51
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Zhu Y, Qu J, He L, Zhang F, Zhou Z, Yang S, Zhou Y. Calcium in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Elasticity and Adhesion: Novel Insights Into the Mechanism of Action. Front Physiol 2019; 10:852. [PMID: 31440163 PMCID: PMC6693425 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the predominant cell type in the arterial wall. These cells play a critical role in maintaining vascular homeostasis including vasoconstriction and vasodilatation through active contraction and relaxation. Dysregulation of VSMC function alters the response of blood vessels to mechanical stress, contributing to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis and hypertension. The stiffness of VSMCs is a major regulator of vascular function. Previous studies suggest that intracellular Ca2+ controls the stiffness of VSMCs by a mechanism involving myosin contractile apparatus. More recent studies highlight important functions of cytoskeletal α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), α5β1 integrin, and integrin-mediated cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in Ca2+-dependent regulation of VSMC stiffness and adhesion to the ECM, providing novel insights into the mechanism of calcium action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jing Qu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanzhong Yang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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52
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Abstract
Arterial aging engages a plethora of key signalling pathways that act in concert to induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic changes leading to vascular degeneration and extracellular matrix degradation responsible for alterations of the mechanical properties of the vascular wall. This review highlights proof-of-concept examples of components of the extracellular matrix, VSMC receptors which connect extracellular and intracellular structures, and signalling pathways regulating changes in mechanotransduction and vascular homeostasis in aging. Furthermore, it provides a new framework for understanding how VSMC stiffness and adhesion to extracellular matrix contribute to arterial stiffness and how interactions with endothelial cells, platelets, and immune cells can regulate vascular aging. The identification of the key players of VSMC changes operating in large and small-sized arteries in response to increased mechanical load may be useful to better elucidate the causes and consequences of vascular aging and associated progression of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U1116, Faculte de Medecine, 9 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, CS 50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Veronique Regnault
- INSERM, U1116, Faculte de Medecine, 9 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, CS 50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Alberto P Avolio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Brown IAM, Diederich L, Good ME, DeLalio LJ, Murphy SA, Cortese-Krott MM, Hall JL, Le TH, Isakson BE. Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling in Conductive and Resistance Arteries in Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1969-1985. [PMID: 30354262 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and accounts for >17.3 million deaths per year, with an estimated increase in incidence to 23.6 million by 2030. 1 Cardiovascular death represents 31% of all global deaths 2 -with stroke, heart attack, and ruptured aneurysms predominantly contributing to these high mortality rates. A key risk factor for cardiovascular disease is hypertension. Although treatment or reduction in hypertension can prevent the onset of cardiovascular events, existing therapies are only partially effective. A key pathological hallmark of hypertension is increased peripheral vascular resistance because of structural and functional changes in large (conductive) and small (resistance) arteries. In this review, we discuss the clinical implications of vascular remodeling, compare the differences between vascular smooth muscle cell remodeling in conductive and resistance arteries, discuss the genetic factors associated with vascular smooth muscle cell function in hypertensive patients, and provide a prospective assessment of current and future research and pharmacological targets for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isola A M Brown
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (I.A.M.B., M.E.G., L.J.D., S.A.M., B.E.I.)
| | - Lukas Diederich
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany (L.D., M.M.C.-K.)
| | - Miranda E Good
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (I.A.M.B., M.E.G., L.J.D., S.A.M., B.E.I.)
| | - Leon J DeLalio
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (I.A.M.B., M.E.G., L.J.D., S.A.M., B.E.I.).,Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.)
| | - Sara A Murphy
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (I.A.M.B., M.E.G., L.J.D., S.A.M., B.E.I.)
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany (L.D., M.M.C.-K.)
| | - Jennifer L Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute (J.L.H.).,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (J.L.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,American Heart Association, Dallas, TX (J.L.H.)
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (T.H.L.)
| | - Brant E Isakson
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (I.A.M.B., M.E.G., L.J.D., S.A.M., B.E.I.).,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (B.E.I.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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54
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Balasubramanian P, Csiszar A. Lysyl oxidases as driving forces behind age-related macrovascular rigidity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H37-H38. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00264.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Balasubramanian
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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55
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Sanyour HJ, Li N, Rickel AP, Childs JD, Kinser CN, Hong Z. Membrane cholesterol and substrate stiffness co-ordinate to induce the remodelling of the cytoskeleton and the alteration in the biomechanics of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1369-1380. [PMID: 30395154 PMCID: PMC11268160 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cholesterol not only deposits in foam cells at the atherosclerotic plaque, but also plays an important role as a regulator of cell migration in atherogenesis. In addition, the progression of atherosclerosis leads to arterial wall stiffening, and thus altering the micromechanical environment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vivo. Our studies aim to test the hypothesis that membrane cholesterol and substrate stiffness co-ordinate to regulate VSMCs biomechanics, and thus potentially regulate VSMCs migration and atherosclerotic plaque formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Methyl-β-cyclodextrin was used to manipulate membrane cholesterol content in VSMCs isolated from the descending thoracic aorta of male Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured on Type I collagen-coated polyacrylamide gel substrates with varying stiffness. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine VSMCs stiffness and integrin-fibronectin (FN) adhesion. The alignment of submembranous actin filaments was visualized with AFM and confocal microscopy. The constriction force of rat aorta was measured ex vivo using a multi-wire myograph system. Our results demonstrated that cholesterol-depletion and substrate-softening induced a significant decrease in VSMCs stiffness and adhesion to FN, as well as cytoskeletal disorganization. In addition, the contractile force of rat aorta was reduced upon cholesterol-depletion. Cholesterol-enrichment resulted in an increase in stiffness, adhesion to FN, cytoskeletal organization of VSMCs compared with the cholesterol-depleted cells, and enhanced contractile force of rat aortas compared with the cholesterol-depleted vessel rings. CONCLUSION Cell membrane cholesterol and substrate stiffness synergistically affect VSMCs elastic modulus (E-modulus) by regulating the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Except for the 3.5 kPa gel substrate, cholesterol-depletion decreased VSMCs-FN adhesion force, adhesion loading rate, cytoskeletal orientation, and E-modulus compared with the control VSMCs. Conversely, cholesterol-enrichment significantly increased cytoskeleton orientation, stiffness, and VSMCs-FN cell adhesion force compared with both control and cholesterol-depleted VSMCs on a soft substrate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/pathology
- Elastic Modulus
- Male
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stress, Mechanical
- Vascular Stiffness
- Vasoconstriction
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J. Sanyour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Alex P. Rickel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Josh D. Childs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Courtney N. Kinser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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Climie RE, van Sloten TT, Bruno RM, Taddei S, Empana JP, Stehouwer CD, Sharman JE, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S. Macrovasculature and Microvasculature at the Crossroads Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 73:1138-1149. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Climie
- From the INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), France (R.E.C., T.T.v.S., R.-M.B., J.-P.E.)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (R.E.C.)
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmanian, Hobart, Australia (R.E.C., J.E.S.)
| | - Thomas T. van Sloten
- From the INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), France (R.E.C., T.T.v.S., R.-M.B., J.-P.E.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands (T.T.v.S., C.D.A.S.)
| | - Rosa-Maria Bruno
- From the INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), France (R.E.C., T.T.v.S., R.-M.B., J.-P.E.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy (R.-M.B., S.T.)
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy (R.-M.B., S.T.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Empana
- From the INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), France (R.E.C., T.T.v.S., R.-M.B., J.-P.E.)
| | - Coen D.A. Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands (T.T.v.S., C.D.A.S.)
| | - James E. Sharman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmanian, Hobart, Australia (R.E.C., J.E.S.)
| | - Pierre Boutouyrie
- INSERM, U970, APHP. Paris Descartes University, Paris, France (P.B., S.L.)
| | - Stéphane Laurent
- INSERM, U970, APHP. Paris Descartes University, Paris, France (P.B., S.L.)
