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Jiang L, Zhao W, Han Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Sun J, Li H, Shao Y, Liu L, Liu S. Genome characterization, antigenicity and pathogenicity of a novel infectious bronchitis virus type isolated from south China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:437-446. [PMID: 28800976 PMCID: PMC7106192 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, three infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains, designated as γCoV/ck/China/I0111/14, γCoV/ck/China/I0114/14 and γCoV/ck/China/I0118/14, were isolated and identified from chickens suspected to be infected with IBV in Guangxi province, China. Based upon data arising from S1 sequence and phylogenetic analyses, the three IBV isolates were genetically different from other known IBV types, which represented a novel genotype (GI-29). Virus cross-neutralization tests, using γCoV/ck/China/I0111/14 as a representative, showed that genotype GI-29 was antigenically different from all other known IBV types, thus representing a novel serotype. Complete genomic analysis showed that GI-29 type viruses were closely related to and might originate from a GX-YL5-like virus by accumulation of substitutions in multiple genes. These GI-29 viral genomes are still evolving and diverging, particularly in the 3′ region, although we cannot rule out the possibility of recombination events occurring. For isolate γCoV/ck/China/I0114/14, we found that recombination events had occurred between nsps 2 and 3 in gene 1 which led to the introduction of a 4/91 gene fragment into the γCoV/ck/China/I0114/14 viral genome. In addition, we found that the GI-29 type γCoV/ck/China/I0111/14 isolate was a nephropathogenic strain and high pathogenic to 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens although cystic oviducts were not observed in the surviving layer chickens challenged with γCoV/ck/China/I0111/14 isolate. A novel infectious bronchitis virus type, GI-29, has been identified in China. Identification of mutations scattered throughout the GI-29 genome. The GI-29 type is nephropathogenic to specific pathogen-free chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Amarasinghe A, Abdul-Cader MS, Nazir S, De Silva Senapathi U, van der Meer F, Cork SC, Gomis S, Abdul-Careem MF. Infectious bronchitis corona virus establishes productive infection in avian macrophages interfering with selected antimicrobial functions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181801. [PMID: 28763472 PMCID: PMC5538654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory disease leading to loss of egg and meat production in chickens. Although it is known that macrophage numbers are elevated in the respiratory tract of IBV infected chickens, the role played by macrophages in IBV infection, particularly as a target cell for viral replication, is unknown. In this study, first, we investigated the ability of IBV to establish productive replication in macrophages in lungs and trachea in vivo and in macrophage cell cultures in vitro using two pathogenic IBV strains. Using a double immunofluorescent technique, we observed that both IBV Massachusetts-type 41 (M41) and Connecticut A5968 (Conn A5968) strains replicate in avian macrophages at a low level in vivo. This in vivo observation was substantiated by demonstrating IBV antigens in macrophages following in vitro IBV infection. Further, IBV productive infection in macrophages was confirmed by demonstrating corona viral particles in macrophages and IBV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in culture supernatants. Evaluation of the functions of macrophages following infection of macrophages with IBV M41 and Conn A5968 strains revealed that the production of antimicrobial molecule, nitric oxide (NO) is inhibited. It was also noted that replication of IBV M41 and Conn A5968 strains in macrophages does not interfere with the induction of type 1 IFN activity by macrophages. In conclusion, both M41 and Con A5968 IBV strains infect macrophages in vivo and in vitro resulting productive replications. During the replication of IBV in macrophages, their ability to produce NO can be affected without affecting the ability to induce type 1 IFN activity. Further studies are warranted to uncover the significance of macrophage infection of IBV in the pathogenesis of IBV infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Amarasinghe
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sadiya Nazir
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Upasama De Silva Senapathi
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Catherine Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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53
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Han X, Tian Y, Guan R, Gao W, Yang X, Zhou L, Wang H. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection Induces Apoptosis during Replication in Chicken Macrophage HD11 Cells. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080198. [PMID: 28933760 PMCID: PMC5580455 DOI: 10.3390/v9080198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis has caused huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Previous studies have reported that infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection can produce cytopathic effects (CPE) and apoptosis in some mammalian cells and primary cells. However, there is little research on IBV-induced immune cell apoptosis. In this study, chicken macrophage HD11 cells were established as a cellular model that is permissive to IBV infection. Then, IBV-induced apoptosis was observed through a cell viability assay, morphological changes, and flow cytometry. The activity of caspases, the inhibitory efficacy of caspase-inhibitors and the expression of apoptotic genes further suggested the activation of apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in IBV-infected HD11 cells. Additionally, ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) pretreated HD11 cells blocked IBV from entering cells and inhibited IBV-induced apoptosis. UV-inactivated IBV also lost the ability of apoptosis induction. IBV replication was increased by blocking caspase activation. This study presents a chicken macrophage cell line that will enable further analysis of IBV infection and offers novel insights into the mechanisms of IBV-induced apoptosis in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yiming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Ru Guan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wenqian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Long Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610064, China.
- "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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54
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Han Z, Zhao W, Chen Y, Xu Q, Sun J, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Liang S, Gao M, Wang Q, Kong X, Liu S. Genetic, antigenic, and pathogenic characteristics of avian infectious bronchitis viruses genotypically related to 793/B in China. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:125-135. [PMID: 28619134 PMCID: PMC7117474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
793/B IBV was among the most important serotype to be recognized worldwide. Twelve out of 20 IBVs genetically related to 793/B are reisolates of 4/91 vaccine strain. ck/CH/LSD/110857 was originated from recombination events between H120- and 4/91-like strains. Seven isolates were from recombination events between a 4/91-like strain and a GX-LY9-like virus.
In this study, 20 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains, which were genotypically related to 793/B, as assessed by an S1 gene comparison and a complete genomic sequence analysis, were isolated and identified from 2009 to 2014 in China. Phylogenetic analysis, network tree, similarity plot analysis, Recombination Detection Program 4(RDP4) and sequence comparison revealed that 12 of the 20 isolates were likely the reisolated vaccine virus. One isolate, ck/CH/LSD/110857, was shown to have originated from recombination events between H120- and 4/91-like vaccine strains that did not result in changes of antigenicity and pathogenicity. The remaining seven IBV isolates were shown to have originated from recombination events between a 4/91-like vaccine strain and a GX-LY9-like virus, which were responsible for the emergence of a novel serotype. A vaccination-challenge test found that vaccination with the 4/91 vaccine strain did not provide protection against challenge with the recombinant viruses. In addition, the results showed that the recombination events between the vaccine and field strains resulted in altered genetics, serotype, antigenicity, and pathogenicity compared with those of their deduced parental viruses. The results are important not only because this virus is of economic importance to poultry industry, but also because it is important for elucidating the origin and evolution of other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuling Liang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangang Kong
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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55
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Jordan B. Vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus: A continuous challenge. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:137-143. [PMID: 28081857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a significant respiratory pathogen of commercial poultry that causes millions of dollars in lost revenue worldwide each year. Even though the poultry industry extensively vaccinates against IBV, emergence of new serotypes and variants continually occur, making control of the disease difficult. Current mass application strategies for IBV vaccines are inefficient and frequently result in vaccination failures. Novel vaccine technology development has been slow, and is hindered by the constraints of large-scale poultry production. Further complicating the situation is the lack of knowledge of IBV protein and host cell interactions, making targeted vaccine intervention strategies near impossible. Taken together, it is easy to see why this disease remains significant in poultry production. This review outlines the current situation as it relates to IBV control, including vaccination, vaccines, and development of immunity, and recent developments in vaccine technology that may provide better protection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jordan
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, 210 Cedar St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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56
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Bayry J. Coronaviridae: Infectious Bronchitis Virus. EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK 2017. [PMCID: PMC7122401 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Insights from molecular structure predictions of the infectious bronchitis virus S1 spike glycoprotein. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:124-129. [PMID: 27836775 PMCID: PMC7106061 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus is an important respiratory pathogen in chickens. The IBV S1 spike is a viral structural protein that is responsible for attachment to host receptors and is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. To date, there is no experimentally determined structure for the IBV S1 spike. In this study, we sought to find a predicted tertiary structure for IBV S1 using I-TASSER, which is an automated homology modeling platform. We found that the predicted structures obtained were robust and consistent with experimental data. For instance, we observed that all four residues (38, 43, 63, and 68) that have been shown to be critical for binding to host tissues, were found at the surface of the predicted structure of Massachusetts (Mass) S1 spike. Together with antigenicity index analysis, we were also able to show that Ma5 vaccine has higher antigenicity indices at residues close to the receptor-binding region than M41 vaccine, thereby providing a possible mechanism on how Ma5 achieves better protection against challenge. Examination of the predicted structure of the Arkansas IBV S1 spike also gave insights on the effect of polymorphisms at position 43 on the surface availability of receptor binding residues. This study showcases advancements in protein structure prediction and contributes useful, inexpensive tools to provide insights into the biology of IBV. Tertiary structure of the S1 spike glycoprotein of IBV was predicted using I-TASSER. Putative receptor binding residues were mapped on S1 predicted tertiary structure. Mapping of important regions in S1 offer insights on outcomes of IBV vaccination.
