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Yang B, Shi Z, Ma Y, Wang L, Cao L, Luo J, Wan Y, Song R, Yan Y, Yuan K, Tian H, Zheng H. LAMP assay coupled with CRISPR/Cas12a system for portable detection of African swine fever virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e216-e223. [PMID: 34370390 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most severe infectious diseases of pigs. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay coupled with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a system was established in one tube for the detection of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) p72 gene. The single-stranded DNA-fluorophore quencher reporter and CRISPR-derived RNA were screened and selected for the CRISPR detection system. In combination with LAMP amplification assay, the detection limit for the LAMP-CRISPR assay can reach 7 copies/μl of p72 gene per reaction. Furthermore, this method displays no cross-reactivity with other porcine DNA or RNA viruses. The performance of the LAMP-CRISPR assay was compared with real-time qPCR tests for clinical samples; a good consistency between the LAMP-CRISPR assay and real-time qPCR was observed. The method shed a light on the convenient, portable, low cost, highly sensitive and specific detection of ASFV, demonstrating a great application potential for monitoring on-site ASFV in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Research and Development Department, Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengwang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juncong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiyong Yan
- Research and Development Department, Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Kehu Yuan
- Research and Development Department, Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Chen L, Wen K, Chen FE, Trick AY, Liu H, Shao S, Yu W, Hsieh K, Wang Z, Shen J, Wang TH. Portable Magnetofluidic Device for Point-of-Need Detection of African Swine Fever. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10940-10946. [PMID: 34319068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With a nearly 100% mortality rate, African swine fever (ASF) has devastated the pork industry in many countries. Without a vaccine in sight, mitigation rests on rapid diagnosis and immediately depopulating infected or exposed animals. Unfortunately, current tests require centralized laboratories with well-trained personnel, take days to report the results, and thus do not meet the need for such rapid diagnosis. In response, we developed a portable, sample-to-answer device that allows for ASF detection at the point of need in <30 min. The device employs droplet magnetofluidics to automate DNA purification from blood, tissue, or swab samples and utilizes fast thermal cycling to perform real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), all within an inexpensive disposable cartridge. We evaluated its diagnostic performance at six farms and slaughter facilities. The device exhibits high diagnostic accuracy with a positive percent agreement of 92.2% and a negative percent agreement of 93.6% compared with a lab-based reference qPCR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hebin Liu
- Beijing Mingrida Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China
| | - Shibei Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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53
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Awosanya EJ, Olugasa BO, Gimba FI, Sabri MY, Ogundipe GA. Detection of African swine fever virus in pigs in Southwest Nigeria. Vet World 2021; 14:1840-1845. [PMID: 34475707 PMCID: PMC8404123 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1840-1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Nigeria experienced repeated outbreaks of African swine fever (ASF) in pig herds between 1997 and 2005 in the southwest region of the country. ASF is believed to currently be enzootic in this region. The status of enzootic transmission of ASF virus strain to pigs is; however, unknown. Twenty-three genotypes of the ASF virus based on the p72 gene are found across Africa. This study aimed to identify the current circulating field strain(s) of the ASF virus in Southwest Nigeria and characterized evolutionary trends. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA samples were extracted from 144 pooled blood samples obtained from 2012 to 2013 following the manufacturer's instructions. DNA was used for conventional polymerase chain reaction using primers targeting the p72 gene and amplified products sequenced with Sanger's sequencing. Sequences were analyzed for homology and phylogenetic relationships. RESULTS Eleven of 144 samples (7.6%) showed bands at 950 bp. A new field strain of ASF virus of genotype I that shared ancestry with ASF virus strains or isolates from Spain and Brazil was identified among pig herds. The new strain differs phylogenetically in amino acid composition compared with previously identified ASF virus field strains. CONCLUSION The currently circulating field strain of ASF virus suggests a mutation responsible for decreased morbidity and mortality recorded in sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fufa Ido Gimba
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusoff Sabri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gabriel Adetunji Ogundipe
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Wang Y, Dai J, Liu Y, Yang J, Hou Q, Ou Y, Ding Y, Ma B, Chen H, Li M, Sun Y, Zheng H, Zhang K, Wubshet AK, Zaberezhny AD, Aliper TI, Tarasiuk K, Pejsak Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Development of a Potential Penside Colorimetric LAMP Assay Using Neutral Red for Detection of African Swine Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:609821. [PMID: 33967972 PMCID: PMC8102904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.609821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has caused huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Since there is no commercial ASF vaccine available, an early diagnosis is extremely important to prevent and control the disease. In this study, ASF virus (ASFV) capsid protein-encoding gene (p72) was selected and used to design primers for establishing a one-step visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay with neutral red, a pH-sensitive dye, as the color shift indicator. Neutral red exhibited a sharp contrast of color change from faint orange (negative) to pink (positive) during LAMP for detection of ASFV. The designed primer set targeting highly conserved region of the p72 gene was highly specific to ASFV and showed no cross-reactivity with other swine viruses. The detection limit for the one-step visual LAMP developed was 10 copies/reaction based on the recombinant plasmid containing the p72 gene of ASFV. More importantly, the developed one-step visual LAMP showed high consistency with the results of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method recommended by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the colorimetric detection with this LAMP assay could be directly applied for the whole blood and serum samples without requiring genome extraction. Based on our results, the developed one-step visual LAMP assay is a promising penside diagnostic tool for development of early and cost-effective ASF monitoring program that would greatly contribute to the prevention and control of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunwen Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haotai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - MiaoMiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Alexei D Zaberezhny
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry (VNITIBP), Moscow, Russia
| | - Taras I Aliper
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center VIEV", Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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55
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Ankhanbaatar U, Sainnokhoi T, Khanui B, Ulziibat G, Jargalsaikhan T, Purevtseren D, Settypalli TBK, Flannery J, Dundon WG, Basan G, Batten C, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. African swine fever virus genotype II in Mongolia, 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2787-2794. [PMID: 33818903 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe haemorrhagic disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). In recent years, ASF has steadily spread towards new geographical areas, reaching Europe and Asia. On January 15th, 2019, Mongolia reported its first ASF outbreak to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), becoming, after China, the second country in the region affected by the disease. Following an event of unusual mortality in domestic pigs in Bulgan Province, a field team visited four farms and a meat market in the region to conduct an outbreak investigation and collect samples for laboratory analysis. Different organs were examined for ASF associated lesions, and total nucleic acid was extracted for real-time PCR, virus isolation and molecular characterization. The real-time PCR results confirmed ASFV DNA in 10 out of 10 samples and ASFV was isolated. Phylogenetic analysis established that ASFVs from Mongolia belong to genotype II and serogroup 8. The viruses were identical to each other, and to domestic pig isolates identified in China and Russia, based on the comparison of five genomic targets. Our results suggest a cross-border spread of ASFV, without indicating the source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ganzorig Basan
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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Development of Diagnostic Tests Provides Technical Support for the Control of African Swine Fever. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040343. [PMID: 33918128 PMCID: PMC8067252 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a highly contagious global disease caused by the African swine fever virus. Since African swine fever (ASF) was introduced to Georgia in 2007, it has spread to many Eurasian countries at an extremely fast speed. It has recently spread to China and other major pig-producing countries in southeast Asia, threatening global pork production and food security. As there is no available vaccine at present, prevention and control must be carried out based on early detection and strict biosecurity measures. Early detection should be based on the rapid identification of the disease on the spot, followed by laboratory diagnosis, which is essential for disease control. In this review, we introduced the prevalence, transmission routes, eradication control strategies, and diagnostic methods of ASF. We reviewed the various methods of diagnosing ASF, focusing on their technical characteristics and clinical test results. Finally, we give some prospects for improving the diagnosis strategy in the future.
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Swift and Reliable "Easy Lab" Methods for the Sensitive Molecular Detection of African Swine Fever Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052307. [PMID: 33669073 PMCID: PMC7956467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and is responsible for high mortality and serious economic losses. PCR and real-time PCR (qPCR) are the OIE-recommended standard methods for the direct detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) DNA. The aim of our work was the simplification and standardization of the molecular diagnostic workflow in the lab. For validation of this “easy lab” workflow, different sample materials from animal trials were collected and analyzed (EDTA blood, serum, oral swabs, chewing ropes, and tissue samples) to identify the optimal sample material for diagnostics in live animals. Based on our data, the EDTA blood samples or bloody tissue samples represent the best specimens for ASFV detection in the early and late phases of infection. The application of prefilled ready-to-use reagents for nucleic acid extraction or the use of a Tissue Lysis Reagent (TLR) delivers simple and reliable alternatives for the release of the ASFV nucleic acids. For the qPCR detection of ASFV, different published and commercial kits were compared. Here, a lyophilized commercial kit shows the best results mainly based on the increased template input. The good results of the “easy lab” strategy could be confirmed by the ASFV detection in field samples from wild boars collected from the 2020 ASFV outbreak in Germany. Appropriate internal control systems for extraction and PCR are key features of the “easy lab” concept and reduce the risk of false-negative and false-positive results. In addition, the use of easy-to-handle machines and software reduces training efforts and the misinterpretation of results. The PCR diagnostics based on the “easy lab” strategy can realize a high sensitivity and specificity comparable to the standard PCR methods and should be especially usable for labs with limited experiences and resources.
