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Abstract
Abstract
The use of metal nanoparticles as supplements of animal diets does not always bring unambiguous results. There are many reports in the literature about the multifaceted effects of this type of supplementation on the animal organism. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to present the current knowledge of the possible application of nanometal forms in animal nutrition and its potential benefits and threats. The positive effect of nanoparticles used as feed additives has most frequently been reflected in an increase in body weight, higher average daily gain, or improvement of the FCR value. In some cases, however, the effect of nanoparticle addition to diets was indiscernible. The potent antibacterial activity of nanoparticles, especially against Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, is regarded as a positive effect. In turn, the probability of their toxicity is a potential risk in application thereof. Supplementation of diets with nanometals has been accompanied by pathological changes in animal tissues, primarily in the pancreas, kidney, liver, rumen, abomasum, small intestine, adrenal glands, and brain. Additionally, at the the cellular level, nanoparticles were found to induce toxicity, inflammatory excitation, and cell death. Oral administration of nanoparticles induced a risk of malfunction of the nervous system and even impairment of cognitive processes in animals. The increasing knowledge of the possible toxic effects of nanoparticles on the animal organism suggests caution in their use in animal production and necessitates further precise investigations in this area.
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52
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Murphy CP, Carson C, Smith BA, Chapman B, Marrotte J, McCann M, Primeau C, Sharma P, Parmley EJ. Factors potentially linked with the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in selected bacteria from cattle, chickens and pigs: A scoping review of publications for use in modelling of antimicrobial resistance (IAM.AMR Project). Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:957-971. [PMID: 30187682 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a complex issue with a large volume of published literature, and there is a need for synthesis of primary studies for an integrated understanding of this topic. Our research team aimed to have a more complete understanding of antimicrobial resistance in Canada (IAM.AMR Project) using multiple methods including the literature reviews and quantitative modelling. To accomplish this goal, qualitative features of publications (e.g., geographical location, study population) describing potential relationships between the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and factors (e.g., antimicrobial use; management system) were of particular interest. The objectives of this review were to (a) describe the available peer-reviewed literature reporting potential relationships between factors and antimicrobial resistance; and (b) to highlight data gaps. A comprehensive literature search and screening were performed to identify studies investigating factors potentially linked with antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter species, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica along the farm-to-fork pathway (farm, abattoir (slaughter houses) and retail meats) for the major Canadian livestock species (beef cattle, broiler chicken and pigs). The literature search returned 14,966 potentially relevant titles and abstracts. Following screening of titles, abstracts and full-text articles, the qualitative features of retained studies (n = 28) were extracted. The most common factors identified were antimicrobial use (n = 13 studies) and type of farm management system (e.g., antibiotic-free, organic; n = 8). Most studies were conducted outside of Canada and involved investigations at the farm level. Identified data gaps included the effect of vaccination, industry-specific factors (e.g., livestock density) and factors at sites other than farm along the agri-food chain. Further investigation of these factors and other relevant industry activities are needed for the development of quantitative models that aim to identify effective interventions to mitigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance along the agri-food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P Murphy
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Visiting Fellow, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolee Carson
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben A Smith
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brennan Chapman
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayme Marrotte
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maggie McCann
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney Primeau
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parth Sharma
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Jane Parmley
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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53
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Silver and zinc nanoparticles in animal nutrition – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas2018-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of metal nanoparticles as supplements of animal diets does not always bring unambiguous results. There are many reports in the literature about the multifaceted effects of this type of supplementation on the animal organism. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to present the current knowledge of the possible application of nanometal forms in animal nutrition and its potential benefits and threats. The positive effect of nanoparticles used as feed additives has most frequently been reflected in an increase in body weight, higher average daily gain, or improvement of the FCR value. In some cases, however, the effect of nanoparticle addition to diets was indiscernible. The potent antibacterial activity of nanoparticles, especially against Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, is regarded as a positive effect. In turn, the probability of their toxicity is a potential risk in application thereof. Supplementation of diets with nanometals has been accompanied by pathological changes in animal tissues, primarily in the pancreas, kidney, liver, rumen, abomasum, small intestine, adrenal glands, and brain. Additionally, at the the cellular level, nanoparticles were found to induce toxicity, inflammatory excitation, and cell death. Oral administration of nanoparticles induced a risk of malfunction of the nervous system and even impairment of cognitive processes in animals. The increasing knowledge of the possible toxic effects of nanoparticles on the animal organism suggests caution in their use in animal production and necessitates further precise investigations in this area.
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54
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Shang K, Wei B, Kang M. Distribution and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms with or without enrofloxacin use. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:257. [PMID: 30165845 PMCID: PMC6117923 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is a major zoonotic food-borne pathogen that persists on poultry farms, and animals undergo reinfection with endemic strains. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella within and between broiler farms that used enrofloxacin and those that did not. RESULTS Cloacal and environmental (litter, feed, and water) samples from two selected flocks in each of 12 farms owned by the same company were collected three times over a 30-day period of two production cycles during 2015-2016. The rate of Salmonella isolation was 7.8% (123/1584). Nine Salmonella serotypes (116 isolates) and seven untypable isolates were identified, and Salmonella Montevideo was the most prevalent serotype. Azithromycin-resistant (17.9%) and colistin-resistant (3.3%) isolates were detected, and multidrug-resistant isolates (43.1%) were also observed. No isolate was resistant to enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin; however, intermediate resistance to enrofloxacin was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in farms that used enrofloxacin than in those that did not. The rate of multi-drug resistance among litter isolates (25/44, 56.8%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that among cloacal swab (24/67, 35.8%) and feed (4/12, 33.3%) isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of strains of the same serotype was conducted to determine their epidemiological relationship. The PFGE types were classified into 31 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for Salmonella Montevideo isolates, which showed 100% genomic identity based on age, sample type, flock, and production cycle within and between farms. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal transmission and cyclic contamination with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms owned by the same company. Litter may be a good indicator of indoor environmental contamination with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella on farms. Additionally, enrofloxacin use may be one of the factors promoting resistance towards it in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
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55
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Guo X, Stedtfeld RD, Hedman H, Eisenberg JNS, Trueba G, Yin D, Tiedje JM, Zhang L. Antibiotic Resistome Associated with Small-Scale Poultry Production in Rural Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8165-8172. [PMID: 29944836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale poultry farming is common in rural communities across the developing world. To examine the extent to which small-scale poultry farming serves as a reservoir for resistance determinants, the resistome of fecal samples was compared between production chickens that received antibiotics and free-ranging household chickens that received no antibiotics from a rural village in northern Ecuador. A qPCR array was used to quantify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) using 248 primer pairs; and the microbiome structure was analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A large number of ARGs (148) and MGEs (29) were detected. The ARG richness in production chickens was significantly higher than that of household chickens with an average of 15 more genes detected ( p < 0.01). Moreover, ARGs and MGEs were much more abundant in production chickens than in household chickens (up to a 157-fold difference). Production chicken samples had significantly lower taxonomic diversity and were more abundant in Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteria. The high abundance and diversity of ARGs and MGEs found in small-scale poultry farming was comparable to the levels previously found in large scale animal production, suggesting that these chickens could act as a local reservoir for spreading ARGs into rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Center for Microbial Ecology , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Robert D Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Hayden Hedman
- School for Environment and Sustainability , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Institute of Microbiology, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales , Universidad San Francisco de Quito , Quito 170157 , Ecuador
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - James M Tiedje
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Center for Microbial Ecology , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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56
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Dominguez JE, Redondo LM, Figueroa Espinosa RA, Cejas D, Gutkind GO, Chacana PA, Di Conza JA, Fernández Miyakawa ME. Simultaneous Carriage of mcr-1 and Other Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli From Poultry. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1679. [PMID: 30090095 PMCID: PMC6068390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) in sub-therapeutic doses for long periods promotes the selection of resistant microorganisms and the subsequent risk of spreading this resistance to the human population and the environment. Global concern about antimicrobial resistance development and transference of resistance genes from animal to human has been rising. The goal of our research was to evaluate the susceptibility pattern to different classes of antimicrobials of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli from poultry production systems that use AGPs, and characterize the resistance determinants associated to transferable platforms. E. coli strains (n = 41) were obtained from fecal samples collected from typical Argentine commercial broiler farms and susceptibility for 23 antimicrobials, relevant for human or veterinary medicine, was determined. Isolates were tested by PCR for the presence of mcr-1, extended spectrum β-lactamase encoding genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) coding genes. Conjugation and susceptibility patterns of the transconjugant studies were performed. ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR analysis showed a high diversity of the isolates. Resistance to several antimicrobials was determined and all colistin-resistant isolates harbored the mcr-1 gene. CTX-M-2 cefotaximase was the main mechanism responsible for third generation cephalosporins resistance, and PMQR determinants were also identified. In addition, co-transference of the qnrB determinant on the mcr-1-positive transconjugants was corroborated, which suggests that these resistance genes are likely to be located in the same plasmid. In this work a wide range of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms were identified in E. coli strains isolated from the environment of healthy chickens highlighting the risk of antimicrobial abuse/misuse in animals under intensive production systems and its consequences for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana E Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología General, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro M Redondo
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología General, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roque A Figueroa Espinosa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cátedra de Microbiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Cejas
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cátedra de Microbiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel O Gutkind
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cátedra de Microbiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Chacana
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología General, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José A Di Conza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cátedra de Microbiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano E Fernández Miyakawa