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57
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Ding Y, Han Y, Lu Q, An J, Zhu H, Xie Z, Song P, Zou MH. Peroxynitrite-Mediated SIRT (Sirtuin)-1 Inactivation Contributes to Nicotine-Induced Arterial Stiffness in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1419-1431. [PMID: 31092012 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Inhibition of SIRT (sirtuin)-1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase, is linked to cigarette smoking-induced arterial stiffness, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects and mechanisms of nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoke, on SIRT1 activity and arterial stiffness. Approach and Results- Arterial stiffness, peroxynitrite (ONOO-) formation, SIRT1 expression and activity were monitored in mouse aortas of 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice (wild-type) or Sirt1-overexpressing ( Sirt1 Super) mice with or without nicotine for 4 weeks. In aortas of wild-type mice, nicotine reduced SIRT1 protein and activity by ≈50% without affecting its mRNA levels. In those from Sirt1 Super mice, nicotine also markedly reduced SIRT1 protein and activity to the levels that were comparable to those in wild-type mice. Nicotine infusion significantly induced collagen I, fibronectin, and arterial stiffness in wild-type but not Sirt1 Super mice. Nicotine increased the levels of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and the co-staining of SIRT1 and 3-nitrotyrosine, a footprint of ONOO- in aortas. Tempol, which ablated ONOO- by scavenging superoxide anion, reduced the effects of nicotine on SIRT1 and collagen. Mutation of zinc-binding cysteine 395 or 398 in SIRT1 into serine (C395S) or (C398S) abolished SIRT1 activity. Furthermore, ONOO- dose-dependently inhibited the enzyme and increased zinc release in recombinant SIRT1. Finally, we found SIRT1 inactivation by ONOO- activated the YAP (Yes-associated protein) resulting in abnormal ECM (extracellular matrix) remodeling. Conclusions- Nicotine induces ONOO-, which selectively inhibits SIRT1 resulting in a YAP-mediated ECM remodeling. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ding
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Yi Han
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Qiulun Lu
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Junqing An
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Huaiping Zhu
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Zhonglin Xie
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Ping Song
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta
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58
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DuPont JJ, Kenney RM, Patel AR, Jaffe IZ. Sex differences in mechanisms of arterial stiffness. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4208-4225. [PMID: 30767200 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness progressively increases with aging and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Evidence supports that there are sex differences in the time course of aging-related arterial stiffness and the associated CVD risk, which increases disproportionately in postmenopausal women. The association between arterial stiffness and mortality is almost twofold higher in women versus men. The differential clinical characteristics of the development of arterial stiffness between men and women indicate the involvement of sex-specific mechanisms. This review summarizes the current literature on sex differences in vascular stiffness induced by aging, obesity, hypertension, and sex-specific risk factors as well as the impact of hormonal status, diet, and exercise on vascular stiffness in males and females. An understanding of the mechanisms driving sex differences in vascular stiffness has the potential to identify novel sex-specific therapies to lessen CVD risk, the leading cause of death in males and females. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J DuPont
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel M Kenney
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ayan R Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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García-Prieto CF, Gil-Ortega M, Vega-Martín E, Ramiro-Cortijo D, Martín-Ramos M, Bordiú E, Sanchez-Pernaute A, Torres A, Aránguez I, Fernández-Alfonso M, Rubio MA, Somoza B. Beneficial Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Abnormal MMP-9 and AMPK Activities: Potential Markers of Obesity-Related CV Risk. Front Physiol 2019; 10:553. [PMID: 31133882 PMCID: PMC6517546 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery (BS) results in sustained weight loss and may reverse inflammation, metabolic alterations, extracellular matrix remodeling and arterial stiffness. We hypothesize that increased stiffening in omental arteries from obese patients might be associated with an increase in MMP activity and a decrease in p-AMPK, together with systemic oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, BS could contribute to reversing these alterations. This study was conducted with 38 patients of Caucasian origin: 31 adult patients with morbid obesity (9 men and 22 women; mean age 46 years and BMI = 42.7 ± 1.0 kg/m2) and 7 non-obese subjects (7 women; mean age 45 years and BMI = 22.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2). Seventeen obese patients were studied before and 12 months after BS. The stiffness index β, an index of intrinsic arterial stiffness, was determined in omental arteries and was significantly higher in obese patients. Levels of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPKThr-172) and SIRT-1 were significantly lower in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from obese patients than those from non-obese patients (p < 0.05) and were normalized after BS. Total and active MMP-9 activities, LDH, protein carbonyls and uric acid were higher in obese patients and reduced by BS. Moreover, there was a correlation between plasmatic LDH levels and the stiffness index β. BS has a beneficial effect on abnormal MMP-9, LDH and AMPK activities that might be associated with the development of arterial stiffness in obese patients. Since these parameters are easily measured in blood samples, they could constitute potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in morbid obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concha F García-Prieto
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vega-Martín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Martín-Ramos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Bordiú
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Sanchez-Pernaute
- Servicio de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Torres
- Servicio de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Aránguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rubio
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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60
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Liang X, Su S, Hao G, Snieder H, Treiber F, Kapuku G, Wang X. Determinants of pulse wave velocity trajectories from youth to young adulthood: the Georgia Stress and Heart Study. J Hypertens 2019; 37:563-571. [PMID: 30234784 PMCID: PMC6355367 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been shown to be an important parameter of cardiovascular risk. Longitudinal development of PWV from youth to early adulthood and its possible sociodemographic, anthropometric, hemodynamic and behavioral moderators will be illustrated. METHODS Individual growth curves of carotid-distal PWV across age were created for 559 African American and European American men and women with a maximum of five assessments over an average of 7-year follow-up (mean age at participants' first assessment, 22.3 ± 3.4). RESULTS African Americans and men had significantly higher PWV than did European Americans and women (Ps < 0.01), respectively. A three-way interaction (P < 0.001) between age, sex and ethnicity was observed with African American men displaying a larger rate of increase in PWV with age than the other three ethnic and sex groups. The ethnicity and sex effects on PWV persisted when controlling for other moderators. Waist circumference was the strongest anthropometric predictor but its effect on PWV was only significant in women. Mean arterial pressure was the strongest hemodynamic predictor, marital status of parents was the strongest socioeconomic predictor and marijuana use was the strongest behavioral predictor of PWV. The best-fitting full model explained in total 59.4% of the between-subject variance in PWV with ethnicity, sex and age explaining 25.6%. CONCLUSION We observed significant ethnic and sex differences in longitudinal trajectories of PWV in youth and young adults. In addition, individual differences in PWV growth can largely be explained by mean arterial pressure, waist, marital status of parents and marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liang
- Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA,
| | - Shaoyong Su
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA,
| | - Guang Hao
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA,
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Treiber
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Gaston Kapuku
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA,
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA,
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61
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Huang H, Sun Z, Hill MA, Meininger GA. A Calcium Mediated Mechanism Coordinating Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Adhesion During KCl Activation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1810. [PMID: 30618822 PMCID: PMC6305448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is intimately coupled to physical coupling of the cell to extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) by integrins. Integrin adhesion receptors are essential for normal vascular function and defective integrin signaling is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, less is known about the mechanism of integrin activation in VSMCs in relation to vasoregulation. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that the vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II increases VSMC stiffness in concert with enhanced adhesion to fibronectin (FN), indicating an important role for adhesion in contraction. However, the mechanism of this coordination remains to be clarified. In this study, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was hypothesized to link integrin activation through inside-out signaling pathways leading to enhanced adhesion in response to AII. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM) with an anti-α5 antibody coated AFM probe, we confirmed that cell stiffness was increased by AII, while we observed no change in adhesion to an α5 integrin antibody. This indicated that increases in cell adhesion to FN induced by AII were occurring through an integrin activation process, as increased membrane integrin expression/receptor density would have been accompanied by increased adhesion to the anti-α5 antibody. Further studies were performed using either KCl or BAPTA-AM to modulate the level of [Ca2+]i. After KCl, VSMCs showed a rapid transient increase in cell stiffness as well as cell adhesion to FN, and these two events were synchronized with superimposed transient increases in the level of [Ca2+]i, which was measured using the Ca2+ indicator, fluo-4. These relationships were unaffected in VSMCs pretreated with the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, ML-7. In contrast, unstimulated VSMCs incubated with an intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM, showed reduced cell adhesion to FN as well the expected decrease in [Ca2+]i. These data suggest that in VSMCs, integrin activation is linked to signaling events tied to levels of [Ca2+]i while being less dependent on events at the level of contractile protein activation. These findings provide additional evidence to support a role for adhesion in VSMC contraction and suggest that following cell contractile activation, that adhesion may be regulated in tandem with the contractile event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Zhu Y, He L, Zhou Y. Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Stiffness and Adhesion by [Ca2+]i: An Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:708-712. [PMID: 30516127 PMCID: PMC6310092 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular concentration of calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) is a critical regulator of cell signaling and contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In this study, we employed an atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation-based approach to investigate the role of [Ca2+]i in regulating the cortical elasticity of rat cremaster VSMCs and the ability of rat VSMCs to adhere to fibronectin (Fn) matrix. Elevation of [Ca2+]i by ionomycin treatment increased rat VSMC stiffness and cell adhesion to Fn-biofunctionalized AFM probes, whereas attenuation of [Ca2+]i by 1,2-Bis (2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM) treatment decreased the mechanical and matrix adhesive properties of VSMCs. Furthermore, we found that ionomycin/BAPTA-AM treatments altered expression of α 5 integrin subunits and α smooth muscle actin in rat VSMCs. These data suggest that [Ca2+]i regulates VSMC elasticity and adhesion to the extracellular matrix by a potential mechanism involving changing dynamics of the integrin-actin cytoskeleton axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
| | - Li He
- Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Shen K, Kenche H, Zhao H, Li J, Stone J. The role of extracellular matrix stiffness in regulating cytoskeletal remodeling via vinculin in synthetic smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:302-307. [PMID: 30502091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vinculin is a key player in sensing and responding to external mechanical cues such as extracellular matrix stiffness. Increased matrix stiffness is often associated with certain pathological conditions including hypertension induced cellular cytoskeleton changes in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. However, little is known on how stiffness affects cytoskeletal remodeling via vinculin in VSM cells. Thus, we utilized matrices with elastic moduli that simulate vascular stiffness in different stages of hypertension to investigate how matrix stiffness regulates cell cytoskeleton via vinculin in synthetic VSM cells. Through selecting a suitable reference gene, we found that an increase in physiologically relevant extracellular matrix stiffness (2-50 kPa) downregulates vinculin gene expression but upregulates vinculin protein expression. This discrepancy, which was not observed previously for non-muscle cells, suggests that the vinculin-mediated mecahnotransduction mechanism in synthetic VSM cells may be more complex than those proposed for non-muscle cells. Also adding to previous findings, we found that VSM cell growth may be impeded by substrates that are either too soft or too rigid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA.