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58
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Jia R, Zhang G, Liu H, Chen Y, Zhou J, Liu Y, Ding P, Wang Y, Zang W, Wang A. Novel Application of Nanofluidic Chip Digital PCR for Detection of African Swine Fever Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:621840. [PMID: 33614757 PMCID: PMC7894257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.621840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) gives rise to a grievous transboundary and infectious disease, African swine fever (ASF), which has caused a great economic loss in the swine industry. To prevent and control ASF, once suspicious symptoms have presented, the movement of animal and pork products should be stopped, and then, laboratory testing should be adopted to diagnose ASF. A method for ASFV DNA quantification is presented in this research, which utilizes the next-generation PCR platform, nanofluidic chip digital PCR (cdPCR). The cdPCR detection showed good linearity and repeatability. The limit of detection for cdPCR is 30.1995 copies per reaction, whereas no non-specific amplification curve was found with other swine viruses. In the detection of 69 clinical samples, the cdPCR showed significant consistency [91.30% (63/69)] to the Office International des Epizooties-approved quantitative PCR. Compared with the commercial quantitative PCR kit, the sensitivity of the cdPCR assay was 86.27% (44/50), and the specificity was 94.44% (17/18). The positive coincidence rate of the cdPCR assay was 88% (44/50). The total coincidence rate of the cdPCR and kit was 89.86% (62/69), and the kappa value reached 0.800 (P < 0.0001). This is the first time that cdPCR has been applied to detecting ASFV successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weimin Zang
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Bisimwa PN, Ongus JR, Steinaa L, Bisimwa EB, Bochere E, Machuka EM, Entfellner JBD, Okoth E, Pelle R. The first complete genome sequence of the African swine fever virus genotype X and serogroup 7 isolated in domestic pigs from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Virol J 2021; 18:23. [PMID: 33478547 PMCID: PMC7819171 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease, affects domestic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where regular outbreaks are reported leading to high mortality rates approaching 100% in the affected regions. No study on the characteristics of the complete genome of strains responsible for ASF outbreaks in the South Kivu province of DRC is available, limited a better understanding of molecular evolution and spread of this virus within the country. The present study aimed at determining the complete genome sequence of ASFV strains genotype X involved in 2018–2019 ASF disease outbreaks in South Kivu province of DRC. Materials and methods Genomic DNA of a spleen sample from an ASFV genotype X-positive domestic pig in Uvira, during the 2018–2019 outbreaks in South Kivu, was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq X platform. Obtained trimmed reads using Geneious Prime 2020.0.4 were blasted against a pig reference genome then contigs were generated from the unmapped reads enriched in ASFV DNA using Spades implemented in Geneious 2020.0.4. The assembly of the complete genome sequence of ASFV was achieved from the longest overlapping contigs. The new genome was annotated with the genome annotation transfer utility (GATU) software and the CLC Genomics Workbench 8 software was further used to search for any ORFs that failed to be identified by GATU. Subsequent analyses of the newly determined Uvira ASFV genotype X genome were done using BLAST for databases search, CLUSTAL W for multiple sequences alignments and MEGA X for phylogeny. Results 42 Gbp paired-end reads of 150 bp long were obtained containing about 0.1% of ASFV DNA. The assembled Uvira ASFV genome, termed Uvira B53, was 180,916 bp long that could be assembled in 2 contigs. The Uvira B53genome had a GC content of 38.5%, encoded 168 open reading frames (ORFs) and had 98.8% nucleotide identity with the reference ASFV genotype X Kenya 1950. The phylogenetic relationship with selected representative genomes clustered the Uvira B53 strain together with ASFV genotype X reported to date (Kenya 1950 and Ken05/Tk1). Multiple genome sequences comparison with the two reference ASFV genotype X strains showed that 130 of the 168 ORFs were fully conserved in the Uvira B53. The other 38 ORFs were divergent mainly due to SNPs and indels (deletions and insertions). Most of 46 multigene family (MGF) genes identified were affected by various genetic variations. However, 8 MGF ORFs present in Kenya 1950 and Ken05/Tk1 were absent from the Uvira B53 genome including three members of MGF 360, four of MGF 110 and one of MGF 100 while one MGF ORF (MGF 360-1L) at the left end of the genome was truncated in Uvira B53. Moreover, ORFs DP96R and p285L were also absent in the Uvira B53 genome. In contrast, the ORF MGF 110-5L present in Uvira B53 and Ken05/Tk1 was missing in Kenya 1950. The analysis of the intergenic region between the I73R and I329L genes also revealed sequence variations between the three genotype X strains mainly characterized by a deletion of 69 bp in Uvira B53 and 36 bp in Kenya 1950, compared to Ken05/Tk1. Assessment of the CD2v (EP402R) antigen unveiled the presence of SNPs and indels particularly in the PPPKPY tandem repeat region between selected variants representing the eight serogroups reported to date. Uvira B53 had identical CD2v variable region to the Uganda (KM609361) strain, the only other ASFV serogroup 7 reported to date. Conclusion We report the first complete genome sequence of an African swine fever virus (ASFV) p72 genotype X and CD2v serogroup 7, termed Uvira B53. This study provides additional insights on genetic characteristics and evolution of ASFV useful for tracing the geographical spread of ASF and essential for improved design of control and management strategies against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Bisimwa
- Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Animal Science and Production, Université Evangélique en Afrique, P.O. Box 3323, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Juliette R Ongus
- Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Espoir B Bisimwa
- Department of Animal Science and Production, Université Evangélique en Afrique, P.O. Box 3323, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Edwina Bochere
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Eunice M Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Jean-Baka Domelevo Entfellner
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Edward Okoth
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
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Development of A Super-Sensitive Diagnostic Method for African Swine Fever Using CRISPR Techniques. Virol Sin 2021; 36:220-230. [PMID: 33411169 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) with clinical symptoms of high fever, hemorrhages and high mortality rate, posing a threat to the global swine industry and food security. Quarantine and control of ASFV is crucial for preventing swine industry from ASFV infection. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-CRISPR-based nucleic acid detection method was developed for diagnosing ASF. As a highly sensitive method, RPA-CRISPR can detect even a single copy of ASFV plasmid and genomic DNA by determining fluorescence signal induced by collateral cleavage of CRISPR-lwCas13a (previously known as C2c2) through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and has the same or even higher sensitivity than the traditional qPCR method. A lateral flow strip was developed and used in combination with RPA-CRISPR for ASFV detection with the same level of sensitivity of TaqMan qPCR. Likewise, RPA-CRISPR is capable of distinguishing ASFV genomic DNA from viral DNA/RNA of other porcine viruses without any cross-reactivity. This diagnostic method is also available for diagnosing ASFV clinical DNA samples with coincidence rate of 100% for both ASFV positive and negative samples. RPA-CRISPR has great potential for clinical quarantine of ASFV in swine industry and food security.
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Wu J, Mukama O, Wu W, Li Z, Habimana JDD, Zhang Y, Zeng R, Nie C, Zeng L. A CRISPR/Cas12a Based Universal Lateral Flow Biosensor for the Sensitive and Specific Detection of African Swine-Fever Viruses in Whole Blood. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E203. [PMID: 33321741 PMCID: PMC7763806 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cross-border pathogens such as the African swine fever virus (ASFV) still pose a socio-economic threat. Cheaper, faster, and accurate diagnostics are imperative for healthcare and food safety applications. Currently, the discovery of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) has paved the way for the diagnostics based on Cas13 and Cas12/14 that exhibit collateral cleavage of target and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) reporter. The reporter is fluorescently labeled to report the presence of a target. These methods are powerful; however, fluorescence-based approaches require expensive apparatuses, complicate results readout, and exhibit high-fluorescence background. Here, we present a new CRISPR-Cas-based approach that combines polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, Cas12a, and a probe-based lateral flow biosensor (LFB) for the simultaneous detection of seven types of ASFV. In the presence of ASFVs, the LFB responded to reporter trans-cleavage by naked eyes and achieved a sensitivity of 2.5 × 10-15 M within 2 h, and unambiguously identified ASFV from swine blood. This system uses less time for PCR pre-amplification and requires cheaper devices; thus, it can be applied to virus monitoring and food samples detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Omar Mukama
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (O.M.); (Z.L.); (J.D.D.H.)
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Avenue de l’armée, Kigali P.O. Box 3900, Rwanda
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (O.M.); (Z.L.); (J.D.D.H.)
| | - Jean De Dieu Habimana
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (O.M.); (Z.L.); (J.D.D.H.)
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chengrong Nie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lingwen Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Langyuan Biotechnology LLC, Foshan 528313, China
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DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMBINANT POSITIVE CONTROL FOR AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS PCR DETECTION. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech13.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant plasmids containing target sequences are widely used as positive controls for PCR laboratory diagnostics. The aim of the study was development of recombinant positive control containing a fragment of B646L gene of African swine fever virus. The sequence of interest encodes targets of all the PCR assays for African swine fever laboratory diagnostics recommended by World Organisation for Animal Health. A plasmid containing 1763 bp insertion was cloned in E .coli DH5α strain. After purification, the plasmid ten-fold serial dulutions were used as a positive control while PRC testing. A minimal detectable copy number was 20 copies per reaction for both conventional and real-time PCR assays. The developed plasmid could be used as a safe and effective positive control while ASF laboratory diagnostics by PCR.