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología General, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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57
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Attia YA, Al-Khalaifah H, Ibrahim MS, Al-Hamid AEA, Al-Harthi MA, El-Naggar A. Blood Hematological and Biochemical Constituents, Antioxidant Enzymes, Immunity and Lymphoid Organs of Broiler Chicks Supplemented with Propolis, Bee Pollen and Mannan Oligosaccharides Continuously or Intermittently. Poult Sci 2018; 96:4182-4192. [PMID: 29053876 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigate the effect of bee pollen (BP) and/or propolis (Pro) as an alternative to Mannan oligosaccharides (Bio-MOS, a hydrolyzed yeast with natural and artificial flavors Alltech Inc) when given continuously or intermittently on antioxidant enzymes, immunity, weight and morphology of lymphoid organs of broilers. Thus, 324 unsexed one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly distributed into nine treatment groups, each replicated 6 times of 6 birds per replicate. The chicks were kept in wire cages and fed the same basal diet and were submitted to the following treatments: control without supplementation (control) or supplemented with BP at 300 mg, Pro at 300 mg, BP+Pro at 300 mg each and Bio-MOS at 0.5 g/kg diet. Each supplemented group was subdivided into two subgroups in which the additives were supplied continuously or intermittently. In the continuously supplemented groups, supplementations were given from one till 36 days of age, and in the intermittently supplemented groups, the administration was only three days before, on the day of and day after vaccination. The BP and Pro supplied continuously or intermittently was equally potent for improving immunity, antioxidant enzymes similar to Bio-MOS. All supplements supplied either continuously or intermittently resulted a significantly higher thymus (P < .04) and bursa weights (P < .001) than the control group. Combining BP with Pro resulted in a further increase in thymus weights and small follicle diameter compared to the control group. In addition, thymus percentage in the group received BP+Pro showed a further increase compared to the control and Pro supplemented intermittently. Bio-MOS, when supplied continuously or intermittently, resulted in the greatest response in splenic lymphoblasts. Supplementation with either BP or Pro intermittently, is adequate to promote health and immune response of broiler chicks, with 40% saving of supplementation costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Attia
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture- Damanhour, University, Egypt
| | - H Al-Khalaifah
- Environment and Lifesciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research P.O. Box: 2488513109 Safat-Kuwait
| | - M S Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - A E Abd Al-Hamid
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture- Damanhour, University, Egypt
| | - M A Al-Harthi
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - A El-Naggar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture- Damanhour, University, Egypt
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58
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Quintana-Hayashi MP, Padra M, Padra JT, Benktander J, Lindén SK. Mucus-Pathogen Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Farmed Animals. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E55. [PMID: 29912166 PMCID: PMC6027344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections cause significant challenges and economic losses in animal husbandry. As pathogens becoming resistant to antibiotics are a growing concern worldwide, alternative strategies to treat infections in farmed animals are necessary in order to decrease the risk to human health and increase animal health and productivity. Mucosal surfaces are the most common route used by pathogens to enter the body. The mucosal surface that lines the gastrointestinal tract is covered by a continuously secreted mucus layer that protects the epithelial surface. The mucus layer is the first barrier the pathogen must overcome for successful colonization, and is mainly composed of densely glycosylated proteins called mucins. The vast array of carbohydrate structures present on the mucins provide an important setting for host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on gastrointestinal mucins and their role during infections in farmed animals. We examine the interactions between mucins and animal pathogens, with a focus on how pathogenic bacteria can modify the mucin environment in the gut, and how this in turn affects pathogen adhesion and growth. Finally, we discuss analytical challenges and complexities of the mucus-based defense, as well as its potential to control infections in farmed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena P Quintana-Hayashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Médea Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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59
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Mehdi Y, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Gaucher ML, Chorfi Y, Suresh G, Rouissi T, Brar SK, Côté C, Ramirez AA, Godbout S. Use of antibiotics in broiler production: Global impacts and alternatives. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:170-178. [PMID: 30140756 PMCID: PMC6103476 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections. However, a selective pressure gave rise to bacteria resistant to antibiotics. This leaves scientists worried about the danger to human and animal health. Some strategies can be borrowed to reduce the use of antibiotics in chicken farms. Much research has been carried out to look for natural agents with similar beneficial effects of growth promoters. The aim of these alternatives is to maintain a low mortality rate, a good level of animal yield while preserving environment and consumer health. Among these, the most popular are probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, organic acids, immunostimulants, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, phytogenic feed additives, phytoncides, nanoparticles and essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehdi
- Université Laval, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, local 4145 (Qc), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, 2700 rue Einstein-Québec, Québec G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy
- Université Laval, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, local 4145 (Qc), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Gayatri Suresh
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, 490 de la Couronne (Qc), Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Tarek Rouissi
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, 490 de la Couronne (Qc), Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, 490 de la Couronne (Qc), Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Caroline Côté
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, 2700 rue Einstein-Québec, Québec G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Antonio Avalos Ramirez
- Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales, 2263 Avenue du Collège, Shawinigan, Québec G9N 6V8, Canada
| | - Stéphane Godbout
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, 2700 rue Einstein-Québec, Québec G1P 3W8, Canada
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60
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Roth N, Mayrhofer S, Gierus M, Weingut C, Schwarz C, Doupovec B, Berrios R, Domig KJ. Effect of an organic acids based feed additive and enrofloxacin on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in cecum of broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 96:4053-4060. [PMID: 29050428 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern. Fluoroquinolones are used to treat and prevent poultry diseases worldwide. Fluoroquinolone resistance rates are high in their countries of use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an acids-based feed additive, as well as fluoroquinolone antibiotics, on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli. A total of 480 broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments: a control group receiving a basal diet; a group receiving a feed additive (FA) based on formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid; and an antibiotic enrofloxacin (AB) group given the same diet, but supplemented with enrofloxacin in water. A pooled fecal sample of one-day-old chicks was collected upon arrival at the experimental farm. On d 17 and d 38 of the trial, cecal samples from each of the 8 pens were taken, and the count of E. coli and antibiotic-resistant E. coli was determined.The results of the present study show a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in one-day-old chicks. Supplementation of the diet with FA and treatment of broilers with AB did not have a significant influence on the total number of E. coli in the cecal content on d 17 and d 38 of the trial. Supplementation with FA contributed to better growth performance and to a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in E. coli resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline compared to the control and AB groups, as well as to a decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli compared to the AB group. Treatment with AB increased (P ≤ 0.05) the average daily weight compared to the control group and increased (P ≤ 0.05) the number of E. coli resistant to ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline; it also decreased (P ≤ 0.05) the number of E. coli resistant to cefotaxime and extended spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL-) producing E. coli in the ceca of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Roth
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Mayrhofer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gierus
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Weingut
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Schwarz
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Konrad J Domig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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61
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Grant A, Gay CG, Lillehoj HS. Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbial antibiotic alternatives to enhance growth, immunity, and gut health in poultry. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:339-351. [PMID: 29635926 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1464117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria combined with regulatory pressure and consumer demands for foods produced without antibiotics has caused the agricultural industry to restrict its practice of using antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in food animals. The poultry industry is not immune to this trend, and has been actively seeking natural alternatives to AGP that will improve the health and growth performance of commercial poultry flocks. Bacillus probiotics have been gaining in popularity in recent years as an AGP alternative because of their health-promoting benefits and ability to survive the harsh manufacturing conditions of chicken feed production. This review provides an overview of several modes of action of some Bacillus direct-fed microbials as probiotics. Among the benefits of these direct-fed microbials are their production of naturally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, gut flora modulation to promote beneficial microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract, and various immunological and gut morphological alterations. The modes of action for increased performance are not well defined, and growth promotion is not equal across all Bacillus species or within strains. Appropriate screening and characterization of Bacillus isolates prior to commercialization are necessary to maximize poultry growth to meet the ultimate goal of eliminating AGP usage in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ar'Quette Grant
- a Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Cyril G Gay
- b National Program Staff - Animal Health, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- a Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
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62
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Duskaev GK, Kazachkova NM, Ushakov AS, Nurzhanov BS, Rysaev AF. The effect of purified Quercus cortex extract on biochemical parameters of organism and productivity of healthy broiler chickens. Vet World 2018; 11:235-239. [PMID: 29657410 PMCID: PMC5891881 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.235-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Modern methods of producing poultry meat without the use of antibiotics are known, and it is possible to achieve the desired conditions, including the use of herbal preparations. In addition, it is known that metabolites of medicinal plants are inhibitors of the quorum sensing system in bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Quercus cortex extract in a reduced dose on the productivity and body state of healthy chicken broilers. Materials and Methods: For the experiment, 120 heads of 7-day-old healthy broiler chickens were selected, and they were divided into four groups (n=30, 3 replicates of 10 birds in each group) by the analog method. The composition of diets of the experimental Groups I and II additionally included Q. cortex extract and Groups II and III included an enzyme preparation containing glucoamylase and concomitant cellulolytic enzymes. The following methods of study were used; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry, and hematological analysis. Results: It was established that the increase in live weight of broiler chickens in experimental groups exceeded the analogous indicator in the control group by 3.1-16.6%, and feed intake within the entire experimental period increased by 2.6-15.4%, against a background of decreasing feed consumption for a weight gain of 1 kg of live weight (by 3.7-9.2%). There was an increase in iron concentration in blood of broiler chickens in Groups I and II (7.8-11.8%), in liver (23.7-92.4%, p≤0.05), and in spleen (53.9-77.7%, р≤0.05) against the background of a decrease in muscle tissue. A decreased content of monocytes and granulocytes was found, especially in experimental Group I. Conclusion: In the experiment, it was shown for the first time that the inclusion of Q. cortex extract in an enzyme-containing diet (anti-quarantine substances) was found to increase the productivity of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galimzhan Kalihanovich Duskaev
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Mihajlovna Kazachkova
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg, 460018, Russia
| | - Alexander Sergeevich Ushakov
- Department for Feeding Poultry, All-Russia Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, Sergiev Posad, 141311, Russia