| | - Harshavardhan Kenche
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA
| | - Jasimine Stone
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA
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The Roles of Primary Cilia in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120233. [PMID: 30486394 PMCID: PMC6315816 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles found in most mammalian cell types. Cilia act as sensory organelles that transmit extracellular clues into intracellular signals for molecular and cellular responses. Biochemical and molecular defects in primary cilia are associated with a wide range of diseases, termed ciliopathies, with phenotypes ranging from polycystic kidney disease, liver disorders, mental retardation, and obesity to cardiovascular diseases. Primary cilia in vascular endothelia protrude into the lumen of blood vessels and function as molecular switches for calcium (Ca2+) and nitric oxide (NO) signaling. As mechanosensory organelles, endothelial cilia are involved in blood flow sensing. Dysfunction in endothelial cilia contributes to aberrant fluid-sensing and thus results in vascular disorders, including hypertension, aneurysm, and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the roles of endothelial primary cilia within vascular biology and alludes to the possibility of primary cilium as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disorders.
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65
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Jiang Y, Ji JY. Understanding lamin proteins and their roles in aging and cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci 2018; 212:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Imsirovic J, Bartolák-Suki E, Jawde SB, Parameswaran H, Suki B. Blood pressure-induced physiological strain variability modulates wall structure and function in aorta rings. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:105014. [PMID: 30376453 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aae65f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells respond to mechanical stretch by reorganizing their cytoskeletal and contractile elements. Recently, we showed that contractile forces in rat aorta rings were maintained when the rings were exposed to 4 h of physiological variability in cycle-by-cycle strain, called variable stretch (VS), mimicking beat-to-beat blood pressure variability. Contractility, however, was reduced when the aorta was exposed to monotonous stretch (MS) with an amplitude equal to the mean peak strain of VS. OBJECTIVE Here we reanalyzed the data to obtain wall stiffness as well as added new histologic and inhibitor studies to test the effects of VS on the extracellular matrix. MAIN RESULTS The results demonstrate that while the stiffness of the aorta did not change during 4 h MS or VS, nonlinearity in mechanical behavior was slightly stronger following MS. The inhibitor studies also showed that mitochondrial energy production and cytoskeletal organization were involved in this fluctuation-driven mechanotransduction. Reorganization of β-actin in the smooth muscle layer quantified from immunohistochemically labeled images correlated with contractile forces during contraction. Histologic analysis of wall structure provided evidence of reorganization of elastin and collagen fibers following MS but less so following VS. The results suggested that the loss of muscle contraction in MS was compensated by reorganization of fiber structure leading to similar wall stiffness as in VS. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that muscle tone modulated by variability in stretch plays a role in maintaining aortic wall structural and mechanical homeostasis with implications for vascular conditions characterized by a loss or an increase in blood pressure variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Imsirovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America. These authors contributed equally to this work
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Dieffenbach PB, Maracle M, Tschumperlin DJ, Fredenburgh LE. Mechanobiological Feedback in Pulmonary Vascular Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:951. [PMID: 30090065 PMCID: PMC6068271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular stiffening in the pulmonary arterial bed is increasingly recognized as an early disease marker and contributor to right ventricular workload in pulmonary hypertension. Changes in pulmonary artery stiffness throughout the pulmonary vascular tree lead to physiologic alterations in pressure and flow characteristics that may contribute to disease progression. These findings have led to a greater focus on the potential contributions of extracellular matrix remodeling and mechanical signaling to pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the cellular response to vascular stiffness includes upregulation of signaling pathways that precipitate further vascular remodeling, a process known as mechanobiological feedback. The extracellular matrix modifiers, mechanosensors, and mechanotransducers responsible for this process have become increasingly well-recognized. In this review, we discuss the impact of vascular stiffening on pulmonary hypertension morbidity and mortality, evidence in favor of mechanobiological feedback in pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis, and the major contributors to mechanical signaling in the pulmonary vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Dieffenbach
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcy Maracle
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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68
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Nicholson CJ, Singh K, Saphirstein RJ, Gao YZ, Li Q, Chiu JG, Leavis P, Verwoert GC, Mitchell GF, Porter T, Morgan KG. Reversal of Aging-Induced Increases in Aortic Stiffness by Targeting Cytoskeletal Protein-Protein Interfaces. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008926. [PMID: 30021807 PMCID: PMC6201469 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proximal aorta normally functions as a critical shock absorber that protects small downstream vessels from damage by pressure and flow pulsatility generated by the heart during systole. This shock absorber function is impaired with age because of aortic stiffening. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the contribution of common genetic variation to aortic stiffness in humans by interrogating results from the AortaGen Consortium genome-wide association study of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Common genetic variation in the N-WASP (WASL) locus is associated with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (rs600420, P=0.0051). Thus, we tested the hypothesis that decoy proteins designed to disrupt the interaction of cytoskeletal proteins such as N-WASP with its binding partners in the vascular smooth muscle cytoskeleton could decrease ex vivo stiffness of aortas from a mouse model of aging. A synthetic decoy peptide construct of N-WASP significantly reduced activated stiffness in ex vivo aortas of aged mice. Two other cytoskeletal constructs targeted to VASP and talin-vinculin interfaces similarly decreased aging-induced ex vivo active stiffness by on-target specific actions. Furthermore, packaging these decoy peptides into microbubbles enables the peptides to be ultrasound-targeted to the wall of the proximal aorta to attenuate ex vivo active stiffness. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that decoy peptides targeted to vascular smooth muscle cytoskeletal protein-protein interfaces and microbubble packaged can decrease aortic stiffness ex vivo. Our results provide proof of concept at the ex vivo level that decoy peptides targeted to cytoskeletal protein-protein interfaces may lead to substantive dynamic modulation of aortic stiffness.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Blood Pressure
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- DNA/genetics
- Genome-Wide Association Study/methods
- Humans
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/pathology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Pulse Wave Analysis
- Vascular Stiffness/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Yuan Z Gao
- Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Joanna G Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Leavis
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Germaine C Verwoert
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tyrone Porter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Kathleen G Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College Boston University, Boston, MA
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Ding Y, Xu X, Sharma S, Floren M, Stenmark K, Bryant SJ, Neu CP, Tan W. Biomimetic soft fibrous hydrogels for contractile and pharmacologically responsive smooth muscle. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:121-130. [PMID: 29753912 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to assess changes in smooth muscle contractility and pharmacological responsiveness in normal or pathological-relevant vascular tissue environments is critical to enable vascular drug discovery. However, major challenges remain in both capturing the complexity of in vivo vascular remodeling and evaluating cell contractility in complex, tissue-like environments. Herein, we developed a biomimetic fibrous hydrogel with tunable structure, stiffness, and composition to resemble the native vascular tissue environment. This hydrogel platform was further combined with the combinatory protein array technology as well as advanced approaches to measure cell mechanics and contractility, thus permitting evaluation of smooth muscle functions in a variety of tissue-like microenvironments. Our results demonstrated that biomimetic fibrous structure played a dominant role in smooth muscle function, while the presentation of adhesion proteins co-regulated it to various degrees. Specifically, fibre networks enabled cell infiltration and upregulated expression of actomyosin proteins in contrast to flat hydrogels. Remarkably, fibrous structure and physiologically relevant stiffness of hydrogels cooperatively enhanced smooth muscle contractility and pharmacological responses to vasoactive drugs at both the single cell and intact tissue levels. Together, this study is the first to demonstrate alterations of human vascular smooth muscle contractility and pharmacological responsiveness in biomimetic soft, fibrous environments with a cellular array platform. The integrated platform produced here could enable investigations for pathobiology and pharmacological interventions by developing a broad range of patho-physiologically relevant in vitro tissue models. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Engineering functional smooth muscle in vitro holds the great potential for diseased tissue replacement and drug testing. A central challenge is recapitulating the smooth muscle contractility and pharmacological responses given its significant phenotypic plasticity in response to changes in environment. We present a biomimetic fibrous hydrogel with tunable structure, stiffness, and composition that enables the creation of functional smooth muscle tissues in the native-like vascular tissue microenvironment. Such fibrous hydrogel is further combined with the combinatory protein array technology to construct a cellular array for evaluation of smooth muscle phenotype, contraction, and cell mechanics. The integrated platform produced here could be promising for developing a broad range of normal or diseased in vitro tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael Floren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Leloup AJA, De Moudt S, Van Hove CE, Dugaucquier L, Vermeulen Z, Segers VFM, De Keulenaer GW, Fransen P. Short-Term Angiotensin II Treatment Affects Large Artery Biomechanics and Function in the Absence of Small Artery Alterations in Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:582. [PMID: 29867592 PMCID: PMC5964213 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of hypertension by angiotensin II (AngII) is a widely used experimental stimulus to study vascular aging in mice. It is associated with large artery stiffness, a hallmark of arterial aging and a root cause of increased cardiovascular risk. We reported earlier that long term (4 week) AngII treatment in mice altered the active, contractile properties of the arteries in a vascular bed-specific manner and that, in healthy mice aorta, active contractile properties of the aortic wall determine isobaric aortic stiffness. Given the huge physiological relevance of large artery stiffening, we aimed to characterize the early (1 week) changes in the active properties of the aorta of AngII-treated mice. We were not able to detect a significant effect of AngII treatment on anesthetized blood pressure or abdominal aorta pulse wave velocity. Ex vivo biomechanical and functional studies of the aorta revealed increased arterial stiffness and altered vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and endothelial cell reactivity. Interestingly, the AngII-associated changes in the aorta could be largely attributed to alterations in basal VSMC tone and basal nitric oxide efficacy, indicating that, besides structural remodeling of the arterial wall, dysfunctional active components of the aorta play a crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms by which AngII treatment induces arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J A Leloup
