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Nah GSS, Lim ZW, Tay BH, Osato M, Venkatesh B. Runx family genes in a cartilaginous fish, the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). PLoS One 2014; 9:e93816. [PMID: 24699678 PMCID: PMC3974841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Runx family genes encode transcription factors that play key roles in hematopoiesis, skeletogenesis and neurogenesis and are often implicated in diseases. We describe here the cloning and characterization of Runx1, Runx2, Runx3 and Runxb genes in the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), a member of Chondrichthyes, the oldest living group of jawed vertebrates. Through the use of alternative promoters and/or alternative splicing, each of the elephant shark Runx genes expresses multiple isoforms similar to their orthologs in human and other bony vertebrates. The expression profiles of elephant shark Runx genes are similar to those of mammalian Runx genes. The syntenic blocks of genes at the elephant shark Runx gene loci are highly conserved in human, but represented by shorter conserved blocks in zebrafish indicating a higher degree of rearrangements in this teleost fish. Analysis of promoter regions revealed conservation of binding sites for transcription factors, including two tandem binding sites for Runx that are totally conserved in the distal promoter regions of elephant shark Runx1-3. Several conserved noncoding elements (CNEs), which are putative cis-regulatory elements, and miRNA binding sites were identified in the elephant shark and human Runx gene loci. Some of these CNEs and miRNA binding sites are absent in teleost fishes such as zebrafish and fugu. In summary, our analysis reveals that the genomic organization and expression profiles of Runx genes were already complex in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Sek Suan Nah
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhi Wei Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Hui Tay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Motomi Osato
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MO); (BV)
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MO); (BV)
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Tanriver Y, Diefenbach A. Transcription factors controlling development and function of innate lymphoid cells. Int Immunol 2014; 26:119-28. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Sun C, Liu Y, Hu Y, Fan Q, Li W, Yu X, Mao H, Hu C. Gig1 and Gig2 homologs (CiGig1 and CiGig2) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) display good antiviral activities in an IFN-independent pathway. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:477-483. [PMID: 23872229 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The virus-induced genes, Gig1 and Gig2, were identified first as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) from CAB cells. Previous studies suggested that Gig protein may have some potential antiviral functions. In this study, we cloned and identified the full-length cDNA sequences of Gig1 and Gig2 homologs (designated as CiGig1 and CiGig2, respectively) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The complete cDNA sequences of Gig1 and Gig2 contain 1231 bp and 690 bp, encoding for a 194 amino acid protein and a 158 amino acid protein, respectively. Their structure characteristics of CiGig1 and CiGig2 are highly similar to the corresponding homologues in crucian carp. The tissue-specific expressions of CiGig1 and CiGig2 in liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, gill and heart were significantly up-regulated following GCHV challenge. The results indicated that CiGig1 and CiGig2 may be involved in the antiviral immune responses in cells. To better understand the antiviral functions of CiGig1 and CiGig2 in vivo, CiGig1 or CiGig2 ORF cDNA were inserted into the plasmid pcDNA3.1, respectively. Subsequently, the recombinant plasmids were transfected into C. idellus kidney (CIK) cells. The over-expressions of CiGig1 and CiGig2 were observed in the CIK cells after treatment with GCHV. Cells with pcDNA3.1-CiGig1 or pcDNA-CiGig2 exhibited a relatively higher survival rate of (70.84% or 69.24%) than non-transfection (22.16%) and mock-vehicle controls (24.38%) following the virus infection. Our data showed that both CiGig1 and CiGig2 could exert antiviral effects effectively in vivo. Cycloheximide blocking protein synthesis demonstrated that both CiGig1 and CiGig2 mRNA expression could be induced by GCHV rather than by recombinant grass carp IFN (rCiIFN) directly, suggesting that CiGig1 and CiGig2 may not be IFN-stimulated genes since they display their antivirus activities in an IFN-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgui Sun
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was accompanied by major morphological and functional innovations, including the development of an adaptive immune system. Vertebrate adaptive immunity is based on the clonal expression of somatically diversifying antigen receptors on lymphocytes. This is a common feature of both the jawless and jawed vertebrates , although these two groups of extant vertebrates employ structurally different types of antigen receptors and principal mechanisms for their somatic diversification . These observations suggest that the common vertebrate ancestor must have already possessed a complex immune system, including B- and T-like lymphocyte lineages and primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus, but possibly lacked the facilities for somatic diversification of antigen receptors. Interestingly, memory formation, previously considered to be a defining feature of adaptive immunity, also occurs in the context of innate immune responses and can even be observed in unicellular organisms, attesting to the convergent evolutionary history of distinct aspects of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; ,