| | - Baer Serekpaevich Nurzhanov
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Albert Farhitdinovich Rysaev
- Department for Feeding Agricultural Animals and Fodder Technology, All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
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63
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Muaz K, Riaz M, Akhtar S, Park S, Ismail A. Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat: Global Prevalence, Threats, and Decontamination Strategies: A Review. J Food Prot 2018; 81:619-627. [PMID: 29537307 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poultry production is among the most rapidly growing industries around the globe, and poultry is one of the major sources of meat. Poultry farmers use disease preventive and growth promoter antibiotics for faster growth of chickens in the shortest possible time to increase the rate of feed assimilation and to lower the incidence of mortality caused by a pathogen attack. Antibiotics may result in dysfunctionality of beneficial gut microbiota and increase resistance among microbial pathogens in poultry. Residues of these antibiotics in poultry meat have been determined in many of the studies globally and are considered one of the possible causes of antibacterial resistance in human pathogens. The presence of residues of antibiotics in poultry meat and meat products beyond maximum permissible limits is a matter of serious concern. Heat treatments can reduce the risk of some sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones but do not guarantee the complete elimination or degradation of these antibiotic residues present in broiler meat. Some of the developed countries, including Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the European Union have already prohibited the application of antibiotics for preventive, as well as growth-promoting purposes. Training farmers to monitor withdrawal periods, banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, and adopting the veterinary feed directive of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are important parameters to mitigate the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria related to poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Muaz
- 1 Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; and
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- 1 Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; and
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- 1 Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; and
| | - Sungkwon Park
- 2 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209-Gunja Dong, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Amir Ismail
- 1 Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; and
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64
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Zhang A, Li Y, Guan Z, Tuo H, Liu D, Yang Y, Xu C, Lei C, Wang H. Characterization of Resistance Patterns and Detection of Apramycin Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken Feces and Houseflies after Apramycin Administration. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29535694 PMCID: PMC5835136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of apramycin administration on the development of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from chicken feces and houseflies under field conditions. Chickens in the medicated group (n = 25,000) were given successive prophylactic doses (0.5 mg/l) of apramycin in their drinking water from Days 1 to 5, while no antibiotics were added to the un-medicated groups drinking water (n = 25,000). Over 40 days, a total of 1170 E. coli strains were isolated from fecal samples obtained from medicated and un-medicated chickens and houseflies from the same chicken farm. Apramycin MIC90 values for E. coli strains obtained from the medicated group increased 32-128 times from Days 2 to 6 (256-1024 μg/ml) when compared to those on Day 0 (8 μg/ml). Strains isolated from un-medicated chickens and houseflies had consistently low MIC90 values (8-16 μg/ml) during the first week, but showed a dramatic increase from Days 8 to 10 (128-1024 μg/ml). The apramycin resistance gene aac(3)-IV was detected in E. coli strains from medicated (n = 71), un-medicated (n = 32), and housefly groups (n = 42). All strains positive for aac(3)-IV were classified into 12 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types. PFGE types A, E, and G were the predominant types in both the medicated and housefly groups, suggesting houseflies play an important role in spreading E. coli-resistant strains. Taken together, our study revealed that apramycin administration could facilitate the occurrence of apramycin-resistant E. coli and the apramycin resistance gene acc(3)-IV. In turn, these strains could be transmitted by houseflies, thus increasing the potential risk of spreading multi-drug-resistant E. coli to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongbin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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65
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Banerjee S, Sar A, Misra A, Pal S, Chakraborty A, Dam B. Increased productivity in poultry birds by sub-lethal dose of antibiotics is arbitrated by selective enrichment of gut microbiota, particularly short-chain fatty acid producers. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:142-153. [PMID: 29393019 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Banerjee
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany (DST-FIST & UGC-DRS Funded), Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Abhijit Sar
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany (DST-FIST & UGC-DRS Funded), Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Arijit Misra
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany (DST-FIST & UGC-DRS Funded), Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Srikanta Pal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany (DST-FIST & UGC-DRS Funded), Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Arindom Chakraborty
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Bomba Dam
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany (DST-FIST & UGC-DRS Funded), Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
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66
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NABIAN S, ARABKHAZAELI F, SEIFOURI P, FARAHANI A. Morphometric Analysis of the Intestine in Experimental Coccidiosis in Broilers Treated with Anticoccidial Drugs. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 13:493-499. [PMID: 30483343 PMCID: PMC6243159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis causes morphologic alteration in intestinal mucosa resulting in reduction of absorptive surface. Anticoccidials used as feed additives may induce changes in the intestinal mucosa. This study was designed to assess intestinal morphometry in broilers infected with Eimeria under different anticoccidial treatments. METHODS To evaluate the effect of salinomycin and amprolium+ethopabate on intestinal morphometry in broilers experimental coccidiosis, in Tehran, Iran in May 2015, fifty-four Ross 308 birds were randomly divided into two challenged and unchallenged groups at the age of 12 days. The birds were challenged with Eimeria field isolate at day 14. Different growth and parasitological parameters including weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, macroscopic lesion score and oocyst score were recorded 7 d post-inoculation. Histological sections from four main parts of intestine (anterior, middle, lower intestines and cecum) were prepared and analyzed. Villus width and length and total mucosal thickness were measured microscopically. RESULTS Amprolium+ethopabate and salinomycin significantly reduced coccidiosis gross lesions in infected birds. Microscopically anticoccidial administration in the presence of infection has significantly increased the villus length while the presence of amprolium+ethopabate in the absence of infection has greatly increased the mucosal thickness and villi height in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSION Anticoccidials may induce some histological changes in the mucosa when there is no parasite to be affected. Some of these effects may be advantageous for the intestinal epithelium integrity and hence the birds' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh NABIAN
- Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh ARABKHAZAELI
- Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Parvaneh SEIFOURI
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza FARAHANI
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran
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67
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Topp E. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's research program on antimicrobial resistance. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2017; 43:224-227. [PMID: 29770051 PMCID: PMC5764729 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v43i11a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A key strategy for attenuating the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is ensuring judicious use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine and in agriculture. Research on AMR in agriculture includes risk assessment, risk management, and identifying the role of agricultural practices in development of AMR. Risk assessment includes an impact assessment of antimicrobial use in livestock and on the environment; for example, many antimicrobials are excreted unchanged and thus reach the environment through manure application. This creates the potential for AMR transmission through the food processing chain and into agro-ecosystems receiving the agricultural waste. Risk management includes the assessment of cost-effective methods to keep animals healthy without the need for antimicrobial use, such as the use of vaccines, nutritional supplements and pre-, pro- or synbiotics and of waste management strategies to avoid AMR transmission. Currently, there is an important gap in understanding the degree of human exposure to AMR that is generated through agriculture, the burden of illness of AMR pathogens in human populations and the relationship between exposure and burden of illness. It is important that research on the agricultural, environmental and human medicine dimensions of AMR not be undertaken in silos, which is why the United Nations and countries around the world are working together within the One Health Framework that considers the inter-relatedness of humans, animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON
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68
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Salaheen S, Kim SW, Haley BJ, Van Kessel JAS, Biswas D. Alternative Growth Promoters Modulate Broiler Gut Microbiome and Enhance Body Weight Gain. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2088. [PMID: 29123512 PMCID: PMC5662582 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are frequently used to enhance weight-gain in poultry production. However, there has been increasing concern over the impact of AGP on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic bacterial pathogens in the microbial community of the poultry gut. In this study, we adopted mass-spectrophotometric, phylogenetic, and shotgun-metagenomic approaches to evaluate bioactive phenolic extracts (BPE) from blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) pomaces as AGP alternatives in broilers. We conducted two trials with 100 Cobb-500 broiler chicks (in each trial) in four equal groups that were provided water with no supplementation, supplemented with AGP (tylosin, neomycin sulfate, bacitracin, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline), or supplemented with 0.1 g Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L or 1.0 g GAE/L (during the last 72 h before euthanasia) of BPE for 6 weeks. When compared with the control group (water only), the chickens supplemented with AGP and 0.1 g GAE/L of BPE gained 9.5 and 5.8% more body weight, respectively. The microbiomes of both the AGP- and BPE-treated chickens had higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios. AGP supplementation appeared to be associated with higher relative abundance of bacteriophages and unique cecal resistomes compared with BPE supplementation or control. Functional characterization of cecal microbiomes revealed significant animal-to-animal variation in the relative abundance of genes involved in energy and carbohydrate metabolism. These findings established a baseline upon which mechanisms of plant-based performance enhancers in regulation of animal growth can be investigated. In addition, the data will aid in designing alternate strategies to improve animal growth performance and consequently production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serajus Salaheen
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Seon-Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Bradd J. Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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69
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Winkler S, Coufal C, Harmel D, Martin E, Brooks JP, Popham S, Gentry TJ. Within-House Spatial Distribution of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Poultry Litter. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:1003-1009. [PMID: 28991967 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.05.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Land application of poultry litter is often considered to be a major source of water pollutants in poultry-producing regions. However, reported levels of fecal indicator microorganisms in litter vary widely, with considerable variation possible within houses and across farms, depending on management practices. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the levels and distribution of indicator microorganisms within 12 broiler farms representing three companies. Within each house, litter samples were collected from around the feed line, water line, north wall, cool pad end, middle, and fan end. Litter moisture content was significantly different within the houses, with the litter being driest around the feed line (19.8%) and wettest around the water line (40.7%). Mean levels of total coliforms, , enterococci, and were 3.7, 3.3, 6.4, and 4.0 log colony-forming units g dry litter, respectively. Levels of total coliforms, , and were positively correlated with litter moisture content, but enterococci levels were not. Consequently, levels of total coliforms, , and , as well as enterococci, were highest around the water line and lowest around the feed line. These results indicate that areas with higher litter water content are more likely to contain higher levels of most fecal indicator microorganisms. Approaches to reduce litter water content in these areas would not only benefit the microbial quality of litter for land application but would also likely improve in-house disease control.