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Moudt
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cor E Van Hove
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Dugaucquier
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zarha Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Fransen
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Choi SY, Kee HJ, Jin L, Ryu Y, Sun S, Kim GR, Jeong MH. Inhibition of class IIa histone deacetylase activity by gallic acid, sulforaphane, TMP269, and panobinostat. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:145-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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72
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Okamoto T, Takagi Y, Kawamoto E, Park EJ, Usuda H, Wada K, Shimaoka M. Reduced substrate stiffness promotes M2-like macrophage activation and enhances peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression. Exp Cell Res 2018; 367:264-273. [PMID: 29627321 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The increased stiffness of the extracellular microenvironment observed in cancer and atherosclerosis is thought to regulate the activation of tissue-resident immune cells. However, it remains to be determined whether such substrate stiffness affects macrophage activation phenotypes. Here, we have studied the impact of substrate stiffness on in vitro activation phenotypes of the human monocyte cell line THP-1. THP-1 cells were activated while being cultured on 1%, 4%, 10% agarose gel (soft substrate) or on a plastic plate (stiff substrate). We have shown that a soft, versus a stiff, substrate attenuates the pro-inflammatory activity of M1 promoting-activated THP-1 cells. In addition, we have found that M1-related marker expression and phagocytic activity was lower in THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate compared to cells on stiff substrates. THP-1 cells alternatively activated on soft substrates showed enhanced M2-like phenotypes. We have found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was up-regulated in THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate. We have shown that the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 partially suppresses M2-like activation of THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate. Substrate stiffness is, therefore, an important factor in regulating the balance of the pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 activation phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Takagi
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Emergency and Critical Care Center, Mie University Hospital, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Haruki Usuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Craighead DH, Wang H, Santhanam L, Alexander LM. Acute lysyl oxidase inhibition alters microvascular function in normotensive but not hypertensive men and women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H424-H433. [PMID: 29167120 PMCID: PMC5899263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00521.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes regulates collagen cross-linking. LOX is upregulated in hypertension, increasing vascular stiffness. In vivo human research is sparse, as long-term LOX inhibition in animals causes vascular instability. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of LOX inhibition on cutaneous microvascular function to determine whether LOX function was upregulated in hypertensive humans. Four intradermal microdialysis fibers were placed in the forearm of 10 young [age: 24 ± 1 yr, mean arterial pressure (MAP): 87 ± 2 mmHg], 10 normotensive (age: 50 ± 2 yr, MAP: 84 ± 1 mmHg), and 10 hypertensive (age: 53 ± 2 yr, MAP: 112 ± 2 mmHg) subjects. Two sites were perfused with 10 mM β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) to inhibit LOX. The remaining two sites were perfused with lactated Ringer solution (control). A norepinephrine dose response (10-12-10-2 M) was performed to examine receptor-mediated vasoconstrictor function. A sodium nitroprusside dose response (10-8-10-1.3 M) was performed to examine vascular smooth muscle vasodilator function. Red blood cell flux was measured via laser-Doppler flowmetry and normalized to cutaneous vascular conductance (flux/MAP). LogEC50 values were calculated to determine changes in vasosensitivity. Skin tissue samples were analyzed for both extracellular matrix-bound and soluble LOX. LOX inhibition augmented vasoconstrictor sensitivity in young (control: -6.0 and BAPN: -7.1, P = 0.03) and normotensive (control: -4.8 and BAPN: -7.0, P = 0.01) but not hypertensive (control: -6.0 and BAPN: -6.1, P = 0.79) men and women. Relative to young subjects, extracellular matrix-bound LOX expression was higher in hypertensive subjects (young: 100 ± 8 and hypertensive: 162 ± 8, P = 0.002). These results suggest that upregulated LOX may contribute to the vascular stiffness and microvascular dysfunction characteristic in hypertension. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Matrix-bound lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like 2 expression are upregulated in the microvasculature of hypertensive men and women. Microvascular responsiveness to exogenous stimuli is altered with localized LOX inhibition in healthy men and women but not hypertensive adults. The LOX family differentially affects microvascular function in hypertensive and normotensive men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huilei Wang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Lacy M Alexander
- The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania
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74
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Sicard D, Haak AJ, Choi KM, Craig AR, Fredenburgh LE, Tschumperlin DJ. Aging and anatomical variations in lung tissue stiffness. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L946-L955. [PMID: 29469613 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00415.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung function is inherently mechanical in nature and depends on the capacity to conduct air and blood to and from the gas exchange regions. Variations in the elastic properties of the human lung across anatomical compartments and with aging are likely important determinants of lung function but remain relatively poorly characterized. Here we applied atomic force microscopy microindentation to characterize human lung tissue from subjects ranging in age from 11 to 60 yr old. We observed striking anatomical variations in elastic modulus, with the airways (200- to 350-µm diameter) the stiffest and the parenchymal regions the most compliant. Vessels (diameter < 100 µm) represented an intermediate mechanical environment and displayed diameter-dependent trends in elastic modulus. Binning our samples into younger (11-30 yr old) and older (41-60 yr old) groups, we observed significant age-related increases in stiffness in parenchymal and vessel compartments, with the most pronounced changes in the vessels. To investigate cellular mechanisms that might contribute to vascular stiffening with aging, we studied primary human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from subjects ranging in age from 11 to 60 yr old. While we observed no change in the mechanical properties of the cells themselves, we did observe trends toward increases in traction forces and extracellular matrix deposition with aging. These results demonstrate age-related changes in tissue mechanical properties that likely contribute to impaired lung function with aging and underscore the potential to identify mechanisms that contribute to mechanical tissue remodeling through the study of human cells and tissues from across the aging spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sicard
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kyoung Moo Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexandria R Craig
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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75
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Sanyour H, Childs J, Meininger GA, Hong Z. Spontaneous oscillation in cell adhesion and stiffness measured using atomic force microscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2899. [PMID: 29440673 PMCID: PMC5811453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an attractive technique for studying biomechanical and morphological changes in live cells. Using real-time AFM monitoring of cellular mechanical properties, spontaneous oscillations in cell stiffness and cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been found. However, the lack of automated analytical approaches to systematically extract oscillatory signals, and noise filtering from a large set of AFM data, is a significant obstacle when quantifying and interpreting the dynamic characteristics of live cells. Here we demonstrate a method that extends the usage of AFM to quantitatively investigate live cell dynamics. Approaches such as singular spectrum analysis (SSA), and fast Fourier transform (FFT) were introduced to analyze a real-time recording of cell stiffness and the unbinding force between the ECM protein-decorated AFM probe and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The time series cell adhesion and stiffness data were first filtered with SSA and the principal oscillatory components were isolated from the noise floor with the computed eigenvalue from the lagged-covariance matrix. Following the SSA, the oscillatory parameters were detected by FFT from the noise-reduced time series data sets and the sinusoidal oscillatory components were constructed with the parameters obtained by FFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sanyour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Josh Childs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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76
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Xie SA, Zhang T, Wang J, Zhao F, Zhang YP, Yao WJ, Hur SS, Yeh YT, Pang W, Zheng LS, Fan YB, Kong W, Wang X, Chiu JJ, Zhou J. Matrix stiffness determines the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell in vitro and in vivo: Role of DNA methyltransferase 1. Biomaterials 2018; 155:203-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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77
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SUN XINGDONG, FAN ZUNQIANG, ZHANG SHIZHONG, WU DI, ZHONG YUEXI, ZHAO HONGWEI, REN LUQUAN. A DAMAGE MECHANISM OF MICRO-PARTICLES ON ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OF KNEE BY NANOINDENTATION. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519417501160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage plays an important role in organism due to its excellent shock absorbing and buffering functions. Increasing problems about damages of articular cartilage are making a great deal of trouble to human beings. The damage mechanism of articular cartilage is very complicated and keeps unclear. In this research, the damage mechanism was investigated from the perspective of micro-particle attrition by nanoindentation experiments. The micro-particle was simulated by the indenter in experiments. The experimental results demonstrated that the load from micro-particle could not maintain when water content was adequate. However, the load could maintain and increase after dehydration. It was found that the partial surface of articular cartilage was crushed and adhered to the indenter. The plastic energy was bigger than elastic energy in the nanoindentation process. Therefore, water content was the crucial factor to protect the articular cartilage from damage. And the recurring partial dehydration owing to ongoing compression enhanced the damage of micro-particle to articular cartilage. This research may provide a new understanding to the damage mechanism of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- XINGDONG SUN
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - ZUNQIANG FAN
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - SHIZHONG ZHANG