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Ball C, Bennett S, Forrester A, Ganapathy K. Genetic mutations in live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses following single or dual in vitro infection of tracheal organ cultures. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3232-3237. [PMID: 27902312 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite regular co-vaccination of two different strains of live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses, little is known about possible mutations in these viruses following vaccination. As an alternative to chicks, this study used an in vitro infection model to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the part-S1 gene of two live infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains (793B and Massachusetts) following single or dual inoculation onto tracheal organ cultures. Results indicate that viral titres reduced over the duration of the study; conversely, the amount of detected infectious bronchitis virus genome increased. Results demonstrate a greater number of non-synonymous SNPs in both vaccine strains when they are co-inoculated, compared with the single inoculations. The influence of the increased SNP and hydrophobic properties of the translated proteins on the vaccine viruses' virulence is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Sarah Bennett
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
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59
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The establishment and characteristics of cell-adapted IBV strain H120. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3179-87. [PMID: 27558123 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus is an important pathogen in poultry worldwide. Vaccination is the only effective way to prevent and control IBV infection. H120, one of the safest vaccine strains, which has been used worldwide as a primary vaccine, cannot adapt to passaged cells, which severely restricts the quality of the vaccine. Based on the reverse genetics of our previous research work, we constructed the recombinant R-H120-Beaudette-p65(S) strain by replacing the complete spike gene of H120 with the corresponding spike gene from the Beaudette p65 strain. Some biological characteristics, including replication kinetics, virulence and immunological properties of R-H120-Beaudette-p65(S) have been evaluated. The results showed that biological characteristics of R-H120-Beaudette-p65(S), such as replication kinetics in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and embryo virulence, were similar to those of H120. In addition, R-H120-Beaudette-p65(S) could induce a similar antibody titre and provide up to 80 % immune protection in chickens challenged with the M41 strain. These results indicate that R-H120-Beaudette-p65(S) has the potential for further development as a cell-adapted vaccine.
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Genome sequence and origin analyses of the recombinant novel IBV virulent isolate SAIBK2. Virus Genes 2016; 52:509-20. [PMID: 27108998 PMCID: PMC7088859 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recombination between infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs), together with point mutations, insertions, and deletions, is thought to be responsible for the emergence of new IBV variants. SAIBK2 is a nephropathogenic strain isolated from layer flocks vaccinated with live attenuated H120 vaccine in Sichuan province, China in 2011. SAIBK2 causes severe kidney lesions and results in 50 % mortality in 30-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens (with a dose of 105 EID50/0.1 mL SAIBK2 per chicken). The complete genome of SAIBK2 consists of 27669 nucleotides, excluding the poly-A tail at the 3′ end. SAIBK2 has the highest identity to YX10 in terms of complete genome. Phylogenetic analysis of complete sequence showed that SAIBK2 belongs to the most dominant genotype in China. Comparison and recombination analyses with other IBV strains revealed that SAIBK2 may originate from recombination events among a YX10-, a YN-, and a Mass-like strain. Furthermore, whole gene 5 and parts of nsp 3, nsp 4, nsp 16, and N genes are involved in the recombination events, and the uptake of these regions from YN and Mass strains by SAIBK2 may increase its replication efficiency and be responsible for its increased virulence in specific-pathogen-free chickens.
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Novel Receptor Specificity of Avian Gammacoronaviruses That Cause Enteritis. J Virol 2015; 89:8783-92. [PMID: 26063435 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00745-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viruses exploit molecules on the target membrane as receptors for attachment and entry into host cells. Thus, receptor expression patterns can define viral tissue tropism and might to some extent predict the susceptibility of a host to a particular virus. Previously, others and we have shown that respiratory pathogens of the genus Gammacoronavirus, including chicken infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), require specific α2,3-linked sialylated glycans for attachment and entry. Here, we studied determinants of binding of enterotropic avian gammacoronaviruses, including turkey coronavirus (TCoV), guineafowl coronavirus (GfCoV), and quail coronavirus (QCoV), which are evolutionarily distant from respiratory avian coronaviruses based on the viral attachment protein spike (S1). We profiled the binding of recombinantly expressed S1 proteins of TCoV, GfCoV, and QCoV to tissues of their respective hosts. Protein histochemistry showed that the tissue binding specificity of S1 proteins of turkey, quail, and guineafowl CoVs was limited to intestinal tissues of each particular host, in accordance with the reported pathogenicity of these viruses in vivo. Glycan array analyses revealed that, in contrast to the S1 protein of IBV, S1 proteins of enteric gammacoronaviruses recognize a unique set of nonsialylated type 2 poly-N-acetyl-lactosamines. Lectin histochemistry as well as tissue binding patterns of TCoV S1 further indicated that these complex N-glycans are prominently expressed on the intestinal tract of various avian species. In conclusion, our data demonstrate not only that enteric gammacoronaviruses recognize a novel glycan receptor but also that enterotropism may be correlated with the high specificity of spike proteins for such glycans expressed in the intestines of the avian host. IMPORTANCE Avian coronaviruses are economically important viruses for the poultry industry. While infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a respiratory pathogen of chickens, is rather well known, other viruses of the genus Gammacoronavirus, including those causing enteric disease, are hardly studied. In turkey, guineafowl, and quail, coronaviruses have been reported to be the major causative agent of enteric diseases. Specifically, turkey coronavirus outbreaks have been reported in North America, Europe, and Australia for several decades. Recently, a gammacoronavirus was isolated from guineafowl with fulminating disease. To date, it is not clear why these avian coronaviruses are enteropathogenic, whereas other closely related avian coronaviruses like IBV cause respiratory disease. A comprehensive understanding of the tropism and pathogenicity of these viruses explained by their receptor specificity and receptor expression on tissues was therefore needed. Here, we identify a novel glycan receptor for enteric avian coronaviruses, which will further support the development of vaccines.
