µm) composed of Eudragit® S100 and alginate were produced. The internal microstructure of the gelled microcapsules was studied using ion-milling and imaging, which showed that the microparticles had a solid internal core. The microencapsulation process significantly protected phages upon prolonged exposure to a simulated gastric acidic environment. Encapsulated phages that had been pre-exposed to simulated gastric acid were added to actively growing bacterial cells using in vitro cell cultures and were found to be effective in killing E. coli. Encapsulated phages were also shown to be effective in killing actively growing E. coli in the presence of human epithelial cells. Confocal microscopy images showed that the morphology of encapsulated phage-treated epithelial cells was considerably better than controls without phage treatment. The encapsulated phages were stable during refrigerated storage over a four-week period. The process of membrane emulsification is highly scalable and is a promising route to produce industrial quantities of pH-responsive oral solid dosage forms suitable for delivering high titres of viable phages to the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurinder K Vinner
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Kerry Richards
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Miika Leppanen
- Department of Physics, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Antonia P Sagona
- School of Life Sciences and Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Danish J Malik
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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90
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Sartorius R, D'Apice L, Prisco A, De Berardinis P. Arming Filamentous Bacteriophage, a Nature-Made Nanoparticle, for New Vaccine and Immunotherapeutic Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E437. [PMID: 31480551 PMCID: PMC6781307 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical use of bacteriophages as safe and inexpensive therapeutic tools is collecting renewed interest. The use of lytic phages to fight antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is pursued in academic and industrial projects and is the object of several clinical trials. On the other hand, filamentous bacteriophages used for the phage display technology can also have diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Filamentous bacteriophages are nature-made nanoparticles useful for their size, the capability to enter blood vessels, and the capacity of high-density antigen expression. In the last decades, our laboratory focused its efforts in the study of antigen delivery strategies based on the filamentous bacteriophage 'fd', able to trigger all arms of the immune response, with particular emphasis on the ability of the MHC class I restricted antigenic determinants displayed on phages to induce strong and protective cytotoxic responses. We showed that fd bacteriophages, engineered to target mouse dendritic cells (DCs), activate innate and adaptive responses without the need of exogenous adjuvants, and more recently, we described the display of immunologically active lipids. In this review, we will provide an overview of the reported applications of the bacteriophage carriers and describe the advantages of exploiting this technology for delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), 80131 CNR Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), 80131 CNR Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonella Prisco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" (IGB), 80131 CNR Naples, Italy
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91
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Fernández L, Gutiérrez D, García P, Rodríguez A. The Perfect Bacteriophage for Therapeutic Applications-A Quick Guide. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E126. [PMID: 31443585 PMCID: PMC6783975 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming spread of multiresistant infections has kick-started the quest for alternative antimicrobials. In a way, given the steady increase in untreatable infectious diseases, success in this endeavor has become a matter of life and death. Perhaps we should stop searching for an antibacterial panacea and explore a multifaceted strategy in which a wide range of compounds are available on demand depending on the specific situation. In the context of this novel tailor-made approach to combating bacterial pathogens, the once forgotten phage therapy is undergoing a revival. Indeed, the compassionate use of bacteriophages against seemingly incurable infections has been attracting a lot of media attention lately. However, in order to take full advantage of this strategy, bacteria's natural predators must be taken from their environment and then carefully selected to suit our needs. In this review, we have explored the vast literature regarding phage isolation and characterization for therapeutic purposes, paying special attention to the most recent studies, in search of findings that hint at the most efficient strategies to identify suitable candidates. From this information, we will list and discuss the traits that, at the moment, are considered particularly valuable in phages destined for antimicrobial therapy applications. Due to the growing importance given to biofilms in the context of bacterial infections, we will dedicate a specific section to those characteristics that indicate the suitability of a bacteriophage as an antibiofilm agent. Overall, the objective is not just to have a large collection of phages, but to have the best possible candidates to guarantee elimination of the target pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), (DairySafe Group), Paseo Río Linares s/n -Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), (DairySafe Group), Paseo Río Linares s/n -Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), (DairySafe Group), Paseo Río Linares s/n -Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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92