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - DI WU
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - YUEXI ZHONG
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - HONGWEI ZHAO
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - LUQUAN REN
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
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78
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Wijesinghe P, Johansen NJ, Curatolo A, Sampson DD, Ganss R, Kennedy BF. Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Elastography Images Cellular-Scale Stiffness of Mouse Aorta. Biophys J 2018; 113:2540-2551. [PMID: 29212007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular-scale imaging of the mechanical properties of tissue has helped to reveal the origins of disease; however, cellular-scale resolution is not readily achievable in intact tissue volumes. Here, we demonstrate volumetric imaging of Young's modulus using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence elastography, and apply it to characterizing the stiffness of mouse aortas. We achieve isotropic resolution of better than 15 μm over a 1-mm lateral field of view through the entire depth of an intact aortic wall. We employ a method of quasi-static compression elastography that measures volumetric axial strain and uses a compliant, transparent layer to measure surface axial stress. This combination is used to estimate Young's modulus throughout the volume. We demonstrate differentiation by stiffness of individual elastic lamellae and vascular smooth muscle. We observe stiffening of the aorta in regulator of G protein signaling 5-deficient mice, a model that is linked to vascular remodeling and fibrosis. We observe increased stiffness with proximity to the heart, as well as regions with micro-structural and micro-mechanical signatures characteristic of fibrous and lipid-rich tissue. High-resolution imaging of Young's modulus with optical coherence elastography may become an important tool in vascular biology and in other fields concerned with understanding the role of mechanics within the complex three-dimensional architecture of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wijesinghe
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Niloufer J Johansen
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Research Department, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea Curatolo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David D Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ruth Ganss
- Vascular Biology and Stromal Targeting, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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79
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Nanoudis S, Pikilidou M, Yavropoulou M, Zebekakis P. The Role of MicroRNAs in Arterial Stiffness and Arterial Calcification. An Update and Review of the Literature. Front Genet 2017; 8:209. [PMID: 29312437 PMCID: PMC5733083 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, such as systolic hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and heart failure. Moreover it reflects arterial aging which in many cases does not coincide with chronological aging, a fact that is in large attributed to genetic factors. In addition to genetic factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) seem to largely affect arterial aging either by advancing or by regressing arterial stiffness. MiRNAs are small RNA molecules, ~22 nucleotides long that can negatively control their target gene expression posttranscriptionally. Pathways that affect main components of stiffness such as fibrosis and calcification seem to be influenced by up or downregulation of specific miRNAs. Identification of this aberrant production of miRNAs can help identify epigenetic changes that can be therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of vascular diseases. The present review summarizes the specific role of the so far discovered miRNAs that are involved in pathways of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sideris Nanoudis
- Hypertension Excellence Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Pikilidou
- Hypertension Excellence Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Yavropoulou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Hypertension Excellence Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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80
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Kandel J, Angelin AA, Wallace DC, Eckmann DM. Mitochondrial respiration is sensitive to cytoarchitectural breakdown. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 8:1170-1182. [PMID: 27734042 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An abundance of research suggests that cellular mitochondrial and cytoskeletal disruption are related, but few studies have directly investigated causative connections between the two. We previously demonstrated that inhibiting microtubule and microfilament polymerization affects mitochondrial motility on the whole-cell level in fibroblasts. Since mitochondrial motility can be indicative of mitochondrial function, we now further characterize the effects of these cytoskeletal inhibitors on mitochondrial potential, morphology and respiration. We found that although they did not reduce mitochondrial inner membrane potential, cytoskeletal toxins induced significant decreases in basal mitochondrial respiration. In some cases, basal respiration was only affected after cells were pretreated with the calcium ionophore A23187 in order to stress mitochondrial function. In most cases, mitochondrial morphology remained unaffected, but extreme microfilament depolymerization or combined intermediate doses of microtubule and microfilament toxins resulted in decreased mitochondrial lengths. Interestingly, these two particular exposures did not affect mitochondrial respiration in cells not sensitized with A23187, indicating an interplay between mitochondrial morphology and respiration. In all cases, inducing maximal respiration diminished differences between control and experimental groups, suggesting that reduced basal respiration originates as a largely elective rather than pathological symptom of cytoskeletal impairment. However, viability experiments suggest that even this type of respiration decrease may be associated with cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kandel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessia A Angelin
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, 27B John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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81
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Aroor AR, Jia G, Sowers JR. Cellular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced arterial stiffness. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R387-R398. [PMID: 29167167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00235.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an emerging pandemic driven by consumption of a diet rich in fat and highly refined carbohydrates (a Western diet) and a sedentary lifestyle in both children and adults. There is mounting evidence that arterial stiffness in obesity is an independent and strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cognitive functional decline, and chronic kidney disease. Cardiovascular stiffness is a precursor to atherosclerosis, systolic hypertension, cardiac diastolic dysfunction, and impairment of coronary and cerebral flow. Moreover, premenopausal women lose the CVD protection normally afforded to them in the setting of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes, and this loss of CVD protection is inextricably linked to an increased propensity for arterial stiffness. Stiffness of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix remodeling, perivascular adipose tissue inflammation, and immune cell dysfunction contribute to the development of arterial stiffness in obesity. Enhanced endothelial cortical stiffness decreases endothelial generation of nitric oxide, and increased oxidative stress promotes destruction of nitric oxide. Our research over the past 5 years has underscored an important role of increased aldosterone and vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation in driving development of cardiovascular stiffness, especially in females consuming a Western diet. In this review the cellular mechanisms of obesity-associated arterial stiffness are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Center Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
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82
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Lacolley P, Regnault V, Segers P, Laurent S. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Arterial Stiffening: Relevance in Development, Aging, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1555-1617. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cushioning function of large arteries encompasses distension during systole and recoil during diastole which transforms pulsatile flow into a steady flow in the microcirculation. Arterial stiffness, the inverse of distensibility, has been implicated in various etiologies of chronic common and monogenic cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The first components that contribute to arterial stiffening are extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that support the mechanical load, while the second important components are vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which not only regulate actomyosin interactions for contraction but mediate also mechanotransduction in cell-ECM homeostasis. Eventually, VSMC plasticity and signaling in both conductance and resistance arteries are highly relevant to the physiology of normal and early vascular aging. This review summarizes current concepts of central pressure and tensile pulsatile circumferential stress as key mechanical determinants of arterial wall remodeling, cell-ECM interactions depending mainly on the architecture of cytoskeletal proteins and focal adhesion, the large/small arteries cross-talk that gives rise to target organ damage, and inflammatory pathways leading to calcification or atherosclerosis. We further speculate on the contribution of cellular stiffness along the arterial tree to vascular wall stiffness. In addition, this review provides the latest advances in the identification of gene variants affecting arterial stiffening. Now that important hemodynamic and molecular mechanisms of arterial stiffness have been elucidated, and the complex interplay between ECM, cells, and sensors identified, further research should study their potential to halt or to reverse the development of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Regnault
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Segers
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Laurent
- INSERM, U1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; IBiTech-bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France; PARCC INSERM, UMR 970, Paris, France; and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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83
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Vimentin knockout results in increased expression of sub-endothelial basement membrane components and carotid stiffness in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11628. [PMID: 28912461 PMCID: PMC5599644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are involved in stress-related cell mechanical properties and in plasticity via the regulation of focal adhesions (FAs) and the actomyosin network. We investigated whether vimentin regulates endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and thereby influences vasomotor tone and arterial stiffness. Vimentin knockout mice (Vim−/−) exhibited increased expression of laminin, fibronectin, perlecan, collagen IV and VE-cadherin as well as von Willebrand factor deposition in the subendothelial basement membrane. Smooth muscle (SM) myosin heavy chain, α-SM actin and smoothelin were decreased in Vim−/− mice. Electron microscopy revealed a denser endothelial basement membrane and increased SM cell-matrix interactions. Integrin αv, talin and vinculin present in FAs were increased in Vim−/− mice. Phosphorylated FA kinase and its targets Src and ERK1/2 were elevated in Vim−/− mice. Knockout of vimentin, but not of synemin, resulted in increased carotid stiffness and contractility and endothelial dysfunction, independently of blood pressure and the collagen/elastin ratio. The increase in arterial stiffness in Vim−/− mice likely involves vasomotor tone and endothelial basement membrane organization changes. At the tissue level, the results show the implication of FAs both in ECs and vascular SMCs in the role of vimentin in arterial stiffening.