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Bande F, Arshad SS, Hair Bejo M, Moeini H, Omar AR. Progress and challenges toward the development of vaccines against avian infectious bronchitis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:424860. [PMID: 25954763 PMCID: PMC4411447 DOI: 10.1155/2015/424860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a widely distributed poultry disease that has huge economic impact on poultry industry. The continuous emergence of new IBV genotypes and lack of cross protection among different IBV genotypes have been an important challenge. Although live attenuated IB vaccines remarkably induce potent immune response, the potential risk of reversion to virulence, neutralization by the maternal antibodies, and recombination and mutation events are important concern on their usage. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines induce a weaker immune response and may require multiple dosing and/or the use of adjuvants that probably have potential safety risks and increased economic burdens. Consequently, alternative IB vaccines are widely sought. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have resulted in experimental IB vaccines that show promise in antibody and T-cells responses, comparable to live attenuated vaccines. Recombinant DNA vaccines have also been enhanced to target multiple serotypes and their efficacy has been improved using delivery vectors, nanoadjuvants, and in ovo vaccination approaches. Although most recombinant IB DNA vaccines are yet to be licensed, it is expected that these types of vaccines may hold sway as future vaccines for inducing a cross protection against multiple IBV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruku Bande
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Animal Health and Fisheries Development, PMB 2109, Usman Faruk Secretariat, Sokoto 840221, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Moeini
- Department of Virus-Associated Tumours (F100), German Cancer Research Centre, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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63
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Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P. The preparation of chicken kidney cell cultures for virus propagation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1282:57-62. [PMID: 25720471 PMCID: PMC7122669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chicken kidney (CK) cell cultures have historically proved useful for the assay of a number of viruses including coronaviruses. A technique for the preparation of such cell cultures, using a combination of manual and trypsin disaggregation of kidneys dissected from 2- to 3-week-old birds is described. This technique routinely gives high cell yield together with high viability and the resultant adherent primary cultures can be used for virus growth and plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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64
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Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P. The preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures for virus isolation, propagation, and titration. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1282:51-6. [PMID: 25720470 PMCID: PMC7122565 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), comprising transverse sections of chick embryo trachea with beating cilia, have proved useful in the isolation of several respiratory viruses and as a viral assay system, using ciliostasis as the criterion for infection. A simple technique for the preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures in glass test tubes, in which virus growth and ciliostasis can be readily observed, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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65
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Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P. Quantification of infectious bronchitis coronavirus by titration in vitro and in ovo. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1282:89-98. [PMID: 25720474 PMCID: PMC7121424 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of the number of infectious viruses in a sample is a basic virological technique. In this chapter we provide a detailed description of three techniques to estimate the number of viable infectious avian coronaviruses in a sample. All three techniques are serial dilution assays, better known as titrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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66
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Activation of the chicken type I interferon response by infectious bronchitis coronavirus. J Virol 2014; 89:1156-67. [PMID: 25378498 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02671-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Coronaviruses from both the Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera interfere with the type I interferon (IFN) response in various ways, ensuring the limited activation of the IFN response in most cell types. Of the gammacoronaviruses that mainly infect birds, little is known about the activation of the host immune response. We show that the prototypical Gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), induces a delayed activation of the IFN response in primary renal cells, tracheal epithelial cells, and a chicken cell line. In fact, Ifnβ expression is delayed with respect to the peak of viral replication and the accompanying accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). In addition, we demonstrate that MDA5 is the primary sensor for Gammacoronavirus infections in chicken cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that accessory proteins 3a and 3b of IBV modulate the response at the transcriptional and translational levels. Finally, we show that, despite the lack of activation of the IFN response during the early phase of IBV infection, the signaling of nonself dsRNA through both MDA5 and TLR3 remains intact in IBV-infected cells. Taken together, this study provides the first comprehensive analysis of host-virus interactions of a Gammacoronavirus with avian innate immune responses. IMPORTANCE Our results demonstrate that IBV has evolved multiple strategies to avoid the activation of the type I interferon response. Taken together, the present study closes a gap in the understanding of host-IBV interaction and paves the way for further characterization of the mechanisms underlying immune evasion strategies as well as the pathogenesis of gammacoronaviruses.
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67
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Wickramasinghe INA, van Beurden SJ, Weerts EAWS, Verheije MH. The avian coronavirus spike protein. Virus Res 2014; 194:37-48. [PMID: 25451062 PMCID: PMC7114429 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian coronaviruses of the genus Gammacoronavirus are represented by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the coronavirus of chicken. IBV causes a highly contagious disease affecting the respiratory tract and, depending on the strain, other tissues including the reproductive and urogenital tract. The control of IBV in the field is hampered by the many different strains circulating worldwide and the limited protection across strains due to serotype diversity. This diversity is believed to be due to the amino acid variation in the S1 domain of the major viral attachment protein spike. In the last years, much effort has been undertaken to address the role of the avian coronavirus spike protein in the various steps of the virus' live cycle. Various models have successfully been developed to elucidate the contribution of the spike in binding of the virus to cells, entry of cell culture cells and organ explants, and the in vivo tropism and pathogenesis. This review will give an overview of the literature on avian coronavirus spike proteins with particular focus on our recent studies on binding of recombinant soluble spike protein to chicken tissues. With this, we aim to summarize the current understanding on the avian coronavirus spike's contribution to host and tissue predilections, pathogenesis, as well as its role in therapeutic and protective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Ambepitiya Wickramasinghe
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S J van Beurden
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E A W S Weerts
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M H Verheije
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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68
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Liu S, Xu Q, Han Z, Liu X, Li H, Guo H, Sun N, Shao Y, Kong X. Origin and characteristics of the recombinant novel avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus isolate ck/CH/LJL/111054. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:189-95. [PMID: 24613433 PMCID: PMC7106169 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recombination among infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs), coupled with point mutations, insertions, and deletions that occur in the genome, is thought to contribute to the emergence of new IBV variants. In this study an IBV, ck/CH/LJL/111054, was isolated from a H120-vaccinated chicken, which presented with a suspected IBV infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 subunit sequence confirmed that strain ck/CH/LJL/111054 is of the Connecticut-type; however, further extensive full-length genomic analysis identified the occurrence of recombination events. Therefore, strain ck/CH/LJL/111054 may have originated from recombination events between Conn- and Mass-like strains at three recombination breakpoints: two located within the nsp3 gene sequence and one in the nsp12 gene sequence. Further, the uptake of the 5' untranslated regions, nsp2, parts of nsp3, nsp4-11, and parts of nsp 12 from Mass-like virus by ck/CH/LJL/111054 might have resulted in changes in viral replication efficiency rather than antigenic changes, via cross-neutralization analysis with the H120 strain. Recombination events coupled with the accumulation of mutations in the ck/CH/LJL/111054 genome may account for its increased virulence in specific-pathogen free chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangang Kong
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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69
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Development and characterization of a recombinant infectious bronchitis virus expressing the ectodomain region of S1 gene of H120 strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1727-35. [PMID: 24287931 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is a highly contagious chicken disease, and can lead to serious economic losses in poultry enterprises. The continual introduction of new IBV serotypes requires alternative strategies for the production of timely and safe vaccines against the emergence of variants. Modification of the IBV genome using reverse genetics is one way to generate recombinant IBVs as the candidates of new IBV vaccines. In this study, the recombinant IBV is developed by replacing the ectodomain region of the S1 gene of the IBV Beaudette strain with the corresponding fragment from H120 strain, designated as rBeau-H120(S1e). In Vero cells, the virus proliferates as its parental virus and can cause syncytium formation. The peak titer would reach 10(5.9) 50% (median) tissue culture infective dose/mL at 24 h post-infection. After inoculation of chickens with the recombinant virus, it demonstrated that rBeau-H120(S1e) remained nonpathogenic and was restricted in its replication in vivo. Protection studies showed that vaccination with rBeau-H120 (S1e) at 7-day after hatch provided 80% rate of immune protection against challenge with 10(3) 50% embryos infection dose of the virulent IBV M41 strain. These results indicate that rBeau-H120 (S1e) has the potential to be an alternative vaccine against IBV based on excellent propagation property and immunogenicity. This finding might help in providing further information that replacement of the ectodomain fragment of the IBV Beaudette S1 gene with that from a present field strain is promising for IBV vaccine development.