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Jończyk-Matysiak E, Łodej N, Kula D, Owczarek B, Orwat F, Międzybrodzki R, Neuberg J, Bagińska N, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Górski A. Factors determining phage stability/activity: challenges in practical phage application. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:583-606. [PMID: 31322022 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1646126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Phages consist of nucleic acids and proteins that may lose their activity under different physico-chemical conditions. The production process of phage formulations may decrease phage infectivity. Ingredients present in the preparation may influence phage particles, although preparation and storage conditions may also cause variations in phage titer. Significant factors are the manner of phage application, the patient's immune system status, the type of medication being taken, and diet. Areas covered: We discuss factors determining phage activity and stability, which is relevant for the preparation and application of phage formulations with the highest therapeutic efficacy. Our article should be helpful for more insightful implementation of clinical trials, which could pave the way for successful phage therapy. Expert opinion: The number of naturally occurring phages is practically unlimited and phages vary in their susceptibility to external factors. Modern methods offer engineering techniques which should lead to enhanced precision in phage delivery and anti-bacterial activity. Recent data suggesting that phages may also be used in treating nonbacterial infections as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents add further weight to such studies. It may be anticipated that different phage activities could have varying susceptibility to factors determining their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Norbert Łodej
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Dominika Kula
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Barbara Owczarek
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Filip Orwat
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Ryszard Międzybrodzki
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland.,b Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland.,c Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Neuberg
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Natalia Bagińska
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland.,c Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Andrzej Górski
- a Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland.,b Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland.,c Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
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Liu H, Cui SW, Chen M, Li Y, Liang R, Xu F, Zhong F. Protective approaches and mechanisms of microencapsulation to the survival of probiotic bacteria during processing, storage and gastrointestinal digestion: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59:2863-2878. [PMID: 28933562 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1377684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there is a rising interest in the number of food products containing probiotic bacteria with favorable health benefit effects. However, the viability of probiotic bacteria is always questionable when they exposure to the harsh environment during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal digestion. To overcome these problems, microencapsulation of cells is currently receiving considerable attention and has obtained valuable effects. According to the drying temperature, the commonly used technologies can be divided into two patterns: high temperature drying (spray drying and fluid bed drying) and low temperature drying (ultrasonic vacuum spray drying, spray chilling, electrospinning, supercritical technique, freeze drying, extrusion, emulsion, enzyme gelation, and impinging aerosol technique). Furthermore, not only should the probiotic bacteria maintain high viability during processing but they also need to keep alive during storage and gastrointestinal digestion, where they additionally suffer from water, oxygen, heat as well as strong acid and bile conditions. This review focuses on demonstrating the effects of different microencapsulation techniques on the survival of bacteria during processing as well as protective approaches and mechanisms to the encapsulated probiotic bacteria during storage and gastrointestinal digestion that currently reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Steve W Cui
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Maoshen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Rong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Feifei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Fang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
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94
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Abdelsattar AS, Abdelrahman F, Dawoud A, Connerton IF, El-Shibiny A. Encapsulation of E. coli phage ZCEC5 in chitosan-alginate beads as a delivery system in phage therapy. AMB Express 2019; 9:87. [PMID: 31209685 PMCID: PMC6579803 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages can be used successfully to treat pathogenic bacteria in the food chain including zoonotic pathogens that colonize the intestines of farm animals. However, harsh gastric conditions of low pH and digestive enzyme activities affect phage viability, and accordingly reduce their effectiveness. We report the development of a natural protective barrier suitable for oral administration to farm animals that confers acid stability before functional release of bead-encapsulated phages. Escherichia coli bacteriophage ZSEC5 is rendered inactive at pH 2.0 but encapsulation in chitosan–alginate bead with a honey and gelatin matrix limited titer reductions to 1 log10 PFU mL−1. The encapsulated phage titers were stable upon storage in water but achieved near complete release over 4–5 h in a simulated intestinal solution (0.1% bile salt, 0.4% pancreatin, 50 mM KH2PO4 pH 7.5) at 37 °C. Exposure of E. coli O157:H7 to the bead-encapsulated phage preparations produced a delayed response, reaching a maximal reductions of 4.2 to 4.8 log10 CFU mL−1 after 10 h at 37 °C under simulated intestinal conditions compared to a maximal reduction of 5.1 log10 CFU mL−1 at 3 h for free phage applied at MOI = 1. Bead-encapsulation is a promising reliable and cost-effective method for the functional delivery of bacteriophage targeting intestinal bacteria of farm animals.