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84
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Pierce
- From the Department of Health and Human Physiology (G.L.P.), Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (G.L.P.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (G.L.P.), The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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85
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Lai AY, McLaurin J. Rho-associated protein kinases as therapeutic targets for both vascular and parenchymal pathologies in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2017; 144:659-668. [PMID: 28722749 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The causes of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are unclear and likely multifactorial. Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCKs) are ubiquitously expressed signaling messengers that mediate a wide array of cellular processes. Interestingly, they play an important role in several vascular and brain pathologies implicated in Alzheimer's etiology, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, deposition of vascular and parenchymal amyloid-beta peptides, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cognitive decline. The current review summarizes the functions of ROCKs with respect to the various risk factors and pathologies on both sides of the blood-brain barrier and present support for targeting ROCK signaling as a multifactorial and multi-effect approach for the prevention and amelioration of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This article is part of the Special Issue "Vascular Dementia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Y Lai
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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86
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Mistriotis P, Andreadis ST. Vascular aging: Molecular mechanisms and potential treatments for vascular rejuvenation. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:94-116. [PMID: 28579130 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor contributing to vascular dysfunction and the progression of vascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the causes and mechanisms of vascular aging at the tissue and cellular level. We focus on Endothelial Cell (EC) and Smooth Muscle Cell (SMC) aging due to their critical role in mediating the defective vascular phenotype. We elaborate on two categories that contribute to cellular dysfunction: cell extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors reflect systemic or environmental changes which alter EC and SMC homeostasis compromising vascular function. Intrinsic factors induce EC and SMC transformation resulting in cellular senescence. Replenishing or rejuvenating the aged/dysfunctional vascular cells is critical to the effective repair of the vasculature. As such, this review also elaborates on recent findings which indicate that stem cell and gene therapies may restore the impaired vascular cell function, reverse vascular aging, and prolong lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mistriotis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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87
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Patel JP, Lee EH, Mena CI, Walker CN. Effects of metformin on endothelial health and erectile dysfunction. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:556-565. [PMID: 28725599 PMCID: PMC5503973 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.03.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects approximately 18 million American men. ED may be attributed to several etiologies, including arteriogenic, psychogenic, neurogenic, hormonal, drug-induced, and systemic disease or aging related factors. Specific to arteriogenic ED, three major mechanisms have been identified: (I) endothelium-dependent vasodilatory impairment; (II) sympathetic nerve activity elevation; (III) atherosclerotic luminal narrowing. Additionally, these insults have been linked to the insulin resistant state, which in turn is comorbid with obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. In this review, we summarize the evidence regarding the impact of metformin—an insulin sensitizer—on the three mechanisms of arteriogenic ED. We report that metformin treatment positively affects two of three pathways, specifically through enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and sympathetic nerve activity attenuation, but does not seem to have a significant impact on hypertension regulation. Given the encouraging data found in both animal and clinical studies, we advocate for further studies on metformin use in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Pravin Patel
- Yale School of Medicine & Yale School of Management, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Hweegeun Lee
- Yale School of Medicine & Yale School of Management, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Ignacio Mena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles N Walker
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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88
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Takashima M, Kanamori Y, Kodera Y, Morihara N, Tamura K. Aged garlic extract exerts endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect on rat aorta by increasing nitric oxide production. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 24:56-61. [PMID: 28160862 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials have shown that aged garlic extract (AGE) is effective in reducing blood pressure of hypertensive patients. However, the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of AGE on the aorta and its mechanism of action in order to clarify the blood pressure-lowering action of AGE. METHODS The vasorelaxant effect was evaluated in isolated rat aortic rings. After aortic rings were contracted by 3 × 10-6M norepinephrine (NE) for 30min, AGE and other test drugs were added to the aortic rings. All results were expressed as percentages of the maximal NE-induced contraction. RESULTS AGE induced the concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of isolated rat aortic rings that had been precontracted with norepinephrine. The effect of AGE was severely impaired in aortic rings lacking endothelium. In addition, the effect of AGE was inhibited by a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor and a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger. Moreover, AGE treatment of aorta significantly increased the NO production. When various constituents of AGE were tested, the vasorelaxation of aorta was observed only in the presence of L-arginine, a substrate of NOS. CONCLUSION AGE causes endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of aorta via stimulation of NO production and that L-arginine in AGE serves as a key agent for NOS-mediated NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Takashima
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Yuta Kanamori
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kodera
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Naoaki Morihara
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Koichi Tamura
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
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89
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Lasalvia M, Castellani S, D'Antonio P, Perna G, Carbone A, Colia AL, Maffione AB, Capozzi V, Conese M. Human airway epithelial cells investigated by atomic force microscopy: A hint to cystic fibrosis epithelial pathology. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:46-55. [PMID: 27590528 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease stems from mutations in the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, leading to a chronic respiratory disease. Actin cytoskeleton is disorganized in CF airway epithelial cells, likely contributing to the CF-associated basic defects, i.e. defective chloride secretion and sodium/fluid hypersorption. In this work, we aimed to find whether this alteration could be pointed out by means of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) investigation, as roughness and Young's elastic module. Moreover, we also sought to determine whether disorganization of actin cytoskeleton is linked to hypersoption of apical fluid. Not only CFBE41o- (CFBE) cells, immortalized airway epithelial cells homozygous for the F508del CFTR allele, showed a different morphology in comparison with 16HBE14o- (16HBE) epithelial cells, wild-type for CFTR, but also they displayed a lack of stress fibers, suggestive of a disorganized actin cytoskeleton. AFM measurements showed that CFBE cells presented a higher membrane roughness and decreased rigidity as compared with 16HBE cells. CFBE overexpressing wtCFTR became more elongated than the parental CFBE cell line and presented actin stress fibers. CFBE cells absorbed more fluid from the apical compartment. Study of fluid absorption with the F-actin-depolymerizing agent Latrunculin B demonstrated that actin cytoskeletal disorganization increased fluid absorption, an effect observed at higher magnitude in 16HBE than in CFBE cells. For the first time, we demonstrate that actin cytoskeleton disorganization is reflected by AFM parameters in CF airway epithelial cells. Our data also strongly suggest that the lack of stress fibers is involved in at least one of the early step in CF pathophysiology at the levels of the airways, i.e. fluid hypersorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lasalvia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Castellani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Palma D'Antonio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Colia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Bruna Maffione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vito Capozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Nicholson CJ, Seta F, Lee S, Morgan KG. MicroRNA-203 mimics age-related aortic smooth muscle dysfunction of cytoskeletal pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:81-95. [PMID: 27502584 PMCID: PMC5192880 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased aortic stiffness is a biomarker for subsequent adverse cardiovascular events. We have previously reported that vascular smooth muscle Src-dependent cytoskeletal remodelling, which contributes to aortic plasticity, is impaired with ageing. Here, we use a multi-scale approach to determine the molecular mechanisms behind defective Src-dependent signalling in an aged C57BL/6 male mouse model. Increased aortic stiffness, as measured in vivo by pulse wave velocity, was found to have a comparable time course to that in humans. Bioinformatic analyses predicted several miRs to regulate Src-dependent cytoskeletal remodelling. qRT-PCR was used to determine the relative levels of predicted miRs in aortas and, notably, the expression of miR-203 increased almost twofold in aged aorta. Increased miR-203 expression was associated with a decrease in both mRNA and protein expression of Src, caveolin-1 and paxillin in aged aorta. Probing with phospho-specific antibodies confirmed that overexpression of miR-203 significantly attenuated Src and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signalling, which we have previously found to regulate vascular smooth muscle stiffness. In addition, transfection of miR-203 into aortic tissue from young mice increased phenylephrine-induced aortic stiffness ex vivo, mimicking the aged phenotype. Upstream of miR-203, we found that DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) 1, 3a, and 3b are also significantly decreased in the aged mouse aorta and that DNMT inhibition significantly increases miR-203 expression. Thus, the age-induced increase in miR-203 may be caused by epigenetic promoter hypomethylation in the aorta. These findings indicate that miR-203 promotes a re-programming of Src/ERK signalling pathways in vascular smooth muscle, impairing the regulation of stiffness in aged aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Seta