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70
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Promkuntod N, Wickramasinghe INA, de Vrieze G, Gröne A, Verheije MH. Contributions of the S2 spike ectodomain to attachment and host range of infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Res 2013; 177:127-37. [PMID: 24041648 PMCID: PMC7114508 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spike protein is the major viral attachment protein of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and ultimately determines viral tropism. The S1 subunit of the spike is assumed to be required for virus attachment. However, we have previously shown that this domain of the embryo- and cell culture adapted Beaudette strain, in contrast to that of the virulent M41 strain, is not sufficient for binding to chicken trachea (Wickramasinghe et al., 2011). In the present study, we demonstrated that the lack of binding of Beaudette S1 was not due to absence of virus receptors on this tissue nor due to the production of S1 from mammalian cells, as S1 proteins expressed from chicken cells also lacked the ability to bind IBV-susceptible embryonic tissue. Subsequently, we addressed the contribution of the S2 subunit of the spike in IBV attachment. Recombinant IBV Beaudette spike ectodomains, comprising the entire S1 domain and the S2 ectodomain, were expressed and analyzed for binding to susceptible embryonic chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) in our previously developed spike histochemistry assay. We observed that extension of the S1 domain with the S2 subunit of the Beaudette spike was sufficient to gain binding to CAM. A previously suggested heparin sulfate binding site in Beaudette S2 was not required for the observed binding to CAM, while sialic acids on the host tissues were essential for the attachment. To further elucidate the role of S2 the spike ectodomains of virulent IBV M41 and chimeras of M41 and Beaudette were analyzed for their binding to CAM, chicken trachea and mammalian cell lines. While the M41 spike ectodomain showed increased attachment to both CAM and chicken trachea, no binding to mammalian cells was observed. In contrast, Beaudette spike ectodomain had relatively weak ability to bind to chicken trachea, but displayed marked extended host range to mammalian cells. Binding patterns of chimeric spike ectodomains to these tissues and cells indicate that S2 subunits most likely do not contain an additional independent receptor-binding site. Rather, the interplay between S1 and S2 subunits of spikes from the same viral origin might finally determine the avidity and specificity of virus attachment and thus viral host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Promkuntod
- Pathology Division, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Feng J, Hu Y, Ma Z, Yu Q, Zhao J, Liu X, Zhang G. Virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus, People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1994-2001. [PMID: 23171741 PMCID: PMC3557894 DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.120552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from 30-day-old broiler chickens that exhibited respiratory symptoms, nephropathologic lesions, and a high proportion of deaths in the People's Republic of China during 2005. The strain, designated YN, was genetically and pathologically characterized. Phylogenetic analysis showed that YN and most of the previously characterized IBV isolates found in China were phylogenetically classified into 2 main genetic clusters. The YN isolate caused severe lesions and resulted in deaths of 65% in experimental infections of 30-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. Tracheal and severe kidney lesions developed in all infected birds, confirming the ability of YN strain to induce both respiratory and renal disease. IBV antigens were detected by immunohistochemical analysis in the trachea, lung, kidney, and bursa, consistent with histopathologic observations, virus isolation, and reverse transcription PCR detection. We showed that YN IBV exhibits severe pathogenicity in chickens, and that similar viruses are prevalent in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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72
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Banat GR, Tkalcic S, Dzielawa JA, Jackwood MW, Saggese MD, Yates L, Kopulos R, Briles W, Collisson EW. Association of the chicken MHC B haplotypes with resistance to avian coronavirus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:430-437. [PMID: 23178407 PMCID: PMC7103219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical respiratory illness was compared in five homozygous chicken lines, originating from homozygous B2, B8, B12 and B19, and heterozygous B2/B12 birds after infection with either of two strains of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). All chickens used in these studies originated from White Leghorn and Ancona linages. IBV Gray strain infection of MHC homozygous B12 and B19 haplotype chicks resulted in severe respiratory disease compared to chicks with B2/B2 and B5/B5 haplotypes. Demonstrating a dominant B2 phenotype, B2/B12 birds were also more resistant to IBV. Respiratory clinical illness in B8/B8 chicks was severe early after infection, while illness resolved similar to the B5 and B2 homozygous birds. Following M41 strain infection, birds with B2/B2 and B8/B8 haplotypes were again more resistant to clinical illness than B19/B19 birds. Real time RT-PCR indicated that infection was cleared more efficiently in trachea, lungs and kidneys of B2/B2 and B8/B8 birds compared with B19/B19 birds. Furthermore, M41 infected B2/B2 and B8/B8 chicks performed better in terms of body weight gain than B19/B19 chicks. These studies suggest that genetics of B defined haplotypes might be exploited to produce chicks resistant to respiratory pathogens or with more effective immune responses.
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Key Words
- ibv, infectious bronchitis virus
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- m41, massachusetts 41
- rt-pcr, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- rsv, rous sarcoma virus
- mdv, marek’s disease virus
- spf, specific pathogen free
- pi, post infection
- eid50/ml, embryo infectious dose 50 per ml
- niu, northern illinois university
- pbs, phosphate buffer saline
- rna, ribonucleic acid
- 5′ utr, 5′ untranslated region
- bp, base pairs
- anova, analysis of variance
- ark, arkansas
- ctl, cytotoxic t lymphocyte
- aiv, avian influenza virus
- ifnγ, interferon gamma
- poly i:c, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid
- usda, united states department of agriculture
- nifa, national institute of food and agriculture
- infectious bronchitis virus
- chicken mhc b haplotype
- clinical illness
- infection of trachea
- lungs and kidneys
- resistant
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghida R. Banat
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. 2nd St., Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Suzana Tkalcic
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. 2nd St., Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Dzielawa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Mark W. Jackwood
- Poultry Diagnostic Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602-4875, USA
| | - Miguel D. Saggese
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. 2nd St., Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Linda Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 415 Montgomery Hall, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861, USA
| | - Renee Kopulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 415 Montgomery Hall, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861, USA
| | - W.E. Briles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 415 Montgomery Hall, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861, USA
| | - Ellen W. Collisson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. 2nd St., Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Crossley BM, Mock RE, Callison SA, Hietala SK. Identification and characterization of a novel alpaca respiratory coronavirus most closely related to the human coronavirus 229E. Viruses 2012; 4:3689-700. [PMID: 23235471 PMCID: PMC3528286 DOI: 10.3390/v4123689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, a novel coronavirus associated with an acute respiratory disease in alpacas (Alpaca Coronavirus, ACoV) was isolated. Full-length genomic sequencing of the ACoV demonstrated the genome to be consistent with other Alphacoronaviruses. A putative additional open-reading frame was identified between the nucleocapsid gene and 3'UTR. The ACoV was genetically most similar to the common human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E with 92.2% nucleotide identity over the entire genome. A comparison of spike gene sequences from ACoV and from HCoV-229E isolates recovered over a span of five decades showed the ACoV to be most similar to viruses isolated in the 1960's to early 1980's. The true origin of the ACoV is unknown, however a common ancestor between the ACoV and HCoV-229E appears to have existed prior to the 1960's, suggesting virus transmission, either as a zoonosis or anthroponosis, has occurred between alpacas and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate M. Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Davis, West Health Sciences Drive, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Tel.: +1-530-752-5662; Fax: +1-530-752-6253
| | - Richard E. Mock
- North Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA; E-Mail:
| | | | - Sharon K. Hietala
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Davis, West Health Sciences Drive, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:
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Toro H, van Santen VL, Jackwood MW. Genetic diversity and selection regulates evolution of infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis 2012; 56:449-55. [PMID: 23050459 DOI: 10.1637/10072-020212-review.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Conventional and molecular epidemiologic studies have confirmed the ability of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) to rapidly evolve and successfully circumvent extensive vaccination programs implemented since the early 1950s. IBV evolution has often been explained as variation in gene frequencies as if evolution were driven by genetic drift alone. However, the mechanisms regulating the evolution of IBV include both the generation of genetic diversity and the selection process. IBV's generation of genetic diversity has been extensively investigated and ultimately involves mutations and recombination events occurring during viral replication. The relevance of the selection process has been further understood more recently by identifying genetic and phenotypic differences between IBV populations prior to, and during, replication in the natural host. Accumulating evidence suggests that multiple environmental forces within the host, including immune responses (or lack thereof) and affinity for cell receptors, as well as physical and biochemical conditions, are responsible for the selection process. Some scientists have used or adopted the related quasispecies frame to explain IBV evolution. The quasispecies frame, while providing a distinct explanation of the dynamics of populations in which mutation is a frequent event, exhibits relevant limitations which are discussed herein. Instead, it seems that IBV populations evolving by the generation of genetic variability and selection on replicons follow the evolutionary mechanisms originally proposed by Darwin. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the evolution of IBV is of basic relevance and, without doubt, essential to appropriately control and prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo Toro
- Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830, USA.