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Callol A, Roher N, Amaro C, MacKenzie S. Characterization of PAMP/PRR interactions in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) macrophage-like primary cell cultures. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1216-1223. [PMID: 23911651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The eel (Anguilla anguilla) has been identified as a vulnerable species with stocks dramatically declining over the past decade. In an effort to support the species from overfishing of wild stocks increased interest in eel aquaculture has been notable. In order to expand the scarce knowledge concerning the biology of this species significant research efforts are required in several fields of biology. The development of cell culture systems to study the immune response is a key step towards an increased understanding of the immune response and to develop resources to support further study in this threatened species. Macrophages are one of the most important effector cells of the innate immune system. The capacity to engulf pathogens and orchestrate the immune response relies on the existence of different surface receptors, such as scavenger receptors and toll-like receptors. We have developed and described an eel macrophage-like in vitro model and studied its functional and transcriptomic responses. Macrophage-like cells from both head kidney and purified peripheral blood leukocytes were obtained and phagocytic activity measured for different whole bacteria and yeast. Moreover, based on PAMP-PRR association the innate immune response of both head kidney and PBL derived macrophage-like cells was evaluated against different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Results highlight that peptidoglycan stimulation strongly induces inflammatory mRNA expression reflected in the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes IL1β and IL18 in PBL derived cells whereas IL8 is upregulated in head kidney derived cells. Furthermore TLR2 mRNA abundance is regulated by all stimuli supporting a multifunctional role for this pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) in eel macrophage-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Callol
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Boehm T, Swann JB. Thymus involution and regeneration: two sides of the same coin? Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:831-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Stange J, Veldhoen M. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in innate T cell immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:645-55. [PMID: 24030775 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight an important role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) at mucosal barriers. Surprisingly, activation of the AhR, required for the maintenance of lymphocytes as well as lymphoid architecture, can be achieved via cues derived from the external environment. This environment contains both beneficial and harmful microorganisms as well as a diverse array of compounds, and the epithelia must offer very sophisticated levels of defence. This is achieved via multifaceted immune recognition diversity and cellular complexity. Mucosal associated tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, constitute a complex immune organ for local lymphocytes and contain highly organised lymphoid structures. We will discuss the recent observations concerning the AhR in relation to the function and maintenance of innate T cells, with focus on γδ T cells found enriched at epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Stange
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
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Lee-Liu D, Edwards-Faret G, Tapia VS, Larraín J. Spinal cord regeneration: Lessons for mammals from non-mammalian vertebrates. Genesis 2013; 51:529-44. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dasfne Lee-Liu
- Center for Aging and Regeneration; Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Alameda 340 Santiago Chile
| | - Gabriela Edwards-Faret
- Center for Aging and Regeneration; Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Alameda 340 Santiago Chile
| | - Víctor S. Tapia
- Center for Aging and Regeneration; Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Alameda 340 Santiago Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration; Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Alameda 340 Santiago Chile
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Abstract
Teleost fish are among the most ancient vertebrates possessing an adaptive immune system with B and T lymphocytes that produce memory responses to pathogens. Most bony fish, however, have only 2 types of B lymphocytes, in contrast to the 4 types available to mammals. To better understand the evolution of adaptive immunity, we generated transgenic zebrafish in which the major immunoglobulin M (IgM(+)) B-cell subset expresses green fluorescence protein (GFP) (IgM1:eGFP). We discovered that the earliest IgM(+) B cells appear between the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein and also in the kidney around 20 days postfertilization. We also examined B-cell ontogeny in adult IgM1:eGFP;rag2:DsRed animals, where we defined pro-B, pre-B, and immature/mature B cells in the adult kidney. Sites of B-cell development that shift between the embryo and adult have previously been described in birds and mammals. Our results suggest that this developmental shift occurs in all jawed vertebrates. Finally, we used IgM1:eGFP and cd45DsRed;blimp1:eGFP zebrafish to characterize plasma B cells and investigate B-cell function. The IgM1:eGFP reporter fish are the first nonmammalian B-cell reporter animals to be described. They will be important for further investigation of immune cell evolution and development and host-pathogen interactions in zebrafish.
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Wei J, Li H, Yu H. Ichthyophthiriasis: emphases on the epizootiology. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:91-101. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.Z. Wei
- School of Life Science; Foshan University; Foshan Guangdong China
| | - H. Li
- School of Life Science; Foshan University; Foshan Guangdong China
| | - H. Yu
- School of Life Science; Foshan University; Foshan Guangdong China
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Abstract
All multicellular organisms protect themselves against pathogens using sophisticated immune defenses. Functionally interconnected humoral and cellular facilities maintain immune homeostasis in the absence of overt infection and regulate the initiation and termination of immune responses directed against pathogens. Immune responses of invertebrates, such as flies, are innate and usually stereotyped; those of vertebrates, encompassing species as diverse as jawless fish and humans, are additionally adaptive, enabling more rapid and efficient immune reactivity upon repeated encounters with a pathogen. Many of the attributes historically defining innate and adaptive immunity are in fact common to both, blurring their functional distinction and emphasizing shared ancestry and co-evolution. These findings provide indications of the evolutionary forces underlying the origin of somatic diversification of antigen receptors and contribute to our understanding of the complex phenotypes of human immune disorders. Moreover, informed by phylogenetic considerations and inspired by improved knowledge of functional networks, new avenues emerge for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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