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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91
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Leloup AJA, Van Hove CE, Kurdi A, De Moudt S, Martinet W, De Meyer GRY, Schrijvers DM, De Keulenaer GW, Fransen P. A novel set-up for the ex vivo analysis of mechanical properties of mouse aortic segments stretched at physiological pressure and frequency. J Physiol 2016; 594:6105-6115. [PMID: 27256450 DOI: 10.1113/jp272623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Cyclic stretch is known to alter intracellular pathways involved in vessel tone regulation. We developed a novel set-up that allows straightforward characterization of the biomechanical properties of the mouse aorta while stretched at a physiological heart rate (600 beats min-1 ). Active vessel tone was shown to have surprisingly large effects on isobaric stiffness. The effect of structural vessel wall alterations was confirmed using a genetic mouse model. This set-up will contribute to a better understanding of how active vessel wall components and mechanical stimuli such as stretch frequency and amplitude regulate aortic mechanics. ABSTRACT Cyclic stretch is a major contributor to vascular function. However, isolated mouse aortas are frequently studied at low stretch frequency or even in isometric conditions. Pacing experiments in rodents and humans show that arterial compliance is stretch frequency dependent. The Rodent Oscillatory Tension Set-up to study Arterial Compliance is an in-house developed organ bath set-up that clamps aortic segments to imposed preloads at physiological rates up to 600 beats min-1 . The technique enables us to derive pressure-diameter loops and assess biomechanical properties of the segment. To validate the applicability of this set-up we aimed to confirm the effects of distension pressure and vascular smooth muscle tone on arterial stiffness. At physiological stretch frequency (10 Hz), the Peterson modulus (EP ; 293 (10) mmHg) for wild-type mouse aorta increased 22% upon a rise in pressure from 80-120 mmHg to 100-140 mmHg, while, at normal pressure, EP increased 80% upon maximal contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells. We further validated the method using a mouse model with a mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene and an endothelial nitric oxide synthase knock-out model. Both models are known to have increased arterial stiffness, and this was confirmed using the set-up. To our knowledge, this is the first set-up that facilitates the study of biomechanical properties of mouse aortic segments at physiological stretch frequency and pressure. We believe that this set-up can contribute to a better understanding of how cyclic stretch frequency, amplitude and active vessel wall components influence arterial stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J A Leloup
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Cor E Van Hove
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ammar Kurdi
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Moudt
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dorien M Schrijvers
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Fransen
- University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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92
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Kang YM, Jung CH, Jang JE, Hwang JY, Kim EH, Park JY, Kim HK, Lee WJ. The association of incident hypertension with metabolic health and obesity status: definition of metabolic health does not matter. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:207-15. [PMID: 27038124 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype refers to obese individuals with a favourable metabolic profile. Its prognostic value remains controversial and may partly depend on differences in how the phenotype is defined. We aimed to investigate whether the MHO phenotype is associated with future development of incident hypertension in a Korean population according to various definitions of metabolic health. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study population comprised 31 033 Koreans without hypertension. Participants were stratified into metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO), metabolically unhealthy nonobese (MUNO), metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) by body mass index (cut-off value, 25·0 kg/m(2) ) and metabolic health state, using four different definitions: Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)-III, Wildman, Karelis and the homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) criteria. RESULTS Over the median follow-up period of 35·0 months (range, 4·5-81·4 months), 4589 of the 31 033 individuals (14·8%) developed incident hypertension. Compared with the MHNO group, the MHO group showed increased association with incident hypertension with multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of 1·56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1·41-1·72), 1·58 (95% CI 1·42-1·75), 1·52 (95% CI 1·35-1·71) and 1·46 (95% CI 1·33-1·61), when defined by ATP-III, Wildman, Karelis and HOMA criteria, respectively. CONCLUSION MUO individuals showed the highest association with the incident hypertension (adjusted odds ratios up to 2·00). MHO subjects showed an approximately 1·5-fold higher association with incident hypertension than their nonobese counterpart regardless of the definition of metabolic health used. Thus, considering both metabolic health and obesity is important for the assessment of potential cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hee Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jenie Yoonoo Hwang
- Department of Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Yeol Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Je Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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93
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Bossuyt J, Engelen L, Ferreira I, Stehouwer CD, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S, Segers P, Reesink K, Van Bortel LM. Reference values for local arterial stiffness. Part B: femoral artery. J Hypertens 2016; 33:1997-2009. [PMID: 26431186 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) is considered the gold standard measure of arterial stiffness, representing mainly aortic stiffness. As compared with the elastic carotid and aorta, the more muscular femoral artery may be differently associated with cardiovascular risk factors (CV-RFs), or, as shown in a recent study, provide additional predictive information beyond carotid-femoral PWV. Still, clinical application is hampered by the absence of reference values. Therefore, our aim was to establish age and sex-specific reference values for femoral stiffness in healthy individuals and to investigate the associations with CV-RFs. METHODS Femoral artery distensibility coefficient, the inverse of stiffness, was calculated as the ratio of relative diastolic-systolic distension (obtained from ultrasound echo-tracking) and pulse pressure among 5069 individuals (49.5% men, age range: 15-87 years). Individuals without cardiovascular disease (CVD), CV-RFs and medication use (n = 1489; 43% men) constituted a healthy subpopulation used to establish sex-specific equations for percentiles of femoral artery distensibility coefficient across age. RESULTS In the total population, femoral artery distensibility coefficient Z-scores were independently associated with BMI, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio. Standardized βs, in men and women, respectively, were -0.18 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.23 to -0.13] and -0.19 (-0.23 to -0.14) for BMI; -0.13 (-0.18 to -0.08) and -0.05 (-0.10 to -0.01) for MAP; and -0.07 (-0.11 to -0.02) and -0.16 (-0.20 to -0.11) for total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio. CONCLUSION In young and middle-aged men and women, normal femoral artery stiffness does not change substantially with age up to the sixth decade. CV-RFs related to metabolic disease are associated with femoral artery stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Bossuyt
- aHeymans Institute of Pharmacology, Research Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium bDepartment of Internal Medicine cCARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht dTop Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen eDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment (KEMTA), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands fDepartment of Pharmacology and INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France gInstitute biomedical Technology (IBiTech), iMinds Medical IT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium hDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands. *A complete author list is included in the Appendix (Table A1)
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SBP, DBP, and pulse blood pressure variability are temporally associated with the increase in pulse wave velocity in a model of aortic stiffness. J Hypertens 2016; 34:666-75. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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95
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Zhang J, Zhao X, Vatner DE, McNulty T, Bishop S, Sun Z, Shen YT, Chen L, Meininger GA, Vatner SF. Extracellular Matrix Disarray as a Mechanism for Greater Abdominal Versus Thoracic Aortic Stiffness With Aging in Primates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:700-6. [PMID: 26891739 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased vascular stiffness is central to the pathophysiology of aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. However, relatively few studies have examined vascular stiffness in both the thoracic and the abdominal aorta with aging, despite major differences in anatomy, embryological origin, and relation to aortic aneurysm. APPROACH AND RESULTS The 2 other unique features of this study were (1) to study young (9±1 years) and old (26±1 years) male monkeys and (2) to study direct and continuous measurements of aortic pressure and thoracic and abdominal aortic diameters in conscious monkeys. As expected, aortic stiffness, β, was increased P<0.05, 2- to 3-fold, in old versus young thoracic aorta and augmented further with superimposition of acute hypertension with phenylephrine. Surprisingly, stiffness was not greater in old thoracic aorta than in young abdominal aorta. These results can be explained, in part, by the collagen/elastin ratio, but more importantly, by disarray of collagen and elastin, which correlated best with vascular stiffness. However, vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness was not different in thoracic versus abdominal aorta in either young or old monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Thus, aortic stiffness increases with aging as expected, but the most severe increases in aortic stiffness observed in the abdominal aorta is novel, where values in young monkeys equaled, or even exceeded, values of thoracic aortic stiffness in old monkeys. These results can be explained by alterations in collagen/elastin ratio, but even more importantly by collagen and elastin disarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - Xin Zhao
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - Tara McNulty
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - Sanford Bishop
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - Zhe Sun
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - You-Tang Shen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - Li Chen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.)