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75
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Toro H, Pennington D, Gallardo RA, van Santen VL, van Ginkel FW, Zhang J, Joiner KS. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Subpopulations in Vaccinated Chickens After Challenge. Avian Dis 2012; 56:501-8. [DOI: 10.1637/9982-110811-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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76
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Emergence of a novel genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt. Arch Virol 2012; 157:2453-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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77
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Belouzard S, Millet JK, Licitra BN, Whittaker GR. Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein. Viruses 2012; 4:1011-33. [PMID: 22816037 PMCID: PMC3397359 DOI: 10.3390/v4061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. To deliver their nucleocapsid into the host cell, they rely on the fusion of their envelope with the host cell membrane. The spike glycoprotein (S) mediates virus entry and is a primary determinant of cell tropism and pathogenesis. It is classified as a class I fusion protein, and is responsible for binding to the receptor on the host cell as well as mediating the fusion of host and viral membranes—A process driven by major conformational changes of the S protein. This review discusses coronavirus entry mechanisms focusing on the different triggers used by coronaviruses to initiate the conformational change of the S protein: receptor binding, low pH exposure and proteolytic activation. We also highlight commonalities between coronavirus S proteins and other class I viral fusion proteins, as well as distinctive features that confer distinct tropism, pathogenicity and host interspecies transmission characteristics to coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Belouzard
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Jean K. Millet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (J.K.M.); (B.N.L.)
| | - Beth N. Licitra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (J.K.M.); (B.N.L.)
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (J.K.M.); (B.N.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-607-253-4021; Fax: +1-607-253-3384
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Britton P, Armesto M, Cavanagh D, Keep S. Modification of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus for vaccine development. Bioeng Bugs 2012; 3:114-9. [PMID: 22179147 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.18983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an infectious respiratory disease of domestic fowl that affects poultry of all ages causing economic problems for the poultry industry worldwide. Although IBV is controlled using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines it continues to be a major problem due to the existence of many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein resulting in poor cross-protection, and loss of immunogenicity associated with vaccine production. Live attenuated IBV vaccines are produced by the repeated passage in embryonated eggs resulting in spontaneous mutations. As a consequence attenuated viruses have only a few mutations responsible for the loss of virulence, which will differ between vaccines affecting virulence and/or immunogenicity and can revert to virulence. A new generation of vaccines is called for and one means of controlling IBV involves the development of new and safer vaccines by precisely modifying the IBV genome using reverse genetics for the production of rationally attenuated IBVs in order to obtain an optimum balance between loss of virulence and capacity to induce immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Britton
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.
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79
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Acevedo AM, Díaz de Arce H, Brandão PE, Colas M, Oliveira S, Pérez LJ. First evidence of the emergence of novel putative infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in Cuba. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1046-9. [PMID: 22357366 PMCID: PMC7127745 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genotypes or serotypes along with the poor cross-protection observed among IBV serotypes have complicated the avian infectious bronchitis (IB) control programs in different geographic regions. In Cuba, the lack of genetic information regarding IBV and the increasing epidemiological importance of this virus in Cuban chicken flocks demand further characterization of IBV isolates. In the present work, studies of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among recent IBV isolates from Cuban chicken flocks showing respiratory disorders were performed. Two putative genotypes genetically different to the Massachusetts genotype H120 strain used in the Cuban vaccination program were found in the flocks assessed. In addition, a potential nephropathogenic IBV isolate was found by first time in Cuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Acevedo
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), La Habana, Cuba
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80
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Phillips JE, Jackwood MW, McKinley ET, Thor SW, Hilt DA, Acevedol ND, Williams SM, Kissinger JC, Paterson AH, Robertson JS, Lemke C. Changes in nonstructural protein 3 are associated with attenuation in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Genes 2011; 44:63-74. [PMID: 21909766 PMCID: PMC7089577 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Full-length genome sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated (for chickens) avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains of the same serotype was conducted to identify genetic differences between the pathotypes. Analysis of the consensus full-length genome for three different IBV serotypes (Ark, GA98, and Mass41) showed that passage in embryonated eggs, to attenuate the viruses for chickens, resulted in 34.75–43.66% of all the amino acid changes occurring in nsp 3 within a virus type, whereas changes in the spike glycoprotein, thought to be the most variable protein in IBV, ranged from 5.8 to 13.4% of all changes. The attenuated viruses did not cause any clinical signs of disease and had lower replication rates than the pathogenic viruses of the same serotype in chickens. However, both attenuated and pathogenic viruses of the same serotype replicated similarly in embryonated eggs, suggesting that mutations in nsp 3, which is involved in replication of the virus, might play an important role in the reduced replication observed in chickens leading to the attenuated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Phillips
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - M. W. Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - E. T. McKinley
- Present Address: Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - S. W. Thor
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - D. A. Hilt
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - N. D. Acevedol
- Present Address: Veterinary Medical Center of Long Island, 75 Sunrise Highway, West Islip, NY 11795 USA
| | - S. M. Williams
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - J. C. Kissinger
- Department of Genetics, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - A. H. Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - J. S. Robertson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - C. Lemke
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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81
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Armesto M, Evans S, Cavanagh D, Abu-Median AB, Keep S, Britton P. A recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus expressing a heterologous spike gene belonging to the 4/91 serotype. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24352. [PMID: 21912629 PMCID: PMC3166170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that replacement of the spike (S) gene of the apathogenic IBV strain Beau-R with that from the pathogenic strain of the same serotype, M41, resulted in an apathogenic virus, BeauR-M41(S), that conferred protection against challenge with M41. We have constructed a recombinant IBV, BeauR-4/91(S), with the genetic backbone of Beau-R but expressing the spike protein of the pathogenic IBV strain 4/91(UK), which belongs to a different serogroup as Beaudette or M41. Similar to our previous findings with BeauR-M41(S), clinical signs observations showed that the S gene of the pathogenic 4/91 virus did not confer pathogenicity to the rIBV BeauR-4/91(S). Furthermore, protection studies showed there was homologous protection; BeauR-4/91(S) conferred protection against challenge with wild type 4/91 virus as shown by the absence of clinical signs, IBV RNA assessed by qRT-PCR and the fact that no virus was isolated from tracheas removed from birds primarily infected with BeauR-4/91(S) and challenged with IBV 4/91(UK). A degree of heterologous protection against M41 challenge was observed, albeit at a lower level.Our results confirm and extend our previous findings and conclusions that swapping of the ectodomain of the S protein is a precise and effective way of generating genetically defined candidate IBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Armesto
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Evans
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - David Cavanagh
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Abu-Bakr Abu-Median
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Keep
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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82
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Binding of avian coronavirus spike proteins to host factors reflects virus tropism and pathogenicity. J Virol 2011; 85:8903-12. [PMID: 21697468 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05112-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of viruses to host cells is the first step in determining tropism and pathogenicity. While avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) infection and avian influenza A virus (IAV) infection both depend on α2,3-linked sialic acids, the host tropism of IBV is restricted compared to that of IAV. Here we investigated whether the interaction between the viral attachment proteins and the host could explain these differences by using recombinant spike domains (S1) of IBV strains with different pathogenicities, as well as the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of IAV H5N1. Protein histochemistry showed that S1 of IBV strain M41 and HA of IAV subtype H5N1 displayed sialic acid-dependent binding to chicken respiratory tract tissue. However, while HA bound with high avidity to a broad range of α2,3-linked sialylated glycans, M41 S1 recognized only one particular α2,3-linked disialoside in a glycan array. When comparing the binding of recombinant IBV S1 proteins derived from IBV strains with known differences in tissue tropism and pathogenicity, we observed that while M41 S1 displayed binding to cilia and goblet cells of the chicken respiratory tract, S1 derived from the vaccine strain H120 or the nonvirulent Beaudette strain had reduced or no binding to chicken tissues, respectively, in agreement with the reduced abilities of these viruses to replicate in vivo. While the S1 protein derived from the nephropathogenic IBV strain B1648 also hardly displayed binding to respiratory tract cells, distinct binding to kidney cells was observed, but only after the removal of sialic acid from S1. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the attachment patterns of the IBV S proteins correlate with the tropisms and pathogenicities of the corresponding viruses.