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Zuo L, Song Z, Zhang Y, Zhai X, Zhai Y, Mei X, Yang X, Wang H. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Dipstick for On-Site Diagnosis of African Swine Fever Virus. Virol Sin 2020; 36:325-328. [PMID: 33156485 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Zengxu Song
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiwen Zhai
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xueran Mei
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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Hakizimana JN, Nyabongo L, Ntirandekura JB, Yona C, Ntakirutimana D, Kamana O, Nauwynck H, Misinzo G. Genetic Analysis of African Swine Fever Virus From the 2018 Outbreak in South-Eastern Burundi. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:578474. [PMID: 33251264 PMCID: PMC7674587 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.578474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that causes high mortality, approaching 100%, in domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease has neither a cure nor a vaccine, and it is caused by an ASF virus (ASFV), the only member of the family Asfarviridae, genus Asfivirus, and the only known DNA arbovirus. Twenty-four genotypes of ASFV have been described to date, and all of them have been described in Africa. ASF is endemic in Burundi, and several outbreaks have been reported in the country; the disease continues to economically impact on small-scale farmers. This study aimed at genetic characterization of ASFV that caused an ASF outbreak in the Rutana region, Burundi, in the year 2018. Tissue samples from domestic pigs that died as a result of a severe hemorrhagic disease were collected in order to confirm the disease using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to conduct partial genome sequencing. Nucleotide sequences were obtained for the B646L (p72) gene, the intergenic fragment between the I73R and I329L genes, and the central variable region (CVR) of the B602L gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the Burundian 2018 ASFV grouped the virus within B646L (p72) genotype X and clustered together with those reported during the 1984 and 1990 outbreaks in Burundi with high nucleotide identity to some ASFV strains previously reported in neighboring East African countries, indicating a regional distribution of this ASFV genotype. Analysis of the intergenic fragment between I73R and I329L genes showed that the Burundian 2018 ASFV described in this study lacked a 32–base pair (bp) fragment present in the reference genotype X strain, Kenya 1950. In addition, the strain described in this study had the signature AAABNAABA at the CVR (B602L) gene and showed 100% amino acid sequence identity to viruses responsible for recent ASF outbreaks in the region. The virus described in this study showed high genetic similarities with ASFV strains previously described in domestic pigs, wild suids, and soft ticks in East African countries, indicating a possible common wild source and continuous circulation in domestic pigs in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Lionel Nyabongo
- National Veterinary Laboratory of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Jean B Ntirandekura
- Department of Animal Health and Productions, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Clara Yona
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Biosciences, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Olivier Kamana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Busogo, Rwanda.,Department of Applied Research and Development and Foresight Incubation, National Industrial Research and Development Agency, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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65
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A recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick for rapid and specific detection of African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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66
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Zhu YS, Shao N, Chen JW, Qi WB, Li Y, Liu P, Chen YJ, Bian SY, Zhang Y, Tao SC. Multiplex and visual detection of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) based on Hive-Chip and direct loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1140:30-40. [PMID: 33218487 PMCID: PMC7542229 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), and has a mortality rate approaching 100%. It has already caused tremendous economy lost around the world. Without effective vaccine, rapid and accurate on-site detection plays an indispensable role in controlling outbreaks. Herein, by combining Hive-Chip and direct loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), we establish a multiplex and visual detection platform. LAMP primers targeting five ASFV genes (B646L, B962L, C717R, D1133L, and G1340L) were designed and pre-fixed in Hive-Chip. On-chip LAMP showed the limits of detection (LOD) of ASFV synthetic DNAs and mock samples are 30 and 50 copies per microliter, respectively, and there is no cross-reaction among the target genes. The overall performance of our platform is comparable to that of the commercial kits. From sample preparation to results readout, the entire process takes less than 70 min. Multiplex detection of real samples of ASFV and other swine viruses further demonstrates the high sensitivity and specificity of Hive-Chip. Overall, our platform provides a promising option for on-site, fast and accurate detection of ASFV. Hive-Chip firstly realized simultaneous detection of multiple genes of ASFV, largely avoiding false-negative results. Without nucleic acid extraction, direct LAMP was firstly incorporated into the Hive-Chip for visual detection. Because very little operation and no complicate instrument is required, on-site detection is possible for this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shou Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ning Shao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian-Wei Chen
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen-Bao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | - Yan Zhang
- CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Perfect Diagnosis Biotechnolgoy (ZhenCe) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200240, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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67
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Yona CM, Vanhee M, Simulundu E, Makange M, Nauwynck HJ, Misinzo G. Persistent domestic circulation of African swine fever virus in Tanzania, 2015-2017. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:369. [PMID: 33004025 PMCID: PMC7528248 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs that threatens livelihoods and food security. In Africa, ASF virus (ASFV) circulates in sylvatic (transmission between warthogs and soft argasid ticks) and domestic (transmission between domestic pigs) cycles, with outbreaks resulting from ASFV spill-over from sylvatic cycle. A number of outbreaks were reported in different parts of Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. The present study investigated ASFV transmission patterns through viral DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 3120 tissue samples were collected from 2396 domestic pigs during outbreaks at different locations in Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. Partial sequencing of the B646L (p72) gene was conducted for diagnostic confirmation and molecular characterization of ASFV. Phylogenetic analysis to study the relatedness of current ASFV with those that caused previous outbreaks in Tanzania and representatives of all known 24 ASFV was performed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood model with 1000 bootstrap replications in MEGA 6.0. Results ASFV was confirmed to cause disease in sampled domestic pigs. ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X were detected from reported outbreaks in 2015–2017. The current ASFV isolates were similar to those recently documented in the previous studies in Tanzania. The similarities of these isolates suggests for continuous circulation of ASFV with virus maintenance within the domestic pigs. Conclusions Genetic analysis confirmed the circulation of ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X by partial B646L (p72) gene sequencing. The similarities of current isolates to previously isolated Tanzanian isolates and pattern of disease spread suggest for continuous circulation of ASF with virus’ maintenance in the domestic pigs. Although certain viral genotypes seem to be geographically restricted into certain zones within Tanzania, genotype II seems to expand its geographical range northwards with the likelihood of spreading to other states of the East African Community. The spread of ASFV is due to breach of quarantine and transportation of infected pigs via major highways. Appropriate control measures including zoosanitary measures and quarantine enforcement are recommended to prevent ASF domestic circulation in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M Yona
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Biosciences, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Merijn Vanhee
- Department of Biotechnology, VIVES University College, Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mariam Makange
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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Patil SS, Suresh KP, Vashist V, Prajapati A, Pattnaik B, Roy P. African swine fever: A permanent threat to Indian pigs. Vet World 2020; 13:2275-2285. [PMID: 33281367 PMCID: PMC7704300 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2275-2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
India has 9 million pigs, of which 45% are in the North eastern (NE) states of India. Viral diseases affecting pigs are a major concern of mortality causing huge loss to the pig farmers. One such disease is African swine fever (ASF) that has already knocked the porous borders of NE states of India. ASF is a highly contagious devastating disease of pigs and wild boars causing 100% mortality. The causative agent African swine fever virus (ASFV) belongs to the genus Asfivirus, family Asfarviridae. Pig is the only species affected by this virus. Soft ticks (Ornithodoros genus) are shown to be reservoir and transmission vectors of ASFV. Transmission is very rapid and quickly engulfs the entire pig population. It is very difficult to differentiate classical swine fever from ASF since clinical symptoms overlap. Infected and in contact pigs should be culled immediately and buried deep, and sheds and premises be disinfected to control the disease. There is no vaccine available commercially. Since its first report in Kenya in 1921, the disease has been reported from the countries in Europe, Russian federation, China, and Myanmar. The disease is a threat to Indian pigs. OIE published the first report of ASF in India on May 21, 2020, wherein, a total of 3701 pigs died from 11 outbreaks (Morbidity - 38.45% and mortality - 33.89%) in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. ASF is non-zoonotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanagouda S. Patil
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Vikram Vashist
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Awadhesh Prajapati
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- One Health Center for Surveillance and Disease Dynamics, AIPH University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Bao M, Jensen E, Chang Y, Korensky G, Du K. Magnetic Bead-Quantum Dot (MB-Qdot) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Assay for Simple Viral DNA Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43435-43443. [PMID: 32886473 PMCID: PMC7500431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel detection system that couples clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas recognition of target sequences, Cas-mediated nucleic acid probe cleavage, and quantum dots as highly sensitive reporter molecules for simple detection of viral nucleic acid targets. After target recognition and Cas-mediated cleavage of biotinylated ssDNA probe molecules, the probe molecules are bound to magnetic beads. A complementary ssDNA oligonucleotide quantum dot conjugate is then added, which only hybridizes to uncleaved probes on the magnetic beads. After separating hybridized quantum dots, the collected supernatant is illuminated by a portable ultraviolet flashlight, and it provides a simple "Yes-or-No" nucleic acid detection answer. By using a DNA target matching part of the African swine fever virus, detection limits of ∼0.5 and ∼1.25 nM are achieved in buffer and porcine plasma, respectively. The positive samples are readily confirmed by visual inspection, completely avoiding the need for complicated devices and instruments. This work establishes the feasibility of a simple assay for nucleic acid screening in both hospitals and point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Bao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Rochester Institute of Technology,
Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Erik Jensen
- HJ Science &
Technology Inc., Berkeley, California 94710,
United States
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Rochester Institute of Technology,
Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Grant Korensky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Rochester Institute of Technology,
Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Rochester Institute of Technology,
Rochester, New York 14623, United States
- Department of Microsystems Engineering,
Rochester Institute of Technology,
Rochester, New York 14623, United States
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Rochester Institute of Technology,
Rochester, New York 14623, United States
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70
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Bisimwa PN, Ongus JR, Tiambo CK, Machuka EM, Bisimwa EB, Steinaa L, Pelle R. First detection of African swine fever (ASF) virus genotype X and serogroup 7 in symptomatic pigs in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Virol J 2020; 17:135. [PMID: 32883295 PMCID: PMC7468181 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic pigs. The analysis of variable regions of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome led to more genotypic and serotypic information about circulating strains. The present study aimed at investigating the genetic diversity of ASFV strains in symptomatic pigs in South Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples collected from 391 ASF symptomatic domestic pigs in 6 of 8 districts in South Kivu were screened for the presence of ASFV, using a VP73 gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the universal primer set PPA1-PPA2. To genotype the strains, we sequenced and compared the nucleotide sequences of PPA-positive samples at three loci: the C-terminus of B646L gene encoding the p72 protein, the E183L gene encoding the p54 protein, and the central hypervariable region (CVR) of the B602L gene encoding the J9L protein. In addition, to serotype and discriminate between closely related strains, the EP402L (CD2v) gene and the intergenic region between the I73R and I329L genes were analyzed. RESULTS ASFV was confirmed in 26 of 391 pigs tested. However, only 19 and 15 PPA-positive samples, respectively, were successfully sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed for p72 (B646L) and p54 (E183L). All the ASFV studied were of genotype X. The CVR tetrameric repeat clustered the ASFV strains in two subgroups: the Uvira subgroup (10 TRS repeats, AAAABNAABA) and another subgroup from all other strains (8 TRS repeats, AABNAABA). The phylogenetic analysis of the EP402L gene clustered all the strains into CD2v serogroup 7. Analyzing the intergenic region between I73R and I329L genes revealed that the strains were identical but contained a deletion of a 33-nucleotide internal repeat sequence compared to ASFV strain Kenya 1950. CONCLUSION ASFV genotype X and serogroup 7 was identified in the ASF disease outbreaks in South Kivu province of DRC in 2018-2019. This represents the first report of ASFV genotype X in DRC. CVR tetrameric repeat sequences clustered the ASFV strains studied in two subgroups. Our finding emphasizes the need for improved coordination of the control of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N. Bisimwa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Animal Science and Production, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Juliette R. Ongus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Christian K. Tiambo
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice M. Machuka
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Espoir B. Bisimwa
- Department of Animal Science and Production, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Naivasha Road, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
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Hakizimana JN, Kamwendo G, Chulu JLC, Kamana O, Nauwynck HJ, Misinzo G. Genetic profile of African swine fever virus responsible for the 2019 outbreak in northern Malawi. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:316. [PMID: 32859205 PMCID: PMC7455991 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary animal disease which causes high mortality, approaching 100% in domestic pigs and it is currently considered as the most serious constraint to domestic pig industry and food security globally. Despite regular ASF outbreaks within Malawi, few studies have genetically characterized the causative ASF virus (ASFV). This study aimed at genetic characterization of ASFV responsible for the 2019 outbreak in northern Malawi. The disease confirmation was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by molecular characterization of the causative ASFV by partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of the B646L (p72) gene, nucleotide alignment of the intergenic region (IGR) between I73R and I329L genes and translation of the central variable region (CVR) coded by B602L gene. Results All thirteen samples collected during this study in Karonga district in September 2019 were ASFV-positive and after partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of the B646L (p72) gene, the viruses clustered into ASFV p72 genotype II. The viruses characterized in this study lacked a GAATATATAG fragment between the I173R and the I329L genes and were classified as IGR I variants. Furthermore, the tetrameric amino acid repeats within the CVR of the B602L gene of the 2019 Malawian ASFV reported in this study had the signature BNDBNDBNAA, 100% similar to ASFV responsible for the 2013 and 2017 ASF outbreaks in Zambia and Tanzania, respectively. Conclusions The results of this study confirm an ASF outbreak in Karonga district in northern Malawi in September 2019. The virus was closely related to other p72 genotype II ASFV that caused outbreaks in neighboring eastern and southern African countries, emphasizing the possible regional transboundary transmission of this ASFV genotype. These findings call for a concerted regional and international effort to control the spread of ASF in order to improve nutritional and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - G Kamwendo
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - J L C Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - O Kamana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Busogo, Rwanda.,Department of Applied Research and Development and Foresight Incubation, National Industrial Research and Development Agency, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - H J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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72
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Yu LS, Chou SY, Wu HY, Chen YC, Chen YH. Rapid and semi-quantitative colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification detection of ASFV via HSV color model transformation. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:963-970. [PMID: 32868194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease of swine, the presence of which in groups of pigs leads to enormous economic losses in the farming industry. However, vaccines and drugs to treat ASF have yet to be developed. To control the spread of the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), a diagnostic method that can be applied rapidly and can detect the disease during the early stages of infection is urgently needed. METHODS In this study, we demonstrate a rapid and easy-to-use ASFV detection method that combines loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and image processing with the hue-saturation-value (HSV) color model. This method was validated through use of synthetic ASFV DNA. RESULTS The method shows high sensitivity, as it detects as few as 10 copies per reaction within 20 min. The speed and sensitivity of this newly developed assay are superior to those reported in previous studies. In addition, through HSV color space transformation, the colorimetric result of this LAMP assay can be used for a semi-quantitative analysis for ASFV (ranging from 108 to 101 copies per reaction) and improve the discern to low concentration samples from a negative control. CONCLUSION These results show that the combination of ASFV-LAMP assay and HSV color space transformation may accelerate the screening process of pigs for ASFV infection. Overall, this study provides a rapid, sensitive, early-stage, on-site diagnosis of ASFV infection and has potential to be applied to other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Shan Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | | | - Hsing-Yu Wu
- System Manufacturing Center, National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Graduate Medicine, Centre of Sepsis, Centre of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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73
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Peter E, Machuka E, Githae D, Okoth E, Cleaveland S, Shirima G, Kusiluka L, Pelle R. Detection of African swine fever virus genotype XV in a sylvatic cycle in Saadani National Park, Tanzania. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:813-823. [PMID: 32696552 PMCID: PMC8246581 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs caused by ASF virus (ASFV). ASFV is transmitted by soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata complex group) and by direct transmission. In Africa, ASF is maintained in transmission cycles of asymptomatic infection involving wild suids, mainly warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). ASF outbreaks have been reported in many parts of Tanzania; however, active surveillance has been limited to pig farms in a few geographical locations. There is an information gap on whether and where the sylvatic cycle may occur independently of domestic pigs. To explore the existence of a sylvatic cycle in Saadani National Park in Tanzania, blood and serum samples were collected from 19 warthogs selected using convenience sampling along vehicle-accessible transects within the national park. The ticks were sampled from warthog burrows. Blood samples and ticks were subjected to ASFV molecular diagnosis (PCR) and genotyping, and warthog sera were subjected to serological (indirect ELISA) testing for ASFV antibody detection. All warthog blood samples were PCR-negative, but 16/19 (84%) of the warthog sera were seropositive by ELISA confirming exposure of warthogs to ASFV. Of the ticks sampled, 20/111 (18%) were positive for ASFV by conventional PCR. Sequencing of the p72 virus gene fragments showed that ASF viruses detected in ticks belonged to genotype XV. The results confirm the existence of a sylvatic cycle of ASFV in Saadani National Park, Tanzania, that involves ticks and warthogs independent of domestic pigs. Our findings suggest that genotype XV previously reported in 2008 in Tanzania is likely to be widely distributed and involved in both wild and domestic infection cycles. Whole-genome sequencing and analysis of the ASFV genotype XV circulating in Tanzania is recommended to determine the phylogeny of the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Peter
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya.,Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.,Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eunice Machuka
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dedan Githae
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward Okoth
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Lughano Kusiluka
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.,Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
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74
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Zeng D, Qian B, Zhao K, Qian Y, Chen W, Su J, Ren J, Tang F, Xue F, Li J, Jiang Y, Wu X, Dai J. Rapid on-site detection of African swine fever virus using polymerase chain reaction with a lateral flow strip. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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75