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95
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96
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Petsong K, Benjakul S, Vongkamjan K. Evaluation of storage conditions and efficiency of a novel microencapsulated Salmonella phage cocktail for controlling S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium in-vitro and in fresh foods. Food Microbiol 2019; 83:167-174. [PMID: 31202408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are typically linked to foodborne outbreaks. Phages have continued to expand in various food applications. In this study, microencapsulation is applied for enhancing the stability and efficacy of phages as bio-control agent. Microencapsulated phage cocktail kept in aluminium laminated foil bag (LF) at 4 °C showed the highest survivability with a titer loss of 0.5 log PFU/g after 12 weeks of storage. Titer loss of phage cocktail lysate >4 log PFU/mL was observed after 12 weeks, at 4 °C. Color change of microencapsulated phage cocktail kept in LF at 4 °C did not show any significant difference during storage, and water activity (free water content) at 0.13 was found in these conditions. In-vitro study, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were decreased 1.79 and 3.63 log CFU/mL, respectively at 37 °C. Whereas, 0.43 and 0.76 log CFU/mL, respectively were observed at 10 °C. In foods, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were decreased 0.57 and 1.78 log CFU/cm2, respectively in meat. Whereas, 0.86 and 1.2 log CFU/g, respectively were observed in sprout. Foods with/without microencapsulated phage cocktail showed non-significant differences in liking scores after 2 days of storage. Overall, microencapsulated phage cocktail suggests another alternative for phage-based biocontrol with improved stability and efficacy for food application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantiya Petsong
- Department of Food Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Department of Food Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Kitiya Vongkamjan
- Department of Food Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand.
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97
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Fulgione A, Ianniello F, Papaianni M, Contaldi F, Sgamma T, Giannini C, Pastore S, Velotta R, Della Ventura B, Roveri N, Lelli M, Capuano F, Capparelli R. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanocrystals are an active carrier for Salmonella bacteriophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2219-2232. [PMID: 30992664 PMCID: PMC6445186 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s190188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of bacteriophages represents a valid alternative to conventional antimicrobial treatments, overcoming the widespread bacterial antibiotic resistance phenomenon. In this work, we evaluated whether biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals are able to enhance some properties of bacteriophages. The final goal of this study was to demonstrate that biomimetic HA nanocrystals can be used for bacteriophage delivery in the context of bacterial infections, and contribute - at the same time - to enhance some of the biological properties of the same bacteriophages such as stability, preservation, antimicrobial activity, and so on. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phage isolation and characterization were carried out by using Mitomycin C and following double-layer agar technique. The biomimetic HA water suspension was synthesized in order to obtain nanocrystals with plate-like morphology and nanometric dimensions. The interaction of phages with the HA was investigated by dynamic light scattering and Zeta potential analyses. The cytotoxicity and intracellular killing activities of the phage-HA complex were evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. The bacterial inhibition capacity of the complex was assessed on chicken minced meat samples infected with Salmonella Rissen. RESULTS Our data highlighted that the biomimetic HA nanocrystal-bacteriophage complex was more stable and more effective than phages alone in all tested experimental conditions. CONCLUSION Our results evidenced the important contribution of biomimetic HA nanocrystals: they act as an excellent carrier for bacteriophage delivery and enhance its biological characteristics. This study confirmed the significant role of the mineral HA when it is complexed with biological entities like bacteriophages, as it has been shown for molecules such as lactoferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fulgione
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy,
| | - Flora Ianniello
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy,
| | - Marina Papaianni
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy,
| | - Felice Contaldi
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy,
| | - Tiziana Sgamma
- Biomolecular Technology Group, School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Stella Pastore