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83
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McKinley ET, Jackwood MW, Hilt DA, Kissinger JC, Robertson JS, Lemke C, Paterson AH. Attenuated live vaccine usage affects accurate measures of virus diversity and mutation rates in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Res 2011; 158:225-34. [PMID: 21539870 PMCID: PMC7114461 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The full-length genomes of 11 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) field isolates from three different types of the virus; Massachusetts (Mass), Connecticut (Conn) and California (CAL) isolated over a 41, 25 and 8 year period respectively, were sequenced and analyzed to determine the mutation rates and level of polymorphisms across the genome. Positive selection was not detected and mutation rates ranged from 10(-4) to 10(-6)substitutions/site/year for Mass and Conn IBV types where attenuated live vaccines are routinely used to control the disease. In contrast, for CAL type viruses, for which no vaccine exists, positive selection was detected and mutation rates were 10 fold higher ranging from 10(-2) to 10(-3)substitutions/site/year. Lower levels of genetic diversity among the Mass and Conn viruses as well as sequence similarities with vaccine virus genomes suggest that the origin of the Mass and all but one of the Conn viruses was likely vaccine virus that had been circulating in the field for an unknown but apparently short period of time. The genetic data also identified a recombinant IBV isolate with 7 breakpoints distributed across the entire genome suggesting that viruses within the same serotype can have a high degree of genetic variability outside of the spike gene. These data are important because inaccurate measures of genetic diversity and mutation rates could lead to underestimates of the ability of IBV to change and potentially emerge to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enid T. McKinley
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mark W. Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Deborah A. Hilt
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jessica C. Kissinger
- Department of Genetics, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jon S. Robertson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Cornelia Lemke
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andrew H. Paterson
- Department of Genetics, Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant Biology, and Genetics, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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84
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Lee HJ, Youn HN, Kwon JS, Lee YJ, Kim JH, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Characterization of a novel live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus vaccine candidate derived from a Korean nephropathogenic strain. Vaccine 2010; 28:2887-94. [PMID: 20153350 PMCID: PMC7125847 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A nephropathogenic K2/01 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was attenuated by 170 serial passages in embryonated chicken eggs for possible use as a future IBV vaccine strain. High-growth properties and narrow tissue tropisms (limited replication in respiratory tracts) were achieved by the adaptation process. Unlike the parent strain, the attenuated strain (K2p170) was safe in day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks since replication of the virus did not induce mortality and nephritis, and rarely induced histological changes in the trachea and kidney after intraocular administration. In day-old broilers, even though coarse spray administration of K2p170 induced clinical signs, ciliostasis, and histopathological lesions in the trachea and the kidney, they were all comparable to birds vaccinated with commercial H120 vaccine. Despite restriction of viral replication in the respiratory tract, K2p170 elicited the production of antiserum with a neutralization index of 4.5. K2p170 provided almost complete protection against both two distinct subgroups of Korean nephropathogenic strain (KM91-like and QX-like subgroup). Furthermore, K2p170 provided significantly greater cross-protection against two heterologous strains (Massachusetts and Korean respiratory strain) than those conferred by the commercial H120 vaccine. K2p170 also had no virulence reversion after five back passages in chickens. In conclusion, K2p170 exhibits a fine balance between attenuation and immunogenicity, possesses cross-protective efficacy, and merits further investigation as a potential live vaccine as an alternative means of protection against the recently emergent nephropathogenic IBV infection in many Eurasian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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85
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Armesto M, Cavanagh D, Britton P. The replicase gene of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus is a determinant of pathogenicity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7384. [PMID: 19816578 PMCID: PMC2754531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the replacement of the S gene from an avirulent strain (Beaudette) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with an S gene from a virulent strain (M41) resulted in a recombinant virus (BeauR-M41(S)) with the in vitro cell tropism of the virulent virus but that was still avirulent. In order to investigate whether any of the other structural or accessory genes played a role in pathogenicity we have now replaced these from the Beaudette strain with those from M41. The recombinant IBV was in effect a chimaeric virus with the replicase gene derived from Beaudette and the rest of the genome from M41. This demonstrated that it is possible to exchange a large region of the IBV genome, approximately 8.4 kb, using our transient dominant selection method. Recovery of a viable recombinant IBV also demonstrated that it is possible to interchange a complete replicase gene as we had in effect replaced the M41 replicase gene with the Beaudette derived gene. Analysis of the chimaeric virus showed that it was avirulent indicating that none of the structural or accessory genes derived from a virulent isolate of IBV were able to restore virulence and that therefore, the loss of virulence associated with the Beaudette strain resides in the replicase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Armesto
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Cavanagh
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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86
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Liu S, Zhang X, Gong L, Yan B, Li C, Han Z, Shao Y, Li H, Kong X. Altered pathogenicity, immunogenicity, tissue tropism and 3'-7kb region sequence of an avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus strain after serial passage in embryos. Vaccine 2009; 27:4630-40. [PMID: 19523910 PMCID: PMC7115700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we attenuated a Chinese LX4-type nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain, CK/CH/LHLJ/04V, by serial passage in embryonated chicken eggs. Based on sequence analysis of the 3′-7 kb region, the CK/CH/LHLJ/04V virus population contained subpopulations with a mixture of genetic mutants. The titers of the virus increased gradually during serial passage, but the replication capacity decreased in chickens. The virus was partially attenuated at passage 40 (P40) and P70, and was fully attenuated at P110. It lost immunogenicity and kidney tropism at P110 and P70, respectively. Amino acid substitutions were found in the 3′-7 kb region, primarily in the spike (S) protein. Substitutions in the S1 subunit occurred between P3 and P40 and all subpopulations in a virus passage showed the same substitutions. Other substitutions that occurred between P70 and P110, however, were found only in some subpopulations of the virus passages. A 109-bp deletion in the 3′-UTR was observed in most subpopulations of P70 and P110, and might be related to virus replication, transcription and pathogenicity. The changes described in the 3′-7 kb region of the virus are possibly responsible for virus attenuation, immunogenicity decrease and tissue tropism changes; however, we cannot exclude the possibility that other parts of the genome may also be involved in those changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
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87
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The preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures for virus isolation, propagation, and titration. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 454:103-7. [PMID: 19057860 PMCID: PMC7121057 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), comprising transverse sections of chick embryo trachea with beating cilia, have proved useful in the isolation of several respiratory viruses and as a viral assay system, using ciliostasis as the criterion for infection. A simple technique for the preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures in glass test tubes, in which virus growth and ciliostasis can be readily observed, is described.
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88
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Identification of Taiwan and China-like recombinant avian infectious bronchitis viruses in Taiwan. Virus Res 2009; 140:121-9. [PMID: 19100792 PMCID: PMC7126714 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections in poultry cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. The emergence of viral variants complicates disease control. The IBV strains in Taiwan were clustered into two groups, Taiwan group I and Taiwan group II, based on the S1 gene. A variant was previously identified and showed a distinct S1 gene homology with other local strains. This study investigated the 3' 7.3 kb genome of eight Taiwan strains isolated from 1992 to 2007. The genes of interest were directly sequenced. Sequence analyses were performed to detect any recombination event among IBVs. The results demonstrated that all of the examined viruses maintained the typical IBV genome organization as 5'-S-3a-3b-E-M-5a-5b-N-UTR-3'. In the phylogenetic analyses, various genes from one strain were clustered into separate groups. Moreover, frequent recombination events were identified in the Simplot analyses among the Taiwan and China CK/CH/LDL/97I-type strains. Putative crossover sites were located in the S1, S2, 3b, M genes and the intergenic region between the M and 5a genes. All of the recombinants showed chimeric IBV genome arrangements originated from Taiwan and China-like parental strains. Field IBVs in Taiwan undergo genetic recombination and evolution.
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89
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van Santen VL, Toro H. Rapid selection in chickens of subpopulations within ArkDPI-derived infectious bronchitis virus vaccines. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:293-306. [PMID: 18568656 DOI: 10.1080/03079450802043783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined spike (S) gene sequences of the virus populations of four different commercial ArkDPI-derived infectious bronchitis coronavirus vaccines before and during a single passage in specific pathogen free chickens. We found different degrees of genetic heterogeneity among the four vaccines before passage in chickens, ranging from no apparent heterogeneity to heterogeneity in 20 positions in the S gene. In all except one position, nucleotide differences were non-synonymous. The majority of amino acid differences were in the S1 subunit of the protein. For three of the four ArkDPI-derived vaccines, a single subpopulation with an S gene sequence distinct from the vaccine majority consensus at 5 to 11 codons was selected in chickens within 3 days after ocular vaccination. In contrast, we obtained no evidence for selection of specific subpopulations of the fourth ArkDPI-derived vaccine or Massachusetts or DE072 serotype vaccines. The virus subpopulations within each vaccine selected by chickens are similar in their S1 gene sequences, but distinct in the 3' portion of the S2 subunit gene for each of the three vaccines. In the S1 gene, the selected subpopulations are more similar to the virulent parental ArkDPI isolate than to the predominant vaccine population. The different proportions of distinct subpopulations in Ark vaccines apparently more fit for replication in the respiratory tract of chickens might cause different degrees of damage to respiratory epithelium and/or immune responses in vaccinated chickens. Sequence comparisons provided no evidence to support that ArkDPI-like field isolates were derived directly from host-selected vaccine virus subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky L van Santen
- Department of Pathobiology, 264 Greene Hall, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5519, USA.