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Newark (J.Z., X.Z., D.E.V., T.M.N., S.B., Y.-T.S., L.C., S.F.V.); and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (Z.S., G.A.M.).
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Rowan SC, Keane MP, Gaine S, McLoughlin P. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases: novel vasoconstrictor pathways. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 4:225-36. [PMID: 26895650 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a well recognised complication of chronic hypoxic lung diseases, which are among the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. Development of pulmonary hypertension independently predicts reduced life expectancy. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, long-term oxygen therapy ameliorates pulmonary hypertension and greatly improves survival, although the correction of alveolar hypoxia and pulmonary hypertension is only partial. Advances in understanding of the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone show that chronic vasoconstriction plays a more important part in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than previously thought, and that structural vascular changes contribute less. Trials of existing vasodilators show that pulmonary hypertension can be ameliorated and systemic oxygen delivery improved in carefully selected patients, although systemic hypotensive effects limit the doses used. Vasoconstrictor pathways that are selective for the pulmonary circulation can be blocked to reduce hypoxic pulmonary hypertension without causing systemic hypotension, and thus provide potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Rowan
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Keane
- UCD School of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seán Gaine
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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97
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Abstract
Isolated systolic hypertension is a major health burden that is expanding with the aging of our population. There is evidence that central arterial stiffness contributes to the rise in systolic blood pressure (SBP); at the same time, central arterial stiffening is accelerated in patients with increased SBP. This bidirectional relationship created a controversy in the field on whether arterial stiffness leads to hypertension or vice versa. Given the profound interdependency of arterial stiffness and blood pressure, this question seems intrinsically challenging, or probably naïve. The aorta's function of dampening the pulsatile flow generated by the left ventricle is optimal within a physiological range of distending pressure that secures the required distal flow, keeps the aorta in an optimal mechanical conformation, and minimizes cardiac work. This homeostasis is disturbed by age-associated, minute alterations in aortic hemodynamic and mechanical properties that induce short- and long-term alterations in each other. Hence, it is impossible to detect an "initial insult" at an epidemiological level. Earlier manifestations of these alterations are observed in young adulthood with a sharp decline in aortic strain and distensibility accompanied by an increase in diastolic blood pressure. Subsequently, aortic mechanical reserve is exhausted, and aortic remodeling with wall stiffening and dilatation ensue. These two phenomena affect pulse pressure in opposite directions and different magnitudes. With early remodeling, there is an increase in pulse pressure, due to the dominance of arterial wall stiffness, which in turn accelerates aortic wall stiffness and dilation. With advanced remodeling, which appears to be greater in men, the effect of diameter becomes more pronounced and partially offsets the effect of wall stiffness leading to plateauing in pulse pressure in men and slower increase in pulse pressure (PP) than that of wall stiffness in women. The complex nature of the hemodynamic changes with aging makes the "one-size-fits-all" approach suboptimal and urges for therapies that address the vascular profile that underlies a given blood pressure, rather than the blood pressure values themselves.
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98
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Minaisah RM, Cox S, Warren DT. The Use of Polyacrylamide Hydrogels to Study the Effects of Matrix Stiffness on Nuclear Envelope Properties. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1411:233-9. [PMID: 27147046 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3530-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-derived mechanical cues influence cell proliferation, motility, and differentiation. Recent findings clearly demonstrate that the nuclear envelope (NE) adapts and remodels in response to mechanical signals, including matrix stiffness, yet a plethora of studies have been performed on tissue culture plastic or glass that have a similar stiffness to cortical bone. Using methods that allow modulation of matrix stiffness will provide further insight into the role of the NE in physiological conditions and the impact of changes in stiffness observed during ageing and disease on cellular function. In this chapter, we describe the polyacrylamide hydrogel system, which allows fabrication of hydrogels with variable stiffness to better mimic the environment experienced by cells in most tissues of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Minaisah
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Derek T Warren
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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99
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Foote CA, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Ramirez-Perez FI, Jia G, Hill MA, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Sowers JR, Martinez-Lemus LA. Arterial Stiffening in Western Diet-Fed Mice Is Associated with Increased Vascular Elastin, Transforming Growth Factor-β, and Plasma Neuraminidase. Front Physiol 2016; 7:285. [PMID: 27458385 PMCID: PMC4935726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of excess fat and carbohydrate (Western diet, WD) is associated with alterations in the structural characteristics of blood vessels. This vascular remodeling contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly as it affects conduit and resistance arteries. Vascular remodeling is often associated with changes in the elastin-rich internal elastic lamina (IEL) and the activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. In addition, obesity and type II diabetes have been associated with increased serum neuraminidase, an enzyme known to increase TGF-β cellular output. Therefore, we hypothesized that WD-feeding would induce structural modifications to the IEL of mesenteric resistance arteries in mice, and that these changes would be associated with increased levels of circulating neuraminidase and the up-regulation of elastin and TGF-β in the arterial wall. To test this hypothesis, a WD, high in fat and sugar, was used to induce obesity in mice, and the effect of this diet on the structure of mesenteric resistance arteries was investigated. 4-week old, Post-weaning mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or WD for 16 weeks. Mechanically, arteries from WD-fed mice were stiffer and less distensible, with marginally increased wall stress for a given strain, and a significantly increased Young's modulus of elasticity. Structurally, the wall cross-sectional area and the number of fenestrae found in the internal elastic lamina (IEL) of mesenteric arteries from mice fed a WD were significantly smaller than those of arteries from the ND-fed mice. There was also a significant increase in the volume of elastin, but not collagen in arteries from the WD cohort. Plasma levels of neuraminidase and the amount of TGF-β in mesenteric arteries were elevated in mice fed a WD, while ex vivo, cultured vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to neuraminidase secreted greater amounts of tropoelastin and TGF-β than those exposed to vehicle. These data suggest that consumption of a diet high in fat and sugar causes stiffening of the vascular wall in resistance arteries through a process that may involve increased neuraminidase and TGF-β activity, elevated production of elastin, and a reduction in the size and number of fenestrae in the arterial IEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge A. Castorena-Gonzalez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Francisco I. Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | | | - James R. Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
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100
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Leloup AJA, Van Hove CE, Heykers A, Schrijvers DM, De Meyer GRY, Fransen P. Elastic and Muscular Arteries Differ in Structure, Basal NO Production and Voltage-Gated Ca(2+)-Channels. Front Physiol 2015; 6:375. [PMID: 26696904 PMCID: PMC4678217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the search for mechanisms underlying progressive arterial stiffening and for interventions to avoid or reverse this process has gained much attention. In general, arterial stiffening displays regional variation and is, for example, during aging more prominent in elastic than in muscular arteries. We hypothesize that besides passive also active regulators of arterial compliance [i.e., endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function] differ between these arteries. Hence, it is conceivable that these vessel types will display different time frames of stiffening. To investigate this hypothesis segments of muscular arteries such as femoral and mesenteric arteries and elastic arteries such as the aorta and carotid artery were isolated from female C57Bl6 mice (5–6 months of age, n = 8). Both microscopy and passive stretching of the segments in a myograph confirmed that passive mechanical properties (elastin, collagen) of elastic and muscular arteries were significantly different. Endothelial function, more specifically basal nitric oxide (NO) efficacy, and VSMC function, more specifically L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC)-mediated contractions, were determined by α1-adrenoceptor stimulation with phenylephrine (PE) and by gradual depolarization with elevated extracellular K+ in the absence and presence of eNOS inhibition with L-NAME. PE-mediated isometric contractions significantly increased after inhibition of NO release with L-NAME in elastic, but not in muscular vessel segments. This high basal eNOS activity in elastic vessels was also responsible for shifts of K+ concentration-contraction curves to higher external K+. VGCC-mediated contractions were similarly affected by depolarization with elevated K+ in muscular artery segments or in elastic artery segments in the absence of basal NO. However, K+-induced contractions were inhibited by the VGCC blocker diltiazem with significantly higher sensitivity in the muscular arteries, suggestive of different populations of VGCC isoforms in both vessel types. The results from the present study demonstrate that, besides passive arterial wall components, also active functional components contribute to the heterogeneity of arterial compliance along the vascular tree. This crucially facilitates the search for (patho) physiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets to treat or reverse large artery stiffening as occurring in aging-induced arterial stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J A Leloup
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cor E Van Hove
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annick Heykers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dorien M Schrijvers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Fransen
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
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