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Truong AD, Ly DV, Vu TH, Hoang VT, Nguyen TC, Chu TN, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TV, Pham NT, Tran HTT, Dang HV. Unexpected cases in field diagnosis of African swine fever virus in Vietnam: The needs consideration when performing molecular diagnostic tests. Open Vet J 2020; 10:189-197. [PMID: 32821663 PMCID: PMC7419073 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The first confirmed case of African swine fever (ASF) in Vietnam was reported officially in February 2019. To date, ASF virus (ASFV) have been detected in 63/63 provinces in Vietnam. Currently, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered to be a powerful tool for viral detection in field samples, including ASFV. However, some recent reports have suggested that mismatches in primer and probe binding regions may directly affect real-time PCR qualification, leading a false-negative result. Aim This study aims to further examine a conflicting result obtained from two OIE recommended methods, conventional PCR and real-time PCR, for ASFV detection. Methods Two ASF suspected pigs from different provinces in the north of Vietnam were selected for this study based on clinical signs and postmortem lesions. The different results obtained by OIE-recommended conventional PCR and real-time PCR were further analyzed by the Sanger sequencing method and virus isolation in combination with hemadsorption (HAD) test using porcine alveolar macrophages cells. Results The results showed that when the primer sequence matched perfectly with the sequences of field isolates, a mutation in probe binding region was found, indicating that a single mismatch in the probe binding site may cause a false-negative result by real-time PCR in detecting ASFV in clinical samples in Vietnam. An agreement between conventional PCR, using PPA1/PPA2 primers and two golden standard methods, virus isolation in combination with HAD assay, and sequencing method was observed in this study. Conclusion A single mismatch in the probe binding site caused a failse-negative result by realtime PCR method in field diagnosis of ASFV. The needs consideration when selecting the appropriate molecular diagnostic methods is based on the current databases of ASFV sequences, particularly for epidemiological surveillance of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ly
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hao Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Tuan Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Chinh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Nhu Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - The Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Thi Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
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76
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Chambaro HM, Sasaki M, Sinkala Y, Gonzalez G, Squarre D, Fandamu P, Lubaba C, Mataa L, Shawa M, Mwape KE, Gabriël S, Chembensofu M, Carr MJ, Hall WW, Qiu Y, Kajihara M, Takada A, Orba Y, Simulundu E, Sawa H. Evidence for exposure of asymptomatic domestic pigs to African swine fever virus during an inter-epidemic period in Zambia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2741-2752. [PMID: 32434281 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes persistent outbreaks in endemic and non-endemic regions in Zambia. However, the epidemiology of the disease is poorly understood, particularly during the inter-epidemic periods. We conducted surveillance for ASF in asymptomatic domestic pigs and soft ticks in selected Zambian provinces. While serum samples (n = 1,134) were collected from crossbred pigs from all study sites between 2014 and 2017, whole blood (n = 300) was collected from both crossbred and indigenous pigs in Eastern Province (EP) in 2017. Soft ticks were collected from Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in Southern Province (SP) in 2019. Sera were screened for antibodies against ASF by ELISA while genome detection in whole blood and soft ticks was conducted by PCR. Ticks were identified morphologically and by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Seroprevalence was highest in EP (50.9%, 95% CI [47.0-54.9]) compared to significantly lower rates in SP (2.9%, 95% CI [1.6-5.1]). No antibodies to ASFV were detected in Lusaka Province. In EP, the prevalence of ASFV genome was 11.7% (35/300), significantly higher (OR = 6.2, 95% CI [2.4-16.6]) in indigenous pigs compared to crossbred pigs. The pooled prevalence of ASFV genome in ticks was 11.0%, 95% CI [8.5-13.9]. Free-range husbandry system was the only factor that was significantly associated with seropositive (p < .0001, OR = 39.3) and PCR-positive results (p < .001, OR = 5.7). Phylogenetically, based on the p72 gene, ASFV from Ornithodoros moubata ticks detected in this study belonged to genotype I, but they separated into two distinct clusters. Besides confirming ASF endemicity in EP and the presence of ASFV-infected ticks in SP, these results provide evidence for exposure of domestic pigs to ASFV in non-endemic regions during the inter-epidemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman M Chambaro
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.,Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yona Sinkala
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - David Squarre
- Wildlife Veterinary Unit, Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lusaka, Zambia.,Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Paul Fandamu
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kabemba E Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mwelwa Chembensofu
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michael J Carr
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - William W Hall
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
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77
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Gaudreault NN, Madden DW, Wilson WC, Trujillo JD, Richt JA. African Swine Fever Virus: An Emerging DNA Arbovirus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:215. [PMID: 32478103 PMCID: PMC7237725 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the sole member of the family Asfarviridae, and the only known DNA arbovirus. Since its identification in Kenya in 1921, ASFV has remained endemic in Africa, maintained in a sylvatic cycle between Ornithodoros soft ticks and warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) which do not develop clinical disease with ASFV infection. However, ASFV causes a devastating and economically significant disease of domestic (Sus scrofa domesticus) and feral (Sus scrofa ferus) swine. There is no ASFV vaccine available, and current control measures consist of strict animal quarantine and culling procedures. The virus is highly stable and easily spreads by infected swine, contaminated pork products and fomites, or via transmission by the Ornithodoros vector. Competent Ornithodoros argasid soft tick vectors are known to exist not only in Africa, but also in parts of Europe and the Americas. Once ASFV is established in the argasid soft tick vector, eradication can be difficult due to the long lifespan of Ornithodoros ticks and their proclivity to inhabit the burrows of warthogs or pens and shelters of domestic pigs. Establishment of endemic ASFV infections in wild boar populations further complicates the control of ASF. Between the late 1950s and early 1980s, ASFV emerged in Europe, Russia and South America, but was mostly eradicated by the mid-1990s. In 2007, a highly virulent genotype II ASFV strain emerged in the Caucasus region and subsequently spread into the Russian Federation and Europe, where it has continued to circulate and spread. Most recently, ASFV emerged in China and has now spread to several neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. The high morbidity and mortality associated with ASFV, the lack of an efficacious vaccine, and the complex makeup of the ASFV virion and genome as well as its lifecycle, make this pathogen a serious threat to the global swine industry and national economies. Topics covered by this review include factors important for ASFV infection, replication, maintenance, and transmission, with attention to the role of the argasid tick vector and the sylvatic transmission cycle, current and future control strategies for ASF, and knowledge gaps regarding the virus itself, its vector and host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Daniel W. Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - William C. Wilson
- Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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78
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Schoder ME, Tignon M, Linden A, Vervaeke M, Cay AB. Evaluation of seven commercial African swine fever virus detection kits and three Taq polymerases on 300 well-characterized field samples. J Virol Methods 2020; 280:113874. [PMID: 32360149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex double stranded DNA virus, responsible for a highly infectious and fatal disease in pigs and boars and for important deterioration of animal welfare. Over the last decade, the disease spread to several European and Asian countries causing unprecedented dramatic economic losses in pig industry. In the absence of a vaccine, affected countries rely on trustful diagnostic tests and adapted testing policies to set up control programs to fight against the disease. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of seven commercially available ASFV real-time PCR detection kits and three Taq polymerases on 300 well-characterized wild boar samples collected in Belgium during the 2018-2019 outbreak. This study confirms that all commercial kits and two Taq polymerases are suitable for ASFV detection in diagnostic laboratories. Furthermore, the use of endogenous controls is emphasized when testing field samples harvested on carcasses in an advanced stage of decomposition, in order to avoid false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Schoder
- Sciensano, Directorate of Infectious diseases in animals, Service of Enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, 99 Groeselenbergstraat, 1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marylène Tignon
- Sciensano, Directorate of Infectious diseases in animals, Service of Enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, 99 Groeselenbergstraat, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annick Linden
- Surveillance Network of Wildlife Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, University of Liege, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Muriel Vervaeke
- Agentschap voor Natuur en Bos (ANB), Havenlaan 88 bus 75, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Sciensano, Directorate of Infectious diseases in animals, Service of Enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, 99 Groeselenbergstraat, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
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79
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Lin Y, Cao C, Shi W, Huang C, Zeng S, Sun J, Wu J, Hua Q. Development of a triplex real-time PCR assay for detection and differentiation of gene-deleted and wild-type African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 280:113875. [PMID: 32333943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease of domestic and wild pigs, caused by ASF virus (ASFV). In this study, a triplex real-time PCR assay was developed to detect and differentiate the gene-deleted and wild-type ASFV strains. Three pairs of primers and probes were designed to target the conserved region of B646L gene (p72), MGF_360-14L gene (located in the middle of MGF360-505R gene) and CD2v gene, respectively. Gene-deleted (with MGF360-505R and / or CD2v genes deletion) and wild-type ASFV strains were detected specifically and simultaneously by the assay developed without cross-reactions with other nucleic acids of PCV-2, CSFV, PRRSV, FMDV or SVA. The detection limits of the triplex rPCR were 7.9 copies, 9.7 copies, and 9.6 copies of standard plasmid DNA containing B646L gene, MGF_360-14L gene and CD2v gene, respectively. A total of 1215 field samples were tested in parallel by the triplex rPCR and real-time PCR recommended by OIE, and the B646L gene detection results were completely consistent between these two assays. The triplex rPCR assay was successfully developed to identify pigs infected with wild-type ASFV strains or immunized with the ASFV gene-deleted vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Lin
- Inspection and Quarantine Center for Animals and Plants, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, PR China
| | - Chenfu Cao
- Inspection and Quarantine Center for Animals and Plants, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, PR China
| | - Weijun Shi
- Inspection and Quarantine Center for Animals and Plants, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, PR China
| | - Chaohua Huang
- Inspection and Quarantine Center for Animals and Plants, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, PR China
| | - Shaoling Zeng
- Inspection and Quarantine Center for Animals and Plants, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Inspection and Quarantine Center for Animals and Plants, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, PR China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Inspection and Quarantine Center for Animals and Plants, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, PR China
| | - Qunyi Hua
- Inspection and Quarantine Center for Animals and Plants, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, 518045, PR China.