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90
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Huang YP, Wang CH. Sequence changes of infectious bronchitis virus isolates in the 3' 7.3 kb of the genome after attenuating passage in embryonated eggs. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:59-67. [PMID: 17364511 DOI: 10.1080/03079450601110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines are available but the relationship between sequence and virulence is not clear. In this study, the sequences of the 3' 7.3 kb of the genome, amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction before and after attenuation, were compared to study the relationship between virulence and the sequences of three IBV strains. After attenuation, two to six amino acid substitutions were found in the spike 1 subunit, and two or three amino acid substitutions were found in the spike 2 subunit. None or one amino acid substitution was found in the small membrane protein, and one or three amino acid substitutions were found in the membrane protein. However, no amino acid substitution was found in the nucleocapsid (N) protein, indicating that the N protein might not be related to this attenuation. The 3' untranslated region after the N gene of one strain was partially deleted after attenuation, and might be correlated with virulence. This study is the first demonstration for IBV comparing sequence changes in the 3' 7.3 kb genome after attenuation. The aforementioned information on amino acid changes might be useful in future virulence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University. No 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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91
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Cavanagh D, Casais R, Armesto M, Hodgson T, Izadkhasti S, Davies M, Lin F, Tarpey I, Britton P. Manipulation of the infectious bronchitis coronavirus genome for vaccine development and analysis of the accessory proteins. Vaccine 2007; 25:5558-62. [PMID: 17416443 PMCID: PMC7115386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) is the cause of the single most economically costly infectious disease of domestic fowl in the UK—and probably so in many countries that have a developed poultry industry. A major reason for its continued dominance is its existence as many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein (S), cross-protection being poor. Although controlled to some degree by live and inactivated vaccines, a new generation of IB vaccines is called for. Reverse genetic or ‘infectious clone’ systems, which allow the manipulation of the IBV genome, are key to this development. New vaccines would ideally be: genetically stable (i.e. maintain a stable attenuated phenotype); administered in ovo; and be flexible with respect to the source of the spike protein gene. Rational attenuation of IBV requires the identification of genes that are simultaneously not essential for replication and whose absence would reduce pathogenicity. Being able to modify a ‘core’ vaccine strain to make it applicable to a prevailing serotype requires a procedure for doing so, and the demonstration that ‘spike-swapping’ is sufficient to induce good immunity. We have demonstrated that four small IBV proteins, encoded by genes 3 and 5, are not essential for replication; failure to produce these proteins had little detrimental affect on the titre of virus produced. Our current molecularly cloned IBV, strain Beaudette, is non-pathogenic, so we do not know what effect the absence of these proteins would have on pathogenicity. That said, plaque size and composition of various gene 3/5 recombinant IBVs in cell culture, and reduced output and ciliostasis in tracheal organ cultures, shows that they are less aggressive than the wild-type Beaudette. Consequently these genes remain targets for rational attenuation. We have recently obtained evidence that one or more of the 15 proteins encoded by gene 1 are also determinants of pathogenicity. Hence gene 1 is also a target for rational attenuation. Replacing the S protein gene of Beaudette with that from the pathogenic M41 strain resulted in a recombinant virus that was still non-pathogenic but which did induce protection against challenge with M41. We have since made other ‘spike-swapped’ recombinants, including ones with chimaera S genes. Uniquely, our molecular clone of Beaudette is benign when administered to 18-day-old embryos, even at high doses, and induces immunity after this route of vaccination. Taken together, our results point to the creation of a new generation of IB vaccines, based on rational modification of the genome, as being a realisable objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Cavanagh
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.
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92
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Cavanagh D. Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Res 2007; 38:281-97. [PMID: 17296157 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the coronavirus of the chicken (Gallus gallus), is one of the foremost causes of economic loss within the poultry industry, affecting the performance of both meat-type and egg-laying birds. The virus replicates not only in the epithelium of upper and lower respiratory tract tissues, but also in many tissues along the alimentary tract and elsewhere e.g. kidney, oviduct and testes. It can be detected in both respiratory and faecal material. There is increasing evidence that IBV can infect species of bird other than the chicken. Interestingly breeds of chicken vary with respect to the severity of infection with IBV, which may be related to the immune response. Probably the major reason for the high profile of IBV is the existence of a very large number of serotypes. Both live and inactivated IB vaccines are used extensively, the latter requiring priming by the former. Their effectiveness is diminished by poor cross-protection. The nature of the protective immune response to IBV is poorly understood. What is known is that the surface spike protein, indeed the amino-terminal S1 half, is sufficient to induce good protective immunity. There is increasing evidence that only a few amino acid differences amongst S proteins are sufficient to have a detrimental impact on cross-protection. Experimental vector IB vaccines and genetically manipulated IBVs--with heterologous spike protein genes--have produced promising results, including in the context of in ovo vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Cavanagh
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom.
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93
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Hodgson T, Britton P, Cavanagh D. Neither the RNA nor the proteins of open reading frames 3a and 3b of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus are essential for replication. J Virol 2007; 80:296-305. [PMID: 16352554 PMCID: PMC1317528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.1.296-305.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene 3 of infectious bronchitis virus is tricistronic; open reading frames (ORFs) 3a and 3b encode two small nonstructural (ns) proteins, 3a and 3b, of unknown function, and a third, structural protein E, is encoded by ORF 3c. To determine if either the 3a or the 3b protein is required for replication, we first modified their translation initiation codons to prevent translation of the 3a and 3b proteins from recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses (rIBVs). Replication in primary chick kidney (CK) cells and in chicken embryos was not affected. In chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), the recombinant rIBVs reached titers similar to those of the wild-type virus, but in the case of viruses lacking the 3a protein, the titer declined reproducibly earlier. Translation of the IBV E protein is believed to be initiated by internal entry of ribosomes at a structure formed by the sequences corresponding to ORFs 3a and 3b. To assess the necessity of this mechanism, we deleted most of the sequence representing 3a and 3b to produce a gene in which ORF 3c (E) was adjacent to the gene 3 transcription-associated sequence. Western blot analysis revealed that the recombinant IBV produced fivefold less E protein. Nevertheless, titers produced in CK cells, embryos, and TOCs were similar to those of the wild-type virus, although they declined earlier in TOCs, probably due to the absence of the 3a protein. Thus, neither the tricistronic arrangement of gene 3, the internal initiation of translation of E protein, nor the 3a and 3b proteins are essential for replication per se, suggesting that these proteins are accessory proteins that may have roles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri Hodgson
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
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94
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Liu S, Chen J, Han Z, Zhang Q, Shao Y, Kong X, Tong G. Infectious bronchitis virus: S1 gene characteristics of vaccines used in China and efficacy of vaccination against heterologous strains from China. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:394-9. [PMID: 16990149 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600920984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The entire S1 protein genes of eight infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains used in China were compared with those of the IB virus isolates present in the field in China. The nucleotide and amino acid similarities between the eight IB vaccine strains and the field strain, tl/CH/LDT3/03, which was isolated from a teal (Anas sp.), were not more than 81.1% and 79.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 genes showed that the vaccines and field strains belonged to different clusters and showed larger evolutionary distances, and indicated that they were of different genotypes. Four out of the eight vaccines, in addition to the Massachusetts type vaccine H120, were used for protection tests against challenge by the IB virus isolate tl/CH/LDT3/03. This revealed that each of the five IB vaccines induced poor protection against the teal isolate, as assessed by respiratory protection, clinical signs and mortality, indicating the necessity of developing vaccines from local strains for IB control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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95
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Perlman S, Holmes KV. Genes 3 and 5 of infectious bronchitis virus are accessory protein genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 581:363-8. [PMID: 17037560 PMCID: PMC7123576 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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96