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70
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Egervärn M, Englund S, Ljunge M, Wiberg C, Finn M, Lindblad M, Börjesson S. Unexpected common occurrence of transferable extended spectrum cephalosporinase-producing Escherichia coli in Swedish surface waters used for drinking water supply. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:466-472. [PMID: 28258755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) or transferable AmpC beta-lactamases (pAmpC) is increasingly being reported in humans, food-producing animals and food world-wide. However, the occurrence and impact of these so-called extended spectrum cephalosporinase (ESC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in aquatic environments are poorly documented. This study investigated the occurrence, concentrations and characteristics of ESC-producing E. coli (ESC-Ec) in samples of surface water collected at five Swedish water treatment plants that normally have relatively high prevalence and concentration of E. coli in surface water. ESC-Ec was found in 27 of 98 surface water samples analysed. All but two positive samples were collected at two of the water treatment plants studied. The ESC-Ec concentration, 1-3cfu/100mL, represented approximately 4% of the total amount of E. coli in the respective surface water sample. In total, 74% of the isolates were multi-resistant, but no isolate was resistant to carbapenems. Six types of ESBL/pAmpC genes were found in the 27 E. coli isolates obtained from the positive samples, of which four (blaCTX-M-15, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-14) were found during the whole sampling period, in samples taken at more than one water treatment plant. In addition, the genes were situated on various types of plasmids and most E. coli isolates were not closely related with regard to MLST types. The combinations of ESBL/pAmpC genes, plasmids and E. coli isolates were generally similar to those found previously in healthy and sick individuals in Sweden. In conclusion, the occurrence of ESC-Ec in Swedish surface water shows that resistant bacteria of clinical concern are present in aquatic environments even in a low-prevalence country such as Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Egervärn
- National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Stina Englund
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maria Finn
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Lindblad
- National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden
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71
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Dame-Korevaar A, Fischer EA, Stegeman A, Mevius D, van Essen-Zandbergen A, Velkers F, van der Goot J. Dynamics of CMY-2 producing E. coli in a broiler parent flock. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:211-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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72
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Chalmers G, Cormier AC, Nadeau M, Côté G, Reid-Smith RJ, Boerlin P. Determinants of virulence and of resistance to ceftiofur, gentamicin, and spectinomycin in clinical Escherichia coli from broiler chickens in Québec, Canada. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:149-157. [PMID: 28619137 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are frequently used for the prevention of avian colibacillosis, with gentamicin used for this purpose in Québec until 2003. Ceftiofur was also used similarly, but voluntarily withdrawn in 2005 due to increasing resistance. Spectinomycin-lincomycin was employed as a replacement, but ceftiofur use was partially reinstated in 2007 until its definitive ban by the poultry industry in 2014. Gentamicin resistance frequency increased during the past decade in clinical Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in Québec, despite this antimicrobial no longer being used. Since this increase coincided with the use of spectinomycin-lincomycin, co-selection of gentamicin resistance through spectinomycin was suspected. Therefore, relationships between spectinomycin, gentamicin, and ceftiofur resistance determinants were investigated here. The distribution of 13 avian pathogenic E. coli virulence-associated genes and their association with spectinomycin resistance were also assessed. A sample of 586 E. coli isolates from chickens with colibacillosis in Québec between 2009 and 2013 was used. The major genes identified for resistance to ceftiofur, gentamicin, and spectinomycin were blaCMY, aac(3)-VI, and aadA, respectively. The aadA and aac(3)-VI genes were strongly associated and shown to be located on a modified class 1 integron. The aadA and blaCMY genes were negatively associated, but when present together, were generally located on the same plasmids. No statistical positive association was observed between aadA and virulence genes, and virulence genes were only rarely detected on plasmids encoding spectinomycin resistance. Thus, the use of spectinomycin-lincomycin may likely select for gentamicin but not ceftiofur resistance, nor for any of the virulence-associated genes investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ashley C Cormier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marie Nadeau
- Laboratoire d'expertise en pathologie animale du Québec, 2650 rue Einstein, Québec, Québec, G1P 4S8, Canada
| | - Geneviève Côté
- Laboratoire d'expertise en pathologie animale du Québec, 2650 rue Einstein, Québec, Québec, G1P 4S8, Canada
| | - Richard J Reid-Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada,160 Research Lane, Suite 103, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5B2, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates throughout an integrated broiler supply chain in China. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2989-2999. [PMID: 27443305 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 1145 samples were collected from chicken breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, a slaughterhouse and retail refrigerated chicken stores in an integrated broiler supply chain in Guangdong Province, China, in 2013. One-hundred and two Salmonella enterica strains were isolated and subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence profile determination and molecular subtyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The contamination rates in samples from breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, the slaughterhouse and retail stores were 1·46%, 4·31%, 7·00%, 62·86% and 54·67%, respectively. The isolated strains of S. enterica belonged to 10 serotypes; most of them were S. Weltevreden (46·08%, 47/102) and S. Agona (18·63%, 19/102). Isolates were frequently resistant to streptomycin (38·2%), tetracycline (36·3%), sulfisoxazole (35·3%) and gentamicin (34·3%); 31·4% of isolates were multidrug resistant. The isolates were screened for 10 virulence factors. The Salmonella pathogenicity island genes avrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, and sopB and the fimbrial gene bcfC were present in 100% of the strains. PFGE genotyping of the 102 S. enterica isolates yielded 24 PFGE types at an 85% similarity threshold. The PFGE patterns show that the genotypes of S. enterica in the production chain are very diverse, but some strains have 100% similarity in different parts of the production chain, which indicates that some S. enterica persist throughout the broiler supply chain.