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80
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Lu S, Li F, Chen Q, Wu J, Duan J, Lei X, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Bu Z, Yin H. Rapid detection of African swine fever virus using Cas12a-based portable paper diagnostics. Cell Discov 2020; 6:18. [PMID: 32284877 PMCID: PMC7136273 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a dsDNA virus responsible for a severe, highly contagious, and lethal disease affecting both domestic and wild pigs. ASFV has brought enormous economic loss to a number of countries, and effective vaccine and therapy are still lacking. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable detection of ASFV is important for disease surveillance and control. Herein, we developed a Cas12a-mediated portable paper assay to rapidly and precisely detect ASFV. We identified a robust set of crRNAs that recognized the highly conserved region of essential ASFV genes. The Cas12a-mediated detection assay showed low tolerance for mismatch mutations, and no cross-reactivity against other common swine pathogens. We further developed a paper-based assay to allow instrument-free detection of ASFV. Specifically, we applied gold nanoparticle-antibody conjugate to engineer homemade strips and combined it with Cas12a-mediated ASFV detection. This portable paper, instrument-free diagnostics, faithfully detected ASFV in swine samples, showing comparable sensitivity to the traditionally instrument-dependent qPCR method. Taking together, we developed a highly sensitive, instant, and economic Cas12a-mediated paper diagnostics of ASFV, with a great application potential for monitoring ASFV in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qiubing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyi Duan
- Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinlin Lei
- Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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81
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He Q, Yu D, Bao M, Korensky G, Chen J, Shin M, Kim J, Park M, Qin P, Du K. High-throughput and all-solution phase African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) detection using CRISPR-Cas12a and fluorescence based point-of-care system. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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82
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Kim SH, Kim J, Son K, Choi Y, Jeong HS, Kim YK, Park JE, Hong YJ, Lee SI, Wang SJ, Lee HS, Kim WM, Jheong WH. Wild boar harbouring African swine fever virus in the demilitarized zone in South Korea, 2019. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:628-630. [PMID: 32183615 PMCID: PMC7144197 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1738904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first detected in wild boar in the Demilitarized Zone, a bordered area between South and North Korea, on 2 October 2019. Phylogenetic analyses of ASFV genes encoding p72 and CD2v indicated that the causative strain belongs to genotype II and serogroup 8, respectively, and contained additional tandem repeat sequences between the I73R and the I329L protein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Kim
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jisoo Kim
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kidong Son
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yongjun Choi
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Jeong
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Kwan Kim
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Jee Hong
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Song-I Lee
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Wang
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Seo Lee
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Won-Meong Kim
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Weon-Hwa Jheong
- Biosafety Research Team, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
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83
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CRISPR/Cas12a technology combined with immunochromatographic strips for portable detection of African swine fever virus. Commun Biol 2020; 3:62. [PMID: 32047240 PMCID: PMC7012833 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), the aetiological agent of African swine fever (ASF), causes lethal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs with high mortality and morbidity and has devastating consequences on the global swine industry. On-site rapid and sensitive detection of ASFV is key to the timely implementation of control. In this study, we developed a rapid, sensitive and instrument-free ASFV detection method based on CRISPR/Cas12a technology and lateral flow detection (named CRISPR/Cas12a-LFD). The limit of detection of CRISPR/Cas12a-LFD is 20 copies of ASFV genomic DNA per reaction, and the detection process can be completed in an hour. The assay showed no cross-reactivity with other swine DNA viruses, and has 100% agreement with real-time PCR detection of ASFV in 149 clinical samples. Overall, the CRISPR/Cas12a-LFD method provides a novel alternative for the portable, simple, sensitive, and specific detection of ASFV and may contribute to the prevention and control of ASF outbreaks. Wang et al. developed a method to detect the African Swine Fever Virus on site using CRISPR/Cas12a technology and lateral flow detection. This method is portable, sensitive and specific for ASFV and can help in controlling ASFV outbreak.
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84
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[African swine fever]. Uirusu 2020; 70:15-28. [PMID: 33967108 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic infectious disease of Suids, which is endemic in sub-Saharan area of African continent. ASF is usually circulating sub-symptomatically among wild species of Suidae family, such as warthogs and bush pigs, by mediating Ornithodoros soft ticks. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) are, however, highly sensitive to the infection and show severe clinical signs with a high mortality rate, resulting a huge impact on pork production. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available. The etiological agent, ASFV, is highly resistant to environmental conditions, and resides in unheated pork meat or pork meat products for a long period, which may be a chance of its long-distance spread. Since August 2018, ASFV has been circulating in East and Southeast Asian countries and may possibly be introduced into Japan. Here, I describe the outline of the disease and the etiology of the pathogen in order to remind the importance of "awareness" and "preparedness" for the disease.
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85
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Kading RC, Abworo EO, Hamer GL. Rift Valley Fever Virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, and African Swine Fever Virus: Three Transboundary, Vector-Borne, Veterinary Biothreats With Diverse Surveillance, and Response Capacity Needs. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:458. [PMID: 31921916 PMCID: PMC6923192 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of emerging foreign animal diseases is critical to pathogen surveillance and control programs. Rift valley fever virus (RVFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and African swine fever virus (ASFV) represent three taxonomically and ecologically diverse vector-borne viruses with the potential to be introduced to the United States. To promote preparedness for such an event, we reviewed the current surveillance strategies and diagnostic tools in practice around the world for these emerging viruses, and summarized key points pertaining to the availability of existing guidelines and strategic approaches for early detection, surveillance, and disease management activities. We compare and contrast the surveillance and management approaches of these three diverse agents of disease as case studies to emphasize the importance of the ecological context and biology of vectors and vertebrate hosts. The information presented in this review will inform stakeholders of the current state of surveillance approaches against these transboundary foreign animal disease which threaten the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C Kading
- Arthropod-Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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86
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Evidence for the presence of African swine fever virus in apparently healthy pigs in South-Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108521. [PMID: 31902515 PMCID: PMC7045278 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The high level of antibody in adult animal kept in free-range system emphasis use of good husbandry practices. The presence of viral DNA in apparently healthy animals help in understanding the persistence of ASF. The differences in ecological conditions may play a key role in virus transmission. Identification of ASFV genotype IX confirms spread of the virus throughout the country.
African swine fever (ASF) is the most important disease constraining smallholder pig production in the Democratic Republic of Congo, causing high mortality in domestic pigs with severe impacts on the livelihoods of local populations. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of ASF and circulating virus genotypes in asymptomatic pigs raised on smallholder farms in the South Kivu province to understand the transmission dynamics of ASF and ultimately improving disease control. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 5 districts where 267 pig blood were screened for both antibody and viral genome using indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) respectively. Additionally, amplicons from PCR positive samples were sequenced by Sanger method for genetic analysis of ASF virus (ASFV) based on the C-terminal region of the B646L gene that encodes the major capsid protein p72 and the gene E183L encoding the p54 protein. The overall seroprevalence obtained based on antibody to p30 protein was 37 % and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in adult (>1 year) animals (44.7 %) than in younger (<1 year) ones (33.5 %). Moreover, the seropositivity varied significantly (P < 0.05) according to the pig husbandry system practiced within the districts investigated with Uvira (55 %) and Mwenga (42.2 %) having the highest ASFV antibodies, while the lowest (10.5 %) were in Kalehe. Free-range pigs exhibited a higher level of seropositivity to ASFV antibody (68.9 %) than pigs kept in the pigsty housing system (21.6 %). However, no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed when sex of the animal and breed were factored. PCR detection of ASFV amplified a specific band of expected size (257 bp) in 61 out of 267 blood samples, confirming the presence of the viral DNA in 22.8 % of asymptomatic domestic pigs. Statistical analysis revealed that ASFV infection in domestic pigs varied significantly (p < 0.001) according to geographical location and breed, with the highest infection rate found in Walungu district (33.7 %) while the lowest was registered in Kalehe (15.8 %). Local pigs (27.2 %) were more infected than crosses (9.2 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the p72 and p54 genes revealed that all the ASFV detected belonged to genotype IX, which has previously been reported in other parts of DR Congo, and was clustered together with isolates from Kenya, Uganda and Republic of Congo. This study avails the first evidence of the presence of ASF virus in domestic pigs in the absence of outbreaks in South Kivu province, eastern DR Congo, indicating a need to raise awareness among pig farmers and veterinary authorities on the application of biosecurity measures and good husbandry practices to control the disease.