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Jackwood MW. The relationship of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus with avian and other coronaviruses. Avian Dis 2006; 50:315-20. [PMID: 17039827 DOI: 10.1637/7612-042006r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In February 2003, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in humans in Guangdong Province, China, and caused an epidemic that had severe impact on public health, travel, and economic trade. Coronaviruses are worldwide in distribution, highly infectious, and extremely difficult to control because they have extensive genetic diversity, a short generation time, and a high mutation rate. They can cause respiratory, enteric, and in some cases hepatic and neurological diseases in a wide variety of animals and humans. An enormous, previously unrecognized reservoir of coronaviruses exists among animals. Because coronaviruses have been shown, both experimentally and in nature, to undergo genetic mutations and recombination at a rate similar to that of influenza viruses, it is not surprising that zoonosis and host switching that leads to epidemic diseases have occurred among coronaviruses. Analysis of coronavirus genomic sequence data indicates that SARS-CoV emerged from an animal reservoir. Scientists examining coronavirus isolates from a variety of animals in and around Guangdong Province reported that SARS-CoV has similarities with many different coronaviruses including avian coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-like viruses from a variety of mammals found in live-animal markets. Although a SARS-like coronavirus isolated from a bat is thought to be the progenitor of SARS-CoV, a lack of genomic sequences for the animal coronaviruses has prevented elucidation of the true origin of SARS-CoV. Sequence analysis of SARS-CoV shows that the 5' polymerase gene has a mammalian ancestry; whereas the 3' end structural genes (excluding the spike glycoprotein) have an avian origin. Spike glycoprotein, the host cell attachment viral surface protein, was shown to be a mosaic of feline coronavirus and avian coronavirus sequences resulting from a recombination event. Based on phylogenetic analysis designed to elucidate evolutionary links among viruses, SARS-CoV is believed to have branched from the modern Group 2 coronaviruses, suggesting that it evolved relatively rapidly. This is significant because SARS-CoV is likely still circulating in an animal reservoir (or reservoirs) and has the potential to quickly emerge and cause a new epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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97
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Abdel-Moneim AS, El-Kady MF, Ladman BS, Gelb J. S1 gene sequence analysis of a nephropathogenic strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt. Virol J 2006; 3:78. [PMID: 16987422 PMCID: PMC1592083 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis is highly contagious and constitutes one of the most common and difficult poultry diseases to control. IBV is endemic in probably all countries that raise chickens. It exists as dozens of serotypes/genotypes. Only a few amino acid differences in the S1 protein of vaccine and challenge strains of IBV may result in poor protection. Tropism of IBV includes the respiratory tract tissues, proventriculus and caecal tonsils of the alimentary tract, the oviduct and the kidney. RESULTS Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain closely related to Massachusetts (Mass) serotype was isolated from broiler chickens suffering from severe renal and respiratory distresses. The isolate was serologically identified by Dot-ELISA and further characterized by RT-PCR then genotyped using S1 gene sequence analysis. Alignment of the S1 sequence of the isolate with 16 IBV strains revealed high homology to isolates related to Mass serotype. Inoculation with the strain reproduced the disease in experimental 1-day-old chickens and resulted in 20% mortality, severe renal and moderate respiratory distresses. Marked histopathological changes in both kidney and trachea were observed in experimentally infected chickens. A protection study using the H120 live attenuated vaccine showed low protection rate in spite of high S1 sequence homology (97%). Protection based criteria were: virus re-isolation attempts from trachea, tracheal and renal histopathology as well as IBV antigens detection by immunofluorescent antibody technique in kidney sections. CONCLUSION Periodical evaluation of cross-protective capabilities of IBV vaccine(s) versus recently recovered field isolates should be performed to ensure optimum control of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Brian S Ladman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717, USA
| | - Jack Gelb
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717, USA
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98
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Tarpey I, Orbell SJ, Britton P, Casais R, Hodgson T, Lin F, Hogan E, Cavanagh D. Safety and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus used for chicken embryo vaccination. Vaccine 2006; 24:6830-8. [PMID: 16860445 PMCID: PMC7126498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Commercial vaccines for in ovo vaccination have not yet been developed for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the major coronavirus in the poultry industry. Recombinant IBVs based on the Beaudette strain expressing the Beaudette spike protein (Beau-R) or that from the virulent M41 strain (BeauR-M41(S)) were assessed for their potential as prototype vaccines for application to 18-day-old embryos. Pathogenicity was assessed by observing the effect on hatchability, and/or the production of nasal discharge and/or the effects on ciliary activity in the trachea at various time points post hatch. In contrast to commercial IBV vaccines given in ovo, the Beau-R and BeauR-M41(S) strains did not reduce hatchability or cause nasal discharge, and caused minimal damage to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea. The presence of the spike protein from a virulent virus did not increase the pathogenicity of the virus according to the criteria used. Assessment of the BeauR-M41(S) strain for efficacy showed that it protected up to 90% of chicks against challenge with virulent IB virus (M41) in a dose dependent manner. Further egg passage of the BeauR-M41(S) strain (BeauR-M41(S) EP10) did not increase its pathogenicity though it did improve its efficacy, based on serology and protection against a virulent challenge. BeauR-M41(S) EP10 was more efficacious than BeauR-M41(S) protecting more birds against virulent challenge and providing a better serological antibody response. BeauR-M41(S) EP10 induced a serological response similar to that of a commercial vaccine given at day-old though the commercial vaccine provided slightly higher efficacy. These results are promising for the development of embryo safe efficacious IBV vaccines for in ovo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tarpey
- Intervet UK, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes, Bucks, UK.
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99
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Winter C, Schwegmann-Weßels C, Cavanagh D, Neumann U, Herrler G. Sialic acid is a receptor determinant for infection of cells by avian Infectious bronchitis virus. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1209-1216. [PMID: 16603523 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of sialic acid for infection by avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been analysed. Neuraminidase treatment rendered Vero, baby hamster kidney and primary chicken kidney cells resistant to infection by the IBV-Beaudette strain. Sialic acid-dependent infection was also observed with strain M41 of IBV, which infects primary chicken kidney cells but not cells from other species. In comparison with Influenza A virus and Sendai virus, IBV was most sensitive to pre-treatment of cells with neuraminidase. This finding suggests that IBV requires a greater amount of sialic acid on the cell surface to initiate an infection compared with the other two viruses. In previous studies, with respect to the haemagglutinating activity of IBV, it has been shown that the virus preferentially recognizes α2,3-linked sialic acid. In agreement with this finding, susceptibility to infection by IBV was connected to the expression of α2,3-linked sialic acid as indicated by the reactivity with the lectin Maackia amurensis agglutinin. Here, it is discussed that binding to sialic acid may be used by IBV for primary attachment to the cell surface; tighter binding and subsequent fusion between the viral and the cellular membrane may require interaction with a second receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Winter
- Institute for Virology and Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christel Schwegmann-Weßels
- Institute for Virology and Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dave Cavanagh
- Institute for Animal Health, Division of Microbiology, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Ulrich Neumann
- Institute for Virology and Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute for Virology and Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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100
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Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S. Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 69:635-64. [PMID: 16339739 PMCID: PMC1306801 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.69.4.635-664.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses classified within the Nidovirales order. This coronavirus family consists of pathogens of many animal species and of humans, including the recently isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This review is divided into two main parts; the first concerns the animal coronaviruses and their pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the functions of individual viral genes, and the second discusses the newly described human emerging pathogen, SARS-CoV. The coronavirus part covers (i) a description of a group of coronaviruses and the diseases they cause, including the prototype coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus, which is one of the recognized animal models for multiple sclerosis, as well as viruses of veterinary importance that infect the pig, chicken, and cat and a summary of the human viruses; (ii) a short summary of the replication cycle of coronaviruses in cell culture; (iii) the development and application of reverse genetics systems; and (iv) the roles of individual coronavirus proteins in replication and pathogenesis. The SARS-CoV part covers the pathogenesis of SARS, the developing animal models for infection, and the progress in vaccine development and antiviral therapies. The data gathered on the animal coronaviruses continue to be helpful in understanding SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA.
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