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74
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Iweriebor BC, Obi LC, Okoh AI. Macrolide, glycopeptide resistance and virulence genes in Enterococcus species isolates from dairy cattle. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:641-648. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benson C. Iweriebor
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Larry C. Obi
- Academic and Research Division, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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75
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Simmons K, Islam MR, Rempel H, Block G, Topp E, Diarra MS. Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia fergusonii Isolated from Broiler Chickens. J Food Prot 2016; 79:929-38. [PMID: 27296596 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia fergusonii isolated from commercial broiler chicken farms. A total of 245 isolates from cloacal and cecal samples of 28- to 36-day-old chickens were collected from 32 farms. Isolates were identified using PCR, and their susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion assay. All isolates were susceptible to meropenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. The most common resistances were against ampicillin (75.1%), streptomycin (62.9%), and tetracycline (57.1%). Of the 184 ampicillin-resistant isolates, 127 were investigated using a DNA microarray carrying 75 probes for antibiotic resistance genetic determinants. Of these 127 isolates, the β-lactamase blaCMY2, blaTEM, blaACT, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M-15 genes were detected in 120 (94.5%), 31 (24.4%), 8 (6.3%), 6 (4.7%), and 4 (3.2%) isolates, respectively. Other detected genes included those conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1, strA, strB), trimethoprims (dfrV, dfrA1), tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetE), and sulfonamides (sul1, sul2). Class 1 integron was found in 35 (27.6%) of the ampicillin-resistant isolates. However, our data showed that the tested E. fergusonii did not carry any carbapenemase blaOXA genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that the selected ampicillin-resistant E. fergusonii isolates were genetically diverse. The present study indicates that the monitoring of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria should include enteric bacteria such as E. fergusonii, which could be a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. The detection of isolates harboring extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes, particularly blaCTX-M-15, in this work suggests that further investigations on the occurrence of such genes in broilers are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Simmons
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - M Rashedul Islam
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Heidi Rempel
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - Glenn Block
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, AAFC, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
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76
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Antibiotic Resistance in Animal and Environmental Samples Associated with Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Northwestern Ecuador. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00021-15. [PMID: 27303705 PMCID: PMC4863614 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00021-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, small-scale poultry farming employing antibiotics as growth promoters is being advanced as an inexpensive source of protein and income. Here, we present the results of a large ecoepidemiological study examining patterns of antibiotic resistance (AR) in E. coli isolates from small-scale poultry production environments versus domestic environments in rural Ecuador, where such backyard poultry operations have become established over the past decade. Our previous research in the region suggests that introduction of AR bacteria through travel and commerce may be an important source of AR in villages of this region. This report extends the prior analysis by examining small-scale production chicken farming as a potential source of resistant strains. Our results suggest that AR strains associated with poultry production likely originate from sources outside the study area and that these outside sources might be a better place to target control efforts than local management practices. The effects of animal agriculture on the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) are cross-cutting and thus require a multidisciplinary perspective. Here we use ecological, epidemiological, and ethnographic methods to examine populations of Escherichia coli circulating in the production poultry farming environment versus the domestic environment in rural Ecuador, where small-scale poultry production employing nontherapeutic antibiotics is increasingly common. We sampled 262 “production birds” (commercially raised broiler chickens and laying hens) and 455 “household birds” (raised for domestic use) and household and coop environmental samples from 17 villages between 2010 and 2013. We analyzed data on zones of inhibition from Kirby-Bauer tests, rather than established clinical breakpoints for AR, to distinguish between populations of organisms. We saw significantly higher levels of AR in bacteria from production versus household birds; resistance to either amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalothin, cefotaxime, and gentamicin was found in 52.8% of production bird isolates and 16% of household ones. A strain jointly resistant to the 4 drugs was exclusive to a subset of isolates from production birds (7.6%) and coop surfaces (6.5%) and was associated with a particular purchase site. The prevalence of AR in production birds declined with bird age (P < 0.01 for all antibiotics tested except tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Farming status did not impact AR in domestic environments at the household or village level. Our results suggest that AR associated with small-scale poultry farming is present in the immediate production environment and likely originates from sources outside the study area. These outside sources might be a better place to target control efforts than local management practices. IMPORTANCE In developing countries, small-scale poultry farming employing antibiotics as growth promoters is being advanced as an inexpensive source of protein and income. Here, we present the results of a large ecoepidemiological study examining patterns of antibiotic resistance (AR) in E. coli isolates from small-scale poultry production environments versus domestic environments in rural Ecuador, where such backyard poultry operations have become established over the past decade. Our previous research in the region suggests that introduction of AR bacteria through travel and commerce may be an important source of AR in villages of this region. This report extends the prior analysis by examining small-scale production chicken farming as a potential source of resistant strains. Our results suggest that AR strains associated with poultry production likely originate from sources outside the study area and that these outside sources might be a better place to target control efforts than local management practices.
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77
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Boulianne M, Arsenault J, Daignault D, Archambault M, Letellier A, Dutil L. Drug use and antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates from chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Quebec, Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2016; 80:49-59. [PMID: 26733732 PMCID: PMC4686034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An observational study was conducted of chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered at federal processing plants in the province of Quebec, Canada. The objectives were to estimate prevalence of drug use at hatchery and on farm and to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in cecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates and factors associated with AMR. Eighty-two chicken flocks and 59 turkey flocks were sampled. At the hatchery, the most used antimicrobial was ceftiofur in chickens (76% of flocks) and spectinomycin in turkeys (42% of flocks). Virginiamycin was the antimicrobial most frequently added to the feed in both chicken and turkey flocks. At least 1 E. coli isolate resistant to third-generation cephalosporins was present in all chicken flocks and in a third of turkey flocks. Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole was detected in > 90% of flocks for E. coli isolates. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was observed to bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and tetracycline in both chicken and turkey flocks for Enterococcus spp. isolates. No resistance to vancomycin was observed. The use of ceftiofur at hatchery was significantly associated with the proportion of ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates in chicken flocks. In turkey flocks, ceftiofur resistance was more frequent when turkeys were placed on litter previously used by chickens. Associations between drug use and resistance were observed with tetracycline (turkey) in E. coli isolates and with bacitracin (chicken and turkey), gentamicin (turkey), and tylosin (chicken) in Enterococcus spp. isolates. Further studies are needed to provide producers and veterinarians with alternative management practices and tools in order to reduce the use of antimicrobial feed additives in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Boulianne
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Martine Boulianne; telephone: (450) 773-8521; ext. 8470; fax: (450) 778-8128; e-mail:
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78
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Stella AE, Oliveira MCD, Fontana VLDDS, Maluta RP, Borges CA, Ávila FAD. Characterization and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of healthy broiler chickens. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000392014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are isolated from lesions of poultry presenting colibacillosis, which is a disease that causes either systemic or localized clinical signs. Such strains share many characteristics with E. coli strains that cause extra-intestinal illness in humans. There is not a consensus on how to define the APEC pathotype with regard to the presence of virulence traits. On the other hand, in the past few years, five minimal predictors for APEC detection were proposed. The E. coli isolates in this work were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the five proposed minimal predictors and cva C. The strains presenting them were categorized as potential APEC. The APEC and non-APEC categories showed high resistance (> 50%) to cephalotin, erythromycin, streptomycin, sulphametoxazol/trimethoprim, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Potential APEC strains were significantly more resistant to cephalotin (p < 0.05) and neomcycin (p < 0.01) than non-APEC. These latter were significantly more resistant to tetracycline (p < 0.01) than the potential APEC strains. These results demonstrate that feces of poultry present E. coli strains with resistant features, showing or not the potential of causing colibacillosis in poultry. Because APEC and extra-intestinal illness in humans may be similar, these resistant strains are of interest to public health.
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79
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Paulson JA, Zaoutis TE. Nontherapeutic Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Animal Agriculture: Implications for Pediatrics. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e1670-7. [PMID: 26574594 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to public health globally and threatens our ability to treat infectious diseases. Antimicrobial-resistant infections are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Infants and children are affected by transmission of susceptible and resistant food zoonotic pathogens through the food supply, direct contact with animals, and environmental pathways. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents in veterinary and human medicine is, in large part, responsible for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Approximately 80% of the overall tonnage of antimicrobial agents sold in the United States in 2012 was for animal use, and approximately 60% of those agents are considered important for human medicine. Most of the use involves the addition of low doses of antimicrobial agents to the feed of healthy animals over prolonged periods to promote growth and increase feed efficiency or at a range of doses to prevent disease. These nontherapeutic uses contribute to resistance and create new health dangers for humans. This report describes how antimicrobial agents are used in animal agriculture, reviews the mechanisms of how such use contributes to development of resistance, and discusses US and global initiatives to curb the use of antimicrobial agents in agriculture.
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80
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Cosby DE, Cox NA, Harrison MA, Wilson JL, Buhr RJ, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in broilers: A review. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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81
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Pasquali F, Lucchi A, Braggio S, Giovanardi D, Franchini A, Stonfer M, Manfreda G. Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates of animal and environmental origins from an integrated poultry production chain. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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82
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Impact of medicated feed along with clay mineral supplementation on Escherichia coli resistance to antimicrobial agents in pigs after weaning in field conditions. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:72-9. [PMID: 26412523 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine changes in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotype and virulence and AMR gene profiles in Escherichia coli from pigs receiving in-feed antimicrobial medication following weaning and the effect of feed supplementation with a clay mineral, clinoptilolite, on this dynamic. Eighty E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of pigs receiving a diet containing chlortetracycline and penicillin, with or without 2% clinoptilolite, were examined for antimicrobial resistance to 15 antimicrobial agents. Overall, an increased resistance to 10 antimicrobials was observed with time. Supplementation with clinoptilolite was associated with an early increase but later decrease in blaCMY-2, in isolates, as shown by DNA probe. Concurrently, a later increase in the frequency of blaCMY-2 and the virulence genes iucD and tsh was observed in the control pig isolates, being significantly greater than in the supplemented pigs at day 28. Our results suggest that, in the long term, supplementation with clinoptilolite could decrease the prevalence of E. coli carrying certain antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.