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87
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Wang D, Yu J, Wang Y, Zhang M, Li P, Liu M, Liu Y. Development of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and visual LAMP assay for detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV). J Virol Methods 2019; 276:113775. [PMID: 31726114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal disease caused by a virus in domestic pigs. In this study, a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and visual LAMP assay were developed for the detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV). LAMP primers targeting the p10 gene of ASFV were designed, the LAMP reaction system was optimized with plasmid pUC57 containing the p10 gene sequence, and the specificities of the real-time LAMP and the visual assays were tested with the DNA or cDNA of pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and ASFV, as well as the plasmid pUC57 containing the p10 gene sequence. The detection limits were determined using a serial dilution of plasmid pUC57 containing the p10 gene sequence. Our results showed that the LAMP assays could accurately and specifically detect ASFV with a detection limit of 30 copies per μl-1 of pUC57 containing p10 gene sequence. In addition, the LAMP assays were further evaluated using various genotypes of ASFV strains. Furthermore, the LAMP assays are comparable with the well-established real-time PCR assay. This study provides promising solutions for facilitating preliminary and cost-effective surveillance for prevention and control of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Xuchang University, Xuchang, 461000, China
| | - Jianghan Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yongzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Xuchang University, Xuchang, 461000, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Peng Li
- XinXiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Zhumadian Veterinary Drug & Feed (Animal Products) Inspection and Testing Center, Zhumadian, 463000, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
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88
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Wang A, Jia R, Liu Y, Zhou J, Qi Y, Chen Y, Liu D, Zhao J, Shi H, Zhang J, Zhang G. Development of a novel quantitative real-time PCR assay with lyophilized powder reagent to detect African swine fever virus in blood samples of domestic pigs in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:284-297. [PMID: 31483566 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease, which is causing huge economic losses in China. Therefore, it is urgent to provide a rapid, highly specific and sensitive diagnostic method for the detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV), the ASF infectious agent. In this study, a novel quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay with lyophilized powder reagents (LPR), targeting the major structural protein p72 gene, was established for the detection of ASFV. This assay had many advantages, such as saving time and money, good sensitivity and repeatability. The sensitivity of this assay was 100 copies/μl of ASFV plasmid templates, and the assay showed 10-fold greater sensitivity than a qPCR assay recommended by OIE. Furthermore, specificity analysis showed that qPCR with LPR for ASFV had no cross-reactivity with other important swine pathogens. In clinical diagnoses of 218 blood samples of domestic pigs in China, the positive rate of the diagnosis of ASFV by qPCR with the LPR and commercial kit reached 80.73% (176/218) and 76.61% (167/218) respectively. The coincidence rate between the two assays is 92.20% (201/218), and kappa value is 0.768 (p < .0001) by SPSS analysis. The overall agreement between the two assays was 95.87% (209/218). Further Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the two assays with an R2 value of 0.9438. The entire procedure, from specimen processing to result reporting, can be completed within 2 hr. Our results demonstrated that the qPCR-LPR assay is a good laboratory diagnostic tool for sensitive and efficient detection of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanming Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haining Shi
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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89
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Zhao D, Liu R, Zhang X, Li F, Wang J, Zhang J, Liu X, Wang L, Zhang J, Wu X, Guan Y, Chen W, Wang X, He X, Bu Z. Replication and virulence in pigs of the first African swine fever virus isolated in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:438-447. [PMID: 30898043 PMCID: PMC6455124 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1590128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) entered China in August 2018 and rapidly spread across the entire country, severely threatening the Chinese domestic pig population, which accounts for more than 50% of the pig population worldwide. In this study, an ASFV isolate, Pig/Heilongjiang/2018 (Pig/HLJ/18), was isolated in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) from a pig sample from an ASF outbreak farm. The isolate was characterized by using the haemadsorption (HAD) test, Western blotting and immunofluorescence, and electronic microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral p72 gene revealed that Pig/HLJ/18 belongs to Genotype II. Infectious titres of virus propagated in primary PAMs and pig marrow macrophages were as high as 107.2 HAD50/ml. Specific-pathogen-free pigs intramuscularly inoculated with different virus dosages at 103.5-106.5 HAD50 showed acute disease with fever and haemorrhagic signs. The incubation periods were 3-5 days for virus-inoculated pigs and 9 days for contact pigs. All virus-inoculated pigs died between 6-9 days post-inoculation (p.i.), and the contact pigs died between 13-14 days post-contact (p.c.). Viremia started on day 2 p.i. in inoculated pigs and on day 9 p.c. in contact pigs. Viral genomic DNA started to be detected from oral and rectal swab samples on 2-5 days p.i. in virus-inoculated pigs, and 6-10 days p.c. in contact pigs. These results indicate that Pig/HLJ/18 is highly virulent and transmissible in domestic pigs. Our study demonstrates the threat of ASFV and emphasizes the need to control and eradicate ASF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Renqiang Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- b National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoer Zhang
- b National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhou Wu
- b National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- b National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiye Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Xijun Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Xijun He
- b National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin , People's Republic of China.,b National High Containment Laboratory for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention , Harbin , People's Republic of China
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90
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Chang'a JS, Mayenga C, Settypalli TBK, Achenbach JE, Mwanandota JJ, Magidanga B, Cattoli G, Jeremiah M, Kamigwe A, Guo S, Kalabi D, Mramba F, Lamien CE. Symptomatic and asymptomatic cases of African swine fever in Tanzania. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2402-2410. [PMID: 31325213 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly viral haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). In ASF endemic countries, there are an increasing number of reports on circulating ASFV strains with different levels of virulence causing a broad range of clinical symptoms in susceptible animals. Tanzania, where ASFV is endemic since 2001, recorded several outbreaks including symptomatic and asymptomatic cases between 2015 and 2017. We collected 35 clinical samples from four outbreaks for diagnostic confirmation and sequenced the partial B646L (p72), the full E183L (p54) gene, the central variable region of the B602L gene and the intergenic region between the I73R and I329L genes to characterize molecularly the new ASFV isolates and analyse their relatedness with previously reported Tanzanian and foreign isolates. We detected ASFV in 21 samples, 15 from symptomatic and six from asymptomatic pigs. Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial p72 gene and the complete p54 (E183L) genes revealed that the ASFVs in samples from symptomatic pigs belonged to genotypes II and those in samples from asymptomatic pigs belonged to genotype IX. The CVR profiles of the p72 genotype II and genotype IX isolates differed between each other and from previously published Tanzanian sequences. The sequence analysis of the intergenic region between the I73R and I329L for the 2017 genotype II isolates showed the absence of one GGAATATATA motif in those isolates. This study showed the simultaneous circulation of two different ASFV genotypes with different levels of pathogenicity in Tanzania. Since the existence of sub-clinically infected pigs may contribute to the persistence of the virus, our findings suggest continuous surveillance and characterization of ASFV isolates in disease-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelly S Chang'a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Mayenga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Julius J Mwanandota
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bishop Magidanga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mashaka Jeremiah
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Aloyce Kamigwe
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Shukuru Guo
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Denis Kalabi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Furaha Mramba
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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91
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Gallardo C, Fernández-Pinero J, Arias M. African swine fever (ASF) diagnosis, an essential tool in the epidemiological investigation. Virus Res 2019; 271:197676. [PMID: 31362027 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since there is no vaccine available, prevention, control, and eradication of African swine fever (ASF) is based on the implementation of appropriated surveillance and strict sanitary measures. Success of surveillance activities depends on the availability of the most appropriate diagnostic tests. Although a number of good validated ASF diagnostic techniques are available, the interpretation of the ASF diagnostic results can be complex. The reasons lie in the complexity of the epidemiology with different scenarios, as well as in the characteristics of the viruses circulating giving rise to a wide range of clinical forms of ASF. This review provides guidance for an accurate interpretation of ASF diagnostic results linked to the different clinical presentations ranging from per-acute to chronic disease, including apparently asymptomatic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Fernández-Pinero
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
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92
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Miao F, Zhang J, Li N, Chen T, Wang L, Zhang F, Mi L, Zhang J, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhang S, Hu R. Rapid and Sensitive Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined With Lateral Flow Strip for Detecting African Swine Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1004. [PMID: 31156571 PMCID: PMC6530510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), the etiological agent of African swine fever (ASF), a hemorrhagic fever of domestic pigs, has devastating consequences for the pig farming industry. More than 1,000,000 pigs have been slaughtered since 3 August 2018 in China. However, vaccines or drugs for ASF have yet to be developed. As such, a rapid test that can accurately detect ASFV on-site is important to the timely implementation of control measures. In this study, we developed a rapid test that combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) of the ASFV p72 gene with lateral flow detection (LFD). Results showed that the sensitivity of recombinase polymerase amplification with lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) for ASFV was 150 copies per reaction within 10 min at 38°C. The assay was highly specific to ASFV and had no cross-reactions with other porcine viruses, including classical swine fever virus (CSFV). A total of 145 field samples were examined using our method, and the agreement of the positive rate between RPA-LFD (10/145) and real-time PCR (10/145) was 100%. Overall, RPA-LFD provides a novel alternative for the simple, sensitive, and specific identification of ASFV and showed potential for on-site ASFV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Miao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xintao Zhou
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
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93
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Molecular Characterization of African Swine Fever Viruses from Outbreaks in Peri-Urban Kampala, Uganda. Adv Virol 2019; 2019:1463245. [PMID: 31057618 PMCID: PMC6463604 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1463245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary disease of domestic pigs and wild swine and is currently the most serious constraint to piggery in Uganda. The causative agent of ASF is a large double-stranded linear DNA virus with a complex structure. There are twenty-four ASFV genotypes described to date; however, in Uganda, only genotypes IX and X have been previously described. Inadequate ASF outbreak investigation has contributed to the delayed establishment of effective interventions to aid the control of ASF. Continuous virus characterization enhances the understanding of ASF epidemiology in terms of viral genome variations, extent, severity, and the potential source of the viruses responsible for outbreaks. We collected samples from pigs that had died of a hemorrhagic disease indicative of ASF. DNA was extracted from all samples and screened with the OIE recommended diagnostic PCR for ASF. Partial B646L (p72), full-length E183L (p54) genes, and CVR region of the P72 gene were amplified, purified, and sequenced. Web-based BLAST and MEGA X software were used for sequence analysis. ASF was confirmed in 10 of the 15 suspected pig samples. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed circulation of genotype IX by both full-length E183 (p54) and partial B646L (p72) gene sequencing. Intragenotypic resolution of the CVR region revealed major deletions in the virus genome, in some isolates of this study. The marked reduction in the number of tetrameric tandem repeats in some isolates of this study could potentially play a role in influencing the virulence of this particular genotype IX in Uganda.