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Velotta
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Lelli
- Chemical Center Srl, Granarolo dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Capuano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy,
| | - Rosanna Capparelli
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy,
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98
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Microencapsulation of Salmonella-Specific Bacteriophage Felix O1 Using Spray-Drying in a pH-Responsive Formulation and Direct Compression Tableting of Powders into a Solid Oral Dosage Form. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010043. [PMID: 30909381 PMCID: PMC6469172 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of enteric bacterial infections using oral bacteriophage therapy can be challenging since the harsh acidic stomach environment renders phages inactive during transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Solid oral dosage forms allowing site-specific gastrointestinal delivery of high doses of phages, e.g., using a pH or enzymatic trigger, would be a game changer for the nascent industry trying to demonstrate the efficacy of phages, including engineered phages for gut microbiome modulation in expensive clinical trials. Spray-drying is a scalable, low-cost process for producing pharmaceutical agents in dry powder form. Encapsulation of a model Salmonella-specific phage (Myoviridae phage Felix O1) was carried out using the process of spray-drying, employing a commercially available Eudragit S100® pH-responsive anionic copolymer composed of methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid formulated with trehalose. Formulation and processing conditions were optimised to improve the survival of phages during spray-drying, and their subsequent protection upon exposure to simulated gastric acidity was demonstrated. Addition of trehalose to the formulation was shown to protect phages from elevated temperatures and desiccation encountered during spray-drying. Direct compression of spray-dried encapsulated phages into tablets was shown to significantly improve phage protection upon exposure to simulated gastric fluid. The results reported here demonstrate the significant potential of spray-dried pH-responsive formulations for oral delivery of bacteriophages targeting gastrointestinal applications.
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99
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Dąbrowska K. Phage therapy: What factors shape phage pharmacokinetics and bioavailability? Systematic and critical review. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2000-2025. [PMID: 30887551 PMCID: PMC6767042 DOI: 10.1002/med.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are not forgotten viruses anymore: scientists and practitioners seek to understand phage pharmacokinetics in animals and humans, investigating bacteriophages as therapeutics, nanocarriers or microbiome components. This review provides a comprehensive overview of factors that determine phage circulation, penetration, and clearance, and that in consequence determine phage applicability for medicine. It makes use of experimental data collected by the phage community so far (PubMed 1924‐2016, including non‐English reports), combining elements of critical and systematic review. This study covers phage ability to enter a system by various routes of administration, how (and if) the phage may access various tissues and organs, and finally what mechanisms determine the courses of phage clearance. The systematic review method was applied to analyze (i) phage survival in the gut (gut transit) and (ii) phage ability to enter the mammalian system by many administration routes. Aspects that have not yet been covered by a sufficient number of reports for mathematical analysis, as well as mechanisms underlying trends, are discussed in the form of a critical review. In spite of the extraordinary diversity of bacteriophages and possible phage applications, the analysis revealed that phage morphology, phage specificity, phage dose, presence of sensitive bacteria or the characteristics of treated individuals (age, taxonomy) may affect phage bioavailability in animals and humans. However, once phages successfully enter the body, they reach most organs, including the central nervous system. Bacteriophages are cleared mainly by the immune system: innate immunity removes phages even when no specific response to bacteriophages has yet developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
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100
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Acar Soykut E, Tayyarcan EK, Evran Ş, Boyacı İH, Çakır İ, Khaaladi M, Fattouch S. Microencapsulation of phages to analyze their demeanor in physiological conditions. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:751-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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