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83
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New issues and science in broiler chicken intestinal health: intestinal microbial composition, shifts, and impacts. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933915000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal health is important for maximising the health, welfare, and performance of poultry. In addition, intestinal health issues in poultry can have devastating financial impacts for producers, and food safety concerns for consumers. Until recently, intestinal health issues were seen as a handful of known infectious agents leading to a set of severe and identifiable named diseases. There is however an emerging area which depicts intestinal health as a more complex and multifaceted system than previously known. Recent progress in technology suitable for microbial community analysis has evolved our understanding of the chicken intestinal microbiome. It is now understood that shifts in the composition of microbial communities can occur. These shifts can result in a series of implications, including: disease, welfare, environmental, and food safety concerns. Minor shifts in intestinal microbial balance can result in a wide continuum of disease presentations ranging from severe to mild clinical, subclinical or asymptotic. Differential diagnosis of poultry intestinal health issues may be challenging and is important for applying appropriate treatment options. This review discusses new and emerging topics in broiler chicken intestinal health, with a focus on microbial composition, newly discovered microbial shifts in classical poultry diseases, range in severity of enteric diseases, newly identified organisms in normal intestinal flora, implications of shifts in intestinal microbial communities and diagnosis of emerging intestinal health issues in poultry.
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84
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Chan G, Guthrie A, Sivaramalingam T, Wilson J, Vancraeynest D, Moody R, Clark S. A framework for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobials in the control of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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85
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Markland SM, LeStrange KJ, Sharma M, Kniel KE. Old Friends in New Places: Exploring the Role of ExtraintestinalE. coliin Intestinal Disease and Foodborne Illness. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:491-6. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Markland
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark DE USA
| | - K. J. LeStrange
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark DE USA
| | - M. Sharma
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory; USDA-Agricultural Research Service; Beltsville MD USA
| | - K. E. Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark DE USA
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86
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Potential risk for drug resistance globalization at the Hajj. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:109-14. [PMID: 25682276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics were once considered the miracle cure for infectious diseases. The tragedy would be the loss of these miracles as we witness increased antibiotic resistance throughout the world. One of the concerns during mass gatherings is the transmission of antibiotic resistance. Hajj is one of the most common recurring mass gatherings, attracting millions of people from around the world. The transmission of drug-resistant organisms during the Hajj is not well described. In the current review, we summarize the available literature on the transmission and acquisition of antibiotic resistance during the Hajj and present possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Al-Tawfiq
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Z A Memish
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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87
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Simoneit C, Burow E, Tenhagen BA, Käsbohrer A. Oral administration of antimicrobials increase antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from chicken--a systematic review. Prev Vet Med 2014; 118:1-7. [PMID: 25433717 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials play an important role in animal and human health care. It was the aim of this systematic review to assess the effects of oral administration of antimicrobials on the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) from chickens. Moreover, the effects of the administration of more than one antimicrobial and of different dosages were studied. Literature was searched in November 2012 from the electronic databases ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and a national literature database (DIMDI) as well as the database ProQuest LLC. The search was updated in March 2014. Original studies describing a treatment (A) and a control group of either non-treatment (C) or initial value (0) and determining AMR in E. coli at different sample points (SP) were included. The literature search resulted in 35 full text articles on the topic, seven (20%) of which contained sufficient information on the administered antimicrobial and the impact of treatment on AMR. Most papers described the use of more than one antimicrobial, several dosages, controls (non-treatment or pre-treatment) and measured AMR at different SPs leading to a total of 227 SPs on the impact of the use of antimicrobials on AMR in chickens. 74% of the SPs (168/227) described a higher AMR-rate in E. coli from treated animals than from controls. After the administration of a single antimicrobial, AMR increased at 72% of the SPs. Administration of more than one antimicrobial increased AMR at 82% of the SPs. Higher dosages were associated with similar or higher AMR rates. The limited number of studies for each antimicrobial agent and the high variability in the resistance effect call for more well designed studies on the impact of oral administration on AMR development and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simoneit
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
| | - E Burow
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - B-A Tenhagen
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Käsbohrer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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88
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He LY, Liu YS, Su HC, Zhao JL, Liu SS, Chen J, Liu WR, Ying GG. Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in representative broiler feedlots environments: identification of indicator ARGs and correlations with environmental variables. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13120-9. [PMID: 25338275 DOI: 10.1021/es5041267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Livestock operations are known to harbor elevated levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that may pose a threat to public health. Broiler feedlots may represent an important source of ARGs in the environment. However, the prevalence and dissemination mechanisms of various types of ARGs in the environment of broiler feedlots have not previously been identified. We examined the occurrence, abundance and variation of ARGs conferring resistance to chloramphenicols, sulfonamides and tetracyclines in the environments of two representative types of broiler feedlots (free range and indoor) by quantitative PCR, and assessed their dissemination mechanisms. The results showed the prevalence of various types of ARGs in the environmental samples of the broiler feedlots including manure/litter, soil, sediment, and water samples, with the first report of five chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA, floR, fexA, cfr, and fexB) in broiler feedlots. Overall, chloramphenicol resistance genes and sulfonamides sul genes were more abundant than tetracyclines tet genes. The ARG abundances in the samples from indoor boiler feedlots were generally different to the free range feedlots, suggesting the importance of feeding operations in ARG dissemination. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between ARGs and mobile genetic element genes (int1 and int2), and between the different classes of ARGs themselves, revealing the roles of horizontal gene transfer and coselection for ARG dissemination in the environment. Further regression analysis revealed that fexA, sul1 and tetW could be reliable indicator genes to surrogate anthropogenic sources of ARGs in boiler feedlots (correlations of fexA, sul1 and tetW to all ARGs: R = 0.95, 0.96 and 0.86, p < 0.01). Meanwhile, significant correlations were also identified between indicator ARGs and their corresponding antibiotics. In addition, some ARGs were significantly correlated with typical metals (e.g., Cu, Zn, and As with fexA, fexB, cfr, sul1, tetW, tetO, tetS: R = 0.52-0.71) and some environmental parameters (e.g., TOC, TN, TP, NH3-N with fexA, fexB, cfr, sul1, tetW, tetO, tetQ, tetS: R = 0.53-0.87) (p < 0.01). Further redundancy analysis demonstrated that the distribution and transportation of ARGs from the boiler feedlots to the receiving environments were correlated with environmental variables. The findings highlight the contribution of some chemicals such as antibiotics and metals to the development of ARGs in broiler feedlots environments; and the observed ARG dissemination mechanism in the broiler feedlots facilitates the development of effective mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
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Odwar JA, Kikuvi G, Kariuki JN, Kariuki S. A cross-sectional study on the microbiological quality and safety of raw chicken meats sold in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:627. [PMID: 25204564 PMCID: PMC4167279 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken is a rich source of meat protein and is increasingly being consumed in urban areas in Kenya. However, under poor hygienic environment, raw chicken meat presents an ideal substrate supporting the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Coliform bacteria indicating the potential presence of other pathogenic bacteria; this may constitute a major source of food-borne illnesses in humans. This study sought to assess the microbiological quality and safety of raw chicken meat sold in Nairobi, Kenya by determining the E. coli/coliform contamination levels as well as the antimicrobial resistance patterns and pathogenicity of E. coli isolated. FINDINGS We conducted a Cross-sectional study to collect two hundred raw chicken samples that were randomly purchased between the periods of August 2011-February 2012. Enumeration of bacteria was done using 3 M Petri film E. coli/Coliform count plates, isolation and identification of E. coli through standard cultural and biochemical testing, antimicrobial susceptibilities interpreted according to criteria set by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2012) while Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine presence of virulence genes in isolated E. coli. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Contamination rates were 97% and 78% respectively for Coliform bacteria and E. coli. Seventy six percent of samples fell under the unacceptable microbial count limit (>100 cfu/ml) and significant differences in the E. coli/coliform counts (p < 0.001) were observed among the chicken retail outlets with samples from supermarkets having the lowest level of contamination compared to the rest of the retail outlets. Seventy five percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the 12 antibiotics tested with resistance to tetracycline being the highest at 60.3%. In addition 40.4% E. coli isolates were positive for the ten virulence genes tested. CONCLUSION Raw retail chicken meats in Nairobi are not only highly contaminated, but also with potentially pathogenic and multi-drug resistant strains of E. coli. It will be important for public health authorities and retail chicken processing outlets to collaborate in ensuring adherence to set out principles of hygienic processing and handling of chicken meats in order to reduce potential risks of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Arua Odwar
- />Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000–00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Kikuvi
- />Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O Box 62000–00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Ngumo Kariuki
- />Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O Box 20752–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- />Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O Box 43640–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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90