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94
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Couacy‐Hymann E, Kouakou KV, Achenbach JE, Kouadio L, Koffi YM, Godji HP, Adjé KE, Oulaï J, Pell‐Minhiaud HJ, Lamien CE. Re‐emergence of genotype I of African swine fever virus in Ivory Coast. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:882-896. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kouamé V. Kouakou
- LANADA/Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases Bingerville Ivory Coast
| | | | - Léonce Kouadio
- LANADA/Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases Bingerville Ivory Coast
| | - Yao M. Koffi
- LANADA/Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases Bingerville Ivory Coast
| | - Hugues P. Godji
- LANADA/Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases Bingerville Ivory Coast
| | - Kouassi E. Adjé
- LANADA/Central Laboratory for Animal Diseases Bingerville Ivory Coast
| | - Jonas Oulaï
- Central Veterinary Services Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Abidjan Ivory Coast
| | | | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Vienna Austria
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95
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Simulundu E, Sinkala Y, Chambaro HM, Chinyemba A, Banda F, Mooya LE, Ndebe J, Chitanga S, Makungu C, Munthali G, Fandamu P, Takada A, Mweene AS. Genetic characterisation of African swine fever virus from 2017 outbreaks in Zambia: Identification of p72 genotype II variants in domestic pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 85:e1-e5. [PMID: 30035596 PMCID: PMC6238689 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious haemorrhagic disease associated with causing heavy economic losses to the swine industry in many African countries. In 2017, Zambia experienced ASF outbreaks in Mbala District (Northern province) and for the first time in Isoka and Chinsali districts (Muchinga province). Meanwhile, another outbreak was observed in Chipata District (Eastern province). Genetic analysis of part of the B646L gene, E183L gene, CP204L gene and the central variable region of the B602L gene of ASF virus (ASFV) associated with the outbreaks in Mbala and Chipata districts was conducted. The results revealed that the ASFV detected in Mbala District was highly similar to that of the Georgia 2007/1 isolate across all the genome regions analysed. In contrast, while showing close relationship with the Georgia 2007/1 virus in the B646L gene, the ASFV detected in Chipata District showed remarkable genetic variation in the rest of the genes analysed. These results suggest that the Georgia 2007/1-like virus could be more diverse than what was previously thought, underscoring the need of continued surveillance and monitoring of ASFVs within the south-eastern African region to better understand their epidemiology and the relationships between outbreaks and their possible origin.
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96
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Brown VR, Bevins SN. A Review of African Swine Fever and the Potential for Introduction into the United States and the Possibility of Subsequent Establishment in Feral Swine and Native Ticks. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 29468165 PMCID: PMC5808196 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality events in swine. The virus can be transmitted via direct and indirect contacts with infected swine, their products, or competent vector species, especially Ornithodoros ticks. Africa and much of Eastern Europe are endemic for ASF; a viral introduction to countries that are currently ASF free could have severe economic consequences due to the loss of production from infected animals and the trade restrictions that would likely be imposed as a result of an outbreak. We identified vulnerabilities that could lead to ASFV introduction or persistence in the United States or other ASF-free regions. Both legal and illegal movements of live animals, as well as the importation of animal products, byproducts, and animal feed, pose a risk of virus introduction. Each route is described, and current regulations designed to prevent ASFV and other pathogens from entering the United States are outlined. Furthermore, existing ASFV research gaps are highlighted. Laboratory experiments to evaluate multiple species of Ornithodoros ticks that have yet to be characterized would be useful to understand vector competence, host preferences, and distribution of competent soft tick vectors in relation to high pig production areas as well as regions with high feral swine (wild boar or similar) densities. Knowledge relative to antigenic viral proteins that contribute to host response and determination of immune mechanisms that lead to protection are foundational in the quest for a vaccine. Finally, sampling of illegally imported and confiscated wild suid products for ASFV could shed light on the types of products being imported and provide a more informed perspective relative to the risk of ASFV importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R. Brown
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Sarah N. Bevins
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, United States
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97
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Onzere CK, Bastos AD, Okoth EA, Lichoti JK, Bochere EN, Owido MG, Ndambuki G, Bronsvoort M, Bishop RP. Multi-locus sequence typing of African swine fever viruses from endemic regions of Kenya and Eastern Uganda (2011-2013) reveals rapid B602L central variable region evolution. Virus Genes 2018; 54:111-123. [PMID: 29143187 PMCID: PMC5847163 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The central variable region (CVR) within the B602L gene of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) is highly polymorphic within the 23 ASFV genotypes defined by sequencing of the C-terminal end of the p72 locus. Sequencing the p54 gene further discriminates ASFV genotypes that are conserved at the p72 locus. Variation in the thymidine kinase locus is a novel additional tool for ASFV genotyping whose application for this purpose is described for the first time herein. We evaluated genetic variation at these four polymorphic loci in 39 ASFV isolates obtained from outbreaks in Kenya and a region of Eastern Uganda between 2011 and 2013. Analysis of the p72 and p54 loci revealed high genetic conservation among these isolates; all clustered within p72 genotype IX and were similar to isolates associated with earlier outbreaks in East Africa. The thymidine kinase gene of the Kenyan isolates in this study were distinct relative to Southern African isolates and synonymous substitutions were observed among viruses from central Kenya. Analysis of the CVR within the B602L gene revealed two previously unknown polymorphisms that were restricted to Western Kenya and Eastern Uganda. A novel variant was revealed within CVR subgroup XXIV and a novel CVR subgroup XXIVa that contains tetrameric repeat F which has previously only been associated with p72 genotype I, was also identified for the first time in East Africa. Phylogeographic analysis of isolates based on CVR polymorphisms revealed rapid evolution and dissemination of variants present within ASFV genotype IX in East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. K. Onzere
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4S Scotland, UK
| | - A. D. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa
| | - E. A. Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - J. K. Lichoti
- State Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Private Bag-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E. N. Bochere
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - M. G. Owido
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - G. Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - M. Bronsvoort
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4S Scotland, UK
| | - R. P. Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
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98
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Mujibi FD, Okoth E, Cheruiyot EK, Onzere C, Bishop RP, Fèvre EM, Thomas L, Masembe C, Plastow G, Rothschild M. Genetic diversity, breed composition and admixture of Kenyan domestic pigs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190080. [PMID: 29357367 PMCID: PMC5777648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of African pigs, whether domestic or wild has not been widely studied and there is very limited published information available. Available data suggests that African domestic pigs originate from different domestication centers as opposed to international commercial breeds. We evaluated two domestic pig populations in Western Kenya, in order to characterize the genetic diversity, breed composition and admixture of the pigs in an area known to be endemic for African swine fever (ASF). One of the reasons for characterizing these specific populations is the fact that a proportion of indigenous pigs have tested ASF virus (ASFv) positive but do not present with clinical symptoms of disease indicating some form of tolerance to infection. Pigs were genotyped using either the porcine SNP60 or SNP80 chip. Village pigs were sourced from Busia and Homabay counties in Kenya. Because bush pigs (Potamochoerus larvatus) and warthogs (Phacochoerus spp.) are known to be tolerant to ASFv infection (exhibiting no clinical symptoms despite infection), they were included in the study to assess whether domestic pigs have similar genomic signatures. Additionally, samples representing European wild boar and international commercial breeds were included as references, given their potential contribution to the genetic make-up of the target domestic populations. The data indicate that village pigs in Busia are a non-homogenous admixed population with significant introgression of genes from international commercial breeds. Pigs from Homabay by contrast, represent a homogenous population with a "local indigenous' composition that is distinct from the international breeds, and clusters more closely with the European wild boar than African wild pigs. Interestingly, village pigs from Busia that tested negative by PCR for ASFv genotype IX, had significantly higher local ancestry (>54%) compared to those testing positive, which contained more commercial breed gene introgression. This may have implication for breed selection and utilization in ASF endemic areas. A genome wide scan detected several regions under preferential selection with signatures for pigs from Busia and Homabay being very distinct. Additionally, there was no similarity in specific genes under selection between the wild pigs and domestic pigs despite having some broad areas under similar selection signatures. These results provide a basis to explore possible genetic determinants underlying tolerance to infection by ASFv genotypes and suggests multiple pathways for genetically mediated ASFv tolerance given the diversity of selection signatures observed among the populations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidalis Denis Mujibi
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- USOMI Limited, Hardy Post, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Cynthia Onzere
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard P. Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Thomas
- Centre for Infection Immunity, and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Max Rothschild
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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99
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Wang J, Wang J, Geng Y, Yuan W. A recombinase polymerase amplification-based assay for rapid detection of African swine fever virus. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2017; 81:308-312. [PMID: 29081590 PMCID: PMC5644446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based method was developed for rapid and specific detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV), the etiologic agent of African swine fever, a devastating disease of swine. Primers and the exo probe targeting the conserved region of the P72 gene of ASFV were designed and the reaction was run on the Genie III scanner device. Using recombinant plasmid DNA containing the P72 gene as template, we showed that the amplified product could be detected in less than 10 min and that the detection limit was 102 copies DNA/reaction [same detection limit as real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]. The RPA assay did not cross-detect CSFV, PCV-2, PRV, PRRSV, or FMDV, common viruses seen in pigs. Tests of recombinant plasmid-spiked serum samples revealed that RPA and real-time PCR had the same diagnostic rate. The RPA assay, which is simple, cost-effective, and fast, is a promising alternative to real-time PCR for ASFV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wanzhe Yuan
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Wanzhe Yuan; telephone: +86 312 7528 377; e-mail:
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100
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Arias M, Jurado C, Gallardo C, Fernández-Pinero J, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Gaps in African swine fever: Analysis and priorities. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:235-247. [PMID: 28941208 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes greater sanitary, social and economic impacts on swine herds than many other swine diseases. Although ASF was first described in 1921 and it has affected more than fifty countries in Africa, Europe and South America, several key issues about its pathogenesis, immune evasion and epidemiology remain uncertain. This article reviews the main characteristics of the causative virus, its molecular epidemiology, natural hosts, clinical features, epidemiology and control worldwide. It also identifies and prioritizes gaps in ASF from a horizontal point of view encompassing fields including molecular biology, epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis and vaccine development. The purpose of this review is to promote ASF research and enhance its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Jurado
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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