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Mourand G, Jouy E, Bougeard S, Dheilly A, Kérouanton A, Zeitouni S, Kempf I. Experimental study of the impact of antimicrobial treatments on Campylobacter, Enterococcus and PCR-capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism profiles of the gut microbiota of chickens. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1552-1560. [PMID: 25142966 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.074476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to compare the impact of antimicrobial treatments on the susceptibility of Campylobacter, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, and on the diversity of broiler microbiota. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were first orally inoculated with strains of Campylobacter and Enterococcus faecium. Birds were then orally treated with recommended doses of oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine/trimethoprim, amoxicillin or enrofloxacin. Faecal samples were collected before, during and after antimicrobial treatment. The susceptibility of Campylobacter, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated on supplemented or non-supplemented media was studied and PCR-capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP) profiles of the gut microbiota were analysed. Enrofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter were selected in the enrofloxacin-treated group and showed the Thr86Ile mutation in the gyrA gene. Acquisition of the tetO gene in Campylobacter coli isolates was significantly more frequent in birds given oxytetracycline. No impact of amoxicillin treatment on the susceptibility of Campylobacter could be detected. Ampicillin- and sulfadimethoxine/trimethoprim-resistant Enterococcus faecium were selected in amoxicillin-treated broilers, but no selection of the inoculated vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium could be detected, although it was also resistant to tetracycline and sulfadimethoxine/trimethoprim. PCR-CE-SSCP revealed significant variations in a few peaks in treated birds as compared with non-treated chickens. In conclusion, antimicrobial treatments perturbed chicken gut microbiota, and certain antimicrobial treatments selected or co-selected resistant strains of Campylobacter and Enterococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Mourand
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Jouy
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bougeard
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Alexandra Dheilly
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Annaëlle Kérouanton
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Salman Zeitouni
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Isabelle Kempf
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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91
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Diarra MS, Malouin F. Antibiotics in Canadian poultry productions and anticipated alternatives. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:282. [PMID: 24987390 PMCID: PMC4060556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has significantly increased animal health by lowering mortality and the incidence of diseases. Antibiotics also have largely contributed to increase productivity of farms. However, antibiotic usage in general and relevance of non-therapeutic antibiotics (growth promoters) in feed need to be reevaluated especially because bacterial pathogens of humans and animals have developed and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can easily be spread within microbial communities. In Canada, poultry production involves more than 2600 regulated chicken producers who have access to several antibiotics approved as feed additives for poultry. Feed recipes and mixtures vary greatly geographically and from one farm to another, making links between use of a specific antibiotic feed additive and production yields or selection of specific antibiotic-resistant bacteria difficult to establish. Many on-farm studies have revealed the widespread presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in broiler chickens. While some reports linked the presence of antibiotic-resistant organisms to the use of feed supplemented with antibiotics, no recent studies could clearly demonstrate the benefit of antimicrobial growth promoters on performance and production yields. With modern biosecurity and hygienic practices, there is a genuine concern that intensive utilization of antibiotics or use of antimicrobial growth promoters in feed might no longer be useful. Public pressure and concerns about food and environmental safety (antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant pathogens) have driven researchers to actively look for alternatives to antibiotics. Some of the alternatives include pre- and probiotics, organic acids and essential oils. We will describe here the properties of some bioactive molecules, like those found in cranberry, which have shown interesting polyvalent antibacterial and immuno-stimulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa S. Diarra
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaAgassiz, BC, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada
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92
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Temple WD, Skowrońska M, Bomke AA. Centrifugal spreader mass and nutrients distribution patterns for application of fresh and aged poultry litter. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 139:200-207. [PMID: 24705099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A spin-type centrifugal spreader was evaluated using fresh and aged poultry litter upon dry mass, product nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), incubation study soil available N and particle size distribution patterns. Relative to the aged litter (37% moisture content), the fresh litter (17% moisture content) had greater <1.00 mm particle size fraction weights and atmospheric particulate was launched, which posed as a potential fallout to adjacent fields, waterways and residences. Relative to the aged litter, the broadcast fresh litter resulted in higher coefficients of variation (CV) over its transverse distance, a narrower calculated space distance between passes for uniform spread and lower soil available N concentrations. For nitrogen application over the broadcast transverse distance the fresh litter displayed a high R(2) best fit 4th order polynomial distribution pattern, while the aged litter showed high R(2) best fit 6th order polynomial distribution pattern. A soil incubation study of the fresh and aged broadcast litter resulted in a more variable or lower R(2) best fit 2nd order polynomial distribution pattern. For both the fresh and aged litter, the calculated distance between passes to achieve a uniform mass distribution was greater than that required for the broadcast of soil available N. For the fresh litter, the soil available N and litter P concentration levels strongly correlated (relatively high p and R(2) values) with the <1.00 mm fraction weight, while for the aged litter this relationship was not as significant. In addition to reducing the health risk (i.e. pathogens, antibiotic residues and resistant bacteria) and/or environment issues (particulate fallout onto waterways, adjacent fields and/or residences) our study mass, particulate and N distribution patterns results suggest that poultry litter should be allowed to age before broadcast application is attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Temple
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, MCML 185 - 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - M Skowrońska
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - A A Bomke
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, MCML 185 - 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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93
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Chamba F, Puyalto M, Ortiz A, Torrealba H, Mallo J, Riboty R. Effect of Partially Protected Sodium Butyrate on Performance, Digestive Organs, Intestinal Villi and E. coli Development in Broilers Chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2014.390.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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94
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Charlebois A, Jacques M, Archambault M. Biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens and its exposure to low-dose antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:183. [PMID: 24795711 PMCID: PMC4001024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxemia in animal species. Very little is known on the biofilm of C. perfringens and its exposure to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials. This study was undertaken to address these issues. Most of the C. perfringens human and animal isolates tested in this study were able to form biofilm (230/277). Porcine clinical isolates formed significantly more biofilm than the porcine commensal isolates. A subgroup of clinical and commensal C. perfringens isolates was randomly selected for further characterization. Biofilm was found to protect C. perfringens bacterial cells from exposure to high concentrations of tested antimicrobials. Exposure to low doses of some of these antimicrobials tended to lead to a diminution of the biofilm formed. However, a few isolates showed an increase in biofilm formation when exposed to low doses of tylosin, bacitracin, virginiamycin, and monensin. Six isolates were randomly selected for biofilm analysis using scanning laser confocal microscopy. Of those, four produced more biofilm in presence of low doses of bacitracin whereas biofilms formed without bacitracin were thinner and less elevated. An increase in the area occupied by bacteria in the biofilm following exposure to low doses of bacitracin was also observed in the majority of isolates. Morphology examination revealed flat biofilms with the exception of one isolate that demonstrated a mushroom-like biofilm. Matrix composition analysis showed the presence of proteins, beta-1,4 linked polysaccharides and extracellular DNA, but no poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. This study brings new information on the biofilm produced by C. perfringens and its exposure to low doses of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Charlebois
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Jacques
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Archambault
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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95
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Li P, Wu D, Liu K, Suolang S, He T, Liu X, Wu C, Wang Y, Lin D. Investigation of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and enterococci isolated from Tibetan pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95623. [PMID: 24748326 PMCID: PMC3991701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and enterococci isolated from free-ranging Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China, and analyzed the influence of free-ranging husbandry on antimicrobial resistance. Methods A total of 232 fecal samples were collected from Tibetan pigs, and the disk diffusion method was used to examine their antimicrobial resistance. Broth microdilution and agar dilution methods were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations for antimicrobial agents for which disks were not commercially available. Results A total of 129 E. coli isolates and 84 Enterococcus isolates were recovered from the fecal samples. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and 40.4% were resistant to tetracycline. A small number of isolates were resistant to florfenicol (27.9%), ampicillin (27.9%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (19.4%), nalidixic acid (19.4%), streptomycin (16.2%) and ceftiofur (10.9%), and very low resistance rates to ciprofloxacin (7.8%), gentamicin (6.9%), and spectinomycin (2.3%) were observed in E. coli. All Enterococcus isolates, including E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. hirae, and E. mundtii, were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and vancomycin, but showed high frequencies of resistance to oxacillin (92.8%), clindamycin (82.1%), tetracycline (64.3%), and erythromycin (48.8%). Resistance rates to florfenicol (17.9%), penicillin (6.0%), ciprofloxacin (3.6%), levofloxacin (1.2%), and ampicillin (1.2%) were low. Only one high-level streptomycin resistant E. faecium isolate and one high-level gentamicin resistant E. faecium isolate were observed. Approximately 20% and 70% of E. coli and Enterococcus isolates, respectively, were defined as multidrug-resistant. Conclusions In this study, E. coli and Enterococcus isolated from free-ranging Tibetan pigs showed relatively lower resistance rates than those in other areas of China, where more intensive farming practices are used. These results also revealed that free-range husbandry and absence of antibiotic use could decrease the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry, Tibet University, Linzhi, P. R. China
| | - Dongfang Wu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kunyao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, China Institute of Veterinary Drugs Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sizhu Suolang
- College of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry, Tibet University, Linzhi, P. R. China
| | - Tao He
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Congming Wu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Degui Lin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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96
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Redondo LM, Chacana PA, Dominguez JE, Fernandez Miyakawa ME. Perspectives in the use of tannins as alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter factors in poultry. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:118. [PMID: 24723916 PMCID: PMC3973907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been included in the formulation of feed for livestock production for more than 40 years as a strategy to improve feed conversion rates and to reduce costs. The use of antimicrobials as growth-promoting factors (AGP) in sub-therapeutic doses for long periods is particularly favorable for the selection of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. In the last years, global concern about development of antimicrobial resistance and transference of resistance genes from animal to human strains has been rising. Removal of AGP from animal diets involves tremendous pressure on the livestock and poultry farmers, one of the main consequences being a substantial increase in the incidence of infectious diseases with the associated increase in the use of antibiotics for therapy, and concomitantly, economic cost. Therefore, alternatives to AGP are urgently needed. The challenge is to implement new alternatives without affecting the production performances of livestock and avoiding the increase of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Plant extracts and purified derived substances are showing promising results for animal nutrition, either from their efficacy as well as from an economical point of view. Tannins are plant derived compounds that are being successfully used as additives in poultry feed to control diseases and to improve animal performance. Successful use of any of these extracts as feed additives must ensure a product of consistent quality in enough quantity to fulfill the actual requirements of the poultry industry. Chestnut (hydrolysable) and Quebracho (condensed) tannins are probably the most readily available commercial products that are covering those needs. The present report intends to analyze the available data supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johana E Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano E Fernandez Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires, Argentina
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97
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Bonyadian M, Moshtaghi H, Akhavan Taheri M. Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of enterotoxigenic and entero-aggregative Escherichia coli isolated from raw milk and unpasteurized cheeses. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2014; 5:29-34. [PMID: 25568689 PMCID: PMC4279659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains and antibiotic resistance of the isolates in raw milk and unpasteurized cheese. Out of 200 samples of raw milk and 50 samples of unpasteurized cheeses, 96 and 24 strains of E. coli were isolated, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the genes encoding heat-stable enterotoxin a (STa), heat-stable enterotoxin b (STb), heat labile toxin (LT) and enteroaggregative heat-stable toxin1 (EAST1). Twelve out of 120 (10.00%) isolates harbored the gene for EAST1, 2(1.66%) isolates were detected as producing STb and LT toxins and 12 (10.00%) strains contained STb and EAST1 genes. None of the strains contain the STa gene. All of the strains were tested for antibiotic resistance by disk diffusion method. Disks included: ciprofloxacin (CFN), trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TSX), oxytetracycline (OTC), gentamicin (GMN), cephalexin (CPN), nalidixic acid (NDA) and nitrofurantoin (NFN), ampicillin (AMP), neomycin (NEO) and streptomycin (STM). Among 120 isolated strains of E. coli, the resistance to each antibiotics were as follows: OTC100%, CPN 86.00%, NDA 56.00%, NFN 42.00%, GMN 30.00%, TSX 28.00%, CFN 20%, AM 23.40% and STM 4.25%. None of the isolates were resistant to NEO. The present data indicate that different resistant E. coli pathogens may be found in raw milk and unpasteurized cheese. It poses an infection risk for human and transferring the resistant factors to microflora of the consumers gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Bonyadian
- Department of Health and Food Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran;,Correspondence: Mojtaba Bonyadian. DVM, MPH, PhD ,Department of Health and Food Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Hamdallah Moshtaghi
- Department of Health and Food Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran;
| | - Mariam Akhavan Taheri
- Graduated in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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98
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Diarra MS, Delaquis P, Rempel H, Bach S, Harlton C, Aslam M, Pritchard J, Topp E. Antibiotic resistance and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars associated with broiler chickens. J Food Prot 2014; 77:40-9. [PMID: 24405997 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028.jfp-13-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the antibiotic resistance phenotype and genotype of Salmonella isolated from broiler production facilities. A total of 193 Salmonella isolates recovered from commercial farms in British Columbia, Canada, were evaluated. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined with the Sensititre system. Virulence and antibiotic resistance genes were detected by PCR assay. Genetic diversity was determined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. Seventeen serovars of Salmonella were identified. The most prevalent Salmonella serovars were Kentucky (29.0% of isolates), Typhimurium (23.8%), Enteritidis (13.5%), and Hadar (11.9%); serovars Heidelberg, Brandenburg, and Thompson were identified in 7.7, 4.1, and 3.6% of isolates, respectively. More than 43% of the isolates were simultaneously resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, cefoxitim, and ceftriaxone. This β-lactam resistance pattern was observed in 33 (58.9%) of the Salmonella Kentucky isolates; 2 of these isolates were also resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Genes associated with resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1, aadA2, and strA), β-lactams (blaCMY-2, blaSHV, and blaTEM), tetracycline (tetA and tetB), and sulfonamide (sul1) were detected among corresponding resistant isolates. The invasin gene (invA) and the Salmonella plasmid virulence gene (spvC) were found in 97.9 and 25.9% of the isolates, respectively, with 33 (71.7%) of the 46 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates and 17 (65.4%) of the 26 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates carrying both invA and spvC. PGFE typing revealed that the antibiotic-resistant serovars were genetically diverse. These data confirm that broiler chickens can be colonized by genetically diverse antibiotic-resistant Salmonella isolates harboring virulence determinants. The presence of such strains is highly relevant to food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Sory Diarra
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - Pascal Delaquis
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
| | - Heidi Rempel
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - Susan Bach
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
| | - Colleen Harlton
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
| | - Mueen Aslam
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Jane Pritchard
- British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada V3G 2M3
| | - Edward Topp
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T34
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99
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Fatima M, Rempel H, Kuang XT, Allen KJ, Cheng KM, Malouin F, Diarra MS. Effect of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid in a broiler Clostridium perfringens infection model. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2644-50. [PMID: 24046411 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to explore strategies to control Clostridium perfringens, we investigated the synergistic effect of a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) with penicillin G in a broiler challenge model. All chicks were inoculated in the crop by gavage on d 14, 15, and 16 with a mixture of 4 C. perfringens strains. Birds were treated with saline (control group) or 20 nmol of c-di-GMP by gavage or intramuscularly (IM) on d 24, all in conjunction with penicillin G in water for 5 d. Weekly samplings of ceca and ileum were performed on d 21 to 35 for C. perfringens and Lactobacillus enumeration. On d 35 of age, the IM treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced C. perfringens in the ceca, suggesting possible synergistic activity between penicillin G and c-di-GMP against C. perfringens in broiler ceca. Moreover, analysis of ceca DNA for the presence of a series of C. perfringens virulence genes showed a prevalence of 30% for the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin gene (cpa) from d 21 to 35 in the IM-treated group, whereas the occurrence of the cpa gene increased from 10 to 60% in the other 2 groups (control and gavage) from d 21 to 35. Detection of β-lactamase genes (blaCMY-2, blaSHV, and blaTEM) indicative of gram-negative bacteria in the same samples from d 21 to 35 did not show significant treatment effects. Amplified fragment-length polymorphism showed a predominant 92% similarity between the ceca of 21-d-old control birds and the 35-d-old IM-treated c-di-GMP group. This suggests that c-di-GMP IM treatment might be effective at restoring the normal microflora of the host on d 35 after being challenged by C. perfringens. Our results suggest that c-di-GMP can reduce the colonization of C. perfringens in the gut without increasing the selection pressure for some β-lactamase genes or altering the commensal bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussarat Fatima
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC, Canada V0M 1A0
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Dierikx CM, van der Goot JA, Smith HE, Kant A, Mevius DJ. Presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in the broiler production pyramid: a descriptive study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79005. [PMID: 24244401 PMCID: PMC3820706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Broilers and broiler meat products are highly contaminated with extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and are considered to be a source for human infections. Both horizontal and vertical transmission might play a role in the presence of these strains in broilers. As not much is known about the presence of these strains in the whole production pyramid, the epidemiology of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in the Dutch broiler production pyramid was examined. Cloacal swabs of Grandparent stock (GPS) birds (one−/two-days (breed A and B), 18 and 31 weeks old (breed A)), one-day old Parent stock birds (breed A and B) and broiler chickens of increasing age (breed A) were selectively cultured to detect ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates were found at all levels in the broiler production pyramid in both broiler breeds examined. Prevalence was already relatively high at the top of the broiler production pyramid. At broiler farms ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli were still present in the environment of the poultry house after cleaning and disinfection. Feed samples taken in the poultry house also became contaminated with ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli after one or more production weeks. The prevalence of ESBL/AmpC-positive birds at broiler farms increased within the first week from 0–24% to 96–100% independent of the use of antibiotics and stayed 100% until slaughter. In GPS breed A, prevalence at 2 days, 18 weeks and 31 weeks stayed below 50% except when beta-lactam antibiotics were administered. In that case prevalence increased to 100%. Interventions minimizing ESBL/AmpC contamination in broilers should focus on preventing horizontal and vertical spread, especially in relation to broiler production farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Dierikx
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeanet A. van der Goot
- Department of Epidemiology Crisis Organization and Diagnostics, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde E. Smith
- Department of Infection Biology, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Arie Kant
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Dik J. Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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